| control of rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease in benin by vaccination. | | 1998 | 9921627 |
| [outbreak of diarrhea due to srsv infection]. | | 1998 | 9922671 |
| the bovine newbury agent-2 is genetically more closely related to human srsvs than to animal caliciviruses. | the hypothesis that the enteric bovine calici-like virus newbury agent (na-2) belongs to the family caliciviridae was examined by genome sequence analysis. use of solid-phase immune electron microscopy allowed samples with good levels of virus to be identified and amplification of the genome was achieved by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. examination of a 216-amino-acid sequence in the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene and a 116-amino-acid sequence in the capsid gene showed that ... | 1999 | 9927568 |
| inactivation of feline calicivirus, a norwalk virus surrogate. | norwalk and norwalk virus-like particles (nvlps) [also known as small round structured viruses (srsvs)] are members of the family caliciviridae and are important causes of gastroenteritis in humans. little is known about their survival in the environment or the disinfection procedures necessary to remove them from contaminated settings. as nvlps cannot be grown in tissue culture, survival studies require the use of a closely related cultivable virus. this study assesses the survival of the surro ... | 1999 | 9949965 |
| an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of transmission by food handlers. | although food handlers are often implicated as the source of infection in outbreaks of food-borne viral gastroenteritis, little is known about the timing of infectivity in relation to illness. we investigated a gastroenteritis outbreak among employees of a manufacturing company and found an association (rr = 14.1, 95% ci = 2.0-97.3) between disease and eating sandwiches prepared by 6 food handlers, 1 of whom reported gastroenteritis which had subsided 4 days earlier. norwalk-like viruses were de ... | 1998 | 10030711 |
| feline viruses in wildcats from scotland. | few data are available on the prevalence of feline viruses in european wildcats (felis silvestris). previous surveys have indicated that wildcats may be infected with the common viruses of domestic cats, apart from feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv). in the present study, 50 wildcats trapped throughout scotland (uk) between august 1992 and january 1997 were tested for evidence of viral infection. all were negative for fiv by several serological or virological methods. by contrast, 10% of the ca ... | 1999 | 10073361 |
| identification of further proteolytic cleavage sites in the southampton calicivirus polyprotein by expression of the viral protease in e. coli. | southampton virus (sv) is a human enteric calicivirus with a positive-sense rna genome which encodes a protease as part of a large precursor polyprotein. expression vectors based on prset were constructed carrying the entire 3c-like viral protease (3cpro) sequence together with flanking sequences from a region of the viral genome 3'-distal to the putative helicase-encoding region. expression from these vectors in e. coli resulted in discrete protein products with smaller than expected molecular ... | 1999 | 10073687 |
| sequence analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) in australia: alterations after its release. | liver samples from rabbits killed by rhdv, collected from five states in australia in 1996 and 1997 were analysed by rt-pcr. a 398 bp fragment of the capsid protein (vp60) gene was amplified by pcr and directly sequenced. the alignment of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences and their comparison with the original strain of the virus released in australia indicated genetic changes after two years have been small with 98.2% to 100% identity. the constructed phylogenetic tree suggests slight dif ... | 1999 | 10076514 |
| [rotavirus and other viruses of diarrhea]. | rotaviruses represent 80% of recognized viral etiologies and 140 million cases of diarrhea per year. they strike young children with similar frequency throughout the world, but the mortality rate is high in developing countries only, with some 870,000 deaths per year (who, 1997). rotaviruses belong to the family of reoviridae; they are segmented bicatenary rna viruses, which explains their genetic variability, the presence of mixed infections, the establishment for some time already of a molecul ... | 1998 | 10078381 |
| a community outbreak of food-borne small round-structured virus gastroenteritis caused by a contaminated water supply. | in august 1994, 30 of 135 (23%) bakery plant employees and over 100 people from south wales and bristol in the united kingdom, were affected by an outbreak of gastroenteritis. epidemiological studies of employees and three community clusters found illness in employees to be associated with drinking cold water at the bakery (relative risk 3.3, 95%, ci 1.6-7.0), and in community cases with eating custard slices (relative risk 19.8, 95%, ci 2.9-135.1) from a variety of stores supplied by one partic ... | 1999 | 10098798 |
| immunization with potato plants expressing vp60 protein protects against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. | the major structural protein vp60 of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) has been produced in transgenic potato plants under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter or a modified 35s promoter that included two copies of a strong transcriptional enhancer. both types of promoters allowed the production of specific mrnas and detectable levels of recombinant vp60, which were higher for the constructs carrying the modified 35s promoter. rabbits immunized with leaf extracts from pla ... | 1999 | 10196345 |
| outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by srsvs from 1987 to 1992 in kyushu, japan: four outbreaks associated with oyster consumption. | from 1987 to 1992, 18 outbreaks of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis occurred in kyushu district. the most common symptoms were diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and abdominal cramp. small round structured viruses (srsvs) were detected in 52 (44.8%) of 116 stool samples from 17 outbreaks by the electron microscopy (em) method, and a significant increase in the antibody level was noted in 42 (80.7%) of 52 paired serum samples from 12 outbreaks by the immune electron microscopy (iem) method and in 18 ( ... | 1999 | 10204648 |
| expression and characterization of sapporo-like human calicivirus capsid proteins in baculovirus. | sapporo-like caliciviruses reveal typical calicivirus morphology and cause acute gastroenteritis. this study describes the expression in baculovirus of capsid proteins of two sapporo-like calicivirus strains (hou/86 and hou/90). eight different constructs of the capsid genes were compared for production of the proteins. constructs containing short (9 or 19 nt) upstream sequences failed to produce capsid proteins but extension of the upstream sequence to 73 nt resulted in production of capsid pro ... | 1999 | 10204699 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis in us army trainees--texas, 1998. | | 1999 | 10208132 |
| organization of the canine calicivirus genome from the rna polymerase gene to the poly(a) tail. | in recent years a wealth of data has become available about the caliciviruses that infect humans, as well as those which infect a range of animal species, notably cats, rabbits, pigs and marine animals. however, in the two decades since the earliest reports of calicivirus infection in dogs, very little has become known about the epidemiology, pathogenicity and molecular biology of the caliciviruses that may infect canines. in 1990, a canine calicivirus (cacv) was isolated from a 2-month-old diar ... | 1999 | 10211962 |
| norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis in u.s. army trainees--texas, 1998. | during august 27-september 1, 1998, 99 (12%) of 835 soldiers in one unit at a u.s. army training center in el paso, texas, were hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis (age). their symptoms included acute onset of vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fever. review of medical center admission records for age during the previous year indicated that fewer than five cases occurred each month. this report describes the outbreak investigation initiated on august 30 by a u.s. army epidemiologic consu ... | 1999 | 10220254 |
| serology of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in wild rabbits before and after release of the virus in new zealand. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) was illegally released in new zealand in august 1997. the initial release and spread of the virus was conducted by landholders in an effort to reduce costs associated with more conventional control methods (poisoning and shooting). serum was collected from wild rabbits throughout the otago region prior to the release and from 13 sites in the months following the first epizootic. following the occurrence of the first rhdv epizootic on 13 pastoral farming p ... | 1999 | 10223320 |
| the seroepidemiology of genogroup 1 and genogroup 2 norwalk-like viruses in italy. | southampton virus (sv) and lordsdale viruses (lv) are small round structured viruses characterised recently and belong to two separate genogroups. the capsid genes of these viruses were expressed in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses. both sv (genogroup 1) and lv (genogroup 2) capsid proteins self-assembled to form virus-like particles (vlps). the vlps were used in a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to screen for antibodies to sv and lv in 1,729 age-stratified human s ... | 1999 | 10223553 |
| macrophage tropism of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus is associated with vascular pathology. | to delineate the interactions between rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and host cells, organ and cellular targets of infection were identified in vivo. viral specific antigens were detected by immunohistochemistry in liver, lung, spleen and lymph nodes cells. also, intravascular infected cells were detected in most organs including kidneys, myocardium, thymus and central nervous system. to further characterize infected target cells, viral proteins and cell-specific surface antigens were i ... | 1999 | 10225271 |
| identification of a distinct common strain of "norwalk-like viruses" having a global distribution. | "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) are the most common cause of outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. during molecular surveillance of nlv strains from 152 outbreaks of gastroenteritis that occurred in the us between august 1993 and july 1997, we identified an nlv strain that predominated during the 1995-1996 season. the "95/96-us" strain caused 60 outbreaks in geographically distant locations within the us and was identified, by sequence comparisons, in an additional 7 countries on 5 continents ... | 1999 | 10228052 |
| long-term immunity in cats vaccinated with an inactivated trivalent vaccine. | to evaluate duration of immunity in cats vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine of feline panleukopenia virus (fpv), feline herpesvirus (fhv), and feline calicivirus (fcv). | 1999 | 10328440 |
| hepatic lesions in young rabbits experimentally infected with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | twenty young rabbits (eleven 2-week-old and nine 4-week-old) were experimentally infected with rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) to clarify susceptibility. they were killed chronologically up to 96 hours post-inoculation (pi) and examined for lesions. all inoculated rabbits were clinically normal, but grossly minute white or grey spots were detected throughout the liver. histologically, the lesions consisted of aggregates of lymphocytes, macrophages and heterophils, with or without acidop ... | 1999 | 10333465 |
| foodborne viral infections. | | 1999 | 10346751 |
| an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a geriatric long-term-care facility: combined application of epidemiological and molecular diagnostic methods. | to assess possible transmission modes of, and risk factors for, gastroenteritis associated with norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) in a geriatric long-term-care facility. | 1999 | 10349945 |
| [clinical analysis on an outbreak of srsv-gastroenteritis with 644 patients emerged in shizuoka prefecture]. | small round structured viruses (srsv) are the major cause of acute non-bacterial enterogastritis and have a characteristic of breaking out with mass victims as food poisoning. the outbreak usually occurs among school children from school lunches in japan. a case in adults is relatively rare. the srsv food poisoning with 644 adult victims carried through lunch box broke out, which may be the biggest number in adult cases in the world. this is the report describing its outlines, analytical result ... | 1999 | 10356895 |
| rabbit haemorrhagic disease in saudi arabia. | | 1999 | 10358879 |
| pathogenic, antigenic and molecular properties of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) isolated from vaccinated rabbits: detection and characterization of antigenic variants. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) isolates were obtained from several animals previously vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. seven isolates were analyzed by immunological and molecular biological methods and compared to reference strains. antigenic characterization with monoclonal antibodies as well as haemagglutination assays demonstrated considerable differences between individual isolates. however, sequencing of the capsid protein genes revealed a high degree of homology between fi ... | 1999 | 10365163 |
| [calicivirus. the virus which emerges in ocean reservoirs]. | | 1999 | 10365513 |
| a cross-sectional study of risk factors affecting the outcome of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus releases in new south wales. | to determine what factors governed the extent of outbreaks of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) following releases in new south wales. | 1999 | 10376105 |
| characterisation of a potentially abortigenic strain of feline calicivirus isolated from a domestic cat. | feline calicivirus (fcv) was isolated from one of four dead fetuses delivered by ovariohysterectomy from a queen with an acute fcv infection. the most prominent lesions in the fetuses were petechial haemorrhages in the skin. the virus isolated was characterised as fcv by antigenic analysis and cdna sequence analysis. this is the second report of abortion associated with acute fcv infection. | 1999 | 10399245 |
| variation in orf3 of genogroup 2 norwalk-like viruses. | the nucleotide sequences of the 3'-terminal open reading frame (orf3) and 3' untranslated region (3'utr) were determined for four norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) belonging to genogroup 2. three of the viruses, isolated in 1995 and 1996, were closely related to mexico virus (92-93% nucleotide identity in orf3). the fourth virus, isolated in 1984, was unique, showing only 49-58% nucleotide identity with other nlvs. the variation in sequence of the 3'-terminal orf of nlvs was greater than that observed ... | 1999 | 10416382 |
| genomic diversity of "norwalk like viruses" (nlvs): pediatric infections in a brazilian shantytown. | "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) are a common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in adults and children in developed countries. however, little is known about the role of nlvs in endemic pediatric gastroenteritis in developing countries. we sequenced genogroup i and ii nlv reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) products from an 81-nucleotide region of the viral rna polymerase gene to examine the molecular epidemiology of nlv infection in children younger than 5 years of age in fort ... | 1999 | 10421412 |
| genetic analysis of the rna polymerase gene of caliciviruses from dogs and cats. | caliciviruses that infect animals including humans cause a specific disease syndrome in their respective hosts. feline calicivirus (fcv) is a major pathogen of respiratory disease of cats, and human caliciviru is a causative agent of diarrhea. it has been suggested, furthermore, that fcv and newly recognized canine calicivirus (cacv) may also be possible causes of diarrhea in these animal species. in this study nucleotide sequence of the rna polymerase gene of two caliciviruses of canine origin, ... | 1999 | 10423680 |
| questions long-term immunity in cats. | | 1999 | 10434959 |
| immunoglobulin m antibody test to detect genogroup ii norwalk-like virus infection. | sera obtained from adult volunteers inoculated with genogroup ii norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), hawaii virus, and snow mountain virus and from patients involved in outbreaks of gastroenteritis were tested for genogroup ii nlv mexico virus-specific immunoglobulin m (igm) by use of a monoclonal antibody, recombinant mexico virus antigen (rmxv)-based igm capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). sera from genogroup i norwalk virus (nv)-inoculated volunteers and from patients involved in a ge ... | 1999 | 10449486 |
| questions efficacy of vaccinating cats at 3-year intervals. | | 1999 | 10451196 |
| [detection of norwalk and mexico viruses, two human caliciviruses in stools of chilean children]. | human calciviruses (hucvs) cause diarrhea outbreaks associated with consumption of contaminated food and water. seroepidemiological studies in developing countries, suggest that hucvs can cause acute gastroenteritis in children. | 1999 | 10451621 |
| polymerase chain reaction amplification and gene sequence analysis of a calicivirus from a feral rabbit. | a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification assay was used to detect calicivirus gene sequences in a liver tissue derived from a feral rabbit which died of a recent outbreak of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) in new zealand. five pairs of primers were designed to amplify five complementary dna genomic sequence stretching from nucleotide positions 1594 to 7071, yielding amplified fragments of 361, 340, 805,670 and 386 bp for the primer pairs rc-1/rc-2, rc-3/rc-4, rc ... | 1999 | 10456792 |
| seroepidemiological study of genogroup i and ii calicivirus infections in south and southern africa. | diarrhoea is associated with the daily death of between 180 and 200 children under the age of 5 years in south africa. until recently, many cases and outbreaks of diarrhoea were not associated with a known aetiologic agent. previous studies using baculovirus-expressed norwalk virus (nv) and mexico virus (mxv) capsid antigens have shown that human calicivirus infection is common in south africa. in this study, our surveillance was extended to different populations, as well as to four other southe ... | 1999 | 10459161 |
| serosurvey for selected virus infections of wild carnivores in taiwan and vietnam. | serum samples from two leopard cats (felis bengalensis) and four formosan gem-faced civets (paguma larvata taivana) in taiwan, september 1995, and nine leopard cats in vietnam, august and december 1997, were examined for the prevalence of antibodies against feline parvovirus, feline herpesvirus type 1, feline calicivirus and feline immunodeficiency virus. all civets and nine of 11 leopard cats were shown to have antibodies against feline parvovirus (fpv), and fpv's were isolated from mononuclear ... | 1999 | 10479095 |
| detection and nucleotide sequence analysis of human caliciviruses (hucvs) from samples in non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks in hokkaido, japan. | samples of feces and vomit collected from patients during 13 non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks which occurred in hokkaido between 1995 and 1998 were examined by electron microscopy (em) and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for evidence of infection with human caliciviruses (hucvs). in 6 food-borne outbreaks, oysters were the probable source of infection, while the origin of hucvs was not found out for the other 7 outbreaks. one-hundred-eleven of 214 stool, vomit and ... | 1999 | 10480550 |
| more on efficacy of vaccinating cats at 3-year intervals. | | 1999 | 10490067 |
| tissue distribution of virus replication in cats experimentally infected with distinct feline calicivirus isolates. | four specific pathogen-free (spf) cats were each inoculated with one of two genetically and antigenically well characterized feline caliciviruses originally isolated from cats with acute respiratory disease (fcv-ks100/2), or with chronic stomatitis (fcv-ks20). two cats of each group were euthanized at day 10 post infection and two cats at day 28. no clear differences between the clinical disease induced by the two isolates could be observed, and no apparent differences in the tissue spectrum wer ... | 1999 | 10507186 |
| development of a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction procedure for the detection of marine caliciviruses with potential application for nucleotide sequencing. | a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedure is described for the detection of marine caliciviruses including vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv), san miguel sea lion virus (smsv), bovine tillamook virus (bcv bos-1) and caliciviruses (cv) isolated from dolphin (cetacean cv), gorilla (primate cv) and rattlesnake (reptile cv) using primers (1f and 1r) designed from the capsid-coding region of the viral genome. these primers were compared with those described by neill, ... | 1999 | 10507417 |
| caliciviruses: an overview. | several caliciviruses are known to cause diseases in animal and man. amongst them are vesicular exanthema virus of swine (vesv), feline calicivirus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv), and norwalk and sapporo-like viruses; the latter viruses cause gastroenteritis in man. in this paper, an overview of caliciviruses is presented, with particular emphasis on the molecular aspects. the unique properties as compared to other related families of positive-stranded rna viruses will be discussed. ma ... | 1999 | 10515270 |
| quasispecies evolution of a hypervariable region of the feline calicivirus capsid gene in cell culture and persistently infected cats. | the study determines the sequence evolution of feline calicivirus both in cell culture and in persistently infected cats and relates this to changes in virus neutralisation. | 1999 | 10515272 |
| foodborne diseases: seafood. | | 1999 | 10530590 |
| a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis possibly related to the contamination of tap water by a small round structured virus. | small round structured viruses (srsvs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis in institutions and sensitive new molecular techniques allow rapid diagnosis and the establishment of control measures. in january 1999, a 10 day-long outbreak of gastroenteritis in a re-education ward, was reported by a hospital hygiene department. a potential common source of contamination was tap water. the stools of six patients with gastroenteritis and seven tap water samples from the hospital ward, were tested for ... | 1999 | 10549314 |
| norwalk and "norwalk-like viruses" in epidemic gastroenteritis. | despite the lack of a cell culture or animal model system, the past decade has seen tremendous advances in our understanding of nlv. prior to 1990, the only nucleotide sequence information for caliciviruses was from viruses isolated from animals. there are now sequences available for more than 100 nlv isolates and more are rapidly accumulating. such information is being used for development of new and more sensitive diagnostic assays. the cdc, under the national food safety initiative and in coo ... | 1999 | 10549432 |
| outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water contaminated by norwalk-like viruses. | heinävesi, a finnish municipality with a population of 4860 inhabitants, had an outbreak of gastroenteritis in march 1998. on the basis of an epidemiologic survey, an estimated 1700-3000 cases of acute gastroenteritis occurred during the outbreak. municipal water consumption was found to be associated with illness (risk ratio [rr]=3.5, 95% confidence interval, 3.11>rr>3.96). norwalk-like virus (nlv) genogroup ii (ggii) was identified in untreated water, treated water, and 4 tap water samples by ... | 1999 | 10558930 |
| seroprevalence against norwalk-like human caliciviruses in beijing, china. | serum specimens from 1,109 individuals at different ages in beijing, china, were collected between april 1996 and march 1997 and tested for igg antibodies against human caliciviruses using enzyme immune assays (eias). baculovirus-expressed recombinant norwalk virus (rnv) and mexican virus (rmxv) capsid proteins were used as antigens. the seroprevalence was 89% for rnv and 91% for rmxv. similar seroprevalence between the two antigens was observed in individual age groups and both genders. infants ... | 2000 | 10568770 |
| [geographical distribution of hepatitis e virus genotypes]. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the major agent of acute hepatitis in developing countries where the infection occurs sporadically or in large waterborne epidemics. hev, classified in the caliciviridae, is not culturable. the detection of hev rna by rt-pcr in serum and stool samples is reliable during the 7 to 15 days following the onset of the disease. restriction endonuclease analysis, cloning and sequencing of pcr products allow a phylogenetic analysis of hev isolates. although they belong to a si ... | 1999 | 10572664 |
| viral infections in free-living populations of the european wildcat. | while the importance of viral infections is well studied in domestic cats, only limited information is available on their occurence and prevalence in the european wildcat (felis silvestris silvestris). the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to feline coronavirus (fcov), calicivirus (fcv), herpesvirus (fhv), parvovirus (fpv), immunodeficiency virus (fiv), leukemia virus (felv), and felv antigenemia in 51 european wildcat sera. samples were collected between 1996 and 1 ... | 1999 | 10574526 |
| molecular detection of norwalk-like caliciviruses in sewage. | in this study, norwalk-like virus (nlv) rna was detected by reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) in sewage water concentrates. sequence analysis of the rt-pcr products revealed identical sequences in stools of patients and related sewage samples. in 6 of 11 outbreak-unrelated follow-up samples, multiple nlv genotypes were present. levels as high as 10(7) rna-containing particles per liter were found. these data show that high loads of nlvs may be present in sewage and warrant further studies addre ... | 1999 | 10584031 |
| a review of virus infections of cataceans and the potential impact of morbilliviruses, poxviruses and papillomaviruses on host population dynamics. | viruses belonging to 9 families have been detected in cetaceans. we critically review the clinical features, pathology and epidemiology of the diseases they cause. cetacean morbillivirus (family paramyxoviridae) induces a serious disease with a high mortality rate and persists in several populations. it may have long-term effects on the dynamics of cetacean populations either as enzootic infection or recurrent epizootics. the latter presumably have the more profound impact due to removal of sexu ... | 1999 | 10590929 |
| confirmation of norwalk-like virus amplicons after rt-pcr by microplate hybridization and direct sequencing. | a large number of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) have been identified from stool samples by rt-pcr by amplifying part of the polymerase-coding gene. a set of probes were selected based on sequence analysis of the viruses circulating in finland during the years 1996-97 for confirmation of the findings by hybridization. a microplate hybridization test, which provides a rapid semi-automatic detection for pcr products, was designed and compared with agarose gel electrophoresis. from the material of 210 ... | 1999 | 10598090 |
| design and evaluation of a primer pair that detects both norwalk- and sapporo-like caliciviruses by rt-pcr. | a primer pair (p289/290) based on the rna polymerase sequence of 25 prototype and currently circulating strains of human caliciviruses (hucvs) was designed for the detection of both norwalk-like caliciviruses (nlvs) and sapporo-like caliciviruses (slvs) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). this primer pair produces rt-pcr products of 319 bp for nlvs and 331 bp for slvs. the usefulness of this primer pair was shown by its detection of prototype nlvs (norwalk, snow mountain ... | 1999 | 10598092 |
| development of methods to detect "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) and hepatitis a virus in delicatessen foods: application to a food-borne nlv outbreak. | "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are the most common causes of virus-mediated food-borne illness. epidemiological investigations of outbreaks associated with these viruses have been hindered by the lack of available methods for the detection of nlvs and hav in foodstuffs. although reverse transcription (rt)-pcr methods have been useful in detecting nlvs and hav in bivalve mollusks implicated in outbreaks, to date such methods have not been available for other foods. to a ... | 2000 | 10618226 |
| horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease by using a recombinant myxoma virus. | we have developed a new strategy for immunization of wild rabbit populations against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhd) that uses recombinant viruses based on a naturally attenuated field strain of myxoma virus (mv). the recombinant viruses expressed the rhdv major capsid protein (vp60) including a linear epitope tag from the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) nucleoprotein. following inoculation, the recombinant viruses induced specific antibody responses against mv, rhdv, ... | 2000 | 10627521 |
| notes on the life-history of the rabbit flea caenopsylla laptevi ibera beaucournu & marquez, 1987 (siphonaptera: ceratophyllidae) in eastern spain. | the rabbit flea caenopsylla laptevi ibera occurs in arid environments of central and eastern spain. although the fleas breed during the coolest, most humid part of the year, the larvae survive and grow in sand at only 50-60% relative humidity. at 22 degrees c and 80% relative humidity eggs hatch in six days and the cocoon stage is reached 10-11 days after hatching. female fleas emerge from pupation at about 17 days after cocoon spinning; males emerge a little later at a mean of 20 days. adult fl ... | 1999 | 10633506 |
| observations on the quasispecies composition of three animal pathogenic rna viruses. | the quasispecies nature of three animal pathogenic rna viruses of field origin was examined by testing variants of classical swine fever virus (csfv) originating from geographically different areas, feline coronavirus (fcov) detected from the same animal by successive sampling, and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) originating from successive outbreaks in the same geographic area. clinical samples were investigated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and ensuing ... | 1999 | 10641337 |
| comparison of prevalence of feline herpesvirus type 1, calicivirus and parvovirus infections in domestic and leopard cats in vietnam. | a serosurvey of feline herpesvirus type 1 (fhv-1), feline calicivirus (fcv), and feline parvovirus (fpv) in cats from ho chi minh city area in southern vietnam was conducted in december 1998, and we compared the results with our previous results in northern vietnam (hanoi area). the positive rate of fhv and fcv in domestic cats were 44% and 74%, respectively. they were rather higher than those in hanoi area, while the seropositivity of fpv (44%) was similar to that in hanoi area. in leopard cats ... | 1999 | 10651052 |
| comparative pathogenesis of enteric viral infections of swine. | at least 11 enteric viruses belonging to 6 distinct families (adenoviridae, astroviridae, caliciviridae, coronaviridae, parvoviridae, and reoviridae) cause diarrhea in swine mainly during the nursing and immediate post-weaning period. most infect the small intestinal enterocytes, inducing various degrees of villous atrophy and subsequently a malabsorptive, maldigestive diarrhea. in addition rotaviruses possess an enterotoxin (nsp4) which induces a secretory diarrhea in mice. these viruses have d ... | 1999 | 10659343 |
| investigation of an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by norwalk-like virus, using solid phase immune electron microscopy. | in february 1993, 95 persons (47 patients and 48 staff members) were affected by an hospital outbreak of viral gastroenteritis. using direct electron microscopy (em) the causative agent was identified as a small round structured virus. this was confirmed as a norwalk-like virus using solid phase immune electron microscopy (spiem). of 94 stool samples examined, 12 (13%) samples containing small round structured viruses (srsv) were spiem positive for norwalk-like virus. a further 25 (27%) samples ... | 2000 | 10662561 |
| characterization of a novel human calicivirus that may be a naturally occurring recombinant. | we identified a norwalk-like calicivirus (cv) whose genome likely was derived from naturally occurring recombination. this strain (arg320) was detected by the eia developed against recombinant mexico virus (rmxv) capsids, but the viral rna polymerase sequence was closer to lordsdale virus, in a separate genetic cluster of norwalk-like viruses. a 3.3 kb cdna from the rna polymerase region to the 3' end of the genome of arg320 was cloned and sequenced. the sequence demonstrated that the capsid reg ... | 1999 | 10664391 |
| shipboard impact of a probable norwalk virus outbreak from coastal japan. | norwalk virus has been implicated in shipboard diarrheal disease outbreaks throughout asia. a large outbreak of suspected norwalk virus was investigated on a u.s. naval aircraft carrier following the clinical recognition of 450 cases of gastroenteritis over a 2-week period (september 14-28, 1997) during coastal exercises. a random sampling of 44 cases from 450 personnel who sought medical attention was compared with 19 controls. junior enlisted sailors and marines comprised 97% of all cases. the ... | 1999 | 10674667 |
| norwalk-like virus and bacterial pathogens associated with cases of gastroenteritis onboard a us navy ship. | acute gastroenteritis is a potential cause of substantial morbidity in u.s. military personnel during deployment. this study investigated the microbial causes of diarrhea in u.s. troops on exercises in southeast asia aboard the u.s.s. germantown from march through may 1996. a total of 49 (7%) patients with diarrhea reported to sick call during a 3-month deployment involving 721 personnel. diarrheal samples from 49 patients were subjected to bacterial and parasitologic examination, but sufficient ... | 1999 | 10674668 |
| expression of recombinant norwalk-like virus capsid proteins using a bacterial system and the development of its immunologic detection. | the capsid protein of norwalk-like virus (nlv) isolates nlv-36 (mexico virus type, genogroup ii [gii]), nlv-21 (lordsdale virus type, gii), nlv-114 (untyped gii virus), and nlv-96-908 (ky89 virus type, gi) have been expressed in an escherichia coli system. the expressed recombinant nlv capsid proteins, fused with maltose binding protein (mbp-rv) and thioredoxin (trx-rv) in e. coli lysate, were analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis. rabbit igg (r-igg) in hyperimm ... | 2000 | 10686033 |
| comparison of serological and sequence-based methods for typing feline calcivirus isolates from vaccine failures. | feline calicivirus (fcv) can be typed by exploiting antigenic differences between isolates or, more recently, by the sequence analysis of a hypervariable region of the virus's capsid gene. these two methods were used to characterise fcv isolates from 20 vaccine failures which occurred after the use of a commercial, live-attenuated vaccine. using virus neutralisation, the isolates showed a spectrum of relatedness to the vaccine; depending on the criterion adopted for identity, 10 to 40 per cent o ... | 2000 | 10706329 |
| summer vomiting disease? | | 1999 | 10721376 |
| mutation analysis of the gdd sequence motif of a calicivirus rna-dependent rna polymerase. | the rna-dependent rna polymerase from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, a calicivirus, is known to have a conserved gdd amino acid motif and several additional regions of sequence homology with all types of polymerases. to test whether both aspartic acid residues are in fact involved in the catalytic activity and metal ion coordination of the enzyme, several defined mutations have been made in order to replace them by glutamate, asparagine, or glycine. all six mutant enzymes were produced in esc ... | 2000 | 10729164 |
| outbreaks of norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis--alaska and wisconsin, 1999. | norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in the united states, resulting in illness in approximately 23 million persons each year . persons of all ages are affected because previous infection confers only short-term immunity. most nlv gastroenteritis outbreaks involve foodborne or person-to-person transmission. this report presents investigations of a foodborne nlv outbreak in alaska and person-to-person transmission in wisconsin. | 2000 | 10738840 |
| evaluation of f-specific rna bacteriophage as a candidate human enteric virus indicator for bivalve molluscan shellfish. | escherichia coli is a widely utilized indicator of the sanitary quality of bivalve molluscan shellfish sold for human consumption. however, it is now well documented that shellfish that meet the e. coli standards for human consumption may contain human enteric viruses that cause gastroenteritis and hepatitis. in this study we investigated using f-specific rna bacteriophage (frna bacteriophage) to indicate the likely presence of such viruses in shellfish sold for consumption. frna bacteriophage a ... | 2000 | 10742200 |
| selective accumulation may account for shellfish-associated viral illness. | from 1991 through 1998, 1,266 cases of shellfish-related illnesses were attributed to norwalk-like viruses. seventy-eight percent of these illnesses occurred following consumption of oysters harvested from the gulf coast during the months of november through january. this study investigated the ability of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) to accumulate indicator microorganisms (i.e., fecal coliforms, escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens, and f(+) coliphage) from estuarine water. one-w ... | 2000 | 10742214 |
| seroprevalence and seroincidence of norwalk-like virus infection among brazilian infants and children. | to determine the importance of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) as pediatric pathogens in a developing country, the seroprevalence and seroincidence of this group of viruses in a cohort of children less than 4 years of age in an urban shantytown in northeastern brazil was examined. serum samples were collected approximately every 6 months from 135 children who were surveyed three times each week for diarrhea and vomiting. nlv igg was measured by an enzyme immunosorbent assay (eia) with recombinant no ... | 2000 | 10745243 |
| identification of an epitope common to genogroup 1 "norwalk-like viruses". | a panel of 10 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to recombinant norwalk virus (nv) capsid protein were tested in competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. patterns of competition indicated that these mabs recognize six to eight epitopes covering five nonoverlapping regions of the capsid protein. a single epitope, recognized by nv mabs nv3901, nv3912, and nv2461 was found to occur in the majority of genogroup 1 (g1) but not genogroup 2 (g2) "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs). this observation supports ... | 2000 | 10747162 |
| genetic polymorphism across regions of the three open reading frames of "norwalk-like viruses". | genomic characterization of norwalk-like human caliciviruses (nlvs) originating from outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis has revealed surprisingly high levels of diversity, even in the rna polymerase gene, which is anticipated to be highly conserved. since information on antigenic relationship is limited, due to the lack of a tissue culture system for these viruses, strains mostly are described on the basis of their genetic relatedness. however, the lack of uniformly applied cr ... | 2000 | 10752550 |
| a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with norwalk-like viruses: first molecular traceback to deli sandwiches contaminated during preparation. | in march 1998, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred among students at a texas university. overall, 125 ill students sought medical care. case-control studies revealed that illness was significantly associated with eating foods from the university's main cafeteria deli bar on 9 and 10 march. stool specimens from 9 (50%) of 18 ill students and samples of deli ham showed evidence of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) by reverse-transcriptase (rt) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. a food hand ... | 2000 | 10753727 |
| immunohistochemical localisation of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus vp-60 antigen in early infection of young and adult rabbits. | this study evaluated the time course distribution of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) structural protein vp60 in tissues from experimentally infected rabbits from three different age groups. viral vp60 antigen could not be detected in tissue samples from animals under four weeks, and only a few hepatocytes (0.01 to 0.2 per cent) were stained in the 6-week-old animals. a 6-week-old rabbit euthanised at 72 hpi showed vp60-labelling in hepatocytes and macrophages close to areas of inflammat ... | 2000 | 10756137 |
| norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis outbreak in u.s. army trainees. | an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis hospitalized 99 (12%) of 835 u. s. army trainees at fort bliss, el paso, texas, from august 27 to september 1, 1998. reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests for norwalk-like virus were positive for genogroup 2. gastroenteritis was associated with one post dining facility and with soft drinks. | 2000 | 10756159 |
| the new genotypic human calicivirus isolated in seoul. | a new type of human calicivirus (hucv) showing the classic cup-shaped surface morphology was identified in the stool sample from a child with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis in seoul, korea (sk virus). genomic rna was extracted directly from the stool sample, and the nucleotide sequence of 3.2 kb of the 3' end of sk virus was determined from cdna. this region spanned sequences from the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) region in the open reading frame 1 (orf1) to the 3' poly a tail. the non- ... | 2000 | 10762055 |
| a series of outbreaks of food poisoning? | a series of independently occurring episodes which were notified individually as 'food poisoning' were, after investigation, linked to a common source water supply. | 2000 | 10777225 |
| an isolated epizootic of hemorrhagic-like fever in cats caused by a novel and highly virulent strain of feline calicivirus. | an isolated epizootic of a highly fatal feline calicivirus (fcv) infection, manifested in its severest form by a systemic hemorrhagic-like fever, occurred over a 1-month period among six cats owned by two different employees and a client of a private veterinary practice. the infection may have started with an unowned shelter kitten that was hospitalized during this same period for a severe atypical upper respiratory infection. the causative agent was isolated from blood and nasal swabs from two ... | 2000 | 10781727 |
| molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small round structured viruses in germany in 1997/98. | the molecular epidemiology of small round structured viruses (srsvs) in germany was studied using fecal specimens from 16 srsv-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in different parts of germany during 1997/1998 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and by sequencing of the orf1 and orf3 amplicons. the majority of the isolates clustered in one subtype and were closely related to published srsv sequences of genogroup ii. | 2000 | 10795514 |
| safety and efficacy of a recombinant felv vaccine combined with a live feline rhinotracheitis, calicivirus and panleukopenia vaccine. | | 2000 | 10803986 |
| introduction: human enteric caliciviruses-an emerging pathogen whose time has come. | | 2000 | 10804132 |
| summary of the first international workshop on human caliciviruses. | | 2000 | 10804133 |
| the epidemiology of enteric caliciviruses from humans: a reassessment using new diagnostics. | in the united states, acute gastroenteritis is one of the most commonly noted illnesses on hospital discharge records and death certificates, yet few of these cases have an etiologic diagnosis. the application of new molecular diagnostic methods has shown caliciviruses (previously referred to as the norwalk family of viruses or small round structured viruses) to be the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (age) outbreaks in the united states, and they may emerge as a common cause of sporad ... | 2000 | 10804134 |
| molecular epidemiology of human enteric caliciviruses in the netherlands. | in the netherlands, illness due to norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) of the family caliciviridae is quite common. nlvs cause >80% of the outbreaks of gastroenteritis reported to municipal public health centers and at least 5% of the cases of gastroenteritis for which a general practitioner is consulted. in addition, up to 18% of community cases of gastroenteritis in the 1998/1999 winter season have been attributed to nlvs. patterns of disease activity differ remarkably, with "normal years, when outbre ... | 2000 | 10804135 |
| surveillance of viral gastroenteritis in japan: pediatric cases and outbreak incidents. | surveillance results from pediatric cases and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in japan are presented. in winter, both small round structured virus (srsv, or norwalk-like viruses) and rotavirus were detected from infants with gastroenteritis; however, in recent years, the prevailing time of srsv infection has preceded that of rotavirus infection. most nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks were related to srsv infection, and >60% of the outbreaks were caused by contaminated food. in small-size ... | 2000 | 10804136 |
| epidemiology of calicivirus infections in sweden, 1994-1998. | outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis are frequently caused by caliciviruses. electron microscopy was used to search for these viruses in fecal samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis. of 5800 samples collected and analyzed from november 1994 to june 1998, 3700 were associated with outbreaks. a total of 676 outbreaks were analyzed, and viruses were found in 67%. caliciviruses, usually norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), were found in 407 (89%) of 455 outbreaks, while sapporo-like viruses were ide ... | 2000 | 10804137 |
| the impact of foodborne calicivirus disease: the minnesota experience. | the first outbreaks of norwalk virus gastroenteritis in minnesota were confirmed in 1982. since then, norwalk-like caliciviruses have been recognized to be the most common cause of foodborne disease outbreaks, accounting for 41% of all confirmed foodborne outbreaks in minnesota from 1981-1998. although laboratory confirmation of caliciviruses in stool samples was not attempted in most of these outbreaks, all conformed to epidemiologic criteria for defining outbreaks of norwalk virus. since 1996, ... | 2000 | 10804138 |
| cold weather seasonality of gastroenteritis associated with norwalk-like viruses. | norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are the most common cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults, but little is known about their seasonality. the lack of specific diagnostic tools impeded study of these viruses in the past, and surveys using electron microscopy often grouped nlvs with other unrelated viruses. a search of the scientific literature found eight surveys of gastroenteritis, which were conducted for at least 1 year, that specifically identified nlvs. unpublished data from labora ... | 2000 | 10804139 |
| human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community. | episodes of acute gastroenteritis in prospectively followed children between 2 months and 2 years of age were examined for rotaviruses, enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, and human caliciviruses, including both norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) and sapporo-like viruses (slvs), using pcr and reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays. a virus was identified in 60% (502/832) of all episodes and in 85% of the moderately severe or severe episodes. human caliciviruses were as common as rotaviruses, both being ... | 2000 | 10804140 |
| sapporo virus: history and recent findings. | morphologically distinct caliciviruses of human origin were first found in stools of children with gastroenteritis in 1976. sapporo virus, or human calicivirus sapporo, with typical surface morphology was first detected during a gastroenteritis outbreak in a home for infants in sapporo, japan, in 1977. since then, morphologically and antigenically identical virus has been detected frequently in the same institution in association with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. sapporo virus is widely distrib ... | 2000 | 10804142 |
| organization and expression of calicivirus genes. | the application of molecular techniques to the characterization of caliciviruses has resulted in an extensive database of sequence information. this information has led to the identification of 4 distinct genera. the human enteric caliciviruses have been assigned to 2 of these genera. this division is reflected not only in sequence diversity but in a fundamental difference in genome organization. complete genome sequences are now available for 5 enteric caliciviruses and demonstrate that human a ... | 2000 | 10804143 |
| taxonomy of the caliciviruses. | the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv) has recently approved several proposals submitted by the present caliciviridae study group. these proposals include the division of the family into 4 new genera designated lagovirus, vesivirus, "norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), and "sapporo-like viruses (slvs); the latter 2 genera were assigned temporary names until acceptable names can be determined by the scientific community. the genera have been further divided into the following species: ... | 2000 | 10804145 |
| immunity to calicivirus infection. | the evolution of our understanding of immunity to calicivirus infection, using norwalk virus as the prototype, is discussed in three stages: (1) "ancient times (1972-1978), when human volunteer studies prevailed, (2) the "middle ages (1978-1990), which were characterized by the development and implementation of solid-phase immunoassays based on native viral antigens, and (3) "modern times (1990 to present), which began with the cloning of the genome of the noncultivatable 8fiia strain of norwalk ... | 2000 | 10804146 |
| genetic classification of "norwalk-like viruses.. | reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction has been used worldwide for the diagnosis of norwalk-like virus (nlv) infection, yet a commonly accepted genetic classification scheme has not been established. amino acid sequences from four regions of open-reading frame 2 (orf2) were used to analyze 101 nlv strains, including 2 bovine strains. on the basis of this analysis, a genetic classification scheme is proposed that differentiates 99 human strains into 2 major genetic groups consisting of 5 ... | 2000 | 10804147 |
| diagnosis of human caliciviruses by use of enzyme immunoassays. | the application of molecular technologies, such as the expression of viral proteins in baculovirus, has provided a powerful approach to the diagnosis of human calicivirus (hucv) infections. the baculovirus-expressed hucv capsid protein self-assembles into virus-like particles, providing excellent reagents for immunologic assays, such as enzyme immunoassays (eias). following the expression of the capsid protein of norwalk virus, the capsid proteins of 8 other hucv strains have been expressed in b ... | 2000 | 10804148 |