| production of bifunctional proteins by aspergillus awamori: llama variable heavy chain antibody fragment (v(hh)) r9 coupled to arthromyces ramosus peroxidase (arp). | the arthromyces ramosus peroxidase gene (arp) was genetically fused to either the 5'- or 3'-terminal ends of the gene encoding llama variable heavy chain antibody fragment v(hh) r9, resulting in the fusion expression cassettes arp-r9 or r9-arp. aspergillus awamori transformants were obtained which produced up to 30 mgl(-1) fusion protein in the culture medium. both fusion proteins showed peroxidase activity in an abts activity test. considerable amounts of fusion protein were detected intracellu ... | 2005 | 16169108 |
| determination of the anatomic communications among compartments within the carpus, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, stifle joint, and tarsus in llamas. | to determine the anatomic communications among compartments within the carpus, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, stifle joint, and tarsus in llamas. | 2005 | 16173490 |
| molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of inflammatory cytokines of camelidae (llama and camel). | we cloned, sequenced and analyzed the cdnas encoding camelidae inflammatory cytokines, including llama (lama glama) interleukin (il)-1alpha, il-1beta, il-6, tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and camel (camelus bactrianus) il-6 and tnf-alpha. the similarity levels of the deduced amino acid sequences of il-1alpha, il-1beta, il-6 and tnf-alpha from llama (camel) to those from other mammalian species, ranged from 60.7% to 87.7%, 52.8% to 75.3%, 41.4% to 98.6%, and 72.9% to 99.6%, respectively. phylo ... | 2005 | 16210805 |
| escherichia coli f4 fimbriae specific llama single-domain antibody fragments effectively inhibit bacterial adhesion in vitro but poorly protect against diarrhoea. | oral administration of polyclonal antibodies directed against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) f4 fimbriae is used to protect against piglet post-weaning diarrhoea. for cost reasons, we aim to replace these polyclonal antibodies by recombinant llama single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs) that can be produced efficiently in microorganisms. six f4 fimbriae specific vhhs were isolated. the vhh that was produced at the highest level by yeast, k609, was further analysed. 3.8 mg/l k609 inhibit ... | 2005 | 16221532 |
| brainstem auditory-evoked potential assessment of auditory function and congenital deafness in llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (l. pacos). | auditory function of llamas and alpacas was assessed objectively by means of brainstem auditory-evoked response audiometry (baer) to establish the normal hearing range and to test the hypothesis of a correlation between blue eyes, white coat, and deafness. sixty-three camelids were available for the study. thirteen animals had blue irides; 1 animal had 1 blue and 1 pigmented iris. wave latencies, amplitudes, and interpeak latencies were measured under general anesthetic. click stimuli (db [hl]) ... | 2005 | 16231723 |
| trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction in new world camelids. | to describe clinical findings, surgical treatment, and outcome associated with trichophytobezoar duodenal obstruction in new world camelids. | 2005 | 16266347 |
| lactococcal bacteriophage p2 receptor-binding protein structure suggests a common ancestor gene with bacterial and mammalian viruses. | lactococcus lactis is a gram-positive bacterium used extensively by the dairy industry for the manufacture of fermented milk products. the double-stranded dna bacteriophage p2 infects specific l. lactis strains using a receptor-binding protein (rbp) located at the tip of its noncontractile tail. we have solved the crystal structure of phage p2 rbp, a homotrimeric protein composed of three domains: the shoulders, a beta-sandwich attached to the phage; the neck, an interlaced beta-prism; and the r ... | 2006 | 16327804 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2004. | during 2004, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings to the cdc, representing a 4.6% decrease from the 7,170 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2003. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals (compared with 91% and 9%, respectively, in 2003). relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,564 raccoons (37.5%), 1,856 skunks (27.1%), 1,361 bat ... | 2005 | 16379626 |
| postal survey of the population of south american camelids in the united kingdom in 2000/01. | the members of the two leading british camelid breeders associations were surveyed by means of a postal questionnaire between december 2000 and january 2001; 696 questionnaires were posted and 218 usable responses were returned. a total of 3520 camelids were recorded, of which 2719 (77.2 per cent) were alpacas (lama pacos) and 726 (20.6 per cent) were llamas (lama glama). ninety-four per cent of the camelid herds were of one species, and 70 per cent of the animals were kept for more than one pur ... | 2006 | 16428662 |
| selection and optimization of proteolytically stable llama single-domain antibody fragments for oral immunotherapy. | we previously demonstrated that oral application of the recombinant single-domain antibody fragment (vhh) clone k609, directed against escherichia coli f4 fimbriae, reduced e. coli-induced diarrhoea in piglets, but only at high vhh doses. we have now shown that a large portion of the orally applied k609 vhh is proteolytically degraded in the stomach. stringent selection for proteolytic stability identified seven vhhs with 7- to 138-fold increased stability after in vitro incubation in gastric fl ... | 2006 | 16450109 |
| identification by phage display of single-domain antibody fragments specific for the odd domain in hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha. | hypoxia triggers the transcription of genes responsible for cell survival via the key player transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (hif-1alpha). overexpression of this protein has been implicated in cardiovascular disorders, carcinogenesis and cancer progression. for functional and diagnostic studies on the hif-1alpha protein, we have identified single-domain antibody fragments directed against this protein by using a llama-derived nonimmune phage display library. this library dis ... | 2006 | 16482104 |
| dysautonomia and salmonellosis in an 11-year-old female llama (lama glama). | | 2006 | 16496946 |
| pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure in an adult llama with hepatic disease. | a 13-year-old llama was examined because of lethargy, inappetence, and syncope. | 2006 | 16506943 |
| effect of ovarian superstimulation on coc collection and maturation in alpacas. | the objective of the present study was to compare the ovarian follicular response, cumulus-oocyte complex (coc) collection rate, and maturational status of coc collected from alpacas subsequent to treatment with two different superstimulatory protocols. alpacas (n=7 per group) were treated with: (1) 200mg of fsh im divided bid for 3d, plus a single i.v. dose of 1000iu hcg 24h after the last fsh treatment, or (2) 1200iu of ecg as a single i.m. dose, plus a single i.v. dose of 1000iu of hcg on day ... | 2007 | 16530992 |
| receptor-binding protein of lactococcus lactis phages: identification and characterization of the saccharide receptor-binding site. | phage p2, a member of the lactococcal 936 phage species, infects lactococcus lactis strains by binding initially to specific carbohydrate receptors using its receptor-binding protein (rbp). the structures of p2 rbp, a homotrimeric protein composed of three domains, and of its complex with a neutralizing llama vh domain (vhh5) have been determined (s. spinelli, a. desmyter, c. t. verrips, h. j. de haard, s. moineau, and c. cambillau, nat. struct. mol. biol. 13:85-89, 2006). here, we show that vhh ... | 2006 | 16547026 |
| compressive myelopathy due to intervertebral disk extrusion in a llama (lama glama). | a 12-year-old intact female llama was euthanized following acute onset of spastic tetraparesis and recumbency with inability to rise. postmortem examination revealed caudal cervical spinal cord compression due to a mass within the ventral spinal canal arising from the c6-c7 intervertebral disk space and attached to an irregularly thickened annulus fibrosis. on histopathologic examination, the mass was composed of amorphous acellular basophilic to amphophilic material admixed with irregularly arr ... | 2006 | 16566272 |
| reduction in morbidity of rotavirus induced diarrhoea in mice by yeast produced monovalent llama-derived antibody fragments. | apart from the use of oral rehydration solution, there are currently no treatment modalities for rotavirus induced diarrhoea, which is particularly relevant to developing countries. fragments derived from llama heavy chain antibodies were previously shown to be highly stable, efficiently produced in yeast and exhibiting high epitope specific affinity. we now aim to demonstrate that these antibody fragments are capable of reducing morbidity of rotavirus induced diarrhoea. here we show the isolati ... | 2006 | 16616802 |
| comparison of the effect of ovulation-inducing factor (oif) in the seminal plasma of llamas, alpacas, and bulls. | we have recently reported the presence of an ovulation-inducing factor (oif) in the seminal plasma of llamas and alpacas-species characterized as induced ovulators. the study was designed to test the hypothesis that the seminal plasma of bulls will induce ovulation in llamas, and to compare the ovulation-inducing effect of seminal plasma of conspecific versus hetero-specific males. the seminal plasma of alpacas, a closely related induced ovulator (lama pacos), and cattle, a distantly related rum ... | 2006 | 16630652 |
| therapeutic effect of llama derived vhh fragments against streptococcus mutans on the development of dental caries. | streptococcus mutans is the main cause of dental caries. we evaluated the therapeutic effect of variable regions of a llama heavy chain antibody fragments directed against s. mutans named s36-vhh (s for streptococcus) alone or fused with glucose oxidase (gox) from aspergillus niger. western blot analysis and elisa revealed binding of the s36-vhh to the streptococcal antigen i/ii adhesin molecule of s. mutans serotype c. in a rat-desalivated caries model, daily administration of s36-vhh significa ... | 2006 | 16636830 |
| construction and evaluation of novel fusion proteins for targeted delivery of micro particles to cellulose surfaces. | the use of igg antibodies and fragments has been limited to specific sectors of the biotechnology industry due to the high cost of producing large batches of product necessary for alternative applications. a novel class of camelid antibodies, known as v(hh) offer a more economical opportunity to meet a wider application in industry. in this study, we report the evaluation of four llama v(hh)-cellulose binding domain fusion proteins displaying varying formats of v(hh) and cbd domains. proteins we ... | 2006 | 16673421 |
| analytical chemistry: cause for a llama. | | 2006 | 16688166 |
| non-surgical embryo transfer and live birth in a llama. | the uteri of two donor female llamas were flushed non-surgically and one viable 7-day-old embryo was recovered. the embryo was transferred non-surgically within four hours into a recipient female llama whose estrous cycle was synchronized with the donor by injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh). pregnancy was confirmed 20 days after transfer, at which time the level of serum progesterone was determined and found to be consistent with that of gestation (>/=100 ng/100 ml). a normal and ... | 1985 | 16726078 |
| endocrine responses in the llama to copulation. | nine adult female llamas were used to determine the time course for secretion of luteinizing hormone (lh) and estradiol-17beta (e(2)) following a single copulation (average 18 min), and progesterone (p(4)) during the development of the subsequent luteal phase. heparinized blood samples were obtained through an indwelling jugular cannula at 15-min intervals for up to 24 h following copulation and then once daily for up to 10 d. luteinizing hormone, assayed by radioimmunoassay (ria) using a monocl ... | 1990 | 16726785 |
| real-time ultrasonic biparietal diameter measurement for the prediction of gestational age in llamas. | llama (lama glama ) fetuses (n = 25) of known gestational age (day 66 to day 235) were examined transabdominally using real-time ultrasound with a 5 mhz linear-array scanhead. maximum head width, or biparietal diameter (bpd), was measured in symmetrical images using electronic linear distance calipers. the fetus was easily located and the bpd measured as early as day 66 of gestation. during the last trimester, measurement became increasingly difficult due to the posture of the fetus and the limi ... | 1991 | 16726936 |
| urinary steroids in the periparturient and postpartum periods through early pregnancy in llamas. | urinary steroids were determined daily in the periparturient and postpartum periods, including early pregnancy, in the female llama. estrone sulfate (e(1)s) and pregnanediol glucuronide (pdg) concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay with values corrected for variations in urine concentration by creatinine. estrone sulfate concentrations, elevated during the last 20 days of gestation through 12 hours before parturition, were declining at the time of delivery. pregnanediol glucuronide ... | 1991 | 16726999 |
| in vitro fertilization and development of llama (lama glama ) oocytes using epididymal spermatozoa and oviductal cell co-culture. | a study was designed to determine the feasibility of developing in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture systems utilizing follicular oocytes and epididymal spermatozoa collected from llamas at slaughter. from a total of 1324 cumulus oocyte complexes (cocs) recovered, 972 were cultured in 50-ul drops of tcm-199 medium with 10% heat inactivated steer serum (dbs) and hormones for 30 h. after maturation, the oocytes were randomly allocated into 4 groups in a 2x2 factorial design: cumulus-encl ... | 1994 | 16727475 |
| morphology and location of attached follicular cumulus-oocyte complexes in horses, cattle and llamas. | morphology and location of the attached cumulus-oocyte complex (coc) were studied in slaughter-house ovaries in horses (49 follicles, 9 to 44 mm), cattle (68 follicles, 6 to 18 mm), and llamas (38 follicles, 3 to 14 mm). the expected point of ovulation was marked, using the ovulation fossa in mares and the center of the projecting follicular surface in cattle and llamas. a follicle was dissected from an ovary, and tissue was removed from the follicle until the coc became visible by transillumina ... | 1995 | 16727644 |
| superovulatory responses to ecg in llamas (lama glama ). | llamas are copulation-induced single-ovulators, and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (moet) methods have not yet been developed for this species. superovulatory responses to ecg given during an induced (group a) or simulated (group b) luteal phase were investigated using ultrasound to observe ovarian follicles and corpora lutea (cls) and plasma progesterone was used to assess luteal function. embryos were recovered nonsurgically. group a (n = 19): donors were given 8 microg, im gnrh analog ... | 1995 | 16727725 |
| resumption of ovarian follicular activity and uterine involution in the postpartum llama. | resumption of ovarian follicle activity and uterine involution was studied in the post partum llama. thirty-nine adult multiparous llamas were monitored by ultrasonography and analysis of urinary estrone sulfate for 30 d post partum at the la raya research station in peru. uterine involution was measured in terms of reduction of length and diameter of both uterine horns. correlation analysis was used to relate follicle size and concentration of estrone sulfate. analysis of variance was used to d ... | 1995 | 16727775 |
| termination of unwanted pregnancy in a llama with cloprostenol and subsequent pregnancy: a case report. | a 5-yr-old female llama was presented by its owner for an elective abortion. the llama was accidentally bred to an unknown, and possibly related, male about 2.5 mo prior to presentation. the pregnancy was first confirmed by ultrasonography then cloprostenol (150 microg im) was administered once. cloprostenol, an analogue of prostaglandin f2alpha, was chosen in preference to natural pgf2alpha due to reported adverse reactions in llamas to this abortifacient. blood serum progesterone levels decrea ... | 1997 | 16728013 |
| pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered caffeine in healthy alpacas (lama pacos) and llamas (lama glama). | to determine the pharmacokinetic disposition of iv administered caffeine in healthy lama spp camelids. | 2006 | 16740103 |
| isolation and characterization of a thermally stable recombinant anti-caffeine heavy-chain antibody fragment. | we have isolated and characterized a caffeine-specific, heavy-chain-only antibody fragment (v(hh)) from llama that is capable of being utilized to analyze caffeine in hot and cold beverages. camelid species (llama and camel) were selected for immunization because of their potential to make heat-stable, heavy-chain-only antibodies. llamas and camels were immunized with caffeine covalently linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and recombinant antibody techniques were used to create phage displayed ... | 2006 | 16808459 |
| a novel and easy method for the production of recombinant peptides for use in the generation of monospecific antisera against lama glama igg2b and igg2c subclasses. | we describe an easy method for the production of small recombinant peptides of 8 amino acid residues expressed as a fusion peptide with glutathione s-transferase (gst) and employed in an immunisation schedule to obtain polyclonal antibodies. the chosen peptides corresponded to specific fragments of the hinge regions of llama (lama glama) igg2 subisotypes b (2bh) and c (2ch). the dna sequences encoding each peptide were ligated individually into pgex-5x-2, which encodes gst. once purified from a ... | 2006 | 16820167 |
| in vitro production of llama (lama glama) embryos by intracytoplasmic sperm injection: effect of chemical activation treatments and culture conditions. | assisted reproductive technologies in the llama (lama glama) are needed to provide alternative methods for the propagation, selection and genetic improvement; however, recovery of adequate quantity and quality of spermatozoa for conventional ivf is problematic. therefore, an effort was made to adapt the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi) procedure for the in vitro production of llama embryos. the specific objectives of this study were: (1) to determine in vitro maturation rates of oocytes r ... | 2007 | 16846701 |
| design of a peptibody consisting of the antimicrobial peptide dhvar5 and a llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragment. | immunoconjugates have been widely studied as potential therapeutics for infectious diseases to direct unspecific antimicrobials to pathogens. in this study, the recombinant approach was used for expression of the immunoconjugate composed of the variable domain of a llama heavy-chain antibody (vhh) against streptococcus mutans and dhvar5, a synthetic antimicrobial peptide. before cloning, the impact of the elongation of the peptide termini on its biological activity was evaluated by chemical synt ... | 2006 | 16882317 |
| changes in llama (lama glama) milk composition during lactation. | milk samples were collected weekly from 10 llamas during the first 27 wk after parturition under controlled stable conditions. mean values for the concentrations of the major milk components across the lactation period were 4.70% fat, 4.23% protein, 5.93% lactose, 15.61% dry matter, and 22.62 mg/dl of milk urea n. all constituents were affected by the stage of lactation. there was an increase in fat to protein ratio as protein concentration declined and fat concentration increased. fat, protein, ... | 2006 | 16899683 |
| llama single-chain antibody that blocks lipopolysaccharide binding and signaling: prospects for therapeutic applications. | sepsis is a considerable health problem and a burden on the health care system. endotoxin, or lipopolysaccharide (lps), present in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, is responsible for more than 50% of the sepsis cases and is, therefore, a legitimate target for therapeutic approaches against sepsis. in this study, we selected and characterized a llama single-chain antibody fragment (vhh) directed to neisseria meningitidis lps. the vhh, designated vhh 5g, showed affinity to purified lp ... | 2006 | 16928888 |
| clinical, humoral, and pathologic findings in adult alpacas with experimentally induced corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection. | to experimentally infect adult alpacas by id inoculation of corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, follow the clinical and pathologic course of disease, and study the humoral response to infection. | 2006 | 16948603 |
| improving solubility and refolding efficiency of human v(h)s by a novel mutational approach. | the antibody v(h) domains of camelids tend to be soluble and to resist aggregation, in contrast to human v(h) domains. for immunotherapy, attempts have therefore been made to improve the properties of human v(h)s by camelization of a small set of framework residues. here, we have identified through sequence comparison of well-folded llama v(h) domains an alternative set of residues (not typically camelid) for mutation. thus, the solubility and thermal refolding efficiency of a typical human v(h) ... | 2006 | 16971398 |
| generation of llama single-domain antibodies against methotrexate, a prototypical hapten. | single-domain antibodies specific to methotrexate (mtx) were obtained after immunization of one llama (llama glama). specific vhh domains (v-d-j-region) were selected by panning from an immune-llama library using phage display technology. the antibody fragments specific to mtx were purified from escherichia coli (c41 strain) periplasm by immobilized metal affinity chromatography with an expression level of around 10mg/l. a single band around 16,000da corresponding to vhh fragments was found afte ... | 2007 | 17011035 |
| generation of heavy-chain-only antibodies in mice. | we have generated transgenic mice containing hybrid llama/human antibody loci that contain two llama variable regions and the human d, j, and cmu and/or cgamma constant regions. such loci rearrange productively and rescue b cell development efficiently without lc rearrangement. heavy-chain-only antibodies (hcab) are expressed at high levels, provided that the ch1 domain is deleted from the constant regions. hcab production does not require an igm stage for effective pre-b cell signaling. antigen ... | 2006 | 17015837 |
| complete cdna sequences and phylogenetic analyses of the th1 and th2 cytokines of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus). | the complementary dnas of the th1 (il-2, il-12p35, and ifn-gamma) and th2 (il-4, il-10 and il-13) cytokine genes of the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. il-2, il-4, il-10, il-12p35, il-13, and ifn-gamma were found to have 465, 402, 537, 669, 411, and 501 bp length open reading frames with 154, 133, 178, 222, 136, and 166 amino acid encodings, respectively. the homology ranged from 58.8% to 100% between the nucleotide sequences of the camel cytokine genes ... | 2006 | 17019063 |
| malignant nonteratoid ocular medulloepithelioma in a llama (llama glama). | a 6-year-old female llama presented with buphthalmos of its right eye owing to the presence of an intraocular mass. the affected globe was enucleated and submitted for microscopic examination. the intraocular mass was diagnosed as malignant medulloepithelioma. within the following months, the llama developed soft tissue masses, which completely filled the right orbital cavity and expanded the cranial portion of the right mandibular bone, and enlarged mandibular lymph nodes. euthanasia was electe ... | 2006 | 17037625 |
| identification of single-domain, bax-specific intrabodies that confer resistance to mammalian cells against oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis. | bax is a proapoptotic protein implicated in cell death involved in several neurodegenerative diseases. intracellularly expressed antibody (ab) fragments (intrabodies) inhibiting bax function would have potential for developing therapeutics for the aforementioned diseases and can serve as research tools. we report identification, cloning, and functional characterization of several bax-specific single-domain antibodies (sdabs). these minimal size ab fragments, which were isolated from a llama v(h) ... | 2006 | 17060401 |
| lactobacilli expressing variable domain of llama heavy-chain antibody fragments (lactobodies) confer protection against rotavirus-induced diarrhea. | rotavirus-induced diarrhea poses a worldwide medical problem in causing substantial morbidity and mortality among children in developing countries. we therefore developed a system for passive immunotherapy in which recombinant lactobacilli constitutively express neutralizing variable domain of llama heavy-chain (vhh) antibody fragments against rotavirus. | 2006 | 17083044 |
| notes on a female llama. | | 1930 | 17104285 |
| estradiol production by preimplantation blastocysts and increased serum progesterone following estradiol treatment in llamas. | estradiol is a potential candidate for the blastocyst signal responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy in the llama (lama glama). two experiments were conducted to determine if the llama blastocyst produces estradiol during the presumed period of maternal recognition of pregnancy and if exogenous estradiol can extend the luteal phase. in experiment 1, llamas were superovulated with ecg and mated 7 days later (day 0=day of mating). blastocysts were collected nonsurgically on days 7, 9, or ... | 2007 | 17116376 |
| passive immunization of guinea pigs with llama single-domain antibody fragments against foot-and-mouth disease. | foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease that occasionally causes outbreaks in europe. there is a need for therapies that provide rapid protection against fmd in outbreak situations. we aim to provide such rapid protection by passive immunization with llama single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs). twenty-four vhhs binding serotype o fmdv in vitro were isolated from immunized llamas by phage display and expressed in bakers yeast for further characterization. they recognized fou ... | 2007 | 17127019 |
| unusual findings in a llama. | | 2006 | 17127766 |
| a novel pentamer versus pentamer approach to generating neutralizers of verotoxin 1. | verotoxins (vts), or shiga-like toxins, are produced by enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec), which cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. vts are the major virulence factors in ehec infection due to their cytotoxicity to various types of cells. here, we present a novel type of vt neutralizer based on pentavalent single-domain antibodies, or pentabodies. two single-domain antibodies (sdabs) specific for the receptor binding sites of the b subunit of vt1 (vt1b) were isolate ... | 2007 | 17134756 |
| imaging diagnosis--pulmonary metastases in new world camelids. | the radiographic appearance of pulmonary metastatic disease from carcinoma is described in a llama and an alpaca. in one, a diffuse miliary pattern was seen. in the other, a more atypical unstructured interstitial pattern was recognized. metastatic pulmonary neoplasia in camelids may assume a generalized miliary or unstructured pattern. | 2006 | 17153066 |
| facile generation of heat-stable antiviral and antitoxin single domain antibodies from a semisynthetic llama library. | llamas possess a class of unconventional immunoglobulins that have only heavy chains; unpaired heavy variable domains are responsible for antigen binding. these domains have previously been cloned and expressed as single domain antibodies (sdabs); they comprise the smallest known antigen binding fragments. sdabs have been shown to bind antigens at >90 degrees c and to refold after being denatured. to take advantage of the remarkable properties of sdabs, we constructed a large, semisynthetic llam ... | 2006 | 17165813 |
| ablynx makes nanobodies from llama bodies. | | 2006 | 17185218 |
| humerus fractures in llamas and alpacas: seven cases (1998-2004). | to describe treatment and outcome of humerus fractures in llamas and alpacas. | 2007 | 17214823 |
| measurement of milk intake in suckling llamas (lama glama) using deuterium oxide dilution. | the objective of the study was to estimate daily milk intake in llama crias and relate nutrient intakes at peak lactation to growth data. milk intake in 11 suckling llamas was estimated from water kinetics using deuterium oxide (d2o) at d 17, 66, and 128 postpartum. daily milk intakes averaged 2.6, 2.3, and 2.0 kg at 17, 66, and 128 d postpartum, respectively. milk intake decreased with age when expressed as daily amount, percentage of body weight (bw), or per kilogram of metabolic size, but the ... | 2007 | 17235163 |
| detection of anti-brucella antibodies in llama (llama glama). | seven llamas were immunized with killed brucella abortus s1119.3 cells and bled sequentially, resulting in 64 samples. an eighth llama was kept as a negative control. in addition, 299 llama and 2075 alpaca sera, submitted for diagnostic testing, were included. sera from all llamas were tested by the buffered antigen plate agglutination test, the complement fixation test, and the indirect enzyme immunoassays using smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides. a competitive enzyme immunoassay and fluoresc ... | 2007 | 17236397 |
| isolation, characterization and pentamerization of alpha-cobrotoxin specific single-domain antibodies from a naïve phage display library: preliminary findings for antivenom development. | conventional antivenoms to snakebite generated from the serum of immunized animals, often elicit adverse reactions and have mismatched pharmacokinetic profiles with their target toxins due to antibody/toxin size discrepancies which results in poor neutralization. furthermore, animal immunization protocols are often lengthy and have batch to batch variability. recombinant v(h)h-based antivenoms may help overcome these problems. three v(h)h fragments with specificity to alpha-cobrotoxin, a snake n ... | 2007 | 17257638 |
| changes in testicular histology and sperm quality in llamas (lama glama), following exposure to high ambient temperature. | the aim of the study was to investigate whether a moderately elevated ambient temperature (29 degrees c, 4 weeks, 24hperday) has an effect on the spermatogenesis in male llamas (lama glama) and to monitor the recrudescence of spermatogenesis. thirteen llamas were used. semen parameters were monitored in four of the llamas and six animals were castrated at different times after the heat treatment. an additional three llamas were used as control animals and were castrated without any treatment. sp ... | 2007 | 17368737 |
| collection method, season and individual variation on seminal characteristics in the llama (lama glama). | the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of semen collection method (electroejaculation "ee" as compared with the artificial vagina "av"), the season (summer versus winter) and the male used on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of ejaculates in llamas. a total of 110 ejaculates were collected from six males and 92 of them were analyzed. ejaculate volume, concentration, total sperm and the following sperm characteristics were studied: motility, membrane function (ho ... | 2008 | 17383121 |
| surgical repair of femoral fractures in new world camelids: five cases (1996-2003). | five new world camelids were admitted to the western college of veterinary medicine between 1996 and 2003 for evaluation of femoral fractures. there were three alpacas and two llamas. four of the animals were female and three were less than 3 months of age. fracture configurations consisted of distal physeal fractures (three), a comminuted diaphyseal/metaphyseal fracture, and a transverse diaphyseal fracture. fractures were diagnosed with a combination of physical examination and radiographs in ... | 2007 | 17397385 |
| prevalence of neoplasia in llamas and alpacas (oregon state university, 2001-2006). | prevalence and type of neoplastic disease were determined in 551 camelid submissions (368 alpacas [lama pacos], 180 llamas [lama glama], and 3 cases in which species was not identified) over a 5-year period. forty neoplasms were identified in 38 animals (6.9%). prevalence of neoplasia in llamas was higher (11%) than in alpacas (4.9%). mean age of camelids with neoplasia was 9.42 +/- 4.9 years. mean age of alpacas with neoplasia (5.48 +/- 3.7 years) was significantly less than of llamas with neop ... | 2007 | 17402619 |
| metabolic acidosis without dehydration in a llama cria. | | 1993 | 17424253 |
| secondary hepatogenous photosensitization in a llama (lama glama) bred in the state of sáo paulo, brazil. | | 2007 | 17436914 |
| immunobiological role of llama heavy-chain antibodies against a bacterial beta-lactamase. | in 1993, a fraction of antibodies (abs) devoid of l chain was found naturally occurring in the camelidae. they were found to lack l chains, as well as the first constant heavy-chain domain (ch(1)) and therefore they were named "heavy-chain abs" (hcabs). subsequent studies focused on the functional, structural and biochemical properties of recombinant variable fragments (rvhhs) of hcabs. it was stated that rvhhs have an augmented capacity to interact with "partially hidden" epitopes, like enzymes ... | 2007 | 17448545 |
| use of grid keratotomy for the treatment of indolent corneal ulcer in a llama. | a case of indolent corneal ulcer in a llama (llama glama) is described. diagnostic testing included a complete ophthalmic examination with corneal cytologic and histopathologic examination. successful management involved grid keratotomy and topical application of neomycin-polymixin-bacitracin and atropine 1% ointments. weekly follow-up examinations are described until healing was considered complete. | 2007 | 17494370 |
| distribution of the internal pudendal artery in male and female llama (lama glama). | the aim of this research has been to describe the internal pudendal artery distribution in male and female llama and to compare it with that of other domestic animals including the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). the arterial system was perfused with a solution of 14% coloured plaster and preserved in a solution of a 10% formalin, 3% carbolic acid and 3% glycerine. the systematic dissection was made using traditional working techniques and standard instruments. the internal pudendal arte ... | 2007 | 17534039 |
| single domain antibodies from llama effectively and specifically block t cell ecto-adp-ribosyltransferase art2.2 in vivo. | the purpose of our study was to develop a tool for blocking the function of a specific leukocyte ecto-enzyme in vivo. art2.2 is a toxin-related ecto-enzyme that transfers the adp-ribose moiety from nad onto other cell surface proteins. art2.2 induces t cell death by activating the cytolytic p2x7 purinoceptor via adp-ribosylation. here, we report the generation of art2.2-blocking single domain antibodies from an immunized llama. the variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies (vhh domain) represent ... | 2007 | 17575259 |
| evolving in thin air--lessons from the llama fetus in the altiplano. | compared with lowland species, fetal life for mammalian species whose mothers live in high altitude is demanding. for instance, fetal llamas have to cope with the low fetal arterial po2 of all species, but also the likely superimposition of hypoxia as a result of the decreased oxygen environment in which the mother lives in the andean altiplano. when subjected to acute hypoxia the llama fetus responds with an intense peripheral vasoconstriction mediated by alpha-adrenergic mechanisms plus high p ... | 2007 | 17588504 |
| carcinoma in a mixed mammary tumor in a llama (lama glama). | a 13-year-old female llama was presented to the referring veterinarian for swelling and firmness of the right rear mammary gland, for a duration of 2 months, which had been unresponsive to antibiotics. a formalin-fixed wedge biopsy specimen from the affected quarter was submitted to purdue university animal disease diagnostic laboratory for histopathology. histopathologic examination revealed tubulopapillary acinar or solid nest-like clusters of neoplastic epithelial cells surrounded by whorls a ... | 2007 | 17609363 |
| antibody responses in new world camelids with tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium microti. | antibody responses in new world camelids (nwc) infected with mycobacterium microti were studied by two serological methods, multiantigen print immunoassay (mapia) and lateral-flow-based rapid test (rt). serum samples were collected during 2004-2006 from 87 animals including 1 alpaca and 7 llamas with confirmed or suspected m. microti infection, 33 potentially exposed but clinically healthy animals from known infected herds, and 46 control nwc from herds where infection had not been previously di ... | 2007 | 17628360 |
| morphologic and biochemical characterization of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas. | to determine the morphologic and biochemical characteristics of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas. | 2007 | 17669028 |
| use of flow cytometry to identify monoclonal antibodies that recognize conserved epitopes on orthologous leukocyte differentiation antigens in goats, llamas, and rabbits. | flow cytometry was used to screen a panel of 320 mabs, submitted to the animal homologues section of the hlda8, for mabs that recognize epitopes conserved on orthologous leukocyte differentiation antigens (lda) in goats, lamas, and rabbits. nineteen mabs specific for cd11a (1), cd14 (3), cd18 (1), cd21 (1), cd29 (2), cd44 (2), cd47 (3), cd49d (1), cd172a (1), cd45rb (1), cd61 (1), ract48a, and gbsp71a reacted with goat lda. twenty three mabs specific for cd7 (1), cd9 (2), cd11a (1), cd14 (3), cd ... | 2007 | 17686528 |
| eastern equine encephalitis in 9 south american camelids. | eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus is a mosquito-borne togavirus (alphavirus) that causes severe (often fatal) encephalitis in many mammalian species, but it has not been reported previously in south american camelids. hypothesis: south american camelids can become naturally infected with eee virus and show encephalitic signs similar to those observed in other affected species. | 2007 | 17708408 |
| the domestication of the llama. | | 1918 | 17796015 |
| the domestication of the llama. | | 1918 | 17821140 |
| lactobacillli expressing llama vhh fragments neutralise lactococcus phages. | bacteriophages infecting lactic acid bacteria (lab) are widely acknowledged as the main cause of milk fermentation failures. in this study, we describe the surface-expression as well as the secretion of two functional llama heavy-chain antibody fragments, one binding to the major capsid protein (mcp) and the other to the receptor-binding proteins (rbp) of the lactococcal bacteriophage p2, by lactobacilli in order to neutralise lactococcal phages. | 2007 | 17875214 |
| selection of genetically encoded fluorescent single domain antibodies engineered for efficient expression in escherichia coli. | genetically encoded fluorescent antibodies are desirable for many applications in biotechnology and proteomics. however, the efficient production of single chain antibodies fused to fluorescent proteins like green fluorescent protein is still a major challenge. this is due to the opposite redox requirements of recombinant antibodies and fluorescent proteins for proper folding. to overcome this obstacle, we designed a novel strategy to directly select functional fluorescent antibodies (fluobodies ... | 2007 | 17921141 |
| evaluation of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii infections in alpaca (vicugna pacos) and llama (lama glama) aborted foetuses from peru. | the aim of this study was to investigate the participation of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in abortion cases of peruvian llamas and alpacas. fifteen aborted foetuses were recovered from two main rearing areas of camelids in peru (central or south andean region). foetal histopathology was used to detect the presence of protozoal-associated lesions in target organs. n. caninum and t. gondii infections were confirmed by immunohistochemistry (ihc) combined with pcr and by pcr alone, respec ... | 2007 | 17931783 |
| stabilization of an immunoglobulin fold domain by an engineered disulfide bond at the buried hydrophobic region. | we report for the first time the stabilization of an immunoglobulin fold domain by an engineered disulfide bond. in the llama single-domain antibody, which has human chorionic gonadotropin as its specific antigen, ala49 and ile70 are buried in the structure. a mutant with an artificial disulfide bond at this position showed a 10 degrees c higher midpoint temperature of thermal unfolding than that without the extra disulfide bond. the modified domains exhibited an antigen binding affinity compara ... | 2007 | 17932041 |
| measurements of the bodyweight and other physical characteristics of 11 llamas (lama glama) from birth to weaning. | the bodyweight (bw), thoracic circumference, length and height of 11 llamas were recorded weekly from birth for 27 weeks. their mean (sd) birth weight was 11.60 (2.35) kg and their weight increased in curvilinear fashion reaching 61.05 (13.75) kg after 27 weeks. their average daily gains reached the highest value three weeks after birth and then decreased, reaching the lowest value of 262 g per day at 27 weeks. on a metabolic bw(0.83) basis, the growth of the llamas when their dams were at peak ... | 2007 | 17938410 |
| adaptations of subpalpebral lavage systems used for llamas (lama glama) and a harbor seal (phoca vitulina). | subpalpebral lavage systems (splss) were adapted for use in zoo llamas (lama glama) and a wild harbor seal (phoca vitulina) during therapy for severe ulcerative keratitis or corneal perforation. one llama presented with a melting corneal ulcer caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa, which necessitated frequent application of a topical ophthalmic antibiotic. the lavage system was used routinely during the day and was connected to a balloon infusion system at night to allow for continuous medication adm ... | 2007 | 17939355 |
| rapid assembly of sensitive antigen-capture assays for marburg virus, using in vitro selection of llama single-domain antibodies, at biosafety level 4. | there is a pressing need for rapid and reliable approaches to the delivery of sensitive yet rugged diagnostic assays specific for emerging viruses, to hasten containment of outbreaks when and wherever they occur. within 3 weeks, we delivered an antigen-capture assay for marburg virus (marv) that was based on llama single-domain antibodies (sdabs) selected at biosafety level 4. four unique sdabs were capable of independently detecting marv variants musoke, ravn, and angola without cross-reactivit ... | 2007 | 17940952 |
| a versatile nanotrap for biochemical and functional studies with fluorescent fusion proteins. | green fluorescent proteins (gfps) and variants thereof are widely used to study protein localization and dynamics. we engineered a specific binder for fluorescent proteins based on a 13-kda gfp binding fragment derived from a llama single chain antibody. this gfp-binding protein (gbp) can easily be produced in bacteria and coupled to a monovalent matrix. the gbp allows a fast and efficient (one-step) isolation of gfp fusion proteins and their interacting factors for biochemical analyses includin ... | 2008 | 17951627 |
| a fungal granuloma of the frontal sinus in a llama. | a 12-year-old, castrated male llama (lama glama) presented with a 12-cm diameter cranial mass. computed tomography and postmortem examination revealed that the mass invaded the calvarium and compressed the rostral part of the brain. light microscopic examination confirmed a fungal granuloma. | 2007 | 17966336 |
| carbon monoxide: a novel pulmonary artery vasodilator in neonatal llamas of the andean altiplano. | to study the nitric oxide (no) and carbon monoxide roles in the regulation of the pulmonary circulation in lowland and highland newborn sheep and llamas. | 2008 | 18006479 |
| in vitro production of llama (lama glama) embryos by ivf and icsi with fresh semen. | the interest for south american camelids has increased in the last years. the aim of the present research was to compare the in vitro production of lama glama embryos using two techniques: in vitro fertilization (ivf) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi). for ivf technique, we compared the effect of adding or not, heparin, penicillamine and hypotaurine as sperm capacitating agents. in the oocyte group subjected to icsi, activation with or without, ionomycin and 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-dm ... | 2008 | 18054452 |
| isolation and characterization of anti-fcgammariii (cd16) llama single-domain antibodies that activate natural killer cells. | fcgammariii (cd16) plays an important role in the anti-tumor effects of therapeutic antibodies. bi-specific antibodies (bsabs) targeting fcgammariii represent a powerful alternative to the recruitment of the receptor via the fc fragment, but are not efficiently produced. single-domain antibodies (sdabs) endowed with many valuable structural features might help to bypass this problem. in the present work, we have isolated anti-fcgammariii sdabs (c21 and c28) from a phage library generated from a ... | 2008 | 18073223 |
| [congenital malformation of the front limbs in a llama (lama glama): polydactyly in combination with arthrogryposis]. | a male, 10 month old llama with malformation of both front limbs was presented. both front limbs had one more digit located medially. the distal phalanx of this additional digit at the left front limb reached the ground by the tip of the keratinzed pad and the toenail. the accessory digit at the right front limb was bent in a 90 degree angle caudolateraly. beside the digital bones of the accessory digits the second metacarpal bone and the first carpal bone could be detected in both front limbs b ... | 2007 | 18085162 |
| anaerobic co-digestion of aquatic flora and quinoa with manures from bolivian altiplano. | quinoa stalk (chenopodium quinoa willd.) from agricultural crop residue, totora (schoenoplectus tatora) and o-macrophytes (aquatic flora) from lake titicaca (on the bolivian altiplano) were studied in a wet anaerobic co-digestion process together with manure from llama, cow and sheep. anaerobic semi-continuous experiments were performed in (10) 2-l reactors at a temperature of 25 degrees c with 30 days of hydraulic retention time (hrt) and an organic loading rate (olr) of 1.8 kg vs m(-3) d(-1). ... | 2008 | 18155895 |
| multiplexed fluid array screening of phage displayed anti-ricin single domain antibodies for rapid assessment of specificity. | phage display is a well-known technique that facilitates the selection of peptides or proteins that bind to a desired target. using this tool, binding elements contained in the natural immune repertoires of the source animal or from a synthetically generated collection may be selected. the unpaired variable domain of the llama's heavy-chain-only classes of immunoglobulins represents an ideal source of genetic material to create phage display libraries. initial panning of a semi-synthetic llama l ... | 2007 | 18251258 |
| human and animal infections with mycobacterium microti, scotland. | during 1994-2005, we isolated mycobacterium microti from 5 animals and 4 humans. only 1 person was immunocompromised. spoligotyping showed 3 patterns: vole type, llama type, and a new variant llama type. | 2007 | 18258049 |
| the effect of temperature variation on biomethanation at high altitude. | the aim of the current study was to examine effects of daily temperature variations on the performance of anaerobic digestion. forced square-wave temperature variations (between 11 and 25, 15 and 28, and 19 and 32 degrees c) were imposed on a bench-scale digester using a mixture of llama-cow-sheep manure in a semi-continuous process. the volumetric biogas production rate, methane yield, and the volatile solid reductions were compared with the results obtained from anaerobic digestion (ad) at con ... | 2008 | 18262414 |
| spect imaging with 99mtc-labeled egfr-specific nanobody for in vivo monitoring of egfr expression. | overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) occurs with high incidence in various carcinomas. the oncogenic expression of the receptor has been exploited for immunoglobulin-based diagnostics and therapeutics. we describe the use of a llama single-domain antibody fragment, termed nanobody, for the in vivo radioimmunodetection of egfr overexpressing tumors using single photon emission computed tomography (spect) in mice. | 2008 | 18297364 |
| corneal epithelial inclusion cyst in a llama. | a 13-year-old, female llama presented for evaluation of a limbal based corneal mass involving the od of 4 months duration. the mass was excised en bloc by a nonpenetrating keratectomy, followed by placement of a conjunctival advancement flap covering the keratectomy site. the mass was submitted for histological evaluation. histopathology identified the mass to be a corneal epithelial inclusion cyst filled with necrotic squamous and neutrophilic debris. surgical excision was complete and consider ... | 2008 | 18302575 |
| cerebral and renal candidosis in a llama (lama glama). | | 2008 | 18408199 |
| pseudomonas-associated discospondylitis in a two-month-old llama. | a 2-month-old female llama with a history of tetraparesis was presented for necropsy. this cria was apparently normal until it became ataxic during its second week of life. it had diminished flexor reflexes of the left forelimb and both hind limbs. hematology and serum biochemistry revealed neutrophilia, elevated alkaline phosphatase, elevated phosphorus, and modest hyperglycemia. radiography of the cervical spine demonstrated an abnormal c3-c4 intervertebral disc and bony proliferation of the v ... | 2008 | 18460625 |
| seroprevalence of neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii and sarcocystis sp. in llamas (lama glama) from jujuy, argentina. | llamas (lama glama) are south american camelids described as intermediate hosts of neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii and sarcocystis aucheniae. due to the potential role of these protozoan infections as a cause of economic losses, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence for t. gondii, n. caninum and sarcocystis sp. in llamas from argentina. serum samples from 308 llamas (>2 years old) were collected between 2005 and 2007. a total of 55 farms located in six departments of juju ... | 2008 | 18495344 |
| passive immunization of pigs with bispecific llama single-domain antibody fragments against foot-and-mouth disease and porcine immunoglobulin. | foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals that occasionally causes outbreaks in europe. we aim to develop an immunotherapy that confers rapid protection against fmd in outbreak situations. for this purpose, we previously isolated llama single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs) binding to fmdv or porcine immunoglobulin (pig). the pig binding vhhs can be genetically fused to other vhhs, resulting in so-called vhh2s. as compared to non-pig binding vhhs such v ... | 2008 | 18534789 |
| alpaca and llama nematodes in britain. | | 2008 | 18567938 |
| polioencephalomalacia in a llama. | a 5-year-old, female llama (lama glama) developed acute, progressive neurological disease, characterized by recumbency, muscle fasciculations, intermittent convulsions/opisthotonos, and absent menace responses. postmortem histopathologic lesions, limited to the cerebral cortex, consisted of necrosis of the superficial and deep laminae. the clinical disease and microscopic lesions were consistent with polioencephalomalacia. | 2008 | 18624072 |