| quantifying the relative predation pressure on bumblebee nests by the european badger (meles meles) using artificial nests. | bumblebee populations are declining. factors that impact the size and success of colonies act by either limiting resource availability (bottom-up regulation) or causing mortality, for example, pesticides, disease, and possibly predation (top-down regulation). the impact of predation has not been quantified, and so, the current study used novel artificial nests as a proxy for wild bumblebee nests to quantify the relative predation pressure from badgers in two habitats: woodland and grassland, and ... | 2020 | 32076538 |
| gut commensal bacteria show beneficial properties as wildlife probiotics. | probiotics are noninvasive, environmentally friendly alternatives for reducing infectious diseases in wildlife species. our aim in the present study was to evaluate the potential of gut commensals such as lactic acid bacteria (lab) as wildlife probiotics. the lab selected for our analyses were isolated from european badgers (meles meles), a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis, and comprised four different genera: enterococcus, weissella, pediococcus, and lactobacillus. the enterococci disp ... | 2020 | 32026493 |
| altitude shapes the environmental drivers of large-scale variation in abundance of a widespread mammal species. | habitat quality and heterogeneity directly influence the distribution and abundance of organisms at different spatial scales. determining the main environmental factors driving the variation in species abundance is crucial to understand the underlying ecological processes, and this is especially important for widely distributed species living in contrasting environments. however, the responses to environmental variation are usually described at relatively small spatial scales. here, we studied t ... | 2020 | 31988719 |
| assessment of bovine tuberculosis surveillance effectiveness in french wildlife: an operational approach. | bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a chronic, zoonotic, bacterial disease mostly caused by mycobacterium bovis, which can affect both domestic and wild species. france was officially declared btb-free in 2001 but faced since 2004 an increase of the prevalence in cattle. since 2001, btb has been detected in several wild species: red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), wild boar (sus scrofa) and badger (meles meles). infected wild species constitute a major threat, because they may co ... | 2020 | 31923750 |
| dispersal patterns in a medium-density irish badger population: implications for understanding the dynamics of tuberculosis transmission. | european badgers (meles meles) are group-living mustelids implicated in the spread of bovine tuberculosis (tb) to cattle and act as a wildlife reservoir for the disease. in badgers, only a minority of individuals disperse from their natal social group. however, dispersal may be extremely important for the spread of tb, as dispersers could act as hubs for disease transmission. we monitored a population of 139 wild badgers over 7 years in a medium-density population (1.8 individuals/km2). gps trac ... | 2019 | 31871635 |
| tuberculosis epidemiology and badger (meles meles) spatial ecology in a hot-spot area in atlantic spain. | : we provide a temporal overview (from 2012 to 2018) of the outcomes of tuberculosis (tb) in the cattle and badger populations in a hot-spot in asturias (atlantic spain). we also study the badger's spatial ecology from an epidemiological perspective in order to describe hazardous behavior in relation to tb transmission between cattle and badgers. culture and single intradermal tuberculin test (sitt) were available for cattle as part of the national program for the eradication of tb. a field surv ... | 2019 | 31835627 |
| detection of live m. bovis bcg in tissues and ifn-γ responses in european badgers (meles meles) vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation or directly in the ileum. | oral vaccination with mycobacterium bovis bacille of calmette and guerin (bcg) has provided protection against m. bovis to badgers both experimentally and in the field. there is also evidence suggesting that the persistence of live bcg within the host is important for maintaining protection against tb. here we investigated the capacity of badger inductive mucosal sites to absorb and maintain live bcg. the targeted mucosae were the oropharyngeal cavity (tonsils and sublingual area) and the small ... | 2019 | 31810466 |
| a combined measure of tuberculous lesions for assessing the efficacy of vaccination against tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in european badgers (meles meles) supports the 3rs principle of reduction. | an oral vaccine is a potential tool to tackle the reservoir of mycobacterium bovis in european badgers (meles meles), which contributes to tuberculosis of cattle in the british isles. inferences about vaccine protection against experimental challenge with m. bovis depend on the measurement of tuberculosis. assessment of tuberculosis in larger species, such as badgers, is typically based on the tuberculous lesions visible at post-mortem examination and histopathology. we have developed a robust s ... | 2019 | 31733947 |
| knowing me, knowing you: anal gland secretion of european badgers (meles meles) codes for individuality, sex and social group membership. | european badgers, meles meles, are group-living in the uk, and demarcate their ranges with shared latrines. as carnivores, badgers possess paired anal glands, but olfactory information on the content of badger anal gland secretion (ags) is largely uninvestigated. here, we examined the volatile organic compounds (vocs) of ags samples from 57 free-living badgers using solid-phase microextraction (spme) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ags was rich in alkanes (c7-c15, 14.3% of identified c ... | 2019 | 31701385 |
| push and pull factors driving movement in a social mammal: context dependent behavioral plasticity at the landscape scale. | understanding how key parameters (e.g., density, range-size, and configuration) can affect animal movement remains a major goal of population ecology. this is particularly important for wildlife disease hosts, such as the european badger meles meles, a reservoir of mycobacterium bovis. here we show how movements of 463 individuals among 223 inferred group territories across 755 km2 in ireland were affected by sex, age, past-movement history, group composition, and group size index from 2009 to 2 ... | 2019 | 31616482 |
| individual variation in early-life telomere length and survival in a wild mammal. | individual variation in survival probability due to differential responses to early-life environmental conditions is important in the evolution of life histories and senescence. a biomarker allowing quantification of such individual variation, and which links early-life environmental conditions with survival by providing a measure of conditions experienced, is telomere length. here, we examined telomere dynamics among 24 cohorts of european badgers (meles meles). we found a complex cross-section ... | 2019 | 31446635 |
| no energetic cost of tuberculosis infection in european badgers (meles meles). | energy availability and energy use directly influence an organism's life history, fitness and ecological function. in wild animals, abiotic factors such as ambient temperature, season and rainfall, and biotic factors such as body mass, age, social group size and disease status, all potentially influence energy balance. relatively few studies have examined the effects of disease on the energy expenditure of wild animals. such studies could further our understanding of factors influencing the tran ... | 2019 | 31411730 |
| interspecific visitation of cattle and badgers to fomites: a transmission risk for bovine tuberculosis? | in great britain and ireland, badgers (meles meles) are a wildlife reservoir of mycobacterium bovis and implicated in bovine tuberculosis transmission to domestic cattle. the route of disease transmission is unknown with direct, so-called "nose-to-nose," contact between hosts being extremely rare. camera traps were deployed for 64,464 hr on 34 farms to quantify cattle and badger visitation rates in space and time at six farm locations. badger presence never coincided with cattle presence at the ... | 2019 | 31410255 |
| species specialization limits movement ability and shapes ecological networks: the case study of 2 forest mammals. | to counteract the negative effects of forest fragmentation on wildlife, it is crucial to maintain functional ecological networks. we identified the ecological networks for 2 mammals with very different degrees of forest specialization, the european badger meles meles and the roe deer capreolus capreolus, by differentiating 4 agroforestry elements as either nodes or connectivity elements, and by defining the distance that provides the functional connectivity between fragments. species occurrence ... | 2019 | 31391812 |
| extrinsic factors affecting cub development contribute to sexual size dimorphism in the european badger (meles meles). | sexual size dimorphism (ssd) is common among mammals, with males typically being larger than females, as a product of sex-specific differences in growth rate and growth duration. the musteloidea, however, exhibit a hypo-allometric reduction in ssd with increasing body size (contrary to rensch's rule). a variety of extrinsic factors can affect juvenile growth rates and end body size, where one sex may demonstrate greater vulnerability than the other towards a specific factor, moderating patterns ... | 2019 | 31383294 |
| identification and epidemiological analysis of perostrongylus falciformis infestation in irish badgers. | the lungworm, perostrongylus falciformis (fomerly known as aelurostrongylus falciformis) has been identified in badgers (meles meles) in britain, the russian federation, italy, norway, poland, ukraine, bosnia herzegovina and romania, while aelurostrongylus pridhami has been reported from badgers in spain. | 2019 | 31333818 |
| environmental impact assessment of development projects improved by merging species distribution and habitat connectivity modelling. | environmental impact assessment (eia) is performed to limit potential impacts of development projects on species and ecosystem functions. however, the methods related to eia actually pay little attention to the landscape-scale effects of development projects on biodiversity. in this study we proposed a methodological framework to more properly address the landscape-scale impacts of a new stadium project in lyon (france) on two representative mammal species exemplary for the endemic fauna, the re ... | 2019 | 30975576 |
| individual variation and the source-sink group dynamics of extra-group paternity in a social mammal. | movement of individuals, or their genes, can influence eco-evolutionary processes in structured populations. we have limited understanding of the extent to which spatial behavior varies among groups and individuals within populations. here, we use genetic pedigree reconstruction in a long-term study of european badgers (meles meles) to characterize the extent of extra-group paternity, occurring as a consequence of breeding excursions, and to test hypothesized drivers of variation at multiple lev ... | 2020 | 30971858 |
| the late pleistocene european badger meles meles from grotta laceduzza (brindisi, apulia, southern italy): the analysis of the morphological and biometric variability. | in the last decades, many studies have focused on the description of fossil badger materials from eurasia and several evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed. nevertheless, the debate on taxonomy of the late villafranchian-aurelian european badgers is still far from being solved and several species/subspecies were established over time. herein, we described for the first time the craniodental and postcranial remains of meles meles from grotta laceduzza (apulia, southern italy), representing t ... | 2019 | 30945055 |
| heterochrony of puberty in the european badger (meles meles) can be explained by growth rate and group-size: evidence for two endocrinological phenotypes. | puberty is a key stage in mammalian ontogeny, involving endocrinological, physiological and behavioural changes, moderated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. thus, not all individuals within one population achieve sexual maturity simultaneously. here, using the european badger (meles meles) as a model, we describe male testosterone and female oestrone profiles (using enzyme-immunoassays) from first capture (3 months, post-weaning) until 28 months (attaining sexual maturity and final body size), ... | 2019 | 30840618 |
| climate and landscape changes as driving forces for future range shift in southern populations of the european badger. | human-induced rapid environmental change (hirec), particularly climate change and habitat conversion, affects species distributions worldwide. here, we aimed to (i) assess the factors that determine range patterns of european badger (meles meles) at the southwestern edge of their distribution and (ii) forecast the possible impacts of future climate and landcover changes on those patterns. we surveyed 272 cells of 5 × 5 km, to assess badger presence and confirmed its occurrence in 95 cells (35%). ... | 2019 | 30816237 |
| the helminth parasite community of european badgers (meles meles) in ireland. | the european badger (meles meles) is ireland's largest terrestrial carnivore. since first being identified as a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis in 1974 there has been an increased research focus into the behaviour of these ecologically important mammals in the republic of ireland (roi). however, to date there has never been an assessment of the helminth parasite community of irish badgers. this study of 289 badgers found helminth infection to be endemic within the sample population and ... | 2019 | 30767800 |
| new serological platform for detecting antibodies against mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in european badgers. | european badgers (meles meles) have been identified as wildlife reservoirs for mycobacterium bovis in the uk and ireland, and may also have a role in the epidemiology of animal tuberculosis in other european regions. thus, detection of m. bovis-infected badgers may be required for the purposes of surveillance and monitoring of disease levels in infected populations. current serological assays to detect m. bovis infection in live badgers, while rapid and inexpensive, show limited diagnostic sensi ... | 2019 | 30656864 |
| social structure contains epidemics and regulates individual roles in disease transmission in a group-living mammal. | population structure is critical to infectious disease transmission. as a result, theoretical and empirical contact network models of infectious disease spread are increasingly providing valuable insights into wildlife epidemiology. analyzing an exceptionally detailed dataset on contact structure within a high-density population of european badgers meles meles, we show that a modular contact network produced by spatially structured stable social groups, lead to smaller epidemics, particularly fo ... | 2018 | 30598798 |
| immunological responses of european badgers (meles meles) to infection with mycobacterium bovis. | mycobacterium bovis is the main cause of bovine tuberculosis and its eradication is proving difficult in many countries because of wildlife reservoirs, including european badgers (meles meles) in the uk ireland. following the development of badger specific immunological reagents, many studies have shown that some aspects of the cellular and serological immune responses of badgers to virulent m. bovis and the attenuated m. bovis bcg (bacille of calmette and guérin) strain are similar to those see ... | 2018 | 30502833 |
| the population and landscape genetics of the european badger (meles meles) in ireland. | the population genetic structure of free-ranging species is expected to reflect landscape-level effects. quantifying the role of these factors and their relative contribution often has important implications for wildlife management. the population genetics of the european badger (meles meles) have received considerable attention, not least because the species acts as a potential wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (btb) in britain and ireland. herein, we detail the most comprehensive popu ... | 2018 | 30397461 |
| validity of genus perostrongylus schlegel, 1934 with new data on perostrongylus falciformis (schlegel, 1933) in european badgers, meles meles (linnaeus, 1758): distribution, life-cycle and pathology. | a century of debates on the taxonomy of members of the metastrongyloidea molin, 1861 led to many reclassifications. considering the inconstant genus assignation and lack of genetic data, the main aim of this study was to support the validity of the genus perostrongylus schlegel, 1934, previously considered a synonym of aelurostrongylus cameron, 1927, based on new molecular phylogenetic data and to understand its evolutionary relationships with other metastrongyloid nematodes. | 2018 | 30376875 |
| inbreeding shapes tuberculosis progression in female adult badgers (meles meles). | in focus: beton, c. h., delahay, r. j., smith, f. a. p., robertson, a., mcdonald, r. a., young, a. j., burke t. a., & hodgson, d. (2018). inbreeding intensifies sex- and age-dependent disease in a wild mammal. journal of animal ecology, 87, 1497-1499. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12878 increasing crossbreeding of relatives promotes inbreeding which, in turn, can cause a reduction in fitness and the emergence of a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. benton et al., used the badger (mel ... | 2018 | 30298536 |
| badgers as a potential source of bovine tuberculosis - first studies in poland. | since 2009, poland has been recognized as a country officially free of bovine tuberculosis (btb). however, new outbreaks are each year quoted. in many countries it has been shown that badgers (<i>meles meles</i>) are a vector of <i>mycobacterium bovis/caprae</i> (<i>m.bovis/caprae</i>) and a source of bovine tuberculosis for many domestical species, mainly for cattle. the aim of the presented study was to determine, for the first time in poland, the occurrence of tuberculosis in badgers in areas ... | 2018 | 30260200 |
| the first case of genetically confirmed sparganosis (spirometra erinaceieuropaei) in european reptiles. | sparganosis is a zoonosis caused by the spargana (larvae) of spirometra sp. (diphyllobothriidae). reptiles are particularly important vectors for the transmission of this parasite in asia; however, their role in sparganosis spread in european wildlife is unrecognized. we investigated the infection of reptiles with spirometra sp. in ne poland, where several mammalian hosts have been identified recently and in the past. of the 59 dead reptiles, plerocercoids were found in two grass snakes (natrix ... | 2018 | 30220047 |
| lactic acid bacteria isolated from european badgers (meles meles) reduce the viability and survival of bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg) vaccine and influence the immune response to bcg in a human macrophage model. | bovine tuberculosis (btb) caused by mycobacterium bovis is the most serious endemic disease affecting livestock in the uk. the european badger (meles meles) is the most important wildlife reservoir of btb transmission to cattle, making eradication particularly difficult. in this respect, oral vaccination with the attenuated m. bovis vaccine bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg) has been suggested as a wide-scale intervention to reduce btb infection in badgers. however, experimental studies show variabl ... | 2018 | 30005620 |
| investigation into the genetic diversity in toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in the european badger meles meles. | the toll-like receptor (tlr) genes are a conserved family of genes central to the innate immune response to pathogen infection. they encode receptor proteins, recognise pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) and trigger initial immune responses. in some host-pathogen systems, it is reported that genetic differences, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), associate with disease resistance or susceptibility. little is known about tlr gene diversity in the european badger (meles me ... | 2018 | 30005397 |
| evolution of mhc class i genes in eurasian badgers, genus meles (carnivora, mustelidae). | because of their role in immune defense against pathogens, major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes are useful in evolutionary studies on how wild vertebrates adapt to their environments. we investigated the molecular evolution of mhc class i (mhci) genes in four closely related species of eurasian badgers, genus meles. all four species of badgers showed similarly high variation in mhci sequences compared to other carnivora. we identified 7-21 putatively functional mhci sequences in each of ... | 2019 | 29959426 |
| inbreeding intensifies sex- and age-dependent disease in a wild mammal. | the mutation accumulation theory of senescence predicts that age-related deterioration of fitness can be exaggerated when inbreeding causes homozygosity for deleterious alleles. a vital component of fitness, in natural populations, is the incidence and progression of disease. evidence is growing for natural links between inbreeding and ageing; between inbreeding and disease; between sex and ageing; and between sex and disease. however, there is scant evidence, to date, for links among age, disea ... | 2018 | 29938787 |
| the first reported case of advanced aelurostrongylosis in eurasian badger (meles meles, l. 1758) in bosnia and herzegovina: histopathological and parasitological findings. | this paper represents the first description of advanced aelurostrongylosis in the eurasian badger (меles meles, l. 1758) from bosnia and herzegovina, which is an autochthonous species of the country. an adult female badger was found dead on a road; the cause of death was trauma but the emphasis in the paper is on severe verminous pneumonia caused by metastrongylids from genus aelurostrongylus spp. this parasitological and histopathological finding confirms the presence of aelurostrongylus in mus ... | 2018 | 29934693 |
| effects of weather conditions on oxidative stress, oxidative damage, and antioxidant capacity in a wild-living mammal, the european badger (meles meles). | wild-living animals are subject to weather variability that may cause the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress and tissue damage, potentially driving demographic responses. our 3-yr field study investigated the effects of seasonal weather conditions on biomarkers for oxidative stress, oxidative damage, and antioxidant defense in the european badger (meles meles). we found age class effects: cubs were more susceptible to oxidative stress and oxidative damage than a ... | 2018 | 29905500 |
| badger setts provide thermal refugia, buffering changeable surface weather conditions. | den use can be crucial in buffering environmental conditions and especially to provide an insulated environment for raising altricial young. through sept-dec 2016 we monitored temperature and humidity at 11 badger setts (burrow systems), using thermal probes inserted over 4-13 sett entrances to a depth of ca. 2 m, supplemented by continuous daily logging at one entrance per sett. setts were cooler than exterior conditions sept-oct, and warmer than exterior conditions nov-dec. setts cooled down w ... | 2018 | 29801631 |
| assessment of the safety of bacillus calmette-guérin vaccine administered orally to badgers (meles meles). | european badgers (meles meles) are a wildlife reservoir for mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) in parts of england, wales and ireland, constituting a potential source of tuberculosis (tb) infection for cattle. vaccination of badgers against tb is one of the tools available for helping reduce the prevalence of bovine tb in badgers, made possible by the licensing in 2010 of bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccine for intramuscular administration to badgers (badgerbcg). however, practical limitations as ... | 2018 | 29525277 |
| alaria spp. mesocercariae in eurasian badger (meles meles) and wild boar (sus scrofa) from the białowieża forest, north-eastern poland. | alaria spp. mesocercariae are commonly found in wild boar and other omnivorous mammals. in europe, the number of cases presenting alaria mesocercariae infections has been on the rise in the last years. from october to december 2016, samples of muscle from tongue, neck, and mandibular regions were collected from 1 eurasian badger (meles meles) and 14 wild boars (sus scrofa) hunted in the białowieża forest, north-eastern poland. using the alaria migration technique (amt), alaria mesocercariae were ... | 2018 | 29502296 |
| super-ranging. a new ranging strategy in european badgers. | we monitored the ranging of a wild european badger (meles meles) population over 7 years using gps tracking collars. badger range sizes varied seasonally and reached their maximum in june, july and august. we analysed the summer ranging behaviour, using 83 home range estimates from 48 individuals over 6974 collar-nights. we found that while most adult badgers (males and females) remained within their own traditional social group boundaries, several male badgers (on average 22%) regularly ranged ... | 2018 | 29444100 |
| monitoring mycobacterium bovis in eurasian badgers (meles meles) killed by vehicles in northern ireland between 1998 and 2011. | | 2018 | 29273602 |
| contact networks structured by sex underpin sex-specific epidemiology of infection. | contact networks are fundamental to the transmission of infection and host sex often affects the acquisition and progression of infection. however, the epidemiological impacts of sex-related variation in animal contact networks have rarely been investigated. we test the hypothesis that sex-biases in infection are related to variation in multilayer contact networks structured by sex in a population of european badgers meles meles naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis. our key results are th ... | 2018 | 29266710 |
| seasonal variation in daily patterns of social contacts in the european badger meles meles. | social interactions among hosts influence the persistence and spread of infectious pathogens. daily and seasonal variation in the frequency and type of social interactions will play an important role in disease epidemiology and, alongside other factors, may have an influence on wider disease dynamics by causing seasonal forcing of infection, especially if the seasonal variation experienced by a population is considerable. we explored temporal variation in within-group contacts in a high-density ... | 2017 | 29152194 |
| quantitative interferon-gamma responses predict future disease progression in badgers naturally infected with mycobacterium bovis. | the diagnosis and control of mycobacterium bovis infection (bovine tuberculosis: tb) continues to present huge challenges to the british cattle industry. a clearer understanding of the magnitude and duration of immune response to m. bovis infection in the european badger (meles meles) - a wildlife maintenance host - may assist with the future development of diagnostic tests, and vaccination and disease management strategies. here, we analyse 5280 diagnostic test results from 550 live wild badger ... | 2017 | 29017616 |
| co-infection of trypanosoma pestanai and anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dog from germany. | infections with arthropod-borne pathogens are an increasing threat world-wide that requires heightened vigilance from veterinary and medical practitioners, especially when they involve new or unusual organisms. a dog was presented to a local veterinary clinic in germany with malaise, pale mucous membranes and stiff joints. clinical assessment revealed pyrexia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. on suspicion of a tick-borne infection, blood samples were examined for clinical and biochemical paramet ... | 2017 | 31014832 |
| denning behaviour of the european badger (meles meles) correlates with bovine tuberculosis infection status. | heterogeneities in behaviours of individuals may underpin important processes in evolutionary biology and ecology, including the spread of disease. modelling approaches can sometimes fail to predict disease spread, which may partly be due to the number of unknown sources of variation in host behaviour. the european badger is a wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (btb) in britain and ireland, and individual behaviour has been demonstrated to be an important factor in the spread of btb amon ... | 2013 | 32214614 |
| spatial perturbation caused by a badger (meles meles) culling operation: implications for the function of territoriality and the control of bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis). | 1. the spatial organization of a badger population (north nibley) is described before and after it was subjected to a uk ministry of agriculture, fisheries and food badger removal operation (bro) intended to control bovine tuberculosis. comparison is made with an undisturbed badger population (woodchester park). 2. the woodchester park population was organized in group territories with clearly defined boundaries that remained stable during the 3 years of study (1995-97). in north nibley, however ... | 2000 | 29313991 |
| a mechanism for passive range exclusion: evidence from the european badger (meles meles). | the passive range exclusion (pre) hypothesis provides a mechanism whereby species that rest or breed in communal residences, but forage independently on dispersed food items, may avoid entering the core home ranges of neighbouring groups. a stochastic simulation shows that as the occupants of a communal residence travel outwards to feed, their activities create a gradient in food availability. food closest to the point of origin tends to be discovered first and at the highest rate. as the foragi ... | 1997 | 31940739 |
| spillover events of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (recombinant gi.4p-gi.2) from lagomorpha to eurasian badger. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) is a major threat to domestic and wild european rabbits. presently, in europe, the disease is caused mainly by rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (rhdv2/b or lagovirus europaeus gi.2), the origin of which is still unclear, as no rhdv2 reservoir hosts were identified. after the rhdv2 emergence in 2010, viral rna was detected in a few rodent species. furthermore, rhdv2 was found to cause disease in some hare species resembling the disease in rabbits, evidencing t ... | 2021 | 33683820 |
| patterns of genital tract mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (musghv-1) reactivation are linked to stressors in european badgers (meles meles). | gammaherpesvirus reactivation can promote diseases or impair reproduction. understanding reactivation patterns and associated risks of different stressors is therefore important. nevertheless, outside the laboratory or captive environment, studies on the effects of stress on gammaherpesvirus reactivation in wild mammals are lacking. here we used mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (musghv-1) infection in european badgers (meles meles) as a host-pathogen wildlife model to study the effects of a variety o ... | 2021 | 34064759 |