| emerging challenges for sustainable development and forest conservation in sarawak, borneo. | the forests of borneo-the third largest island on the planet-sustain some of the highest biodiversity and carbon storage in the world. the forests also provide vital ecosystem services and livelihood support for millions of people in the region, including many indigenous communities. the pan-borneo highway and several hydroelectric dams are planned or already under construction in sarawak, a malaysian state comprising part of the borneo. this development seeks to enhance economic growth and regi ... | 2020 | 32126070 |
| habitat use by a primate community in a lowland dipterocarp forest in danum valley, borneo. | knowledge of niche partitioning with respect to habitat is indispensable to understand the mechanism of coexistence of multiple species. among primates, however, data are still deficient because repeated survey for a sufficiently long time, covering seasonal changes over a large area, is the only way to clarify habitat segregation within a seasonally fluctuating environment. southeast asia is particularly interesting because of the supra-annual, highly unpredictable seasonality in fruiting known ... | 2020 | 32515849 |
| relationship of incisor size to diet and anterior tooth use in sympatric sumatran anthropoids. | researchers often relate anthropoid incisor size to diet and ingestive behaviors. it is suggested that primates that frequently consume large, tough foods (i.e., fruits) require large incisors to process these items. this idea has been difficult to test because of a lack of data on anterior tooth use in wild primates, and a lack of understanding concerning the relationships between food properties and ingestive behaviors. the first field study of primate ingestive behaviors has recently been com ... | 1996 | 31918473 |
| the body center of mass in primates: is it more caudal than in other quadrupedal mammals? | whole body center of mass (bcom) position values are lacking for a comparative sample of primates. therefore, it still remains unknown whether the bcom in primates is more posteriorly located than in other mammals. the aim of the present report is to provide data for a large sample of primate species and to compare the position of the bcom in primates to non-primate mammals. | 2019 | 30839107 |
| morphometric, behavioral, and genomic evidence for a new orangutan species. | six extant species of non-human great apes are currently recognized: sumatran and bornean orangutans, eastern and western gorillas, and chimpanzees and bonobos [1]. however, large gaps remain in our knowledge of fine-scale variation in hominoid morphology, behavior, and genetics, and aspects of great ape taxonomy remain in flux. this is particularly true for orangutans (genus: pongo), the only asian great apes and phylogenetically our most distant relatives among extant hominids [1]. designation ... | 2017 | 29103940 |
| clonal spread of yersinia enterocolitica 1b/o:8 in multiple zoo species. | yersinia enterocolitica (ye) bioserotype 1b/o:8 (ye 1b/o:8) was identified in routine culture of a variety of zoo species housed at omaha's henry doorly zoo and aquarium (ohdza) from april to july 2011. animal cases representing 12 species had ye detected from 34 cases during routine fecal monitoring and/or during postmortem examination: coquerel's sifakas (propithecus coquereli, two cases), black & white (bw) ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata, six cases), red ruffed lemurs (varecia rub ... | 2020 | 32212560 |
| diversity and temporal dynamics of primate milk microbiomes. | milk is inhabited by a community of bacteria and is one of the first postnatal sources of microbial exposure for mammalian young. bacteria in breast milk may enhance immune development, improve intestinal health, and stimulate the gut-brain axis for infants. variation in milk microbiome structure (e.g., operational taxonomic unit [otu] diversity, community composition) may lead to different infant developmental outcomes. milk microbiome structure may depend on evolutionary processes acting at th ... | 2019 | 31219214 |
| nomenclature for the kir of non-human species. | the increasing number of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (kir) sequences available for non-human primate species and cattle has prompted development of a centralized database, guidelines for a standardized nomenclature, and minimum requirements for database submission. the guidelines and nomenclature are based on those used for human kir and incorporate modifications made for inclusion of non-human species in the companion ipd-nhkir database. included in this first release are the rhesus mac ... | 2018 | 29869002 |
| diagnostic evaluation of fatal balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis in a captive bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) with identification of potential environmental source and evidence of chronic exposure. | a female bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) aged 11 years and 6 months was examined by veterinarians after caretakers observed lethargy and facial grimacing. within 72 h the primate had left-sided hemiparesis that worsened over the next week. an mri revealed a focal right-sided cerebral mass suspected to be a neoplasm. ten days after onset of clinical signs, the orangutan died. on postmortem exam, the medial right parietal lobe was replaced by a 7 × 4 × 3.5 cm focus of neuromalacia and hemorrhag ... | 2020 | 32920664 |
| ontogeny and the evolution of adult body size dimorphism in apes. | this analysis investigates the ontogeny of body size dimorphism in apes. the processes that lead to adult body size dimorphism are illustrated and described. potential covariation between ontogenetic processes and socioecological variables is evaluated. mixed-longitudinal growth data from 395 captive individuals (representing hylobates lar [gibbon], hylobates syndactylus [siamang], pongo pygmaeus [orangutan], gorilla gorilla [gorilla], pan paniscus [pygmy chimpanzee], and pan troglodytes ["commo ... | 1995 | 31924084 |
| hand preferences in captive gorillas, orang-utans and gibbons. | hand preference was assessed in 12 gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), 13 orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus abelii), and 9 gibbons (hylobates lar) by using a floor retrieval task and a mesh retrieval task. hand preference was also assessed in 8 gorillas and 8 orang-utans by using a task involving the unfastening of a hasp. a bipedal requirement during testing (mesh retrieval task) facilitated detection of hand preferences. a significant left-hand preference was found for the gibbons with 6 of 6 gibbon ... | 1990 | 31963993 |
| mandibular corpus shape is a taxonomic indicator in extant hominids. | the aim of this study is to understand whether the shape of three sub-regions of the mandibular corpus (the alveolar arch, corpus at m1 and posterior symphysis) are useful for making taxonomic assessments at the genus and species levels in extant hominids. | 2020 | 32166734 |
| trabecular variation in the first metacarpal and manipulation in hominids. | the dexterity of fossil hominins is often inferred by assessing the comparative manual anatomy and behaviors of extant hominids, with a focus on the thumb. the aim of this study is to test whether trabecular structure is consistent with what is currently known about habitually loaded thumb postures across extant hominids. | 2020 | 31762017 |
| potential adaptations for bipedalism in the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of homo sapiens: a 3d comparative analysis. | a number of putative adaptations for bipedalism have been identified in the hominin spine. however, it is possible that some have been overlooked because only a few studies have used 3d and these studies have focused on cervical vertebrae. with this in mind, we used geometric morphometric techniques to compare the 3d shapes of three thoracic and two lumbar vertebrae of homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and pongo pygmaeus. the study had two goals. one was to confirm the existence of ... | 2019 | 31711026 |
| three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the distal radius insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments in hominoid primates. | to identify anatomic differences in the insertion sites of the palmar radiocarpal ligaments in different species of hominoid primates that may be related to their different types of locomotion. | 2019 | 31215639 |
| humeral anatomy of the knm-er 47000 upper limb skeleton from ileret, kenya: implications for taxonomic identification. | knm-er 47000 is a fossil hominin upper limb skeleton from the koobi fora formation, kenya (fwjj14e, area 1a) that includes portions of the scapula, humerus, ulna, and hand. dated to ∼1.52 ma, the skeleton could potentially belong to one of multiple hominin species that have been documented in the turkana basin during this time, including homo habilis, homo erectus, and paranthropus boisei. although the skeleton lacks associated craniodental material, the partial humerus (described here) preserve ... | 2019 | 30583842 |
| why human environments enhance animal capacities to use objects: evidence from keas (nestor notabilis) and apes (gorilla gorilla, pan paniscus, pongo abelii, pongo pygmaeus). | formal training programs, which can be called education, enhance cognition in human and nonhuman animals alike. however, even informal exposure to human contact in human environments can enhance cognition. we review selected literature to compare animals' behavior with objects among keas and great apes, the taxa that best allow systematic comparison of the behavior of wild animals with that of those in human environments such as homes, zoos, and rehabilitation centers. in all cases, we find that ... | 2018 | 30024236 |
| extant ape dental topography and its implications for reconstructing the emergence of early homo. | dental topography reflects diet accurately in several extant and extinct mammalian clades. however, dental topographic dietary reconstructions have high success rates only when closely related taxa are compared. given the dietary breadth that exists among extant apes and likely existed among fossil hominins, dental topographic values from many species and subspecies of great apes are necessary for making dietary inferences about the hominin fossil record. here, we present the results of one metr ... | 2017 | 29037413 |
| ontogenetic insights into the significance of mandibular corpus shape variation in hominoids: developmental covariation between m2 crypt formation and corpus shape. | here, we quantify and compare the cross-sectional shape of the mandibular corpus between m1 and m2 during growth in pan paniscus, pan troglodytes, and pongo pygmaeus. the goal is to assess the hypothesis that the shape of the corpus is influenced by the development of permanent molars in their crypts, by examining ontogenetic changes in corpus shape and investigating covariation between corpus shape and m2 and m3 molar crypt forms. | 2020 | 31710703 |
| high satellite repeat turnover in great apes studied with short- and long-read technologies. | satellite repeats are a structural component of centromeres and telomeres, and in some instances their divergence is known to drive speciation. due to their highly repetitive nature, satellite sequences have been understudied and underrepresented in genome assemblies. to investigate their turnover in great apes, we studied satellite repeats of unit sizes up to 50 bp in human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and sumatran and bornean orangutans, using unassembled short and long sequencing reads. the ... | 2019 | 31273383 |
| differences in novel food response between pongo and pan. | the diversity of great ape diets requires behavioral flexibility. consequently, the exploration of potentially novel food sources is supposedly beneficial, but simultaneously, apes show high neophobia to prevent harmful and poisonous food intake. social information, such as presence of group members or observations of non-naïve, experienced individuals have been demonstrated to affect the acceptance of novel food items in primates. sociality may have evolutionary effects on the response of apes ... | 2019 | 30604887 |
| my life among the apes. | i have spent over 40 years studying the behavior of our closest living relatives, the apes. in this paper, i review my research on the spacing, mating, and vocal behavior of gibbons and orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) and the vocal and social behavior of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). i devote special attention to results derived from a 25-year-long study of a remarkable and extraordinarily large group of chimpanzees that has recently fissioned at ngogo in kibale national park, uganda. i conclude wi ... | 2020 | 32096269 |
| root growth and dental eruption in modern human deciduous teeth with preliminary observations on great apes. | recent studies of dental development have indicated that root growth rates are linked to the eruption of some permanent tooth types in modern humans and pan troglodytes. little is known about the potential links between these aspects of dental development in deciduous teeth of any primate species. this histology study calculates the rate at which roots extend in length for human deciduous maxillary teeth and a small sample of deciduous canines and premolars from p. troglodytes and pongo pygmaeus ... | 2019 | 30904039 |
| trabecular bone structure in the distal femur of humans, apes, and baboons. | trabecular bone structure has been used to investigate the relationship between skeletal form and locomotor behavior on the premise that trabecular bone remodels in response to loading during an animal's lifetime. the aim of this study is to characterize human distal femoral trabecular bone structure in comparison to three non-human primate taxa and relate the patterns of trabecular structural variation in the distal femur to knee posture during habitual locomotor behavior. a whole-epiphysis app ... | 2020 | 30548834 |
| ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes. | mirror image reactions of two infant apes, a female chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and a male orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), born at the zoo de vincennes and the jardin des plantes of paris, france, respectively, were studied and compared with those of children. self-recognition was also tested following 46.5 hours of mirror exposure by application of red marks on parts of the body invisible to the animal without the aid of the mirror. results indicated that the behavior of the two young apes followe ... | 1986 | 31979488 |
| wild bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) feeding rates and the marginal value theorem. | the marginal value theorem (mvt) is an integral supplement to optimal foraging theory (oft) as it seeks to explain an animal's decision of when to leave a patch when food is still available. mvt predicts that a forager capable of depleting a patch, in a habitat where food is patchily distributed, will leave the patch when the intake rate within it decreases to the average intake rate for the habitat. mvt relies on the critical assumption that the feeding rate in the patch will decrease over time ... | 2020 | 32761641 |
| suspected sunda clouded leopard (neofelis diardi) predation attempts on two reintroduced bornean orangutans (pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in bukit batikap protection forest, central kalimantan, indonesia. | in february 2017 and august 2018, respectively, two bornean orangutans (pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) reintroduced into the bukit batikap protection forest in central kalimantan were found in weakened physical condition and with deep puncture wounds. the first individual was a sub-adult male, and the second an adult female whose 6- to 8-week-old infant was missing. both individuals were rescued and transported back to the field base camp for treatment. experienced veterinarians treating the injuries r ... | 2020 | 32623603 |
| low relationship quality predicts scratch contagion during tense situations in orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). | primates show various forms of behavioral contagion that are stronger between kin and friends. as a result, behavioral contagion is thought to promote group coordination, social cohesion, and possibly state matching. aside from contagious yawning, little is known about the contagious effect of other behaviors. scratching is commonly observed during arousal and as such may play a role within group dynamics. while the bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) is commonly considered the least social great ... | 2020 | 32333423 |
| molecular characterization of fecal escherichia coli isolated from zoo animals. | accredited zoos and animal parks play an important role in animal health research and conservation, providing important insights on matters of public health including zoonotic infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (amr). the emergence and spread of amr is a complex phenomenon that jeopardizes human and animal health and also threatens the long-term survival of endangered species. the presence of β-lactamases in clinical isolates is particularly significant as they can jeopardize the e ... | 2020 | 31926511 |
| not by the same token: a female orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) is selectively prosocial. | studies of prosocial behavior in nonhumans have focused on group-living social animals. despite being highly social and closely related to humans, chimpanzees have rarely exhibited prosocial preferences in experimental tasks. fewer studies have provided their non group-living relatives-orangutans-with the opportunity to express prosocial preferences. here, we allowed a single female orangutan to provide rewards for herself and for her mother, sister, or both, across various phases, using a token ... | 2020 | 31813075 |
| bornean orangutans: primary forest in danum valley and rehabilitation program on orangutan island. | | 2019 | 31679101 |
| the effects of the environment on the drawings of an extraordinarily productive orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) artist. | we report on the case of an extraordinary orangutan who spontaneously produced over a thousand drawings in 5 years. this female orangutan, molly, started drawing when she was estimated to be 50 years old. although it has been established that great apes spontaneously draw without training, she produced an enormous number of paintings in her old age, and the numbers of lines and colors in her drawings varied from day to day. as her drawings seemed to be affected by her surroundings, we attempted ... | 2019 | 31551883 |
| developmental changes in the endocrine stress response in orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). | non-invasive measures of stress are crucial for captive and conservation management programs. the adrenal hormone dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (dheas) has recently been adopted as a stress marker, but there is little investigation of its relationship to glucocorticoids (gc), well-known indicators of stress. this study examined the influence of age, reproductive state and environment on gc and dheas levels in orangutans, to test whether the gc/dheas ratio can provide an index of stress response ... | 2019 | 31549180 |
| evaluating ketosis in primate field studies: validation of urine test strips in wild bornean orangutans (pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). | the use of urine test strips (e.g., roche chemstrip®) has become the standard for quickly assessing the physiological condition and/or health of wild primates. these strips have been used to detect ketosis as a marker of fat catabolism in several primate taxa in their natural environments in response to changing food availability. however, the use of urine strips to determine ketosis has only been validated in human studies, and thus it remains unclear whether these strips accurately detect and ... | 2020 | 31536993 |
| densities of bornean orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus morio) in heavily degraded forest and oil palm plantations in sabah, borneo. | the conversion of forest to agriculture continues to contribute to the loss and fragmentation of remaining orang-utan habitat. there are still few published estimates of orang-utan densities in these heavily modified agricultural areas to inform range-wide population assessments and conservation strategies. in addition, little is known about what landscape features promote orang-utan habitat use. using indirect nest count methods, we implemented surveys and estimated population densities of the ... | 2019 | 31328289 |
| changes to sabah's orangutan population in recent times: 2002-2017. | the bornean orangutan is critically endangered and monitoring its population is needed to inform effective conservation management. in this paper, we present results of 2014-17 aerial nest surveys of the major orangutan populations in sabah and compare them with baseline data produced during surveys conducted in 2002-03 using similar methods. our results show three important points: a) by increasing the survey effort (estimated at 15-25% cover), sparsely scattered orangutan sub-populations not r ... | 2019 | 31314781 |
| congenital hypothyroidism in a bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) and a sumatran orangutan (pongo abelii). | congenital hypothyroidism (ch) in humans is most commonly caused by disruption of thyroid gland development (dysgenesis) or an inherited defect in thyroid hormone biosynthesis (dyshormonogenesis). ch has not been previously documented in great apes. this report describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of ch in a 9-mo-old male bornean orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) and a 6-wk-old female sumatran orangutan (pongo abelii). primary ch due to thyroid dysgenesis was confirmed in the b ... | 2019 | 31260215 |
| orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) recognize their own past actions. | the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror is known as self-recognition, whereas delayed self-recognition is the ability to recognize the relationship between current self and past actions. while 3-year-old human children have self-recognition without the ability for delayed self-recognition, 4-year-old human children demonstrate the capability for both. chimpanzees, the most closely related species to humans, have displayed the ability for delayed self-recognition. however, little is known ab ... | 2018 | 30662754 |
| the slow ape: high infant survival and long interbirth intervals in wild orangutans. | orangutans (pongo spp.) are reported to have extremely slow life histories, including the longest average interbirth intervals of all mammals. such slow life history can be viable only when unavoidable mortality is kept low. thus, orangutans' survivorship under natural conditions is expected to be extremely high. previous estimates of orangutan life history were based on captive individuals living under very different circumstances or on small samples from wild populations. here, we combine birt ... | 2018 | 30502896 |
| genomes reveal marked differences in the adaptive evolution between orangutan species. | integrating demography and adaptive evolution is pivotal to understanding the evolutionary history and conservation of great apes. however, little is known about the adaptive evolution of our closest relatives, in particular if and to what extent adaptions to environmental differences have occurred. here, we used whole-genome sequencing data from critically endangered orangutans from north sumatra (pongo abelii) and borneo (p. pygmaeus) to investigate adaptive responses of each species to enviro ... | 2018 | 30428903 |
| orangutan populations are certainly not increasing in the wild. | a recent report, published by the government of indonesia with support from the food and agricultural organization and norway's international climate and forest initiative, states that orangutan populations (pongo spp.) have increased by more than 10% in indonesia from 2015 to 2017, exceeding the government target of an annual 2% population increase [1]. this assessment is in strong contrast with recent publications that showed that the bornean orangutan (p. pygmaeus) lost more than 100,000 indi ... | 2018 | 30399343 |
| an ecophysiologically informed model of seed dispersal by orangutans: linking animal movement with gut passage across time and space. | fauna-mediated ecosystem service provision (e.g. seed dispersal) can be difficult to quantify and predict because it is underpinned by the shifting niches of multiple interacting organisms. such interactions are especially complex in tropical ecosystems, including endangered peat forests of central borneo, a biodiversity hot spot and home to the critically endangered orangutan (pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). we combined studies of the digestive physiology of captive orangutans in australia with detail ... | 2018 | 29942515 |
| wildfire smoke impacts activity and energetics of wild bornean orangutans. | indonesia's peatlands experience frequent and intense wildfires, producing hazardous smoke with consequences for human health, yet there is a lack of research into adverse effects on wildlife. we evaluated the effects of smoke on the activity and energy balance of bornean orangutans (pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in a peat swamp forest at the tuanan research station, central kalimantan. we collected behavioural data and urine samples from four adult flanged males before, during, and after wildfires be ... | 2018 | 29765067 |
| first report of leishmania infantum infection in the endangered orangutan (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in madrid, spain. | some wild animals have been recognized as potential reservoirs of leishmania infantum infection (e.g. carnivores, lagomorphs, rodents, etc.). leishmania infantum was also identified infecting humans and lagomorphs (i.e. hares and rabbits) over the period of 2009-2016, with the latter acting as the main reservoirs involved in the human leishmaniosis outbreak in madrid. | 2018 | 29554944 |
| surgical management of uterine lesions in two captive orangutans ( pongo spp.). | uterine lesions in two orangutans were effectively managed with surgical intervention. a 26-year-old hybrid orangutan ( pongo spp.) was diagnosed with uterine adenomyosis based on advanced imaging. histologic evaluation identified multifocal myometrial endometriosis, a variant of adenomyosis. a 27-year-old bornean orangutan ( pongo pygmaeus) was diagnosed with a focal uterine fibroid based on histologic examination. the animals were housed at separate institutions and initially presented with dy ... | 2018 | 29517444 |
| global demand for natural resources eliminated more than 100,000 bornean orangutans. | unsustainable exploitation of natural resources is increasingly affecting the highly biodiverse tropics [1, 2]. although rapid developments in remote sensing technology have permitted more precise estimates of land-cover change over large spatial scales [3-5], our knowledge about the effects of these changes on wildlife is much more sparse [6, 7]. here we use field survey data, predictive density distribution modeling, and remote sensing to investigate the impact of resource use and land-use cha ... | 2018 | 29456144 |
| reproductive success of two male morphs in a free-ranging population of bornean orangutans. | the reproductive success of male primates is not always associated with dominance status. for example, even though male orangutans exhibit intra-sexual dimorphism and clear dominance relationships exist among males, previous studies have reported that both morphs are able to sire offspring. the present study aimed to compare the reproductive success of two male morphs, and to determine whether unflanged males sired offspring in a free-ranging population of bornean orangutans, using 12 microsatel ... | 2018 | 29387973 |
| behavioral studies and veterinary management of orangutans at bukit merah orang utan island, perak, malaysia. | the bukit merah orang utan island (oui) foundation has been conducting behavioral and veterinary research on orangutans as an attempt at ex situ conservation. since 2010, the primate research institute, kyoto university has been collaborating with oui to promote environmental enrichment and infant rearing by biological mothers in addition to the continuous efforts of refining the veterinary management of the endangered species. in 2011, three bornean orangutans (pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) were rel ... | 2018 | 29383576 |
| self-medication by orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus) using bioactive properties of dracaena cantleyi. | animals self-medicate using a variety of plant and arthropod secondary metabolites by either ingesting them or anointing them to their fur or skin apparently to repel ectoparasites and treat skin diseases. in this respect, much attention has been focused on primates. direct evidence for self-medication among the great apes has been limited to africa. here we document self-medication in the only asian great ape, orang-utans (pongo pygmaeus), and for the first time, to our knowledge, the external ... | 2017 | 29192145 |
| the effects of sociability on exploratory tendency and innovation repertoires in wild sumatran and bornean orangutans. | it has been hypothesized that opportunities for social learning affect the size and complexity of the adult skill set of birds and mammals, their learning ability, and thus ultimately also their innovation frequency. to test these predictions we compared rates of social learning, rates of independent exploration (independent learning) and innovation repertoires between individuals of a highly sociable population of pongo abelii at suaq balimbing and a less sociable population of pongo pygmaeus w ... | 2017 | 29133851 |
| rapid development of secondary hyperparathyroidism and fibrous osteodystrophy in a juvenile orangutan. | this study presents a probable case of rapidly-developed fibrous osteodystrophy and secondary hyperparathyroidism in a juvenile wild-caught zoo orangutan, pongo pygmaeus. cases of this metabolic disease, associated with captivity in primates, are underreported in non-human hominidae, and none to the extent of postcranial afflictions. we present the first described case of these metabolic pathologies of a great ape at both the cranial and skeletal levels. | 2016 | 29539514 |
| correlation between urinary pregnanediol glucuronide and basal body temperature in female orangutans, pongo pygmaeus. | changes in basal body temperature (bbt) in relation to the menstrual cycle were investigated in three adult female orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). in particular, the relationships of bbt to urinary estrone conjugates (ec) and to pregnanediol glucuronide (pdg) were examined using two of the females during two cycles each. radiotelemetry transmitters were implanted peritoneally to record core body temperatures. radio signals were received approximately every 2 min, 24 h per day. because temperatures ... | 1994 | 31936964 |
| positional behavior of female bornean orangutans (pongo pygmaeus). | observational data were collected on the positional behavior of habituated adult female orangutans in the rain forest of the kutai national park, east kalimantan, indonesia. results revealed the following about locomotion during travel: movement was concentrated in the understory and lower main canopy; and brachiation (without grasping by the feet) accounted for 11% of travel distance, quadrupedalism for 12%, vertical climbing for 18%, tree-swaying for 7%, and clambering for 51%. in climbing and ... | 1987 | 31973515 |
| the evolution of large body size in orangutans: a model for hominoid divergence. | recent miocene fossil discoveries of large hominoids resemble orangutans. since the evolution of large body size was functionally related to a powerful masticatory system in miocene ape radiations, a better understanding of adaptations in extant orangutans will be informative of hominoid evolution. it is suggested here, based on the behavioral ecology of extant orangutans, that foraging energetics and large body size are tied to a dietary shift that provided access to and utilization of resource ... | 1987 | 31973470 |
| orangutan sociality at tanjung puting. | during a four-year period, more than 6,800 hours of observation were collected on 58 individually recognized wild orangutans in a 35-km2 study area at the tanjung puting reserve, kalimantan tengah (central indonesian borneo). as in other areas, although small temporary associations of orangutans recurred, the basic units of populations consisted of (1) adult males, (2) adult females with one or two dependent offspring, and (3) independent immatures (adolescent males and females and subadult male ... | 1985 | 32102493 |
| growth curves, dental emergence norms, and supplementary morphological observations in known-age captive orangutans. | postnatal development in known-age captive orangutans was studied by collating new data from seven orangutans at chicago zoological park, brookfield, illinois, with published and unpublished data from 76 additional captive orangutans. norms were tabulated for deciduous and permanent dental emergence. growth curves for weight and linear dimensions in females and males were compared in captive-reared and wild-reared subjects. hand-reared and mother-nursed captives were compared with respect to den ... | 1983 | 31986850 |
| the evolution of the teeth of the orangutan, pongo-pygmaeus (hoppius). | | 1948 | 18886994 |