| conservation of the hla-dqb2 locus in nonhuman primates. | the evolutionary history of mhc class ii genes is characterized by several examples of gene duplication, leading both to the creation of distinct subregions such as dr, dq, and dp, as well as to duplicated loci within each of these subregions. in the human mhc, a prominent example of this diversification occurs within the hla-dq subregion, where the nonpolymorphic and transcriptionally "silent" dqb2 locus is highly homologous to the polymorphic expressed dqb1 locus. in order to gain some insight ... | 1992 | 1730881 |
| isolation and comparative mapping of a human chromosome 20-specific alpha-satellite dna clone. | we have isolated and characterized a human genomic dna clone (pz20, locus d20z2) that identifies, under high-stringency hybridization conditions, an alphoid dna subset specific for chromosome 20. the specificity was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization. sequence analysis confirmed our previously reported data on the great similarity between the chromosome 20 and chromosome 2 alphoid subsets. comparative mapping of pz20 on chimpanzee and gorilla chromosomes, also performed under hi ... | 1992 | 1733665 |
| positional behavior of pan troglodytes in the mahale mountains and gombe stream national parks, tanzania. | the positional behavior of habituated adult chimpanzees and baboons was observed for 784 hr in a year-long study. comparisons between species were made to establish the distinctiveness of chimpanzee positional behavior and habitat use. brachiation (sensu stricto, i.e., hand-over-hand suspensory locomotion) was observed in low frequencies among chimpanzees, and its significance for chimpanzee anatomy is judged slight. although no significant differences were found between sympatric baboons and ch ... | 1992 | 1736676 |
| structural features in tar rna of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses: a phylogenetic analysis. | a comparative analysis of tar rna structures in human and simian immunodeficiency viruses reveals the conservation of certain structural features despite the divergence in sequence. both the tar elements of hiv-1 and siv-chimpanzee can be folded into relatively simple one-stem hairpin structures. chemical and rnaase probes were used to analyze the more complex structure of hiv-2 tar rna, which folds into a branched hairpin structure. a surprisingly similar rna conformation can be proposed for si ... | 1992 | 1738599 |
| prevention of hiv-1 infection in chimpanzees by gp120 v3 domain-specific monoclonal antibody. | the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is the late-stage clinical manifestation of long-term persistent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). immune responses directed against the virus and against virus-infected cells during the persistent infection fail to mediate resolution of the infection. as a result, a successful aids vaccine must elicit an immune state that will prevent the establishment of the persistent infection following introduction of the virus into ... | 1992 | 1741059 |
| protection of chimpanzees from infection by hiv-1 after vaccination with recombinant glycoprotein gp120 but not gp160. | | 1991 | 1742945 |
| genetic organization of a chimpanzee lentivirus related to hiv-1. | | 1991 | 1742948 |
| chromosomal localization of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) in the rhesus monkey and chimpanzee by fluorescence in situ hybridization. | genes for the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) were localized by fluorescence in situ hybridization to the long arm of rhesus monkey chromosome 5. this localization contradicts previous reports, based on genetic investigation of somatic cell hybrids, that placed the mhc on chromosome 2 of this species. in the chimpanzee, the mhc loci were localized to 5p21.3, corresponding precisely to their location on human chromosome 6p21.3. | 1991 | 1743075 |
| gorilla class i major histocompatibility complex alleles: comparison to human and chimpanzee class i. | 14 gorilla class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) alleles have been isolated, sequenced, and compared to their counterparts in humans and chimpanzees. gorilla homologues of hla-a, -b, and -c were readily identified, and four gogo-a, four gogo-b, and five gogo-c alleles were defined. in addition, an unusual gogo class i gene with features in common with hla-a and its related pseudogene, hla-h, is described. none of the gorilla alleles is identical or even closely related to known class i ... | 1991 | 1744581 |
| altered lymphocyte phenotypes and proliferative responses in chimpanzees infected with hepatitis c virus. | peripheral blood mononuclear cells (mnc) from three chimpanzees infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv) and from two uninfected animals were analyzed by monoclonal antibody phenotyping using flow cytometry. significant differences in numbers of mnc's expressing cluster designation (cd) phenotypes cd4, cd14, cd19, and cd45ra were found. additionally, significant differences in mnc proliferation in response to mitogens were also found. this altered proliferative capacity and cellular phenotype profi ... | 1991 | 1757972 |
| lymphocyte and neutrophil dysfunction associated with hepatitis b virus and hepatitis non-a, non-b virus infection in the chimpanzee. | chimpanzees were examined for the effect of viral hepatitis infections on specific and nonspecific immune response mechanisms. the data suggest that infection with either hepatitis b virus or hepatitis non-a, non-b virus may result in suppression of cellular immune response components. mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was lower in virus-infected chimpanzees than in naive animals. neutrophils from virus infected animals exhibited decreased or altered chemiluminescence kinetics. | 1991 | 1757973 |
| molecular evolution of the urate oxidase-encoding gene in hominoid primates: nonsense mutations. | nucleotide sequences of portions of second and fifth exons of urate oxidase encoding gene (uox) of chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, rhesus monkey and squirrel monkey obtained following amplification by polymerase chain reaction have been compared with corresponding sequences of human, baboon and rat uox. two or more nonsense mutations are found in the coding regions of this uox gene thus far analyzed in human, chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan, but not in the baboon, rhesus monkey and squirrel mo ... | 1991 | 1765273 |
| comparative mapping of a gorilla-derived alpha satellite dna clone on great ape and human chromosomes. | we have isolated an alpha satellite dna clone, pg3.9, from gorilla dna. fluorescence in situ hybridization on banded chromosomes under high stringency conditions revealed that pg3.9 identifies homologous sequences at the centromeric region of ten gorilla chromosomes, and, with few exceptions, also recognizes the homologous chromosomes in human. a pg3.9-like alphoid dna is present on a larger number of orangutan chromosomes, but, in contrast, is present on only two chromosomes in the chimpanzee. ... | 1991 | 1769275 |
| evolutionary rate of immunoglobulin alpha noncoding region is greater in hominoids than in old world monkeys. | recent studies on the molecular evolution of primates show that the evolutionary rate among hominoids is considerably slower than that among nonhominoid primates. however, this observation at the nucleotide-sequence level is restricted to the beta-globin family region. in this study, we sequenced orthologous immunoglobulin alpha (c alpha) genes of chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and crab-eating macaque (an old world monkey) and compared them with that of the human by using noncoding regions for ... | 1991 | 1775062 |
| anti-human red cell monoclonal antibodies produced by macaque-mouse heterohybridomas. | eight monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against human red cells were produced by macaque-mouse heterohybridomas. all mabs uniformly reacted with all human red blood cells tested, but only some agglutinated the red cells of anthropoid apes occasionally detecting intraspecies polymorphisms. none was reactive with blood of old and new world monkeys. one of the mabs recognized the vc antigen of the chimpanzee v-a-b-d system, the homologue of the human m-n blood group system. | 1991 | 1787530 |
| validation of removal of human retroviruses. | validation of virus removal during product manufacture is one of several techniques which can be used to help establish product safety. the usefulness of the validation technique will be illustrated for the manufacture of immunoglobulins by the cohn-oncley ethanol fractionation procedure in which the partitioning and inactivation of hiv were studied, and for the manufacture of factor viii. in the case of factor viii which was contaminated with hiv and transmitted infection to product recipients, ... | 1991 | 1794615 |
| cleavage of chimpanzee secretory immunoglobulin a by haemophilus influenzae iga1 protease. | immunoglobulin (ig)a proteases synthesized by human mucosal pathogens have a unique specificity for human iga and will not cleave iga from other species. in contrast, animal pathogens have not reliably been shown to cleave iga of the animals they infect. this lack of an animal model has prevented an understanding of the importance of iga1 proteases as virulence factors. one strategy to develop an animal model would be to identify a species capable of infection by a human iga-producing pathogen w ... | 1991 | 1795627 |
| onchocerca volvulus: in vitro killing of microfilaria by neutrophils and eosinophils from experimentally infected chimpanzees. | peripheral blood leukocytes from chimpanzees experimentally infected with third stage larvae, or with nodular microfilaria (mf) of onchocerca volvulus, were evaluated for their ability to kill nodular mf in vitro. inoculation of chimpanzees with third stage larvae, and prospective follow up, permitted each animal to be classified as patent, infected but not patent, or post-patent. neither lymphocytes nor monocytes significantly adhered to, immobilized, or killed mf. however, neutrophils or eosin ... | 1991 | 1796232 |
| a review of ethical issues in aids research. | much of the past research in aids concentrated in the epidemiology, virology, immunology and pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. however, current research activities incorporates aspects intended to modify human behaviour with a view to slowing down the spread. but a more comprehensive control of the aids epidemic can only be affected when a vaccine and, or effective anti hiv drugs are developed. perspectives into aids research will therefore involve more vaccine and dr ... | 1991 | 1797537 |
| gene conversion in the evolution of the human and chimpanzee mhc class i loci. | sixty-five dna sequences from human and chimpanzee major histocompatibility complex class i loci were searched for statistical evidence of past gene conversion. twenty-four potential conversions were detected; they were distributed across both variable and conserved portions of the gene, and involved both classical and non-classical loci. the majority spanned less than 100 bp, comparable in length to the conversions observed in spontaneous mutations in mice. both within-locus and between-locus c ... | 1991 | 1801305 |
| [the anatomical and functional origin of the first bipedalism]. | this communication is the synthesis of ten years of researchers of comparative anatomy done by the author or under his control on fossil hominids, three million years old, found by his expeditions in eastern ethiopia. it brings, for the first time, the odd picture of a skeleton adapted to arboricolism and bipedalism together. the rachis has already the curves of an erect being but with at least a thoraco-lumbar cyphosis a bit more elongated than in our own rachis; the pelvis is wide and shallow ... | 1991 | 1809491 |
| prevention of hiv infection by passive immunization with hiv immunoglobulin. | the use of a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) immune globulin (hivig) in prevention of hiv infection in chimpanzees was investigated in the hope of ultimate application to interruption of vertical transmission. in previous experiments, no protection was observed when relatively high challenge doses were used. this study shows that hivig protected against a challenge dose (10 cid50) tenfold lower than that used previously. the protected animal remained free of hiv infection as determined by coc ... | 1991 | 1812946 |
| platelet-activating factor (paf) stimulates the lysopaf acetyltransferase in leukocyte-rich plasma: use in paf antagonist studies. | addition of platelet-activating factor (paf; 1-o-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) to leukocyte-rich plasma from several species resulted in the rapid and pronounced activation of the paf biosynthetic enzyme acetyl-coa:1-o-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase (ec 2.3.1.67). activation of acetyltransferase by paf occurred in leukocyte-rich plasma from human, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, and dog. the neutrophil was indicated to be the major cellular source of the activatable ... | 1991 | 1819756 |
| orosomucoid typing of apes (family pongidae) by isoelectric focusing: among primates do only humans have two functional orosomucoid loci? | it has been demonstrated that human orosomucoid (orm) is controlled by more than one functional loci, while macaca orm is controlled by one locus. to examine the time when the orm gene was duplicated in the evolution of primates, plasma samples from 118 apes (family pongidae) belonging to 4 genera and 12 species were investigated for orm polymorphism using isoelectric focusing followed by immunoprinting. the band patterns of orm in the subfamily ponginae showed quantitatively different products ... | 1991 | 1820018 |
| prevention of hiv-i iiib infection in chimpanzees by cd4 immunoadhesin. | | 1991 | 1823314 |
| evidence for asymmetrical hemispheric priming using known and unknown warning stimuli in two language-trained chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | in this article results are reported from 3 warning stimulus-priming experiments that assessed hemisphere-specific activation and lateralization in 2 language-trained chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). results from experiment 1 indicated a right visual field advantage in priming for meaningful warning stimuli presented in blocks of 36 trials. in experiments 2 and 3, randomized presentations of meaningful, familiar, and meaningless stimuli resulted in right visual field advantages for meaningful warn ... | 1991 | 1827145 |
| induction of protection level of anti-pre-s2 antibodies in humans immunized with a novel hepatitis b vaccine consisting of m (pre-s2 + s) protein particles (a third generation vaccine). | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for anti-pre-s2 antibodies was developed by the use of both recombinant yeast-derived s and m (pre-s2 + s) protein particles as antigens. by this elisa was determined the amount of both human and chimpanzee anti-pre-s2 antibodies produced by a new type of yeast-derived hepatitis b (hb) vaccine (tgp-943, subtype adr), which consists of modified m protein particles. in seven randomly selected human individuals who were vaccinated intramuscularly with 10 ... | 1991 | 1828318 |
| defective and nondefective adenovirus vectors for expressing foreign genes in vitro and in vivo. | we have constructed recombinant adenoviruses (ad), with functional or defective e1a genes, which harbor either the hepatitis b (hb) virus s gene encoding the hb surface antigen, as well as the pre-s2 epitopes, or the bacterial gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) under control of the ad major late promoter (mlp). the recombinant viruses defective for e1a (ad.mlp.s2 and ad.cat), which can be efficiently propagated only on 293 cells that complement this defect, and the nondefectiv ... | 1991 | 1829048 |
| a y-chromosomal dna fragment is conserved in human and chimpanzee. | a human male-specific y-chromosomal dna fragment (lambda yh2d6) has been isolated. by deletion-mapping analysis, 2d6 has been localized to the euchromatic portion of the long arm (yq11) of the human y chromosome. among great apes, this fragment was found to be conserved in male chimpanzee but was lacking in male gorilla and male orangutan. no homologous fragments were detected in females of orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, or human. nucleotide sequence analysis indicated the presence of partial-a ... | 1991 | 1840631 |
| african populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial dna. | the proposal that all mitochondrial dna (mtdna) types in contemporary humans stem from a common ancestor present in an african population some 200,000 years ago has attracted much attention. to study this proposal further, two hypervariable segments of mtdna were sequenced from 189 people of diverse geographic origin, including 121 native africans. geographic specificity was observed in that identical mtdna types are shared within but not between populations. a tree relating these mtdna sequence ... | 1991 | 1840702 |
| passive immunization for the treatment and prevention of hiv infection. | passive immunization using serum or immunoglobulin preparations has been used in the prophylaxis and treatment of many bacterial and viral diseases. preliminary attempts to use these methods to prevent hiv infection in chimpanzees have been promising. with the identification of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies with protective activity against hiv in in vitro systems, the possibility of using these reagents in vivo takes on new relevance. the potential and problems of using passively administ ... | 1991 | 1845123 |
| methods for analysis of biologically functional antibodies to the hiv-1 gp120 principal neutralizing domain. | the humoral response to hiv-1 infection has been demonstrated by a variety of immunoassays utilizing viral proteins. while several assays detect hiv-1 infection with high sensitivity and great specificity, little progress has been made to develop immunoassays correlative with disease progression and viral transmission. antibodies toward the v3 domain of hiv-1 envelope can prevent virus infection and block virus-mediated cell fusion in vitro. such properties may be critical to the course of the d ... | 1991 | 1845124 |
| characterization of a vaccinia-derived recombinant hiv-1 gp160 candidate vaccine and its immunogenicity in chimpanzees. | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) envelope glycoprotein gp160 was produced in large-scale microcarrier cultures of vero cells, using a system involving coinfection with two recombinant vaccinia viruses. the immunogenicity of this material was studied in conjunction with a number of different adjuvant formulations, and chimpanzees were then immunized with gp160 in conjunction with al(oh)3, al(oh)3 and sodium deoxycholate, and a lipid-based adjuvant. the al(oh)3-gp160 vaccine formulation el ... | 1991 | 1845126 |
| [psoriasis in a female chimpanzee]. | psoriasis, a widespread genodermatosis in homo sapiens, also appears in primates. we report on a female chimpanzee in leipzig zoo. after years of captivity the animal developed erythematosquamous, highly hyperkeratotic, lesions, some confluent, on the knees, elbows, back of the hands and feet and on the forearms and the seat, which showed histologically characteristic features of psoriasis. it may be that both previous infections and psychic stress resulting from social isolation had caused erup ... | 1991 | 1874622 |
| major histocompatibility complex ancestral haplotypes in the chimpanzee: identification using c4 allotyping. | in humans, certain major histocompatibility complex (mhc) supratypes mark unique dna segments which have been conserved from a common but remote ancestor. in order to determine whether these ancestral haplotypes (ahs) exist in nonhuman primates, c4 allotyping was undertaken on 71 chimpanzees. four large pedigrees were available. there are at least seven codominant c4 alleles at two loci. null alleles are also present. it was possible to assign class i, class ii, and c4 alleles to 37 unrelated ha ... | 1991 | 1880053 |
| what's old and new in molecular phylogenetics. | while it is fairly easy to devise a phylogenetic tree based on molecular data, it has proven difficult to tell how reliable any such tree is. thus while the genetic inference that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas cluster together is widely accepted, the genetic inference that the primary division among old world human populations is between asia and eurafrica is not. a molecular phylogenetic inference linking humans and chimpanzees was proposed in the 1980s based on the technique of dna hybridi ... | 1991 | 1882983 |
| a serologic study of naturally acquired leprosy in chimpanzees. | data from longitudinally obtained serum samples spanning several years has permitted us to identify two chimpanzees with leprosy and to estimate the time of mycobacterium leprae exposure/infection. the results confirm high levels of specific anti-m. leprae phenolic glycolipid-i (pgl-i) as well as anti-lipo-arabinomannan (anti-lam) antibodies in both chimpanzees, and identify additional chimpanzees with possible m. leprae exposure. the observations are consistent with the hypothesis that leprosy ... | 1991 | 1890369 |
| research indicates rgp 160 provides long-term immunologic protection. chimpanzee resists hiv challenge more than two years after vaccination. | | 1991 | 1893756 |
| stimulation of glycoprotein gp120 dissociation from the envelope glycoprotein complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by soluble cd4 and cd4 peptide derivatives: implications for the role of the complementarity-determining region 3-like region in membrane fusion. | we have used a recombinant vaccinia virus vector encoding the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to study receptor-induced structural changes related to membrane fusion. a truncated soluble form of human cd4 (scd4) was found to stimulate dissociation of the external subunit (gp120) from the envelope glycoprotein complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expressed at the cell surface. scd4 stimulation of gp120 release was time- and concentration-dependent and was as ... | 1991 | 1896455 |
| radioimmunoassay of inhibin based on synthetic human inhibin alpha-chain peptide. | polyclonal rabbit antisera were produced against cyclic human inhibin [(cys6, tyr7) alpha-(6-30)nh2] peptide, covalently conjugated to bovine serum albumin. the tyrosine residue introduced at position 7 facilitated the oxidative incorporation of radiolabel (125i) to yield a tracer with specific activity of 73.9 ci/g. these reagents were used to develop a homologous equilibrium radioimmunoassay for human inhibin, with polyethylene glycol, 200 g/l, serving as the separation phase. at a detection l ... | 1991 | 1899063 |
| time of the deepest root for polymorphism in human mitochondrial dna. | a molecular clock analysis was carried out on the nucleotide sequences of parts of the major noncoding region of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from the major geographic populations of humans. dates of branchings in the mtdna tree among humans were estimated with an improved maximum likelihood method. two species of chimpanzees were used as an outgroup, and the mtdna clock was calibrated by assuming that the chimpanzee/human split occurred 4 million years ago, following our earlier works. a model of ... | 1991 | 1901367 |
| highly conserved segments in mammalian chromosomes. | mammalian chromosomes from seven species for which gene maps exist were studied by high-resolution techniques to identify areas of conserved chromosome banding homology. high-resolution comparisons of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, african green monkey, cat, and mouse chromosomes revealed regions of apparently conserved chromosomal banding, which may indicate the likely positions of conserved linkage in the phylogeny of mammals. this analysis indicates that many regions of subbanding hom ... | 1991 | 1901578 |
| prevention of hiv-1 iiib infection in chimpanzees by cd4 immunoadhesin. | the first step in infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is the specific binding of gp120, the envelope glycoprotein of hiv, to its cellular receptor, cd4. to inhibit this interaction, soluble cd4 analogues that compete for gp120 binding and block hiv infection in vitro have been developed. to determine whether these analogues can protect an uninfected individual from challenge with hiv, we used the chimpanzee model system of cell-free hiv infection. chimpanzees are readily infected ... | 1991 | 1907354 |
| the main regulatory region of mammalian mitochondrial dna: structure-function model and evolutionary pattern. | the evolution of the main regulatory region (d-loop) of the mammalian mitochondrial genome was analyzed by comparing the sequences of eight mammalian species: human, common chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, dolphin, cow, rat, mouse, and rabbit. the best alignment of the sequences was obtained by optimization of the sequence similarities common to all these species. the two peripheral left and right d-loop domains, which contain the main regulatory elements so far discovered, evolved rapidly in a spe ... | 1991 | 1909377 |
| increased sod1 enzymatic activity and gene modifications in orangutans: evolutionary implications. | superoxide dismutase cuzn (sod1) enzymatic activity was measured in five orangutans (pongo pygmaeus, ppy) and compared to that of man, chimpanzee, and gorilla. it was found to be increased by a factor of two in one orangutan (ralfina) and by a factor of 1.5 in the four others. in situ hybridization of the sod1 cdna human probe showed a heterozygous intra-chromosomal rearrangement of pair ppy xxi, possibly an insertion, in ralfina. southern blotting showed that the sod1 gene is modified in the th ... | 1991 | 1916758 |
| premaxillary-maxillary suture fusion and anterior nasal tubercle morphology in the chimpanzee. | the anterior nasal spine (ans) is considered by some to be a unique characteristic of modern humans; however, it has been reported to occur in chimpanzees. among human populations, ans size correlates with facial prognathism and timing of premaxillary-maxillary sutural fusion, which may have implications for models of midfacial growth. to investigate these questions, skulls from 55 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) (29 male, 26 female), ranging in age from infants to adults, were examined. none of t ... | 1991 | 1928317 |
| synthetic peptides allow discrimination of structural features of cd4(81-92) important for hiv-1 infection versus hiv-1-induced syncytium formation. | benzylated peptides with a primary amino acid sequence corresponding to either human cd4(81-92) (#18), or chimpanzee cd4(81-92) (#18c), were equipotent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection of cd4+ cells and high-affinity binding of 125i-gp120 to cd4+ cells. the chimpanzee-based cd4(81-92) peptide, however, which differs from the human peptide by a single amino acid substitution (e for g) at position 87, was considerably less potent than the human cd4(81-92)-based p ... | 1991 | 1931230 |
| primate drb6 pseudogenes: clue to the evolutionary origin of the hla-dr2 haplotype. | the hla-dr2 haplotype contains three beta-chain encoding drb genes and one alpha-chain encoding dra gene. of the three drb genes, two are presumably functional (hla-drb1 and hla-drb5), whereas the third (hla-drbvi) is a pseudogene. a pseudogene closely related to hla-drbvi is present in the chimpanzee (patr-drb6) and in the gorilla (gogo-drb6). we sequenced the hla-drbvi and patr-drb6 pseudogenes (all exons and most of the introns), and compared the sequence to that of the gogo-drb6 gene (of whi ... | 1991 | 1937579 |
| molecular cloning of rat intestinal mucin. lack of conservation between mammalian species. | we have prepared antisera to deglycosylated rat intestinal mucin and used it to obtain immunoreactive clones from a rat jejunum cdna library. four of these clones were sequenced, and all were found to be partial cdnas that contained 18-base pair tandem repeats characteristic of a mucin. these cdnas encoded a repetitive peptide with a consensus sequence of tttpdv. thus, they bear little resemblance to either of the two human intestinal mucin cdnas isolated previously (gum, j. r., byrd, j. c., hic ... | 1991 | 1939280 |
| hepatitis delta virus cdna sequence from an acutely hbv-infected chimpanzee: sequence conservation in experimental animals. | hepatitis delta virus (hdv) rna was isolated from the serum of a chimpanzee acutely infected with hepatitis b virus (hbv) and superinfected with hdv. interference of hdv with hbv resulted in decreased hbv dna levels in the serum. this interference did not change the size of the two hbv specific rnas present in the liver of the chimpanzee. the complete cdna sequence of the hdv rna (5th passage) was determined. comparison of this cdna sequence with our previously published sequence (4th passage), ... | 1991 | 1940877 |
| [intramuscular distribution of nerves supplying the soleus muscle in the chimpanzee]. | the human soleus muscle is considered a specialized muscle in terms of its origin, insertion and muscle fibre architecture (especially with regard to the existence of the bipenniform part). its peculiarities have been understood as results of erect posture and bipedal walking (frey, 1913). sekiya (1991) pointed out that another feature of the human soleus muscle the nerve supply, i.e. the muscle received two kinds of nerves, the anterior branch (r. anterior) and the posterior branch (r. posterio ... | 1991 | 1950436 |
| comparative morphology and morphometry of alveolar macrophages from six species. | pulmonary alveolar macrophages (pam) were collected from normal, healthy mice, rats, dogs, cynomolgus monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans and evaluated for morphologic and morphometric characteristics. the pam of mice, rats, and dogs were morphologically similar and had statistically similar frequency distributions for size. the cell size distribution for these three species was relatively homogeneous. the pam of nonhuman primates and humans were morphologically heterogenous with sometimes prominen ... | 1991 | 1951138 |
| presence of hybridizing dna sequences homologous to bovine acidic and basic beta-crystallins in all classes of vertebrates. | the eye lens beta-crystallins in cow and chicken are encoded by a family of at least six genes. in order to assess the distribution of the corresponding genes among other vertebrates we hybridized beta-crystallin sequences (beta a2, beta a3/a1, beta a4, beta b1, beta b2, beta b3), isolated from a bovine lens cdna library, to southern blots on which ecor1-digested chromosomal dna was blotted from different vertebrate species. these included human, chimpanzee, calf, rat, pigeon, duck, monitor liza ... | 1991 | 1960742 |
| a single amino acid substitution in a common african allele of the cd4 molecule ablates binding of the monoclonal antibody, okt4. | the cd4 molecule is a relatively non-polymorphic 55 kda glycoprotein expressed on a subset of t lymphocytes. a common african allele of cd4 has been identified by non-reactivity with the monoclonal antibody, okt4. the genetic basis for the okt4- polymorphism of cd4 is unknown. in the present paper, the structure of the cd4 molecule from an homozygous cd4okt4- individual was characterized at the molecular level. the size of the cd4okt4- protein and mrna were indistinguishable from those of the ok ... | 1991 | 1961196 |
| detection of hepatitis c virus rna by a two-stage polymerase chain reaction with two pairs of primers deduced from the 5'-noncoding region. | the 5'-noncoding region of hepatitis c virus (hcv) genomes is highly conserved. a two-stage polymerase chain reaction (pcr), involving two pairs of primers deduced from the 5'-noncoding region of the hcv genome, was developed for a sensitive and specific detection of hcv rna. the first stage of pcr was performed for 35 cycles with primers capable of multiplying fragments of 221 base pairs. pcr products in samples negative for hcv rna were subjected to the second stage of pcr for 30 cycles with p ... | 1990 | 1963453 |
| detection of hepatitis c viral sequences in non-a, non-b hepatitis. | the role of hepatitis c virus (hcv) in post-transfusion non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh) was investigated by analysing clinical samples for both hcv rna by cdna/polymerase chain reaction and antibodies against c100-3 by radioimmunoassay. of fifteen chronic nanbh patients and one patient with chronic cryptogenic liver disease, ten were positive for anti-c100-3 and seven of the ten had viral sequences in their livers. however, two patients negative for anti-c100-3 also had substantial levels of hcv ... | 1990 | 1967327 |
| hiv-infected humans, but not chimpanzees, have circulating cytotoxic t lymphocytes that lyse uninfected cd4+ cells. | it has been suggested that autoimmune phenomena contribute to the depletion of cd4+ t cells and the development of aids in hiv-1 infected humans based, in part, on observations that some hiv-1-infected humans have autoantibodies reactive with ag expressed on uninfected cd4+ cells. in this study, 11 of 14 asymptomatic hiv-1-infected homosexuals and hemophiliacs, but none of 17 uninfected homosexuals or heterosexuals, were found to have cytotoxic lymphocytes in blood that can lyse uninfected cd4+ ... | 1990 | 1969880 |
| antibody- and complement-mediated lysis of hiv-infected cells and inhibition of viral replication. | hiv-1-positive antisera were tested for their ability to lyse hiv-1-infected cells in the presence of active complement. cytolytic effects caused by sera derived from infected humans were slower than those observed with sera from immunised chimpanzees. lytic but also negative sera were found among hiv-1-infected asymptomatic men as well as among clinical aids cases. human antisera that lysed infected cells reacted similarly irrespective of whether the complement was heterologous or autologous. a ... | 1990 | 1973445 |
| interspecies comparison of the pharmacokinetics of aldose reductase inhibitors. | the pharmacokinetics of three aldose reductase inhibitors (aris) were evaluated in various species, including rat, dog, cynomolgus monkey, rhesus monkey, chimpanzee, and man. the three aris (al01567, al01576, and al01750) were administered intravenously as a single dose to all species except rat, which was dosed orally with al01750, and man, who was dosed orally with al01567 and al01576. plasma drug concentrations were measured by hplc or liquid scintillation spectrometry and various pharmacokin ... | 1990 | 1976064 |
| the chimpanzee major histocompatibility complex class ii dr subregion contains an unexpectedly high number of beta-chain genes. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii dr subregion of the chimpanzee was studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. genomic dna obtained from a panel of 94 chimpanzees was digested with the restriction enzyme taq i and hybridized with an hla-dr beta probe specific for the 3' untranslated (ut) region. such a screening revealed the existence of 14 distinct drb/taq i gene-associated fragments allowing the definition of 11 haplotypes. segregation studies prove ... | 1990 | 1978714 |
| polymorphisms and gross structure of glycophorin genes in common chimpanzees. | using human alpha glycophorin cdna probe and six restriction enzymes, we examined the homologues of human glycophorin genes in genomic dna of 11 unrelated chimpanzees. we show that, in contrast to the human, the chimpanzee exhibits an unusual array of nonrandomly distributed restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp). no clear correlation was found between the rflp and the v-a-b-d blood-group phenotypes of the subjects, with one possible exception. however, pairs of allelic rflp occurring ... | 1990 | 1980061 |
| syncytial giant-cell hepatitis. sporadic hepatitis with distinctive pathological features, a severe clinical course, and paramyxoviral features. | we describe a new form of hepatitis, occurring in 10 patients over a period of six years, characterized clinically by manifestations of severe hepatitis, histologically by large syncytial giant hepatocytes, and ultrastructurally by intracytoplasmic structures consistent with paramyxoviral nucleocapsids. | 1991 | 1988831 |
| immunization of chimpanzees confers protection against challenge with human immunodeficiency virus. | sustained high titers of neutralizing antibodies were elicited in three chimpanzees after sequential injections of different human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) antigen preparations derived from the hiv-1 bru strain that included whole inactivated virus or purified recombinant proteins and then synthetic peptides identical to the major hiv-1 neutralizing epitope v3. the animals were challenged i.v. with 40 chimpanzee infectious doses (equivalent to 100 tissue culture 50% infectious doses) of ... | 1991 | 1988952 |
| no severe bottleneck during human evolution: evidence from two apolipoprotein c-ii deficiency alleles. | the dna sequences of a japanese and a venezuelan apolipoprotein (apo) c-ii deficiency allele, of a normal japanese apo c-ii gene, and of a chimpanzee apo c-ii gene were amplified by pcr, and their nucleotide sequences were determined on multiple clones of the pcr products. the normal japanese sequence is identical to--and the chimpanzee sequence differs by only three nucleotides from--a previously published normal caucasian sequence. in contrast, the two human mutant sequences each differ from t ... | 1991 | 1990844 |
| preparation and characterization of an intravenous solution of igg from human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive donors. | an intravenous solution of 99% pure globulin (hyperimmune igg, hivig) was obtained from pooled plasma of selected human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1)-seropositive asymptomatic donors with greater than 400 cd4+/microliters cells per microliter and a high titer of antibody to hiv-1 p24 protein. hivig had high titers of antibody to p24, glycoprotein 41 (gp41), and gp120, group-specific neutralizing activity, and binding to the gp120 hypervariable loop region. it inhibited syncytia formation. at lo ... | 1991 | 1995097 |
| identification of the ancestral haplotype for apolipoprotein b suggests an african origin of homo sapiens sapiens and traces their subsequent migration to europe and the pacific. | the probable ancestral haplotype for human apolipoprotein b (apob) has been identified through immunological analysis of chimpanzee and gorilla serum and sequence analysis of their dna. moreover, the frequency of this ancestral apob haplotype among different human populations provides strong support for the african origin of homo sapiens sapiens and their subsequent migration from africa to europe and to the pacific. the approach used here for the identification of the ancestral human apob haplo ... | 1991 | 1996341 |
| resolution of the african hominoid trichotomy by use of a mitochondrial gene sequence. | mitochondrial dna sequences encoding the cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene have been determined for five primate species, siamang (hylobates syndactylus), lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla), pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus), crab-eating macaque (macaca fascicularis), and green monkey (cercopithecus aethiops), and compared with published sequences of other primate and nonprimate species. comparisons of cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene sequences provide clear-cut evidence from the mitochondrial g ... | 1991 | 1996358 |
| human markers for igg2 and igg4 appear to be on the same molecule in the chimpanzee. | it has been reported that all four immunoglobulin g (igg) subclasses present in human serum are also present in chimpanzee serum, as detected with antibodies specific for the human igg subclasses. we used monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for human igg subclasses to measure concentrations of the four subclasses in the chimpanzee sera. initial elisa studies indicated that epitopes for all four human subclasses are present in chimpanzee sera. the concentrations of igg1, igg2 and igg3 were simil ... | 1991 | 1997405 |
| cloning and nucleotide sequence of the chimpanzee c-myc gene. | a dna fragment covering the chimpanzee c-myc locus was cloned from the dna of peripheral blood lymphocytes, sequenced, and compared to its human c-myc counterpart. the two nucleotide sequences were found to be highly homologous (99%). the divergence rate between the two species was 0.4% in exons and 1.7% in introns. the different tata-boxes described in the human myc gene were also identified in the chimpanzee sequence and an open reading frame (orf) was observed which overlaps the chimpanzee c- ... | 1991 | 1999286 |
| segmental spinal fixation of a thoracic vertebral fracture in an adult chimpanzee. | accidental trauma associated with an epileptic convulsion in a 10-year-old, male chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) resulted in incomplete paraplegia from fracture and subluxation of t4. dorsal laminectomy and segmental spinal fixation were used in treatment. the segmental spinal fixation consisted of sublaminar wires attached to a contoured 316l stainless steel u-rod. the chimpanzee recovered sufficient function to allow reintroduction into the chimpanzee colony at a zoological park during the 12 mon ... | 1991 | 2004998 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of three different hepatitis delta viruses isolated from a woodchuck and humans. | we have investigated the extent of hepatitis delta virus (hdv) genetic variability after serial passages in chimpanzees and woodchucks and between different human isolates. a complete hdv genome, isolated from a woodchuck liver, was cloned after five serial transmissions. the 1679 nucleotide long genome revealed only point mutations and a nucleotide divergence of 0.65% and 0.89% with previously published sequences of two epidemiologically related hdvs. we have obtained partial nucleotide sequenc ... | 1991 | 2005438 |
| an immunogenic onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection. | onchocerciasis (river blindness) is a serious health problem and a severe obstacle to social and economic development, especially in africa. a complementary dna fragment coding for an onchocerca volvulus antigen (ov-16) was cloned and expressed in the plasmid vector pcg808fx. immune responses to this o. volvulus-specific recombinant antigen were detectable in patients with documented onchocerciasis; the antibody response was also detectable at 3 months and at more than 1 year before infection co ... | 1991 | 2011741 |
| experimental onchocerca volvulus infections in mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys) compared to infections in humans and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | three chimpanzees, three mangabey monkeys (cercocebus atys), and 14 patas monkeys (erythrocebus patas) were inoculated with l3 onchocerca volvulus of guatemalan origin. one chimpanzee and two mangabey monkeys developed antibody activity to at least three different antigens. both mangabey monkeys recognized a 20 kda antigen 3.5-5 months post-inoculation, and the monkeys and the chimpanzee developed antibody activity to 14 and 22 kda antigens 7.5-13 months post-inoculation. one mangabey monkey and ... | 1991 | 2012258 |
| observations after human immunodeficiency virus immunization and challenge of human immunodeficiency virus seropositive and seronegative chimpanzees. | two human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seropositive chimpanzees (a-3 and a-86c) infected 4 yr earlier with hiv, along with one uninfected animal (a-36), were inoculated intramuscularly three times in a year with a gamma-irradiated gp120-depleted hiv immunogen in incomplete freund's adjuvant. both previously infected animals promptly developed an anamnestic humoral antibody response after the first dose, and the uninfected animal developed a primary humoral response to the first dose and then an ... | 1991 | 2014254 |
| circumsporozoite protein gene from plasmodium reichenowi, a chimpanzee malaria parasite evolutionarily related to the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. | we have cloned and sequenced the gene encoding the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium reichenowi a plasmodium falciparum-like malaria parasite of chimpanzees. comparison of the two cs proteins reveals both similarities and differences in these two evolutionarily related parasites that have adapted to different hosts. the p. reichenowi cs protein has a new repeat sequence, nvnp, in addition to the p. falciparum-like nanp and nvdp repeats. in the immunodominant th2r and th3r regions of th ... | 1991 | 2016283 |
| baculovirus-directed high level expression of the hepatitis delta antigen in spodoptera frugiperda cells. | the hepatitis delta antigen (hdag) is a multifunctional protein. it forms the core-like structure of the hepatitis delta virus (hdv) but also enhances replication of hdv in the nucleus of the hepatocyte. a cdna fragment encoding hdag was inserted adjacent to the polyhedrin promoter of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus present in the baculovirus transfer vector pvl941. after transfection of spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells a recombinant baculovirus ac delta 1 was isolated and pur ... | 1991 | 2016595 |
| identification of novel single-stranded d(tc)n binding proteins in several mammalian species. | a group of single-stranded d(tc)n specific binding proteins has been detected in the nuclear extracts of several mammalian species that included mouse, human, african green monkey, chimpanzee, and chinese muntjac. southwestern analysis of 500 mm kci nuclear extracts has shown that these proteins cluster in a similar size range, 55.5 to 57 kd. an additional 54 kd band was present for the three primate species examined. the single-stranded d(tc)n binding activity was confirmed with bandshift assay ... | 1991 | 2017376 |
| attempts to transmit hepatitis b virus to chimpanzees by arthropods. | bedbugs (cimex lectularius l.) were fed on an infective blood-hepatitis b virus (hbv) mixture. further bedbugs and tampan ticks (ornithodoros moubata [murray]) were fed on hbv-carrier chimpanzees. after a 10-13 day interval for oviposition, tests done on samples of individual arthropods showed that 53-85% of the bugs were hbsag-positive and none hbeag-positive, while 100% of the ticks were hbsag-positive and 88% hbeag-positive. the remaining arthropods were fed on 3 susceptible chimpanzees, whic ... | 1991 | 2017742 |
| reconstruction of molecular phylogeny of extant hominoids from dna sequence data. | evolutionary distance matrices of the extant hominoids are computed from dna sequence data, and hominoid dna phylogenies are reconstructed by applying the neighbor-joining method to these distance matrices. the chimpanzee is clustered with the human in most of the phylogenetic trees thus obtained. the proportion of the distance between human and chimpanzee to that between human/chimpanzee and orangutan is estimated. both mitochondrial dna and nuclear dna show a similar value (0.44), which is clo ... | 1991 | 2018102 |
| a sequence dimorphism in a conserved domain of human 28s rrna. uneven distribution of variant genes among individuals. differential expression in hela cells. | in humans, cellular 28s rrna displays a sequence dimorphism within an evolutionarily conserved motif, with the presence, at position +60, of either a a (like the metazoan consensus) or a g. the relative abundance of the two forms of variant genes in the genome exhibit large differences among individuals. the two variant forms are generally represented in cellular 28s rrna in proportion of their relative abundance in the genome, at least for leucocytes. however, in some cases, one form of variant ... | 1991 | 2020541 |
| characterization of the transcription unit and two processed pseudogenes of chimpanzee triosephosphate isomerase (tpi). | three members of the chimpanzee tpi (encoding triosephosphate isomerase) gene family, the transcription unit and two processed pseudogenes, have been characterized by genomic blotting and nucleotide sequence analysis. the bona fide tpi gene spans 3.5 kb with seven exons and six introns, and is the first hominoid tpi gene to be completely sequenced. the chimpanzee gene exhibits a very high degree of sequence identity with human and rhesus tpi genes. for example, the polypeptides of 248 amino acid ... | 1991 | 2022334 |
| antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against hiv-1 in sera of immunized chimpanzees. | after immunization of chimpanzees against hiv antigens, antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc) were evaluated and compared with anti-hiv-antibody levels detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and neutralizing antibody titers. adult chimpanzees were immunized with different hiv-1 (lav-bru) antigen preparations: recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) expressing gp160, p25 or p27nef; formalin- and beta-propiolactone-inactivated whole virus (inhiv); soluble ... | 1991 | 2031689 |
| intraspecific variation and sexual dimorphism in cranial and dental variables among higher primates and their bearing on the hominid fossil record. | the extent and nature of dental and cranial sexual dimorphisms in extant hominoids have been investigated using reliably sexed samples of homo sapiens (n = 75), pan troglodytes (n = 51), gorilla gorilla (n = 64) and pongo pygmaeus (n = 43). seventy nine measurements (35 dental, 16 mandibular and 28 cranial) formed the basis of the study. the patterns of mean differences and dispersions between the taxa were compared across the anatomical regions and the group structures of the separate sex sampl ... | 1991 | 2032934 |
| lack of cleavage of immunoglobulin a (iga) from rhesus monkeys by bacterial iga1 proteases. | bacterial immunoglobulin a1 (iga1) proteases cleaving iga1 and secretory iga1 molecules in the hinge region are believed to be important virulence factors. previous studies have indicated that iga of humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees are the exclusive substrates of these enzymes. in a recent study, iga from the rhesus monkey was found to be susceptible to the iga1 protease activity of streptococcus pneumoniae. in an attempt to reproduce this observation, we found that neither five isolates of s. ... | 1991 | 2037384 |
| a chimpanzee-derived chromosome-specific alpha satellite dna sequence conserved between chimpanzee and human. | we describe a cloned 2.7 kb alpha satellite sequence, pan-3, from the pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus) that specifically hybridizes in situ to chromosome 19 in the pygmy chimpanzee and to the homeologous human chromosome, no. 17. using high stringency conditions of hybridization on southern blots, this sequence hybridized to dna from both species of chimpanzee (p. paniscus and p. troglodytes) and from human but not to dna from gorilla (gorilla gorilla) or orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). partial seque ... | 1991 | 2040204 |
| tissue culture system for infection with human hepatitis delta virus. | an in vitro culture system was developed for assaying the infectivity of the human hepatitis delta virus (hdv). hepatocytes were isolated from chimpanzee liver and grown in a serum-free medium. cells were shown to be infectible by hdv and to remain susceptible to infection for at least 3 weeks in culture, as evidenced by the appearance of rna species characteristic of hdv replication as early as 6 days postinfection. when repeated experiments were carried out on cells derived from an animal free ... | 1991 | 2041075 |
| naturally acquired and experimental leprosy in nonhuman primates. | naturally-acquired leprosy has been observed in chimpanzees and sooty mangabey monkeys. experimental multibacillary leprosy was established in 24 of 36 mangabey monkeys, 7 of 34 rhesus monkeys, and 15 of 19 african green monkeys following intravenous and intradermal inoculation of mycobacterium leprae. the experimental disease strongly resembles leprosy in humans clinically, histopathologically, and immunologically. thus, in addition to nine-banded armadillos in louisiana and texas, chimpanzees ... | 1991 | 2042709 |
| molecular evolution of the psi eta-globin gene locus: gibbon phylogeny and the hominoid slowdown. | an 8.4-kb genomic region spanning both the psi eta-globin gene locus and flanking dna was sequenced from the common gibbon (hylobates lar). in addition, sequencing of the entire orthologous region from galago (galago crassicaudatus) was completed. the gibbon and galago sequences, along with published orthologous sequences from 10 other species, were aligned. these noncoding nucleotide sequences represented four human alleles, four apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, organgutan, and gibbon), an old world ... | 1991 | 2046542 |
| experimental onchocerciasis in chimpanzees. cell-mediated immune responses, and production and effects of il-1 and il-2 with onchocerca volvulus infection. | nine of eighteen chimpanzees inoculated with infective third-stage larvae of onchocerca volvulus developed patent infection with microfilariae in skin biopsies. in all infected chimpanzees the in vitro cellular reactivity to o. volvulus adult worm-derived ag (ovag) increased significantly after exposure to third-stage larvae. however, during prepatency the in vitro cellular responses to ovag decreased gradually in subsequently mf positive (patent) animals, and returned with patency to values not ... | 1991 | 2051025 |
| the first successful aids vaccine: immunization of chimpanzees confers protection against challenge with human immunodeficiency virus. | | 1991 | 2051469 |
| characterization of an onchocerca volvulus cdna clone encoding a genus specific antigen present in infective larvae and adult worms. | the isolation and characterization of a recombinant cdna clone (ov7) expressing an antigen present in onchocerca volvulus infective larvae and adult stages is described. using chimpanzee antiserum generated against irradiated infective larvae, we isolated a cdna clone from a lambda gt11 cdna expression library derived from adult o. volvulus mrna. the open reading frame encodes 131 amino acids corresponding to a 15.2-kda protein. affinity purified antibodies which bound specifically to ov7 fusion ... | 1991 | 2052041 |
| nucleotide sequence of chimpanzee fc and hinge regions. | the nucleotide sequence of the fc and hinge regions of a chimpanzee monoclonal antibody has been determined. most of the sequence is similar to the human igg1 sequence. however, the chimpanzee hinge regions differs from the human hinge region in six of 48 nucleotides, which leads to three amino acid substitutions. two of the amino acid changes are not conservative and may lead to differences in flexibility of the hinge. the chimp hinge sequence seems to be a combination of the human igg1 hinge a ... | 1991 | 2062315 |
| induction of antibodies to the envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus by immunization with monoclonal anti-idiotypes. | anti-idiotypes that possess the internal image of antigen can induce protective humoral immunity toward microbes. herein we demonstrate antigen mimicry by monoclonal anti-idiotypes of a distinct epitope of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) envelope protein that is defined by a synthetic peptide. this peptide, corresponding to amino acid residues 503-535 (peptide 503-535) of hiv-1 iiib gp160, induced antibodies in three mammalian species that interacted with hiv-1 gp120 and inhibited in vitr ... | 1991 | 2062842 |
| human-specific sequences: isolation of species-specific dna regions by genome subtraction. | uniqueness is fundamental to the individuality of species, and this in turn is based on the uniqueness of their genomes. for the purpose of resolving the genetic basis of human uniqueness, we describe here the isolation of human-specific sequences using the technique of genome subtraction, i.e., competitive reassociation of genomic dnas between two very closely related species. one such sequence, hs5, was found to be present only in the human genome and absent in the genomes of non-human primate ... | 1990 | 2081602 |
| large-scale production of plasmodium vivax sporozoites. | mass-scale production of plasmodium vivax sporozoites in anopheles stephensi was achieved using the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) as a source of infective blood. membrane feeding was as successful as feeding mosquitoes directly on the animal so long as the time between drawing the blood and feeding was restricted to 45 min. longer delays such as 2-3 h resulted in loss of infectivity in terms of oocyst production. the selected strain of a. stephensi was highly susceptible to p. vivax (chesson stra ... | 1990 | 2092287 |
| [a comparative physiological study of the generalization function in primates]. | fundamental rules of the generalization function formation and development were formulated on the basis of comparative analysis of visual discrimination, summarizing and abstraction in the representatives of various primate subfamilies. it was established that monkeys and apes (macaca mulatta, cebus apella, pan troglodytes) learning to define such abstract characteristic as relative size of visual pictures of natural and geometrical objects were able to use previously remembered rules elaborated ... | 1990 | 2092563 |
| testing of plasmodium vivax cs proteins in saimiri monkeys. | recombinant proteins directed against the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium vivax were tested for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. the monkeys were immunized 3 times with either alum or muramyl tripeptide as adjuvant, and were challenged with 10,000 sporozoites (p. vivax, salvador i strain) from mosquitos infected by membrane feeding on gametocytes from chimpanzees. antibodies, measured by indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests and enzyme ... | 1990 | 2094590 |
| septopremaxillary ligament resection and midfacial growth in a chimpanzee animal model. | data collected from human studies suggests a relationship between a disruption of the septopremaxillary ligament (spl) attachment and midfacial hypoplasia in complete cleft individuals. the present study investigates the spl-traction mechanism and midfacial growth in a chimpanzee animal model. seventeen chimps (7 unoperated controls, 5 shams, and 5 animals with early spl reaction) were used in the present study. lateral head x-rays and dental study models were collected quarterly through 1200 da ... | 1990 | 2098177 |
| the importance of non-human primates for preclinical testing of immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies. | monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for lymphocyte markers can be considered as very specific immunomodulating drugs for treatment of allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases. although the selection of potentially useful specificities of mab can be made in rodents, human specific mab can only be evaluated in man or a closely related species in which these human specific mab are equally reactive. because of the restricted reactivity of human specific mab, non-human primates are the only avail ... | 1990 | 2104280 |
| detection of antibody against antigen expressed by molecularly cloned hepatitis c virus cdna: application to diagnosis and blood screening for posttransfusion hepatitis. | a cdna clone has been derived from the plasma of a chimpanzee with chronic non-a, non-b viral hepatitis (nanbh). we have assayed for antibodies reacting with the encoded antigen in sera from posttransfusion hepatitis patients (643 samples from 23 patients) and their corresponding donors collected during the past 10 years in japan. the antibody was detected in 15 out of 17 (88.2%) posttransfusion nanbh (pt-nanbh) patients whose sera over time displayed multiple alanine aminotransferase (alt) peak ... | 1990 | 2105505 |