| evolution of pro-protamine p2 genes in primates. | protamines p1 and p2 form a family of small basic peptides that represent the major sperm proteins in placental mammals. in human and mouse protamine p2 is one of the most abundant sperm proteins. the protamine p2 gene codes for a p2 precursor, pro-p2 which is later processed by proteolytic cleavages in its n-terminal region to form the mature p2 protamines. we have used polymerase chain amplification to directly sequence the pro-p2 genes of the five major primate families: red howler (alouatta ... | 1993 | 8513810 |
| dating the primigenial c4-cyp21 duplication in primates. | c4 and cyp21 are two adjacent, but functionally unrelated genes residing in the middle of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex (mhc). the c4 gene codes for the fourth component of the complement cascade, whereas the cyp21 gene specifies an enzyme (cytochrome p450c21) of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid pathways. the genes occur frequently in multiple copies on a single chromosome arranged in the order c4 ... cyp21 ... c4 ... cyp21. the unit of duplication (a module) is the c4-c ... | 1993 | 8514140 |
| filariae from a wild gorilla in gabon with description of a new species of mansonella. | a search for filariae was performed on a wild male gorilla g. gorilla from the lopé reserve in gabon, which had died as a result of injuries inflicted by another male gorilla. a female worm of loa loa and female worms of two species of mansonella were recovered from the deep tissues of a wounded thigh. in order to analyze these mansonella, specimens of m. (e.) perstans, m. (e.) vanhoofi and m. (e.) streptocerca from the collections of the museum national d'histoire naturelle de paris have been s ... | 1995 | 8520803 |
| investigation of species specificity using nine pcr-based human str systems. | several eukaryotic genomes contain polymorphic markers consisting of trimeric and tetrameric short tandem repeats (str). recent reports have demonstrated the variability of short tandem repeat (str) polymorphisms at a variety of loci among several human population groups. currently, there are nine commercially available str pcr systems from promega corporation that may be utilized for human identification. we report here the analysis of 23 different species dna's using these nine str primer syst ... | 1995 | 8522927 |
| tricky relatives: consecutive dichotomous speciation of gorilla, chimpanzee and hominids testified by immunological determinants. | | 1995 | 8544877 |
| antigenic characteristics and cdna sequences of hla-b73. | the cdna sequence and serological data for hla-b73 are reported. anti-b73 sera are found relatively frequently, considering the rarity of the antigen. it was noted early that in some cases the antibodies in sera of multiparous women did not react with the eliciting cells (fathers) and thus all behaved as a naturally occurring antibody. we report on 18 b73 antisera found during the screening of 55,000 danish sera. only one of the 17 stimulators typed also had the b73 tissue type. ten of the stimu ... | 1995 | 8547229 |
| the human t-cell receptor gamma variable pseudogene v10 is a distinctive marker of human speciation. | the v10 variable gene of the human t-cell receptor gamma locus (tcrg-v10), the only member of the subgroup iii, has a structural defect which inhibits the splicing of the leader intron. we show that there is a single point mutation in the v10 leader donor splice site responsible for this situation and that this mutation is found in the different populations tested, indicating that v10 corresponds to a pseudogene in humans. we restored the splice site by mutagenesis and obtained correct splicing ... | 1996 | 8575818 |
| the role and amplification of the hs alu subfamily founder gene. | a recently identified alu element (leeflang et al. j. mol. evol. 1993, 37:559-565), referred to as the "putative founder of the hs (pv) subfamily," was found to be present at orthologous loci in the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and gibbon lineages. the evolution of this alu suggested that it is a source gene in the evolution of alu family repeats for one of the most recent subfamilies, hs. we have determined that this putative founder of the hs subfamily was not present at the orthologous loci in ... | 1996 | 8576958 |
| increased microsatellite variability in macaca mulatta compared to humans due to a large scale deletion/insertion event during primate evolution. | human (gata)n microsatellites d12s66 and d12s67 could be successfully amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in various species of apes and monkeys. in 86 unrelated animals of the most intensively studied species macaca mulatta we demonstrated five alleles at "d12d66" differing in size in increments of 4 bp (159-175 bp), whereas 17 alleles were observed at locus "d12s67". the alleles of the latter locus are distributed in two separate groups with no alleles of intermediate size. six allele ... | 1995 | 8582342 |
| tempo and mode of synonymous substitutions in mitochondrial dna of primates. | nucleotide substitutions of the four-fold degenerate sites and the total third codon positions of mitochondrial dna from human, common chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan were examined in detail by three alternative markov models; (1) hasegawa, kishino, and yano's (1985) model, (2) tamura and nei's (1993) model, and (3) the general reversible markov model. these sites are expected to be relatively free from constraint, and therefore their tempo and mode in evolution should reflect those o ... | 1996 | 8583892 |
| minimum description principle applied to construction of molecular phylogenetic tree. | ever since the discovery of a molecular clock (constancy of molecular evolutionary rate), many methods have been developed to estimate the molecular evolutionary phylogenetic trees from the homologous nucleic sequences of different species. in this paper, we deal with this problem from the view point of an inductive inference, and apply rissanen's minimum description length principle to extract the minimum complexity phylogenetic tree. five mitochondrial dna sequences from human, common chimpanz ... | 1995 | 8591579 |
| effects of ontogeny and sexual dimorphism on scapula morphology in the mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringei). | scapular measurements were obtained from growth series of the sexually dimorphic mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringei). juveniles, subadults, and adults were compared to determine if scapula morphology varies with age. analyses reveal significant (p < 0.05) differences in scapula form for shape ratios of length vs. breadth, length vs. infraspinous fossa length, and length vs. spine length. males and females were also compared to determine if sexual dimorphism in scapula morphology is a con ... | 1995 | 8599379 |
| allelic diversity at the primate mhc-g locus: exon 3 bears stop codons in all cercopithecinae sequences. | twenty-seven major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-g exon 2, exon 3, and exon 2 and 3 allelic sequences were obtained together with 12 different intron 2 sequences. homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, pan paniscus, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus, macaca fascicularis, macaca mulatta, and cercopithecus aethiops individuals were studied. polymorphism does not follow the classical pattern of three hypervariable regions per domain and is found in all species studied; exon 3 (equivalent to the alpha 2 pr ... | 1996 | 8606053 |
| evolution and the origins of man: clues from complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial dna. | dating the origins of homo sapiens sapiens is a central problem in human population genetics and anthropology. do we descend from a single recent ancestral population in africa, or from multiple ancestral populations in various regions of the world which one million years ago simultaneously began developing into h.s.sapiens? the high substitution rate of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) makes this molecule suitable for genealogical and chronological research on closely related hominoid species. we have ... | 1995 | 8629095 |
| analysis of the specificity of bacterial immunoglobulin a (iga) proteases by a comparative study of ape serum igas as substrates. | immunoglobulin a (iga) proteases are bacterial enzymes with substrate specificity for human serum and secretory igas. to further define the basis of this specificity, we examined the ability of iga proteases of clostridium ramosum, streptococcus pneumoniae (ec 3.4.24.13), neisseria meningitidis (ec 3.4.21.72), and haemophilus influenzae (ec 3.4.21.72) to cleave serum igas of gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans. all enzymes cleaved the igas of the three apes despite differences in ape iga1 hing ... | 1996 | 8641803 |
| [homology and evolution of gene order: a simple method for testing a hypothesis on the nature of this evolution]. | a method of testing various hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of evolution of gene order is suggested. estimating the possibility of constructing an evolutionary tree that reflects the observed similarity between gene orders studied is proposed, provided that the distances between gene orders correspond to estimations obtained on the basis of the hypothesis tested. the required ibm pc software was developed. it was found that gene orders of the mouse, rabbit, cow, cat, lemur, capuchin monkey, ... | 1996 | 8647415 |
| a remembrance of fred, the lowland gorilla. | | 1996 | 8651981 |
| telomeres of higher primates. | the telomeres of gorilla, chimpanzee and human peripheral blood cells have been examined by hybridization to an oligonucleotide probe, (ttaggg)4, following conventional and pulsed-field electrophoresis procedures. the mspi site present near the chromosome terminus undergoes methylation in gorilla, chimpanzee and human genome as shown by the hpaii digestion. minor (ttaggg)4-hybridizing sequences have been also detected in the chimpanzee hindiii and mspi digests. | 1995 | 8653088 |
| comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of primate chromosomes with alu polymerase chain reaction generated probes from human/rodent somatic cell hybrids. | we have used alu polymerase chain reaction generated probes from rearranged human/rodent somatic cell hybrids for fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative mapping of some intrachromosomal changes in the karyotypes of great apes (pan troglodytes, p. paniscus, gorilla gorilla, pongo pygmaeus), a gibbon (hylobates lar), and an old world monkey (macaca fuscata). probes containing chromosomes 2 and 18 fragments confirmed inversions already suggested by the banding pattern of great ape homol ... | 1996 | 8653267 |
| the "phoca standard": an external molecular reference for calibrating recent evolutionary divergences. | comparison of the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) of the high-arctic ringed seal (phoca hispida) and the sub-arctic harbour (p. vitulina) and grey (halichoerus grypus) seals shows that they are genetically equidistant from one another. we relate the evolutionary divergence of the three species to expanding glaciation in the arctic basin and establish, in conjunction with mtdna data, a standard reference for calibration of recent divergence events among mammalian taxa. in the present study, we ... | 1996 | 8660422 |
| characterization of a chromosome-specific chimpanzee alpha satellite subset: evolutionary relationship to subsets on human chromosomes. | alpha satellite dna is a tandemly repeated dna family found at the centromeres of all primate chromosomes examined. the fundamental repeat units of alpha satellite dna are diverged 169- and 172-bp monomers, often found to be organized in chromosome-specific higher-order repeat units. the chromosomes of human (homo sapiens (hsa)), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes (ptr) and pan paniscus), and gorilla (gorilla gorilla) share a remarkable similarity and synteny. it is of interest to ask if alpha satellit ... | 1996 | 8660971 |
| the znf75 zinc finger gene subfamily: isolation and mapping of the four members in humans and great apes. | we have previously reported (villa et al. (1993), genomics 18: 223) the characterization of the human znf75 gene located on xq26, which has only limited homology (less than 65%) to other zf genes in the databases. here, we describe three human zinc finger genes with 86 to 95% homology to znf75 at the nucleotide level, which represent all the members of the human znf75 subfamily. one of these, znf75b, is a pseudogene mapped to chromosome 12q13. the other two, znf75a and znf75c, maintain an orf in ... | 1996 | 8661144 |
| maximum-likelihood models for combined analyses of multiple sequence data | abstract. models of nucleotide substitution were constructed for combined analyses of heterogeneous sequence data (such as those of multiple genes) from the same set of species. the models account for different aspects of the heterogeneity in the evolutionary process of different genes, such as differences in nucleotide frequencies, in substitution rate bias (for example, the transition/transversion rate bias), and in the extent of rate variation across sites. model parameters were estimated by ... | 1996 | 8662011 |
| investigation of the rh locus in gorillas and chimpanzees. | the human rh blood-group system is encoded by two homologous genes, rhd and rhce. the rh genes in gorillas and chimpanzees were investigated to delineate the phylogeny of the human rh genes. southern blot analysis with an exon 7-specific probe suggested that gorillas have more than two rh genes, as has recently been reported for chimpanzees. exon 7 was well conserved between humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees, although the exon 7 nucleotide sequences from gorillas were more similar to the human d ... | 1996 | 8662018 |
| interallelic recombination has not played a major role in the history of the hla-c locus. | the human major histocompatibility complex class i loci hla-a and hla-b have previously been shown to differ with regard to the rate of interallelic recombination, with a much higher rate being observed in the case of hla-b. until recently, there were very few hla-c transcripts available for analysis. in the present study, we analyzed c locus alleles from human (n = 24), chimpanzee (n = 1), and gorilla (n = 5). both phylogenetic analysis and a method for detecting clusters of sites indicative of ... | 1996 | 8662075 |
| identification of new tap2 alleles in gorilla: evolution of the locus within hominoids. | transporters associated with antigen processing molecules (tap1 and tap2) mediate the transfer of cytosolic peptides into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum for association with newly synthesized class i molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. previous molecular and functional analyses of rat and human tap2 homologues indicated major differences in gene diversification patterns and selectivity of peptides transported. therefore, in this study, we analyzed the alleles of the gorill ... | 1996 | 8662084 |
| region-specific yac banding and painting probes for comparative genome mapping: implications for the evolution of human chromosome 2. | to date, several hundred nonchimeric yeast artificial chromosomes (yacs) from the centre d'etude du polymorphisme humain containing polymorphic sequence-tagged sites have been mapped by fluoresence in situ hybridization (fish) on human metaphase chromosomes. because they carry an average of 1 mb of human genomic dna, ceph yacs generate high-intensity in situ hybridization signals. the available set of cytogenetically and genetically anchored yacs, approximately one every 5-10 cm evenly spaced ov ... | 1996 | 8662246 |
| primate phylogeny: morphological vs. molecular results. | our comparative study of morphological (our data on selected living primates) and molecular characters (from the literature) confirms that, overall, phylogenetic reconstructions of primates, and consequently their classifications, are more similar than dissimilar. when data from fossil primates are incorporated, there may be several possible relationships among living primates; the difference between most of them hinges mainly on the position of tarsius. in one hypothesis, tarsiers are closely r ... | 1996 | 8673281 |
| the gorilla and the question of human origins: the brain controversy. | | 1996 | 8675985 |
| a complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the western lowland gorilla. | the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) molecule of the gorilla was sequenced. the entire sequence, 16,412 nucleotides, was determined by analysis of natural (not polymerase chain reaction) restriction fragments covering the whole molecule. the sequence was established from one individual and thus nonchimeric. after comparison with the coii gene of gorilla specimens with known geographical origin, the sequence was identified as characteristic of the western lowland gorilla, gorilla gorilla gorill ... | 1996 | 8676744 |
| probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees: a new method of phylogenetic inference. | a new method is presented for inferring evolutionary trees using nucleotide sequence data. the birth-death process is used as a model of speciation and extinction to specify the prior distribution of phylogenies and branching times. nucleotide substitution is modeled by a continuous-time markov process. parameters of the branching model and the substitution model are estimated by maximum likelihood. the posterior probabilities of different phylogenies are calculated and the phylogeny with the hi ... | 1996 | 8703097 |
| rapid allelic diversification and intensified selection at antigen recognition sites of the mhc class ii dpb1 locus during hominoid evolution. | the evolution of polymorphism at the mhc class ii dpb1 locus was studied by comparison of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and human dpb1 alleles. extensive polymorphism was found in all hominoids. the clustering of sequences in the phylogenetic tree is consistent with rapid generation of the dpb1 polymorphism. analysis of the substitution pattern for human alleles shows an excess of non-synonymous changes to synonymous changes at antigen r ... | 1996 | 8740771 |
| alveolar hydatidosis in a gorilla and a ring-tailed lemur in japan. | alveolar hydatidosis by echinococcus multilocularis (em) infection occurred on a 22-year-old (approx.) male gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and a 4-year-old female ring-tailed lemur (lemur catta) in a zoo, in hokkaido, japan. case 1: the gorilla presented neurologic signs in course of nine months and died. pathologically, alveolar hydatid lesions were found in the liver, the liver-associated lymph nodes, the cerebrum, and the lungs. a protoscolex was found only in one hepatic cyst. case 2: in the lemu ... | 1996 | 8741606 |
| mitochondrial dna migration events in yeast and humans: integration by a common end-joining mechanism and alternative perspectives on nucleotide substitution patterns. | in contrast to extensive infiltration of plant nuclear genomes by mitochondrial and chloroplast dna fragments, a computer assessment method could only detect seven mitochondrial dna integration events in saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes and five examples of dna migration into mammalian nuclear genes. no evidence could be detected for mitochondrial dna insertion into chromosome iii of caenorhabditis elegans or in nuclear dna sequences of drosophila sp. or plasmodium falciparum. thus, the quan ... | 1996 | 8742642 |
| regional localization of human m-bcr gene to chromosome 23 band q11 in the great apes. | we hybridized a human m-bcr dna probe to the chromosomes of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus) by fish-technique. the human m-bcr gene was localized to chromosome 23 band q11 (23q11), which is equivalent to the human chromosome 22 band q11 in all three species. the conservation of m-bcr gene in higher primates at the corresponding human chromosome locus provides phylogenetic clues concerning the evolution of genes. | 1996 | 8765683 |
| primate origin of the cmt1a-rep repeat and analysis of a putative transposon-associated recombinational hotspot. | the cmt1a-rep repeat on chromosome 17p11.2-12 is proposed to mediate misalignment and meiotic unequal crossover leading to a 1.5 mb pair duplication associated with charcot-marie-tooth neuropathy type 1a (cmt1a) and a reciprocal deletion associated with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (hnpp). restriction enzyme endonuclease mapping indicated that the size of the cmt1a-rep repeat is approximately 24 kb and dna sequence analysis determined that the repeat is flanked by inv ... | 1996 | 8776588 |
| a comparison of tspy genes from y-chromosomal dna of the great apes and humans: sequence, evolution, and phylogeny. | the genes for testis-specific protein y (tspy) were sequenced from chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and baboon (papio hamadryas). the sequences were compared with each other and with the published human sequence. substitutions were detected at 144 of the 755 nucleotide positions compared. in overviewing five sequences, one deletion in human, four successive nucleotide insertions in orangutan, and seven deletions/insertions in baboon sequence we ... | 1996 | 8798990 |
| mitochondrial dna diversity in gorillas. | a highly variable portion of the mitochondrial dna control region was sequenced in 63 free-living and captive gorillas including representatives of the three recognized subspecies. this region has proven useful for evaluation of relative levels of genetic variability in populations, for clarification of the subspecies identity of a wild population, and for examination of the phylogenetic relationships of the three subspecies. the eastern lowland (gorilla gorilla graueri) and mountain gorilla (go ... | 1996 | 8812304 |
| phylogenetic relationship among the malaria parasites based on small subunit rrna gene sequences: monophyletic nature of the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. | we analyzed the small subunit ribosomal rna (ssurrna) gene sequences from 13 malaria species parasitic to humans, chimpanzees/gorillas, old world monkeys, rodents, birds, and lizards in order to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the plasmodium species. the ssurrna genes of plasmodium vivax and p. ovale were sequenced by the dideoxy method in our laboratory; other sequences were retrived from genbank. these sequences were aligned with the ssurrna gene sequence of outgroup species, ... | 1996 | 8812316 |
| duplication of a gene-rich cluster between 16p11.1 and xq28: a novel pericentromeric-directed mechanism for paralogous genome evolution. | we have identified a 26.5 kb gene-rich duplication shared by human xq28 and 16p11.1. complete comparative sequence analysis of cosmids from both loci has revealed identical xq28 and 16p11.1 genomic structures for both the human creatine transporter gene (slc6a8) and five exons of the cdm gene (dxs1357e). overall nucleotide similarity within the duplication was found to be 94.6%, suggesting that this interchromosomal duplication occurred within recent evolutionary time (7-10 mya). based on compar ... | 1996 | 8817324 |
| molecular evolution of the n-formyl peptide and c5a receptors in non-human primates. | n-formyl peptides (fmlp) and complement fragment c5a are neutrophil chemoattractants. in humans, a single-copy gene was identified for the c5a receptor, and the receptor for fmlp (fpr1) is encoded by a single gene that shows 53% amino acid similarity to the c5ar. two other human fpr1 homologues, fpr-like 1 (fpr2/fprl1) and fpr-like 2 (fprl2) have been cloned. the human c5ar, fpr1, fprl1, and fprl2 are physically linked. by direct sequencing or by sequencing plasmid clones we studied the c5ar and ... | 1996 | 8824156 |
| concerted evolution of the tandemly repeated genes encoding primate u2 small nuclear rna (the rnu2 locus) does not prevent rapid diversification of the (ct)n.(ga)n microsatellite embedded within the u2 repeat unit. | the rnu2 locus encoding human u2 small nuclear rna (snrna) is organized as a nearly perfect tandem array containing 5 to 22 copies of a 5.8-kb repeat unit. just downstream of the u2 snrna gene in each 5.8-kb repeat unit lies a large (ct)n.(ga)n dinucleotide repeat (n approximately equal to 70). this form of genomic organization, in which one repeat is embedded within another, provides an unusual opportunity to study the balance of forces maintaining the homogeneity of both kinds of repeats. usin ... | 1995 | 8825646 |
| hominoid phylogeny estimated by model selection using goodness of fit significance tests. | phylogeny estimation from nucleotide sequence data may be thought of as a problem of choosing between different evolutionary models that vary with the branching pattern of the phylogeny and with the stochastic process of nucleotide sequence change occurring on the branches of the phylogenetic tree. thus, each evolutionary model consists of both a particular stochastic process and a particular phylogeny. such models produce multinomial distributions of nucleotide character patterns. as first sugg ... | 1995 | 8845964 |
| nonneutral mitochondrial dna variation in humans and chimpanzees. | we sequenced the nadh dehydrogenase subunit 3 (nd3) gene from a sample of 61 humans, five common chimpanzees, and one gorilla to test whether patterns of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) variation are consistent with a neutral model of molecular evolution. within humans and within chimpanzees, the ratio of replacement to silent nucleotide substitutions was higher than observed in comparisons between species, contrary to neutral expectations. to test the generality of this result, we reanalyzed publishe ... | 1996 | 8849901 |
| structure and content of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i regions of the great anthropoid apes. | the origins of the functional class i genes predated human speciation, a phenomenon known as trans-speciation. the retention of class ia orthologues within the great apes, however, has not been paralleled by studies designed to examine the pseudogene content, organization, and structure of their class i regions. therefore, we have begun the systematic characterization of the old world primate mhcs. the numbers and sizes of fragments harboring class i sequences were similar among the chimpanzee, ... | 1996 | 8872161 |
| evolution of mhc class i genes in higher primates. | the classical major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i genes are conserved in higher primates. motifs common to human, chimpanzee and gorilla alleles indicate that class i alleles diverged from ancestral sequences that existed before separation of these species. analysis of native human populations such as australian aborigines and amerindians shows that hla-b is characterized by rapid generation of new alleles. hla-a and -c appear to be evolving more slowly. comparison of alleles for orth ... | 1996 | 8872186 |
| transporter associated with antigen-processing-1 (tap1) alleles in gorilla gorilla: diversification of the locus postspeciation. | the transporter associated with antigen-processing (tap) proteins are required for the transport of cytosolic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum for assembly with class i major histocompatibility molecules. in the rat, allelic variants of the tap genes impart specificity to the process of peptide transport. however, differential transport has yet to be demonstrated with the human molecules. tap genes from humans and rodents have been studied thus far; analysis of another species more closel ... | 1996 | 8891732 |
| subchondral plate thickness reflects tensile stress in the primate acetabulum. | to evaluate possible relationships between body size and articular architecture, femoral head radius and subchondral plate thickness were assessed in skeletal hip joints from normal primates. the relative "contact pressure" on bearing surfaces was estimated from the measured radius and the normal body mass in species ranging from cebuella pygmaea (0.1 kg) to gorilla gorilla (170 kg). subchondral plate thickness was evaluated by computed tomography in species ranging from cercopithecus neglectus ... | 1996 | 8893781 |
| characterization of two baboon surfactant protein a genes. | the gene encoding surfactant protein a (sp-a) is expressed in type ii pneumonocytes and is developmentally and hormonally regulated in fetal lung tissue. sp-a is encoded by a single-copy gene in rabbits, dogs, rats, and mice. by contrast, the human genome contains two similar genes, hsp-a1 and hsp-a2, which are differentially regulated during development and differentially regulated by adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (camp) and glucocorticoid treatment of human fetal lung in culture. in the ... | 1996 | 8897910 |
| assignment of human mycn proto-oncogene to chromosome band 12q24 in higher primates. | controversies concerning the reduction of chromosome number from 48 to 46 in humans by putative fusion of two ape chromosomes still persist. nevertheless, abundant evidence suggests that human chromosome 2 was derived by fusion. consequently, the recent availability of the human mycn gene probe which was localized to 2p24.3 facilitated our search for its location in the human equivalent chromosome(s) of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). in al ... | 1996 | 8921863 |
| interspecific variation at the y-linked rps4y locus in hominoids: implications for phylogeny. | within- and between-species variation in restriction endonuclease recognition sites was examined at the y-linked rps4y locus of six hominoid species: human (homo sapiens), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), bonobo (pan paniscus), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and gibbon (hylobates lar). rps4y is an expressed gene that maps to the non-recombining region of the y chromosome. an approximately 1,490 base pair fragment of the rps4y gene, including all of intron 3, was amplified by ... | 1996 | 8922180 |
| morphometric variation in plio-pleistocene hominid distal humeri. | the magnitude and meaning of morphological variation among plio-pleistocene hominid distal humeri have been recurrent points of disagreement among paleoanthropologists. some researchers have found noteworthy differences among fossil humeri that they believe merit taxonomic separation, while others question the possibility of accurately sorting these fossils into different species and/or functional groups. size and shape differences among fossil distal humeri are evaluated here to determine wheth ... | 1996 | 8922185 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of epi-1, the major protein in chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) cauda epididymal fluid. | a 27-kda glycoprotein comprises approximately 20% of the total protein in chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) cauda epididymal fluid. polyclonal antibodies generated against this glycoprotein react with 27- and 25-kda components in chimpanzee cauda epididymal fluid and in human, gorilla, chimpanzee, and monkey seminal fluid. according to microsequencing, the 27- and 25-kda components (chimpanzee epi-1) are identical to the cloned putative human epididymal protein he1. screening of a chimpanzee epididym ... | 1996 | 8924506 |
| appearance of ossification centers of the lower arm, wrist, lower leg, and ankle in immature orangutans and chimpanzees with an assessment of the relationship of ossification to dental development. | this study examines the appearance of the secondary ossification centers in the lower arms, wrists, lower legs, and ankles of a cross-sectional sample of 20 infant orangutans and chimpanzees (15 of known age). the number of tarsal and carpal centers is analyzed relative to the degree of m1 development and the weight of individual animals. variation in the appearance of these ossification centers is discussed relative to these variables and others. in addition, a sequence of appearance is establi ... | 1996 | 8928720 |
| ontogeny of body size variation in african apes. | size variation in african apes (gorilla gorilla [gorilla], pan paniscus [pygmy chimpanzee], and pan troglodytes ["common" chimpanzee]) is substantial, both within and between species. we investigate the possible evolutionary significance of this variation through an analysis of the ontogeny of size variation in this group. in addition, we highlight possible areas of future endocrinological research, and evaluate recently proposed alternative models that attempt to account for ontogenetic variati ... | 1996 | 8928723 |
| identification of the rhesus monkey hla-g ortholog. mamu-g is a pseudogene. | hla-g is a nonclassical mhc class i molecule that is primarily expressed in the placenta. to investigate whether rhesus monkeys possess an hla-g ortholog, we cloned and sequenced mhc class i cdnas from the rhesus placenta. we identified two rhesus mhc class i cdnas with sequence similarity to hla-g. each cdna contained premature stop codons and frameshift mutations, suggesting that it was derived from an mhc class i pseudogene. gene trees constructed using mhc class i alleles from human and nonh ... | 1996 | 8955191 |
| polyclonal lymphoid tumor of the choroid plexus presenting as an intraventricular mass in a young gorilla. | an unusual lymphoid lesion with reactive germinal centers, occurring in the choroid plexus of a young gorilla, is reported. it presented as a large mass in the lateral ventricle with hydrocephalus and neurological symptoms. a work-up did not reveal any underlying cause for this lesion. no similar lesion of the choroid plexus has been reported in either human or veterinary literature. histological work-up, including flow cytometry, gene rearrangement studies and t and b cell markers, favored the ... | 1996 | 8960321 |
| sex differences in the sciatic notch of great apes and modern humans. | the sciatic notch has been widely used as a sexing criterion in modern humans. in order to better understand the sex differences of this feature in modern humans and great apes, four measurements of the sciatic notch were taken on samples of modern humans and great apes of known sex. univariate (anova) analysis and discriminant function analysis were performed on the extant taxa to determine: (1) the discriminating power of each variable in these samples of known group membership; and (2) which ... | 1996 | 8967329 |
| a unique genomic sequence in the wolf-hirschhorn syndrome [whs] region of humans is conserved in the great apes. | the wolf-hirschhorn syndrome (whs) is caused by a partial deletion in the short arm of chromosome 4 band 16.3 (4p 16.3). a unique-sequence human dna probe (39 kb) localized within this region has been used to search for sequence homology in the apes' equivalent chromosome 3 by fish-technique. the whs loci are conserved in higher primates at the expected position. nevertheless, a control probe, which detects alphoid sequences of the pericentromeric region of humans, is diverged in chimpanzee, gor ... | 1996 | 8976066 |
| pattern and timing of evolutionary divergences among hominoids based on analyses of complete mtdnas. | we have examined and dated primate divergences by applying a newly established molecular/ paleontological reference, the evolutionary separation between artiodactyls and cetaceans anchored at 60 million years before present (mybp). owing to the morphological transformations coinciding with the transition from terrestrial to aquatic (marine) life and the large body size of the animals (which makes their fossils easier to find), this reference can be defined, paleontologically, within much narrowe ... | 1996 | 8995062 |
| rapid conversion of myelin-associated glycoprotein to a soluble derivative in primates. | myelin-associated glycoprotein (mag) is susceptible to proteolysis by a calcium-activated neutral protease which is located in myelin. the conversion of mag (m(r) 100,000) to its soluble derivative dmag (m(r) 90,000) occurs much more rapidly in myelin from human white matter than in myelin from rat brain, and the rate of formation of dmag is increased even more in myelin from white matter of patients with multiple sclerosis (ms). the mag to dmag conversion was studied in several species, ranging ... | 1996 | 9001700 |
| immunoreactive cytokines within primates. | peripheral blood mononuclear cells of primates (man, orang utan, gorilla, baboon), rodents (mouse, rat), carnivores (cat, dog), artiodactyls (cattle, goat, pig) and perissodactyls (horse) were isolated and stimulated with mitogens (5 micrograms/ml lps, 5 micrograms/ml pha) at 37 degrees c. cytokines immunoreactive to monoclonal antibodies (mab) directed to human cytokines (tnf-alpha, il-1 alpha, il-2, il-6, ifn-gamma) could be detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in the case of ... | 1996 | 9011156 |
| monoclonal antibodies directed against human rh antigens in tests with red cells of non-human primates. | human anti-d (rho) monoclonal antibodies (mabs) of the igg (70) and igm (27) classes were tested with red blood cells (rbcs) of various non-human primates, from anthropoid apes to new world monkeys. significant differences in reactivity were observed among antibodies of two classes depending on taxonomic position of primate animals. only igm mabs gave positive reactions (9 out of 18 mabs) with blood of old world monkeys. allotypic reactions with rbcs of african apes were produced by a majority o ... | 1996 | 9018786 |
| genomic structure and evolution of a novel gene (pla2l) with duplicated phospholipase a2-like domains. | in a previous study, we isolated a novel human cdna with two domains of homology to secreted phospholipase a2 (spla2) embedded within a much larger open reading frame. the corresponding gene, termed pla2l, is also unusual in that it is transcribed from an endogenous retroviral long terminal repeat promoter in teratocarcinoma cell lines. the associated retroviral element, a member of the herv-h family of sequences, is found within an intron of the human pla2l gene and has apparently assumed trans ... | 1997 | 9027484 |
| a reappraisal of early hominid phylogeny. | we report here on the results of a new cladistic analysis of early hominid relationships. ingroup taxa included australopithecus afarensis, australopithecus africanus, australopithecus aethiopicus, australopithecus robustus, australopithecus boisei, homo habilis, homo rudolfensis, homo ergaster and homo sapiens. outgroup taxa included pan troglodytes and gorilla gorilla. sixty craniodental characters were selected for analysis. these were drawn from the trait lists of other studies and our own o ... | 1997 | 9034954 |
| unique genomic sequences in human chromosome 16p are conserved in the great apes. | in humans, acute myelomonocytic leukemia (amml) with abnormal bone marrow eosinophilia is diagnosed by the presence of a pericentric inversion in chromosome 16, involving breakpoints p13;q23 [i.e., inv(16)(p13;q23)]. a pericentric inversion involves breaks that have occurred on the p and q arms and the segment in between is rotated 180 degrees and reattaches. the recent development of a "human micro-coatasome" painting probe for 16p contains unique dna sequences that fluorescently label only the ... | 1997 | 9037113 |
| strategies for ovulation induction and oocyte retrieval in the lowland gorilla. | ovulation induction and oocyte retrieval were performed in a lowland gorilla in an attempt to propagate and potentially cryopreserve embryos from an infertile animal and to advance techniques to help preserve this endangered species. | 1997 | 9048241 |
| there is substantial agreement among interspecies estimates of dna repair activity. | faithful maintenance of the genetic material is essential for cellular and organismal function. thus the activity with which nuclear and mitochondrial dna is repaired in somatic cells is likely to be an crucial determinant of maximal lifespan (mls). however there has been controversy over both the actual rates of dna repair in a variety of species, and the correlation of those rates with maximal lifespan. five comparative studies of dna repair have been re-analyzed with reference to an internal ... | 1996 | 9055244 |
| birth of a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. | a 21-year-old multiparous female exhibiting 31-41 day menstrual cycles was given hfsh (225 iu/day, metrodin 75, from cycle day 3 through 9 (menses = day 1) and hcg (10,000 iu, profasi, on day 10 to stimulate follicular development. at 35 h after hcg, under isoflurane (aerrane) anesthesia, follicles were aspirated by controlled suction under transvaginal ultrasound guidance. metaphase ii oocytes (n = 11) were placed in modified human tubal fluid (mhtf, 100 microliters) medium under oil at 37 degr ... | 1997 | 9057968 |
| molecular phylogeny of the hominoids: inferences from multiple independent dna sequence data sets. | consensus on the evolutionary relationships of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas has not been reached, despite the existence of a number of dna sequence data sets relating to the phylogeny, partly because not all gene trees from these data sets agree. however, given the well-known phenomenon of gene tree-species tree mismatch, agreement among gene trees is not expected. a majority of gene trees from available dna sequence data support one hypothesis, but is this evidence sufficient for statistic ... | 1997 | 9066793 |
| ontogeny of locomotion in mountain gorillas and chimpanzees. | the african apes are a group of closely related taxa that differ considerably in body size. in spite of the large body size difference, the african apes are similar in many aspects of their morphology; it has been suggested that most of their differences result from selection for these body size differences (shea, 1988). the influence of body size on locomotion has been well-documented, but what is less clear, is whether these behavioral differences occur throughout ontogeny because few studies ... | 1997 | 9085185 |
| the evolution of the frontal lobes: a volumetric analysis based on three-dimensional reconstructions of magnetic resonance scans of human and ape brains. | scenarios regarding the evolution of cognitive function in hominids depend largely on our understanding of the organization of the frontal lobes in extant humans and apes. the frontal lobe is involved in functions such as creative thinking, planning of future actions, decision making, artistic expression, aspects of emotional behavior, as well as working memory, language and motor control. it is often claimed that the frontal lobe is disproportionately larger in humans than in other species, but ... | 1997 | 9085187 |
| subnasoalveolar anatomy and hominoid phylogeny: evidence from comparative ontogeny. | the present analysis evaluated extant hominoid subnasal morphological variation from an ontogenetic perspective, documenting both qualitative and allometric details of subnasal maturation in hylobates, great apes and modern humans. with respect to intraspecific variation, results of log-linear modeling procedures indicate that qualitative features of the subnasal region shown previously to discriminate extant taxa (ward and kimbel, 1983; mccollum et al., 1993) do not vary appreciably with either ... | 1997 | 9098506 |
| the primate community of the lopé reserve, gabon: diets, responses to fruit scarcity, and effects on biomass. | the diets of all diurnal primates (gorilla g. gorilla, pan t. troglodytes, mandrillus sphinx, colobus satanas, cercocebus albigena, cercopithecus nictitans, c. pogonias, c. cephus) in the lópe reserve, central gabon, are described from qualitative and quantitative data collected over 10 years. a total of 397 foods were recorded, of which 91% were from plants. the diet of seven of the eight species were numerically dominated by fruit, the exception being colobus satanas with a diet dominated by s ... | 1997 | 9108968 |
| characterization of interleukin-8 receptors in non-human primates. | interleukin-8 is a chemokine with a potent neutrophil chemoattractant activity. in humans, two different cdnas encoding human il8 receptors designated il8ra and il8rb have been cloned. il8ra binds il8, while il8rb binds il8 as well as other alpha-chemokines. both human il8rs are encoded by two genes physically linked on chromosome 2. the il8ra and il8rb genes have open reading frames (orf) lacking introns. by direct sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction products, we sequenced the il8r gene ... | 1996 | 9110929 |
| evolution of the primate lineage leading to modern humans: phylogenetic and demographic inferences from dna sequences. | to date major divergences that occurred in the primate lineage leading to modern humans and to infer a demographic parameter (effective population size) of the ancestral lineage that existed at each divergence, a maximum likelihood method was applied to autosomal dna sequence data currently available for pairs of orthologous genes between the human and each of the chimpanzee, gorilla, old world monkey (owm), and new world monkey (nwm). a statistical test is carried out to support the assumption ... | 1997 | 9114074 |
| survey of maximum ctg/cag repeat lengths in humans and non-human primates: total genome scan in populations using the repeat expansion detection method. | repeat expansion detection (red) is an efficient and simple method for detecting repeat expansions in the human genome, including expansion mutations resulting in disease. here we report the first population survey of ctg/cag repeat lengths in humans using the red method; we have determined maximum ctg/cag repeat length in 244 individuals from six human populations: danes, chinese, japanese, rondonian surui, maya and mbuti/biaka pygmies. we have also sampled a number of non-human primates includ ... | 1997 | 9147643 |
| fatal infections with balamuthia mandrillaris (a free-living amoeba) in gorillas and other old world primates. | balamuthia mandrillaris is a newly described free-living amoeba capable of causing fatal meningoencephalitis in humans and animals. because the number of human cases is rapidly increasing, this infection is now considered an important emerging disease by the medical community. a retrospective review of the pathology database for the zoological society of san diego (the san diego zoo and san diego wild animal park) for the period july 1965 through december 1994 revealed five cases of amoebic meni ... | 1997 | 9150541 |
| analysis of the 5' upstream sequence of the huntington's disease (hd) gene shows six new rare alleles which are unrelated to the age at onset of hd. | the cag repeat number in the huntington's disease (hd) gene accounts for about 50% of the variation seen in age at onset of hd. in order to determine whether promoter sequence variation can contribute to the residual variation in age at onset, we studied the conserved 303 bp region upstream of the +1 translation start site in the hd gene in a population of 56 control east anglians, 30 africans, 34 japanese, and 208 english huntington's disease patients. a surprisingly high degree of variation wa ... | 1997 | 9152833 |
| relative position and extent of the nasal and orbital openings in gorilla, pan and the human species from the study of their areas and centres of area. | in order to quantify the relative position and extent of the nasal and orbital openings in hominoid primates, a new methodology based on image analysis was developed and applied to a series of 134 hominoid skulls (52 gorilla gorilla; 30 pan troglodytes; 44 homo sapiens, and, as comparison material, 8 pongo pygmaeus). the areas and the centres of area of the orbital and nasal openings were determined automatically. the orbitonasal triangle connecting these three centres of area was then construct ... | 1996 | 9159918 |
| conserved elements in the 5' regulatory region of the amyloid precursor protein gene in primates. | oligonucleotides corresponding to conserved sites between the human and mouse amyloid precursor protein (app) genes have been used to polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplify and sequence the promoter region of the app gene from chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan, papio and african green monkey. several novel conserved potentially-regulatory sequences of the app gene have been detected after alignment of the app promoter sequences: an apolipoprotein e-b1 (apoe-b1) element at position -450, also pres ... | 1997 | 9175602 |
| volumetric comparisons in the cerebellar complex of anthropoids, with special reference to locomotor types. | seven measurements in the cerebellar complex were completed on 45 individuals, including 26 species of anthropoids from stephan's collection. these included 12 species of new world monkeys, 10 species of old world monkeys, and hylobates, gorilla, pan, and humans. the measurements were the volume of medial (fastigial) (cm), interpositus (globose and emboliform) (ci), and lateral (dentate) (cl) cerebellar nuclei, ventral pons (vpo), inferior olivary principal (olipr), and accessory (oliac) nuclei ... | 1997 | 9209575 |
| the glycophorin a gene family in gorillas: structure, expression, and comparison with the human and chimpanzee homologues. | homologues of mn blood group antigens, encoded by members of the glycophorin a (gpa) gene family, are expressed in man, anthropoid apes, and some species of old world monkeys. previous studies had shown that a three-gene framework, most closely related to that in man, is present in the chimpanzee. here we report the genomic structure, transcript map, and protein expression of the gypa locus in gorillas. compared to the corresponding human and chimpanzee homologues, gorilla gpa, gpb, and gpb/e ge ... | 1997 | 9238519 |
| [parasitological evidence on the phylogeny of hominids and cebids]. | a systematic revision of the ectoparasites (lice) of the hominids and ceboids supports the trogloditian hypothesis, according to which the genus homo is the sister of pan, and the genus gorilla the sister group of both. the phylogenetic analysis of this matrix derived from the study of primate lice shows an c.i. of 0.71 for the trogloditian hypothesis including the ceboids in the analysis. | 1996 | 9246364 |
| morphological and morphometric aspects of primate cornea: a comparative study with human cornea. | morphological and morphometric features of the cornea of 13 species of primates have been studied in order to determine possible morphological differences between them. the existence of relationships between different morphometric corneal variables was also examined to establish which variables best defined and characterized the cornea. the present aim is to determine which primate cornea resembles that of the human being most with a view to possible future clinical and experimental studies. the ... | 1997 | 9253587 |
| expanding the functional human mitochondrial dna database by the establishment of primate xenomitochondrial cybrids. | the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes coevolve to optimize approximately 100 different interactions necessary for an efficient atp-generating system. this coevolution led to a species-specific compatibility between these genomes. we introduced mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from different primates into mtdna-less human cells and selected for growth of cells with a functional oxidative phosphorylation system. mtdna from common chimpanzee, pigmy chimpanzee, and gorilla were able to restore oxidative ph ... | 1997 | 9256447 |
| brief communication: comparative mapping of the human estrogen receptor (esr) and the kallmann (kal) regions to the chromosomes of the great apes. | human and great ape chromosomes display significant concordance by molecular and cytogenetic techniques, which may reflect their common origin. nevertheless, chromosomal banding techniques did not reflect the syntenic homology at the dna level, which created controversy and debate. the recent availability of the unique sequence loci-specific human estrogen receptor (esr) (bq25.1) region and kallmann (kal) (xp22.3) dna probes have prompted us to search the degree of dna sequence synteny among chi ... | 1997 | 9292171 |
| relative growth, ontogeny, and sexual dimorphism in gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla and g. g. beringei): evolutionary and ecological considerations. | gorillas are the largest and among the most sexually dimorphic of all extant primates. while gorillas have been incorporated in broad-level comparisons among large-bodied hominoids or in studies of the african apes, comparisons between gorilla subspecies have been rare. during the past decade, however, behavioral, morphological, and molecular data from a number of studies have indicated that the western lowland (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and eastern mountain (gorilla gorilla beringei) subspecies ... | 1997 | 9294638 |
| a preliminary investigation of urinary testosterone and cortisol levels in wild male mountain gorillas. | urinary steroid hormone levels were measured in wild male mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) to determine how levels of testosterone and cortisol corresponded with age and social rank. urine samples were collected noninvasively from 18 males, ranging in age from 3-26 years, in three groups of wild mountain gorillas at the karisoke research center, rwanda, africa, and samples were analyzed using radioimmunoassay procedures. males were classified as being immature (< 7 years), maturing ( ... | 1997 | 9294641 |
| the western lowland gorilla diet has implications for the health of humans and other hominoids. | we studied the western lowland gorilla diet as a possible model for human nutrient requirements with implications for colonic function. gorillas in the central african republic were identified as consuming over 200 species and varieties of plants and 100 species and varieties of fruit. thirty-one of the most commonly consumed foods were collected and dried locally before shipping for macronutrient and fiber analysis. the mean macronutrient concentrations were (mean +/- sd, g/100 g dry basis) fat ... | 1997 | 9311957 |
| fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of keratinocyte growth factor gene amplification and dispersion in evolution of great apes and humans. | keratinocyte growth factor (kgf) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family. portions of the gene encoding kgf were amplified during primate evolution and are present in multiple nonprocessed copies in the human genome. nucleotide analysis of a representative sampling of these kgf-like sequences indicated that they were at least 95% identical to corresponding regions of the kgf gene. to localize these sequences to specific chromosomal sites in human and higher primates, we used fluoresce ... | 1997 | 9326632 |
| western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) as seasonal frugivores: use of variable resources. | the gorillas studied at bai hokou, central african republic, between august 1990 and october 1992 consumed 239 kinds of foods from 138 species of plants and invertebrates, including the fruits of 77 species. seeds were present in 99% of all fecal samples (n = 859). although gorillas ate fleshy fruit whenever it was available, herbaceous plants and fibrous fruits were consumed year-round and were important during times of fleshy fruit scarcity. at bai hokou and across their range, resources are t ... | 1997 | 9327094 |
| ranging and grouping patterns of a western lowland gorilla group at bai hokou, central african republic. | the ranging and grouping patterns of a gorilla group were studied during 27 months from 1990-1992 at the bai hokou study site, central african republic. the study group ranged far daily (average = 2.3 km/day) and had a large home range (22.9 km2), relative to mountain gorillas, and ranging patterns differed between years. during 1990-1992, the bimale study group foraged less cohesively and had more flexible grouping patterns than mountain gorillas. the study group sometimes split into two distin ... | 1997 | 9327095 |
| physical mapping of human 7q and 14q subtelomeric dna sequences in the great apes. | phylogenetic divergence of the members of the pongidae family has been based on genetic evidence. the terminal repeat array (t2ag3) has lately been considered as an additional basis to analyze genomes of highly related species. the recent isolation of subtelomeric dna probes specific for human (hsa) chromosomes 7q and 14q has prompted us to cross-hybridize them to the chromosomes of the chimpanzee (ptr), gorilla (ggo) and orangutan (ppy) to search for its equivalent locations in the great ape sp ... | 1997 | 9330913 |
| cortical bone distribution in the femoral neck of hominoids: implications for the locomotion of australopithecus afarensis. | contiguous high resolution computed tomography images were obtained at a 1.5 mm slice thickness perpendicular to the neck axis from the base of the femoral head to the trochanteric line in a sample of 10 specimens each of homo sapiens, pan troglodytes, and gorilla gorilla, plus five specimens of pan paniscus. superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior cortical thicknesses were automatically measured directly from these digital images. throughout the femoral neck h. sapiens displays thin superio ... | 1997 | 9331457 |
| complex fish probes for the subtelomeric regions of all human chromosomes: comparative hybridization of ceph yacs to chromosomes of the old world monkey presbytis cristata and great apes. | we have generated a human subtelomere probe panel, utilizing well characterized ceph yacs, for the investigation of human chromosome pathology and evolution through fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish). region-specific fish probes will be extremely valuable for detecting cytogenetically cryptic telomere abnormalities. here, we present the first comparative mapping study (with 29 subtelomere probes and 6 chromosome paints) to the old world monkey presbytis cristata, followed by hybridizations ... | 1997 | 9345897 |
| sequences from higher primates orthologous to the human xp/yp telomere junction region reveal gross rearrangements and high levels of divergence. | a high level of sequence polymorphism combined with linkage disequilibrium has created a limited number of highly diverged haplotypes across the human xp/yp telomere junction region. to gain insight into the unusual genetic characteristics of this region, we have examined the orthologous sequences in the common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes ), the gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and the orang-utan (pongo pygmaeus). divergence from the human xp/yp sequence is higher (average 2.6-fold) than that observed ... | 1997 | 9361036 |
| endogenous nitric oxide in the airways of different animal species. | high amounts of endogenous nitric oxide (no) have been demonstrated in the human upper airway, but the role of nasal no is still unclear. the present study aims to describe nasal no excretion in different animal species with special living conditions or anatomy. | 1997 | 9366933 |
| neuropeptide y in the infundibular nucleus and hypophysis of great apes. | we studied the distribution of neuropeptide y (npy) immunoreactivity in the infundibular nucleus and the hypophysis of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. using antibodies developed in rabbit against synthetic porcine npy, we found numerous npy-immunoreactive neuronal somata in the infundibular nucleus; this nucleus was also filled with short npy-positive processes and an abundance of punctate structures that could be indicative of synaptic terminals. numerous varicose npy-positive fibers we ... | 1997 | 9369542 |
| members of the olfactory receptor gene family are contained in large blocks of dna duplicated polymorphically near the ends of human chromosomes. | we have identified three new members of the olfactory receptor (or) gene family within a large segment of dna that is duplicated with high similarity near many human telomeres. this segment is present at 3q, 15q, and 19p in each of 45 unrelated humans sampled from various populations. additional copies are present polymorphically at 11 other subtelomeric locations. the frequency with which the block is present at some locations varies among populations. while humans carry seven to 11 copies of t ... | 1998 | 9384599 |