| [a new genetic anomaly (diplopodia) in the common toad (bufo bufo)]. | | 1951 | 14849023 |
| [case of spontaneous or induced gynogenesis in bufo bufo]. | | 1951 | 14849053 |
| [partial albinism, of genetic origin, in the common toad (bufo bufo)]. | | 1951 | 14896522 |
| [hormonal pregnancy test with the male toad bufo bufo l..]. | | 1951 | 14899268 |
| water potential receptors in the skin regulate blood perfusion in the ventral pelvic patch of toads. | blood cell flux (bcf) in ventral pelvic skin capillaries was measured in conscious unrestrained bufo bufo, using a laser doppler flowcytometer. hydrated toads responded to water contact with a small but significant increase in bcf. dehydration alone did not change the bcf in seat patch skin before water contact. however, water contact by dehydrated toads elicited a rapid 600% increase in bcf. the bcf and water uptake of dehydrated toads rehydrating in water declined over 2 h but remained signifi ... | 2004 | 15057716 |
| amphibian transition to the oxidant terrestrial environment affects the expression of glutathione s-transferases isoenzymatic pattern. | it has been postulated that glutathione s-transferases (gst; ec 2.5.1.18) may play a role in protecting against oxidative stress. in previous studies, we have purified and characterised from bufo bufo embryos a gst isoenzyme (bbgstp1-1), which falls at very low level in the adult liver, where a novel isoform (bbgstp2-2), starts to be highly expressed. during transition to adult life, b. bufo leaves the aquatic environment to live predominantly in the terrestrial environment, characterised by hig ... | 2004 | 15110998 |
| ultrastructural aspects of gonadal morphogenesis in bufo bufo (amphibia anura) 1. sex differentiation. | the morphogenesis of gonads in bufo bufo tadpoles was studied, and ultrastructural differences between sexes were identified. all specimens analyzed initially developed gonads made up of a peripheral fertile layer (cortex) surrounding a small primary cavity. subsequently a central layer of somatic cells (medulla) developed. both layers were separated by two uninterrupted basal laminae between which a vestige of the primary cavity persisted. during female differentiation, the peripheral layer con ... | 2004 | 15114645 |
| tectal responses to potassium loads and subsequent visual stimuli in the toad, bufo bufo. | calling male toads were tested behaviourally for their prey catching responses to wormlike stimuli and assigned to groups of non-hungry and hungry depending on their prey catching motivation before being prepared for visual unit, massed unit and slow potential shift (sps) recording from the optic tectum. control recordings to visual stimuli were made before recording the effects of application of isotonic solutions containing concentrations of 0-41 mm k(+). application of solution was followed b ... | 2004 | 15123174 |
| ion transport mechanisms in the mesonephric collecting duct system of the toad bufo bufo: microelectrode recordings from isolated and perfused tubules. | it is not clear how and whether terrestrial amphibians handle nacl transport in the distal nephron. therefore, we studied ion transport in isolated perfused collecting tubules and ducts from toad, bufo bufo, by means of microelectrodes. no qualitative difference in basolateral cell membrane potential (vbl) was observed between tubules and ducts in response to ion substitutions, inhibitor and agonist applications. cl- substitution experiments indicated a small cl- conductance in the basolateral m ... | 2004 | 15123195 |
| neuronal responses are differentially affected by the polarity of tectal dc stimulation in the toad bufo bufo. | male toads were tested behaviourally for their prey catching responses to worm-like stimuli before being prepared for visual unit and slow potential shift (sps) recording from the optic tectum. the neuronal responses of toads to a prey-like visual stimulus reflected their motivational tendency prior to operations. one second of dc stimulation to the tectum was followed by an sps of reversed polarity during which time a visual prey-like stimulus was presented. a negative sps following positive dc ... | 2004 | 15369836 |
| impact of ammonium nitrate on growth and survival of six european amphibians. | we conducted static experiments to assess the effects of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on embryos and larvae of six european amphibians: sharp-ribbed salamander (pleurodeles waltl), iberian painted frog (discoglossus galganoi), western spadefoot toad (pelobates cultripes), common toad (bufo bufo), natterjack toad (bufo calamita), and common tree frog (hyla arborea). embryos were exposed to different and environmentally relevant concentrations of ammonium nitrate (0 to 200 mg no(3)(-)/l) for 15 day ... | 2004 | 15386149 |
| the use of xenopus laevis bufo bufo, and rana esculenta as test animals for gonadotrophic hormones; biology, anatomy and handling of the animals. | | 1950 | 15425305 |
| the use of xenopus laevis, bufo bufo and rana esculenta as test animals for gonadotrophic hormones; survey of previous investigations. | | 1950 | 15432050 |
| pawedness and motor asymmetries in toads. | pawedness was investigated in three species of toads, bufo bufo , bufo viridis , and bufo marinus. samples from natural populations were collected in two successive years and tested during attempts to remove a strip of paper stuck onto the snout ( bufo bufo and bufo viridis ) or during attempts to remove an elastic balloon wrapped around the head ( bufo bufo ). a preferential right forelimb use at the population level was observed in bufo bufo in both tests, whereas no clear pawedness was observ ... | 1997 | 15513053 |
| lateralisation of predator avoidance responses in three species of toads. | lateralisation of responses to presentation of a simulated predator was investigated in three species of toads: two european species (the common toad, bufo bufo, and the green toad, bufo viridis) and one species introduced to australia from south america, the cane toad bufo marinus . first a simulated snake was presented moving rapidly towards the toad in the frontal field of vision and the toad's escape responses, including jumps to the right and to the left, were recorded. no significant bias ... | 2002 | 15513195 |
| membrane translocation mechanism of the antimicrobial peptide buforin 2. | the antimicrobial peptide magainin 2 isolated from the skin of the african clawed frog xenopus laevis crosses lipid bilayers by transiently forming a peptide-lipid supramolecular complex pore inducing membrane permeabilization and flip-flop of membrane lipids [matsuzaki, k., murase, o., fujii, n., and miyajima, k. (1996) biochemistry 35, 11361-11368]. in contrast, the antimicrobial peptide buforin 2 discovered in the stomach tissue of the asian toad bufo bufo gargarizans efficiently crosses lipi ... | 2004 | 15581374 |
| inhibitory effects of bufadienolides on interleukin-6 in mh-60 cells. | derivatives of bufogenin isolated from the skin of the chinese toad, bufo bufo gargarizans cantor ("ch'an su"), and several semisynthetic derivatives of 20beta,21beta-epoxy-resibufogenin (13) have been evaluated for interleukin-6 (il-6) antagonistic activity due to their growth-inhibitory activities on il-6-dependent mh-60 cells. among the naturally derived compounds (1-17), 20s,21-epoxy-resibufogenin formate (1) showed potent inhibitory activity on the il-6-dependent growth of mh-60 cells. epox ... | 2004 | 15620253 |
| nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals: a review with new data for freshwater invertebrates. | published data on nitrate (no3-) toxicity to freshwater and marine animals are reviewed. new data on nitrate toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates eulimnogammarus toletanus, echinogammarus echinosetosus and hydropsyche exocellata are also presented. the main toxic action of nitrate is due to the conversion of oxygen-carrying pigments to forms that are incapable of carrying oxygen. nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals increases with increasing nitrate concentrations and exposure times. in contr ... | 2005 | 15667845 |
| stereological analysis of mitochondria in embryos of rana temporaria and bufo bufo during cleavage. | total numbers of mitochondria and their morphology have been quantitatively determined in mature oocytes and in cleaving embryos of two anuran species rana temporaria and bufo bufo using stereological methods. surface densities of inner mitochondrial membranes for both studied species during cleavage ranged from 5.43 m2/cm3 to 7.53 m2/cm3, whereas volume densities of mitochondria did not exceed 1.65%. since values of these parameters were low, thus embryos during cleavage may be considered as me ... | 2005 | 15871564 |
| [changes in the permeability of amphibian embryo envelope for fluorochromes under the action of ultrasound]. | it was determined whether high-frequency ultra sound can change the permeability of gray toad bufo bufo and grass frog rana temporaria under the action of high-frequency ultrasound. the changes in the permeability of embryonic envelope were assessed by using slowly penetrating fluorochromes ans, fda, and fluorescein. it was found that the ultrasound of 0.88 mhz and 0.4 - 0.7 w/cm2 intensity increased the permeability of amphibian embryonic envelope for ans and fda, whereas the ultrasound of 2.64 ... | 2005 | 15977842 |
| social aggregation and lateralised response to social stimuli in tadpoles (bufo bufo): influence of developmental stage. | in previous studies several species of tadpoles showed a preference for using the left hemifield when approaching a conspecific and during fixation of their own mirror images. these lateral biases typically emerge 5 minutes after the placement of the animals in the test apparatus possibly due to variation in tadpoles' social propensity during the test. the aim of this study is to check whether lateralised response to social stimuli in tadpoles varies during their development. i compared tadpoles ... | 2005 | 16020371 |
| molecular phylogenetic relationship of toads distributed in the far east and europe inferred from the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial dna genes. | the toads of the bufo bufo species group are widely distributed in the eurasian continent and japanese archipelago. in this study, we analyzed the mtdna gene sequences of this species group and estimated the divergence time to clarify the evolutionary relationships and biogeography of toads distributed in the far east and europe. the phylogenetic tree indicated that this group produced bufo bufo in europe, whereas it produced b. japonicus in the far east. b. japonicus was divided into three majo ... | 2006 | 16266814 |
| quality evaluation of traditional chinese drug toad venom from different origins through a simultaneous determination of bufogenins and indole alkaloids by hplc. | a simple and efficient hplc method has been developed to evaluate the quality of traditional chinese medicine toad venoms. the major bioactive ingredients, including 10 bufogenins and 4 indole alkaloids in the drug, were separated and quantified on a phenyl-hexyl column with a uv detector. a total of 27 toad venom samples from two species, bufo bufo gargarizans cantor and bufo melanostictus schneider, from the different drug production regions of china, were analyzed. the chromatograms showed si ... | 2005 | 16327195 |
| behavioural responses to electrical and visual stimulation of the toad tectum. | slow potential shifts in brain structures have been recorded and correlated with motivational state in several species. previous studies have also found that application of an electrical current to the surface of brain tissue generates such slow potential shifts. the present study was conducted to examine if imposed dc shifts to the brain influenced motivation in the toad (bufo bufo). toads (b. bufo) had stimulating electrodes implanted on the surface of each optic tectum. after 1 day of recover ... | 2006 | 16540183 |
| disturbance pheromone in the common toad (bufo bufo) larvae: the possible communicative role of ammonium-containing excretions. | | 2006 | 16572821 |
| subdivision of the accessory olfactory bulb in the japanese common toad, bufo japonicus, revealed by lectin histochemical analysis. | lectin binding patterns in the olfactory bulb of the japanese common toad, bufo japonicus, were examined using 21 types of lectin. ten out of 21 lectins, wga, s-wga, lel, stl, dba, vva, sja, rca-i, pna, and pha-l, stained the olfactory nerve, the glomeruli in the main olfactory bulb (mob), the vomeronasal nerve, and the glomeruli in the accessory olfactory bulb (aob). the binding patterns of lel, stl, dba, and pha-l subdivided aob glomeruli into rostral and caudal regions, where lel, stl, and db ... | 2006 | 16575607 |
| alien mink predation induces prolonged declines in archipelago amphibians. | amphibians are undergoing enigmatic global declines variously attributed to a complex web of anthropogenic forces. alien predators pose a fundamental threat to biodiversity generally that is predicted to be most acute in island ecosystems. while amphibian eggs and tadpoles are vulnerable to aquatic predators, the effect of predators on adult, reproducing frogs, which most influence amphibian population processes, is unknown. here, we report on the responses of amphibian populations in the outer ... | 2006 | 16720400 |
| antiproliferative, cytotoxic and apoptogenic activity of indian toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider) skin extract on u937 and k562 cells. | the antiproliferative, cytotoxic and apoptogenic activities of bufo melanostictus (indian common toad) skin extract (tse) on u937 and k562 leukemic cell line has been investigated. tse significantly (p<0.001) reduced the time-dependent cell proliferation and decreased mtt values in u937 and k562 cells. tse (ic50 doses) suppressed the proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in both the cells. it was demonstrated that, tse (ic50 doses) primarily arrested the u937 and k562 cells at g1 phase o ... | 2006 | 16889807 |
| linking global warming to amphibian declines through its effects on female body condition and survivorship. | there is general consensus that climate change has contributed to the observed decline, and extinction, of many amphibian species throughout the world. however, the mechanisms of its effects remain unclear. a laboratory study in 1980-1981 in which temperate zone amphibians that were prevented from hibernating had decreased growth rates, matured at a smaller size and had increased mortality compared with those that hibernated suggested one possible mechanism. i used data from a field study of com ... | 2007 | 17024381 |
| [calcium-dependent chloride channels in plasma membrane of oocytes from toad, bufo bufo gargarizans]. | in this paper, membrane current properties of the fully-grown oocytes from toad, bufo bufo gargarizans, were studied by using two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique. axion of adult female toad was destroyed, and then ovarian lobes containing oocytes in stage i to vi were removed and incubated in ca(2+)-free nd96 solution with collagenase (1.5 mg/ml) for 1 h. subsequently, the oocytes were washed in ca(2+)-free nd96 solution for 10 min to completely remove the follicular layer. for the experi ... | 2006 | 17041732 |
| physiological and molecular mechanisms of inorganic phosphate handling in the toad bufo bufo. | the aim of this study was to elucidate mechanisms of p(i) handling in toads (bufo bufo). we introduced toads to experimental solutions of various [p(i)] and high p(i) diets and measured urine and lymph [p(i)]. both lymph and urine [p(i)] increased with increasing p(i) loads, indicating p(i) absorption across skin and intestine. an initial fragment of a napi-ii type transporter was amplified from kidney, and the full-length sequence was obtained. the protein showed the molecular hallmarks of napi ... | 2007 | 17165072 |
| experimental transmission of a ranavirus disease of common toads (bufo bufo) to common frogs (rana temporaria). | during investigations of epidemic frog mortality in britain, a novel fatal systemic haemorrhagic disease of common toads was discovered. this disease resembles a systemic haemorrhagic disease of common frogs in britain, which is one of a range of fatal disease syndromes, characterized by systemic haemorrhages, skin ulceration or a combination of these lesions, caused by ranavirus infection. ranavirus previously isolated from diseased toads was inoculated into common frogs to evaluate if this vir ... | 2007 | 17274859 |
| beta-adrenergic activation of solute coupled water uptake by toad skin epithelium results in near-isosmotic transport. | transepithelial potential (v(t)), conductance (g(t)), and water flow (j(v)) were measured simultaneously with good time resolution (min) in isolated toad (bufo bufo) skin epithelium with ringer on both sides. inside application of 5 microm isoproterenol resulted in the fast increase in g(t) from 1.2+/-0.3 to 2.4+/-0.4 ms x cm(-2) and slower increases in equivalent short circuit current, i(sc)(eqv) = -g(t) x v(t), from 12.7+/-3.2 to 33.1+/-6.8 microa cm(-2), and j(v) from 0.72+/-0.17 to 3.01+/-0. ... | 2007 | 17287136 |
| neurotoxic activity of gln49 phospholipase a(2) from gloydius ussuriensis snake venom. | a novel neurotoxic protein phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)), molecular weight 13 881.83 da, has been isolated from snake venom of gloydius ussuriensis, named as gln49-pla(2), which shows weak lethal toxic, myotoxic and apparent anticoagulant activity, but lacks phospholipase activity. the gln49-pla(2) obviously induced an increase of the pain threshold in intoxicated 615 mice compared with the control group, suggesting it is a neurotoxin. hot-plate tests also showed that its analgesic activity was do ... | 2007 | 17299814 |
| interleukin 1 in oviductal tissues of viviparous, oviparous, and ovuliparous species of amphibians. | in previous reports, we have shown that interleukin 1 (il1), a cytokine associated with implantation in mice, is also expressed in reproductive tissues of viviparous squamate reptiles and cartilaginous fishes. in the present study, we investigated the expression of il1b and its functional membrane receptor type i (il1r1) in amphibians, a class of vertebrates that is characterized by different reproductive modes, including internal and external fertilization. in particular, we investigated the ov ... | 2007 | 17314310 |
| distinction of neurochemistry between the cores and their shells of auditory nuclei in tetrapod species. | the distribution of met-enkephalin (enk), substance p (sp) and serotonin (5-ht) differs between the core and shell regions of the mesencephalic and diencephalic auditory nuclei of the turtle [belekhova et al., 2002]. these neurochemical distinctions are also found in other tetrapods (mammals, birds and amphibians). the distribution of enk, sp and 5-ht was examined in the core and shell regions of both mesencephalic and diencephalic auditory nuclei, and in the telencephalic auditory areas of beng ... | 2007 | 17389792 |
| [determination of bufothionine in skin of bufo bufo gargarizans and huachansu injection]. | to establish a hplc method for bufothionine in the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans and huachansu injection. | 2007 | 17432144 |
| morphological aspects of gonadal morphogenesis in bufo bufo (amphibia anura): bidder's organ differentiation. | we have described the architecture of bidder's organ, defined its compartmented structure, and affirmed the presence of basal laminae. we did not find morphological differences between sexes in bidder's organ. all specimens initially developed gonads with a peripheral fertile layer surrounding a thin primary cavity. the first oogenetic wave was observed early, showing all phases of meiosis, including leptotene, zygotene, and pachytene, which had been previously thought to be lacking. the peculia ... | 2007 | 17440985 |
| [quantitative evaluation of the genetic divergence of amphibian taxa of different rank by the spectra of total proteins and nonspecific esterases]. | based on the paag disc-electrophoretic spectra of water-soluble total proteins (pr) and non-specific esterases (est) from several types of tissues in representatives of urodela (triturus vulgaris vulgaris, t. v. lantzi, t. cristatus, t. montandoni, t. dobrogicus) and anura amphibians (rana ridibunda, r. lessonae, r. temporaria, r. arvalis; bufo bufo, b. viridis, bombina bombina; xenopus laevis, x. borealis; hymenochirus boettgeri), mean genetic distances (d = -ln[2i/(2i + d)], where i is the num ... | 2007 | 17484154 |
| dc electrical stimulation of the pretectal thalamus and its effects on the feeding behavior of the toad (bufo bufo). | the feeding motivation of the common european common toad (bufo bufo) can be quantified by the feeding sequence of arousal-orientation-approach-fixate-snap. previous work has found that the optic tectum is an important structure responsible for the mediation of feeding behaviors, and combined electrical and visual stimulation of the optic tectum was found to increase the animals feeding behaviors. however, the pretectal thalamus has an inhibitory influence upon the optic tectum and its lesion re ... | 2007 | 17506501 |
| combined exposure to ambient uvb radiation and nitrite negatively affects survival of amphibian early life stages. | many aquatic species are sensitive to ambient levels of ultraviolet-b radiation (uvb) and chemical fertilizers. however, recent studies indicate that the interaction among multiple stressors acting simultaneously could be contributing to the population declines of some animal species. therefore, we tested the potential synergistic effects between ambient levels of uvb and a contaminant, sodium nitrite in the larvae of two amphibian species, the common european toad bufo bufo and the iberian gree ... | 2007 | 17628639 |
| [isolation and structure identification of chemical constituents from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, originated from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (bufonidae), is widely used in traditional chinese medicine for the treatment of hepatoma, lung cancer and etc. the preparation of the aqueous components has significant therapeutic effect against the digestive tract cancer. the water-soluble chemical constituents in the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans were then investigated to make clear the active compounds. six compounds were isolated and purified by recrystallizati ... | 2007 | 17944235 |
| immunohistochemical demonstration of ranavirus antigen in the tissues of infected frogs (rana temporaria) with systemic haemorrhagic or cutaneous ulcerative disease. | ranavirus disease emerged as a cause of annually recurring epidemic mortality of common frogs (rana temporaria) in britain in the late-1980s. affected frogs present with a peracute disease characterized by systemic haemorrhage, or with a chronic disease characterized by skin ulceration, but no internal gross lesions. common toads (bufo bufo) have also been found with haemorrhagic ranavirus disease. in order to investigate possible differences in the pathogenesis of ranavirus infection for each m ... | 2008 | 17983626 |
| complete mitochondrial genomes of three neobatrachian anurans: a case study of divergence time estimation using different data and calibration settings. | we sequenced the whole mitochondrial (mt) genomes of three neobatrachian species: japanese tree frog hyla japonica, japanese common toad bufo japonicus, and narrow-mouthed toad microhyla okinavensis. the gene arrangements of these genomes diverged from that of basal anurans (suborder archaeobatrachia), but are the same as that of the members of derived frogs (i.e., superfamily hyloidae and ranoidae in suborder neobatrachia), suggesting the one-time occurrence of a gene rearrangement event in an ... | 2008 | 17997052 |
| persistence of the emerging pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis outside the amphibian host greatly increases the probability of host extinction. | pathogens do not normally drive their hosts to extinction; however, batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which causes amphibian chytridiomycosis, has been able to do so. theory predicts that extinction can be caused by long-lived or saprobic free-living stages. the hypothesis that such a stage occurs in b. dendrobatidis is supported by the recent discovery of an apparently encysted form of the pathogen. to investigate the effect of a free-living stage of b. dendrobatidis on host population dynamics, ... | 2008 | 18048287 |
| freezing before mating severely affects the fitness of a capital breeder. | abstract while benefits that explain the success of early breeders in many species have been identified and measured, the costs associated with these strategies, such as those linked to adverse climatic conditions, have often been neglected. in this study, we investigate the influence of a short freezing event on reproductive output in the common toad bufo bufo, an early-breeding anuran. we then (i) compared male mating behavior between previously frozen and control males and (ii) quantified gam ... | 2008 | 18190285 |
| amphibian occurrence is influenced by current and historic landscape characteristics. | human-induced habitat loss and degradation are major threats to wetland species as reflected in the fact that wetlands have declined by more than 50% in europe and north america during the last century. both current and historic land-use patterns are likely to be significant determinants of wetland species' distributions; however their relative importance is often unknown. we studied the importance of local (study pond) and landscape (current and 18th-century landscape) characteristics in explai ... | 2007 | 18213970 |
| ocular toxicity caused by toad venom. | to report a case of ocular toxicity caused by toad venom. | 2008 | 18216586 |
| endosulfan acute toxicity in bufo bufo gills: ultrastructural changes and nitric oxide synthase localization. | endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide used in agriculture for a wide range of crops. endosulfan concentrations of up to 0.7 mg/l can be found in ponds and streams near sprayed agricultural fields. we investigated the short-term toxicity of endosulfan in common toad (bufo bufo) tadpoles after 24, 48, and 96 h of exposure. acute toxicity was evaluated at nominal concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.6 mg/l: concentrations that could be found after the application of pesticide. our results show ... | 2008 | 18243363 |
| evaluation of dna damage in chinese toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) after in vivo exposure to sublethal concentrations of four herbicides using the comet assay. | chinese toad, bufo bufo gargarizans, is frequently found in rice fields, muddy ponds, wetlands and other aquatic ecosystems in china. because of its habitat, it has many chances of being exposed to pesticides, such as acetochlor, butachlor, chlorimuron-ethyl, and paraquat, which are extensively used in rice or cereal fields. amphibians may serve as model organisms for determining the genotoxic effects of pollutants contaminating these areas. in the present study dna damage was evaluated in the c ... | 2008 | 18297398 |
| a case of pulmonary cryptococcosis in a free-living toad (bufo bufo). | pulmonary cryptococcosis was observed in a free-living adult female common toad (bufo bufo) that was killed by a vehicle. both lungs had various eosinophilic, monomorphic, and spherical to elliptical organisms identified as cryptoccocus spp. the yeasts were demonstrated by grocott's silver method and the periodic acid-schiff reaction and the capsule was positive for mucin with a mucicarmine stain. the agent was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, using the monoclonal antibody anti-cryptococcus ne ... | 2008 | 18436680 |
| effect of lipid composition on buforin ii structure and membrane entry. | buforin ii is a 21-amino acid polycationic antimicrobial peptide derived from a peptide originally isolated from the stomach tissue of the asian toad bufo bufo gargarizans. it is hypothesized to target a wide range of bacteria by translocating into cells without membrane permeabilization and binding to nucleic acids. previous research found that the structure and membrane interactions of buforin ii are related to lipid composition. in this study, we used molecular dynamics (md) simulations along ... | 2008 | 18452210 |
| effects of diazinon on larvae of the asian common toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider 1799). | continuous subchronic exposure experiments were conducted to assess the effects of diazinon, an organophosphate pesticide, on the survival, growth and activity of larvae of the asian common toad bufo melanostictus. two larval stages, the gill stage (gosner stages 21 and 22) and gill-atrophy stage (gosner stages 24 and 25), were continuously exposed to 4 microg/l, 400 mirog/l, and 10 mg/l of commercial-grade diazinon for 30 d. treatments and untreated controls were maintained in triplicate with w ... | 2008 | 18611080 |
| changes in the antioxidant metabolism in the embryonic development of the common south american toad bufo arenarum: differential responses to pesticide in early embryos and autonomous-feeding larvae. | amphibians may be critically challenged by aquatic contaminants during their embryonic development. many classes of compounds, including organophosphorus pesticides, are able to cause oxidative stress that affects the delicate cellular redox balance regulating tissue modeling. we determined the progression of antioxidant defenses during the embryonic development of the south american common toad, bufo arenarum. superoxide dismutase (sod) and catalase (cat) activities were high in the unfertilize ... | 2008 | 18752312 |
| a survey on the faunal diversity of savar upazila, dhaka, bangladesh. | a survey was conducted during january to december 2006 to assess the status of faunal diversity of savar upazila, dhaka, bangladesh. a total of 30 species of birds, 24 species of winter birds, 7 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians, 15 species of mammalians and 32 species of fishes were recorded. relative abundance of those species were determined. of the birds, house sparrow (passer domesticus) was abundant while blyth's kingfisher (alcedo hercules), rock eagle owl (bubo bengalensis), h ... | 2008 | 18817158 |
| environmentally relevant concentrations of endosulfan impair development, metamorphosis and behaviour in bufo bufo tadpoles. | endosulfan is a widely used organochlorine pesticide with well-documented neurotoxic effects in both humans and laboratory animals (mammals and fish). neurotoxicity has been implied also in amphibians after short-term exposure to endosulfan. little is known about effects of chronic exposure of endosulfan in amphibians. previously, we examined the short-term toxicity of endosulfan in common toad (bufo bufo) tadpoles and determined the lc50 value to 0.43 mg/l. in the present study, we investigated ... | 2009 | 18950876 |
| goussia labbé, 1896 (apicomplexa, eimeriorina) in amphibia: diversity, biology, molecular phylogeny and comments on the status of the genus. | we provide new data on morphology, host specificity, life history, pathology and phylogeny of the coccidian genus goussia in european anurans. divergence in the ssu rdna sequences (3-4%) of three goussia isolates from three anuran hosts suggests that the isolates represent three distinct species. the isolate from pelophylax kl. esculentus was determined as goussia neglecta. the isolates from rana dalmatina and rana temporaria are considered conspecific and are, on the basis of host specificity, ... | 2009 | 19038578 |
| buforins: histone h2a-derived antimicrobial peptides from toad stomach. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) constitute an important component of the innate immune system in a variety of organisms. buforin i is a 39-amino acid amp that was first isolated from the stomach tissue of the asian toad bufo bufo gargarizans. buforin ii is a 21-amino acid peptide that is derived from buforin i and displays an even more potent antimicrobial activity than its parent amp. both peptides share complete sequence identity with the n-terminal region of histone h2a that interacts directly ... | 2009 | 19041293 |
| behavior-based scale definitions for determining individual space use: requirements of two amphibians. | understanding individual space use remains a major issue in ecology, and it is complicated by definitions of spatial scale and the interplay of multiple factors. we quantified the effect of habitat and biotic and individual factors on space use by amphibians (bufo bufo spinosus [bb] and bufo viridis [bv]) that were radio-tracked in their terrestrial summer habitat. we analyzed two spatial scales, 50% core areas and 95% home ranges (excluding 50% core areas), thought to represent resting and fora ... | 2009 | 19063672 |
| proteomic and phenotypic profiling of the amphibian pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis shows that genotype is linked to virulence. | population genetics of the amphibian pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) show that isolates are highly related and globally homogenous, data that are consistent with the recent epidemic spread of a previously endemic organism. highly related isolates are predicted to be functionally similar due to low levels of heritable genetic diversity. to test this hypothesis, we took a global panel of bd isolates and measured (i) the genetic relatedness among isolates, (ii) proteomic profiles of is ... | 2009 | 19161465 |
| curcumin synergizes the growth inhibitory properties of indian toad (bufo melanostictus schneider) skin-derived factor (bm-anf1) in hct-116 colon cancer cells. | curcumin, an active ingredient of turmeric with no discernable toxicity, inhibits the growth of transformed cells and the development and progression of colon carcinogenesis in experimental animals. recent data from one of our laboratories demonstrated that a crude skin extract or a purified crystalline compound (bufo melanostictus-antineoplastic factor 1, bm-anf1) from indian common toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider) skin inhibits the growth of human leukemic cells. the present investigation ... | 2009 | 19331178 |
| genotoxicity evaluation of chlorpyrifos to amphibian chinese toad (amphibian: anura) by comet assay and micronucleus test. | in the present study, the genotoxicity of chlorpyrifos was evaluated in the chinese toad by using comet assay and micronucleus test (mn), as the potential tools for the assessment of genotoxicity. the first step was determined by the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos. tadpoles were exposed to the series of relatively high concentrations of chlorpyrifos for 96 h. lc(50) values at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 3.63, 1.17, 0.82, and 0.80 mgl(-1), respectively. secondly, the micronucleus test was used for ... | 2009 | 19524702 |
| differential resource selection within shared habitat types across spatial scales in sympatric toads. | differential habitat selection is a central component in the evolution of species, but it has been quantified rarely for sympatric species in relation to the multiple impacts of resources at the spatial scales at which animals operate. our main goal was to quantify the selection of terrestrial summer habitats in a natural floodplain in italy by two sympatric amphibians (bufo bufo spinosus and b. viridis) as a function of habitat type, prey density, and temperature. we applied a bayesian resource ... | 2009 | 20120811 |
| systematic screening and characterization of novel bufadienolides from toad skin using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | during the discovery process of novel compounds, it is of significant importance to differentiate novel from known compounds in crude extracts before starting the time-consuming process of purification. bufadienolides are the main active components of the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (toad skin), an important traditional chinese medicine. the fragmentation behavior and mass spectra profiles of bufadienolides standards were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatograp ... | 2010 | 20155762 |
| intraspecific and interspecific tolerance to copper sulphate in five iberian amphibian species at two developmental stages. | intraspecific and interspecific variations have been observed across many taxa with respect to resistance to natural environmental stressors. it has already been well documented that amphibians are sensitive to habitat degradation and are regarded as bioindicators of aquatic and agricultural ecosystems. in southern spain, different toxic substances, including copper sulphate, which is used to control cycloconium oleaginum (fungi, ascomycota, venturiaceae) during spring and autumn, are used in in ... | 2010 | 20162266 |
| cinobufacini, an aqueous extract from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, induces apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. | cinobufacini (huachansu), an aqueous extract from the skin and parotid venom glands of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, is a traditional chinese medicine widely used in clinical cancer therapy in china. the present study sought to investigate the possible signaling pathway implicated in cinobufacini-induced apoptosis in the hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines hepg(2) and bel-7402. | 2010 | 20193751 |
| spatial variation in abiotic and biotic factors in a floodplain determine anuran body size and growth rate at metamorphosis. | body size at metamorphosis is a critical trait in the life history of amphibians. despite the wide-spread use of amphibians as experimental model organisms, there is a limited understanding of how multiple abiotic and biotic factors affect the variation in metamorphic traits under natural conditions. the aim of our study was to quantify the effects of abiotic and biotic factors on spatial variation in the body size of tadpoles and size at metamorphosis of the european common toad (bufo b. spinos ... | 2010 | 20204410 |
| [studies on anti-tumor and enhancing immunity activity of toad coat]. | to study the anti-tumor and immunity activity of toad coat (chantui), which is a new officinal part of bufo bufo gargarizans. | 2010 | 20394297 |
| purification of active bufadienolides from toad skin by preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with hydrophilic interaction chromatography. | an isolation method by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with hydrophilic interaction chromatography was successfully used to isolate and purify active bufadienolides from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor toad skin. in the first step, crude samples were run on an xterra prep c18 column. after screening for activity, two fractions were chosen for further purification. a click beta-cyclodextrin (click-cd) column made in our laboratory was used for the second step. seven compounds, including ... | 2010 | 20432230 |
| behavior of toads, bufo bufo, in a dynamic environment. | susceptibility to motion sickness was tested by exposing free moving toads to rotation of a stimulator modeled after an amusement park ferris wheel. the stimulator provided a gentle stimulation of frequency 0.25 hz and centrifugal acceleration 0.143 g during 120 min or more without external visual cues. no emetic or prodromal behavioral response was elicited during or after rotation. during rotation the amount of motor activity in most toads increased evidently. the most active toads attempted t ... | 2009 | 20448334 |
| new bufadienolides and c(23) steroids from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. | six new bufadienolides (1-6) and two new c(23) steroids (7 and 8), together with three known compounds (9-11) were isolated from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal x-ray diffraction. in vitro cytotoxicities of all compounds were evaluated in a549 cancer cell line. compounds 2, 3 and 10 showed significant cytotoxic activities. | 2010 | 20546768 |
| sublethal effects of endosulfan and diazinon pesticides on glutathione-s-transferase (gst) in various tissues of adult amphibians (bufo regularis). | glutathione-s-transferase (gst) plays a key role in cellular detoxification of various xenobiotic chemical, especially pesticides. the study was carried out to assess the effects of the organochlorine pesticide, endosulfan and the organophosphate pesticide, diazinon on the activity of gst of different tissues in the african common toad, bufo regularis. toads were exposed for 28 days to varying levels of the pesticides: 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 microg l(-1) for the sublethal test. activity of gs ... | 2010 | 20609459 |
| comparison of toad venoms from different bufo species by hplc and lc-dad-ms/ms. | toad venom, called chansu in china, has been widely used for the treatment of heart failure, sores, pains, and various cancers for a long time in clinic. | 2010 | 20637273 |
| chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider 1799) larvae. | this study investigates the effects of continuous exposure to a widely used organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos, on survival, growth, development, and activity of larvae of the asian common toad, duttaphrynus melanostictus schneider 1799. larvae were continuously exposed to six different concentrations (1-1,500 mug l(-1)) of commercial-grade chlorpyrifos for 14 days and monitored for 1 additional week. chlorpyrifos at >/=1,000 mug l(-1) caused significantly high and dose-dependent mortality, ... | 2010 | 20669016 |
| bufogargarizins a and b: two novel 19-norbufadienolides with unprecedented skeletons from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. | | 2010 | 20715201 |
| studies on cytotoxic constituents from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans. | to study the chemical composition of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, many kinds of chromatography methods were used in the isolation procedures, while the structures of isolated compounds were determined on the basis of their nmr and ms spectral analysis. as a result, two new compounds were isolated from its ethanolic extract and characterized as cinobufotalin 3-nonanedioylarginine ester (8) and bufotalin 3-pimeloylarginine ester (14). furthermore, 13 known compounds were obtained. isolated b ... | 2010 | 20839128 |
| gill alterations as biomarkers of chronic exposure to endosulfan in bufo bufo tadpoles. | endosulfan sprayed on agricultural fields accumulates in temporary pools due to surface runoff or sediment transport and may result in high water concentrations in spring and summer, coinciding with breeding and crucial stages of amphibian larval development. in the present study, bufo bufo tadpoles were exposed to three different concentrations of endosulfan (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/l) until they reached complete metamorphosis. the aim of the study was to investigate the effects of endosulfan, at ... | 2010 | 20886432 |
| anti-hepatitis b virus activities of cinobufacini and its active components bufalin and cinobufagin in hepg2.2.15 cells. | cinobufacini (huachansu) is a chinese medicine prepared from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (bufonidae), which has long been used in traditional chinese medicine (tcm). the aim of present study was to examine the anti-hepatitis b virus (hbv) activities of cinobufacini and its active components bufalin and cinobufagin in the human hbv-transfected cell line hepg2.2.15. the hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag), and hepatitis b core-related antigen (hbcrag) co ... | 2010 | 20930383 |
| the novel antidote bezoar bovis prevents the cardiotoxicity of toad (bufo bufo gargarizans canto) venom in mice. | toad venom, called chansu (cs) in china, is an anti-inflammatory drug used in small doses for the treatment of various types of inflammation in china. its use is hampered by the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides derived from toad venom. bezoar bovis is another frequently used drug in toad venom preparations for the treatment of inflammatory or cardiovascular diseases in asia. we explored whether bezoar bovis could protect against cs-induced acute toxicity in mice. toxicity was assessed by the gen ... | 2010 | 21084181 |
| antitumor activity of extracts and compounds from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. | the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor is known to be rich in bufadienolides, peptides and alkaloids. it has been found to be a source of some extracts and biologically active compounds with antitumor activity. cinobufacini (huachansu), a chinese medicine prepared from the dried toad skin, has been widely used in clinical therapy for various cancers in china. bufadienolides, such as bufalin, cinobufagin, resibufogenin, and telocinobufagin, are the major active compounds derived from t ... | 2010 | 21185919 |
| cytotoxic constituents from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans. | to study the chemical composition of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, various chromatographic methods were used in the isolation procedures and the structures of isolated compounds were determined based on nmr and ms analysis. as a result, two new compounds were isolated from its ethanolic extract and characterized as n-[2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-n-methylurea (1) and 19-oxocinobufotalin 3-adipoylarginine ester (2), together with 11 known compounds. isolated bufadienolides showed sign ... | 2011 | 21279874 |
| bufalin and cinobufagin induce apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via fas- and mitochondria-mediated pathways. | bufadienolides bufalin and cinobufagin are cardiotonic steroids isolated from the skin and parotid venom glands of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. they have been shown to induce a wide spectrum of cancer cell apoptosis. however, the detailed molecular mechanisms of inducing apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) are still unclear. in the present study, the apoptosis-inducing effect of bufalin and cinobufagin on hcc cell line hepg(2) was investigated. we found bufalin and cinobufagin ... | 2011 | 21288283 |
| a cryptic heterogametic transition revealed by sex-linked dna markers in palearctic green toads. | in sharp contrast to birds and mammals, most cold-blooded vertebrates have homomorphic (morphologically undifferentiated) sex chromosomes. this might result either from recurrent x-y recombination (occurring e.g. during occasional events of sex reversal) or from frequent turnovers (during which sex-determining genes are overthrown by new autosomal mutations). evidence for turnovers is indeed mounting in fish, but very few have so far been documented in amphibians, possibly because of practical d ... | 2011 | 21338434 |
| magnetic orientation of the common toad: establishing an arena approach for adult anurans. | | 2011 | 21418651 |
| agricultural intensity in ovo affects growth, metamorphic development and sexual differentiation in the common toad (bufo bufo). | pollution was cited by the global amphibian assessment to be the second most important cause of amphibian decline worldwide, however, the effects of the agricultural environment on amphibians are not well understood. in this study, spawn from bufo bufo was taken from four sites in england and wales with varying intensities of arable agriculture. spawn was either placed in tanks containing aged tap water (ex-situ, five replicates) or in cages at the native site (caged, five replicates). hatching ... | 2011 | 21448622 |
| apoptosis-inducing activity of compounds screened and characterized from cinobufacini by bioassay-guided isolation. | cinobufacini (huachansu), an aqueous extract from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, is a traditional chinese medicinal preparation widely used in clinical cancer therapy in china. here, we screened and identified active compounds of cinobufacini and investigated their apoptosis-inducing effect on hepg2 cells. screening was performed using bioassay-guided isolation. the effects of different fractions on the proliferation of hepg2 cells were detected by the mtt assay. the extracti ... | 2010 | 21472305 |
| chemical constituents and bioactivities of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. | | 2011 | 21480502 |
| effects of ammonium nitrate on larval survival and growth of four iberian amphibians. | the purpose of this study was to understand the differences in tolerance to ammonium nitrate in four iberian amphibians. results showed a negative effect on amphibian survival and larvae total length. three different tolerance groups on amphibian survival were established. the two first groups showed a higher reduction, around 90% and between 70 and 80% after 96 h exposition at the maximum concentration tested (180 mg nh(4)no(3)/l), while the third group showed no mortality in any concentration ... | 2011 | 21544606 |
| distribution of major brain gangliosides in olfactory tract of frogs. | gangliosides are major cell-surface determinants in the central nervous system (cns) of vertebrates, found both in neuronal and glial cell membranes. together with cholesterol and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) - anchored proteins, gangliosides are involved in organization of plasma membrane microdomains. based on biochemical studies, frog brain was previously described as having low quantities of gangliosides and their distribution pattern in specific brain regions was unknown. using highly ... | 2011 | 21648321 |
| ammonia as a pheromone in anuran tadpoles. | in laboratory experiments, conspecific excretions and ammonia solutions evoked avoidance reactions in tadpoles of three anuran species, bufo bufo, rana temporaria, and rana arvalis. a differential sensitivity of ammonia chemoreception was determined for two anuran species. for bufo bufo tadpoles, these characteristics at ammonia background concentration of 0.2 mg/l lied in the range 150 % < di/i < 500 %, and for background of 0.4 mg/l the value lied in the range 400 % < di/i < 500 %. for rana te ... | 2011 | 21777014 |
| ground water chemistry changes before major earthquakes and possible effects on animals. | prior to major earthquakes many changes in the environment have been documented. though often subtle and fleeting, these changes are noticeable at the land surface, in water, in the air, and in the ionosphere. key to understanding these diverse pre-earthquake phenomena has been the discovery that, when tectonic stresses build up in the earth's crust, highly mobile electronic charge carriers are activated. these charge carriers are defect electrons on the oxygen anion sublattice of silicate miner ... | 2011 | 21776211 |
| ambient ultraviolet b radiation and prevalence of infection by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in two amphibian species. | ôçé chytridiomycosis, the emerging disease caused by the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) is responsible for declines and extirpations of amphibian populations worldwide. environmental covariates modify the host-bd interaction and thus affect the ongoing spread of the pathogen. one such covariate may be the intensity of ultraviolet b (uv-b) radiation. in a field experiment conducted in laguna grande de pe+¦alara (central spain), a mountainous region where the presence of bd has ... | 2011 | 21676032 |
| haplometra cylindracea (zeder, 1800) (trematoda:plagiorchiidae): variation in the dates of cercarial shedding for overwintering galba truncatula. | natural infections of galba truncatula with haplometra cylindracea were followed from 2001 to 2009 to determine if their characteristics were similar when snails came from water collections frequented by bufo bufo or by frogs and newts for their egg-laying. snail samples were collected from both types of sites to count shed cercariae for three days and also free cercariae when snails were dissected. in sites only frequented by b. bufo, cercarial shedding occurred earlier than in those colonized ... | 2011 | 21678794 |
| Assessment of the effects of urbanization on trace elements of toe bones. | Amphibians, particularly frogs and toads, are increasingly used as bioindicators of contaminant accumulation in pollution studies. We developed an analytical technique to analyse their elemental contents based on a small amount of toe bone samples. This method is environment-friendly as, unlike traditional methods, it is not necessary to kill animals during sampling. Using this technique, we explored the effects of urbanization on the elemental contents of toe bones. Bufo bufo specimens were col ... | 2011 | 21960362 |
| multilocus species tree analyses resolve the radiation of the widespread bufo bufo species group (anura, bufonidae). | new analytical methods are improving our ability to reconstruct robust species trees from multilocus datasets, despite difficulties in phylogenetic reconstruction associated with recent, rapid divergence, incomplete lineage sorting and/or introgression. in this study, we applied these methods to resolve the radiation of toads in the bufo bufo (anura, bufonidae) species group, ranging from the iberian peninsula and north africa to siberia, based on sequences from two mitochondrial and four nuclea ... | 2012 | 21964513 |
| [chemical constituents from bufonis periostracum and their antitumor activity in vitro]. | eight compounds were isolated from bufonis periostracum by repeated column chromatography on silica gel, ods and sephadex lh-20 and their structures were characterized as palmitatic acid cholesteryl ester (1), cholesterol (2), 5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxycholesta-6-en-3beta-ol (3), cholest-5-en-3beta, 7beta-diol (4), cholest-7-en-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol (5), 3-octaddecyloxy-1, 2-propanediol (6), isisamide (7) and bufothionine (8) on the base of spectral analysis. compounds 1-8 were isolated from b ... | 2011 | 22097331 |
| Induction of apoptosis by cinobufacini preparation through mitochondria- and Fas-mediated caspase-dependent pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. | Cinobufacini (Huachansu), an aqueous extract from the skins of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine widely used in clinical cancer therapy in China. However, the precise mechanisms induced by cinobufacini in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells are still not very clear. The aim of present study was to investigate possible apoptotic mechanisms induced by cinobufacini in HCC cell lines HepG(2) and Bel-7402. We found that cinobufacini treatment resulted i ... | 2011 | 22019693 |
| protective effect of taurine on cardiotoxicity of the bufadienolides derived from toad (bufo bufo gargarizans canto) venom in guinea-pigs in vivo and in vitro. | in china, toad venom is an anti-inflammatory agent used in small doses for the treatment of various types of inflammation. bufadienolides are cardioactive steroids responsible for the anti-inflammatory actions of toad venom. we studied the protective effect of taurine on the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides in guinea-pigs. bufadienolides (8 mg/kg) caused arrhythmias, cardiac dysfunction and death in guinea-pigs. pretreatment with taurine (150, 300 mg/kg) significantly prevented bufadienolide-ind ... | 2012 | 22150009 |
| quantitative recommendations for amphibian terrestrial habitat conservation derived from habitat selection behavior. | conservation scientists have noted that conservation managers rarely use scientific information when making decisions. one of the reasons why managers rarely use scientific information may be that conservation scientists rarely provide their knowledge in a way that can directly be used by conservation practitioners. here we show how quantitative recommendations for conservation can be derived. previous research on terrestrial habitat selection behavior of toads (bufo bufo and bufo viridis) showe ... | 2011 | 22073643 |
| molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of the west-palearctic common toads (bufo bufo species complex). | in most pan-eurasiatic species complexes, two phenomena have been traditionally considered key processes of their cladogenesis and biogeography. first, it is hypothesized that the origin and development of the central asian deserts generated a biogeographic barrier that fragmented past continuous distributions in eastern and western domains. second, pleistocene glaciations have been proposed as the main process driving the regional diversification within each of these domains. the european commo ... | 2011 | 22214922 |