| studies of uptake, elimination, and late effects in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) dietary exposed to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (dehp) during early life. | the phthalate esters are a group of industrial chemicals considered to have endocrine-disrupting properties. the most common tonnage product among these, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (dehp), is widely spread in the environment. the objectives with the present work were to study uptake and metabolism of orally administered dehp and its major metabolite mono-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (mehp) and to evaluate the impact of early life exposure on sex differentiation in atlantic salmon. the feeding with con ... | 2007 | 17180483 |
| sub-clinical infection of farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar with salmonid alphavirus--a prospective longitudinal study. | a prospective longitudinal study of salmonid alphavirus infection in farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar l. was initiated in post-transfer smolts on a uk farm in july 2004 and continued for 320 d. sampling was concentrated on a single caged population (c4) with serum and tissue samples collected and tested for viraemia, virus neutralising (vn) antibodies and viral nucleic acid by real time rt-pcr and by histopathology; 380 sera collected between days 0 (do) and 139 (d139) were consistently negati ... | 2006 | 17190198 |
| infectious haematopoietic necrosis epidemic (2001 to 2003) in farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar in british columbia. | i investigated a recent infectious haematopoietic necrosis disease (ihn) epidemic in farmed atlantic salmon salmo salar in british columbia (bc), canada. all companies with infected farms (n = 36) participated in the study. over 12 million atlantic salmon on infected farms died or were culled during the epidemic with cumulative mortality on the farms averaging 58%. the first reported case of ihn occurred in august 2001 and the last outbreak in june 2003. outbreaks on the farms lasted between 20 ... | 2006 | 17190200 |
| effects of hydroxy-polychlorinated biphenyl (oh-pcb) congeners on the xenobiotic biotransformation gene expression patterns in primary culture of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) hepatocytes. | hydroxylated metabolites of pcbs [oh-pcbs] represent new health and environmental concern because they have been shown to have agonist or antagonist interactions with hormone receptors (hrs) or hormone-receptor mediated responses. the present study was designed to investigate the estrogenic potency based on anti-ahr signalling effect of three 4-oh substituted pcb congeners (#107, #146 and #187), one 3-oh substituted congener (#138), and the pharmaceutical synthetic estrogen, ethynylestradiol (ee ... | 2007 | 17207528 |
| concentration effects of winogradskyella sp. on the incidence and severity of amoebic gill disease. | to study the concentration effects of the bacterium winogradskyella sp. on amoebic gill disease (agd), atlantic salmon salmo salar were pre-exposed to 2 different doses (10(8) or 10(10) cells 1(-1)) of winogradskyella sp. before being challenged with neoparamoeba spp. exposure of fish to winogradskyella sp. caused a significant increase in the percentage of agd-affected filaments compared with controls challenged with neoparamoeba only; however, these percentages did not increase significantly w ... | 2006 | 17240751 |
| response to soy: t-cell-like reactivity in the intestine of atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. | t-cell-mediated hypersensitivity could be central in soybean meal (sbm)-induced intestinal changes in salmon. however, tools for immunohistochemical detection of t cells have been lacking in teleosts, including atlantic salmon. application of a specific histochemical protocol allowed demonstration of t-cell-like reactivities in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using an antibody reacting to a conserved region of human cd3epsilon (dako a0452). characteristic staining was observed in cells ... | 2007 | 17241401 |
| demonstration of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) endocytosis in erythrocytes of atlantic salmon. | infectious salmon anaemia (isa) virus (isav) is a fish orthomyxovirus that has recently been assigned to the new genus isavirus within the family orthomyxoviridae. it possesses the major functional characteristics of the virus family including haemagglutinating, receptor destroying enzyme (rde), and fusion activities associated with the virion surface proteins. it is generally accepted that isav agglutinates erythrocytes of several fish species and that the isav rde activity dissolves this haema ... | 2007 | 17254352 |
| infectious salmon anemia virus is a powerful inducer of key genes of the type i interferon system of atlantic salmon, but is not inhibited by interferon. | infectious salmon anemia virus (isav) is an aquatic orthomyxovirus causing disease and high mortality in farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar). the virus is thus apparently able to initiate replication without being hampered by the host's immune system. in this work we have studied the role of the type i interferon (ifn) system of atlantic salmon in protection against isav. real-time rt-pcr was used to study the expression of type i ifn and the ifn stimulated genes mx and isg15 in to cells and li ... | 2007 | 17257858 |
| characterization of scavenger receptor class b, type i in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | the scavenger receptor class b, type i (sr-bi) is an important player in regulation of mammalian lipid homeostasis. we therefore wanted to study this receptor in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.), which requires a diet with particular high lipid content. we have for the first time cloned and characterized sr-bi from a salmonid fish. the predicted 494 amino acid protein contained two transmembrane domains, several putative n-glycosylation sites, and showed 72% sequence identity with the predicted ... | 2006 | 17263301 |
| spatial and non-spatial risk factors associated with cage-level distribution of infectious salmon anaemia at three atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., farms in maine, usa. | the distribution of infectious salmon anaemia (isa) was examined among 80 cages from three atlantic salmon grow-out farms in maine, usa that were stocked with smolts from a single hatchery. cage-level disease was broadly defined as one or more moribund fish testing positive for infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) by rt-pcr and a second confirmatory test (ifat, culture or genotype sequence). spatio-temporal and cage-level risks were explored using logistic regression and survival analysis. non ... | 2007 | 17298565 |
| a new parvicapsulid (myxosporea) species in adult pink salmon, oncorhynchus gorbuscha, from the quinsam river, british columbia, canada. | myxospores consistent with species of parvicapsula were observed in kidney of 15 of 95 (15.8%) adult pink salmon, oncorhynchus gorbuscha, collected from the quinsam river, british columbia, canada. the spores were elongate and curved with unequal valves, and 2 spherical-to-subspherical polar capsules within a highly refractile capsular region. the spores were unlike those of p. minibicornis found in nearby populations of pacific salmon, oncorhynchus spp. the spore dimensions were similar to thos ... | 2006 | 17304813 |
| ichthyobodo hippoglossi n. sp. (kinetoplastea: prokinetoplastida: ichthyobodonidae fam. nov.), an ectoparasitic flagellate infecting farmed atlantic halibut hippoglossus hippoglossus. | diseased atlantic halibut hippoglossus hippoglossus juveniles from a hatchery in western norway showed gill and skin infections with an ichthyobodo species. genus ichthyobodo contains a single valid species, i. necator, a parasite originally described from the skin and fins of a salmonid fish in freshwater. many studies have identified this species from other hosts, but recent molecular evidence suggests that many ichthyobodo spp. occur in both fresh- and seawater. we redescribe i. necator from ... | 2007 | 17330740 |
| characterisation of a low pathogenic form of gyrodactylus salaris from rainbow trout. | gyrodactylus salaris was isolated from rainbow trout in a danish freshwater trout farm, and a laboratory population of this particular parasite form was established on rainbow trout. challenge infections were performed using different salmonid strains and species, including east atlantic salmon salmo salar (from the danish river skjernå), baltic salmon s. salar (from the swedish river ume alv) and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (from the danish rainbow trout farm fousing). these were compared ... | 2007 | 17330743 |
| effects of dietary soyabean meal, inulin and oxytetracycline on intestinal microbiota and epithelial cell stress, apoptosis and proliferation in the teleost atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | soyabean meal (sbm)-induced enteritis in the distal intestine of the teleost atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and other salmonids may be considered a model for diet-related mucosal disorders in other animals and man. the role of the intestinal microbiota in its pathogenesis was explored. compared to diets containing fishmeal (fm) as the sole protein source, responses to extracted sbm or the prebiotic inulin, with or without oxytetracycline (otc) inclusion, were studied following a 3-week feeding ... | 2007 | 17349083 |
| epidemiological observations of pancreas disease of farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., in ireland. | epidemiological investigations into the pancreas disease (pd) of farmed salmon were conducted on populations of atlantic salmon reared in ireland during 2003 and 2004. the investigations surveyed all marine salmon farms operating in ireland through a detailed questionnaire with follow-up farm visits. information was gathered on 21 populations of fish in 2003 and 14 populations in 2004. thirteen of the 21 populations suffered pd in 2003 and 12 of the 14 in 2004. the mean mortality due to pd on af ... | 2007 | 17352791 |
| development of an in vivo assay to assess attachment of neoparamoeba sp. (an amphizoic gymnamoeba) to the gills of atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. | | 2007 | 17352795 |
| escape from an evolutionary dead end: a triploid clone of gyrodactylus salaris is able to revert to sex and switch host (platyhelminthes, monogenea, gyrodactylidae). | diploid parthenogenesis, with rare sex, is considered as the basic mode of reproduction among the hermaphroditic and viviparous gyrodactylus. a particular strain of the monogenean parasite gyrodactylus salaris (rbt clone) was recognized by an invariable, unique mitochondrial dna haplotype in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) farms. the rbt clone was shown to be triploid and asexual by analyzing a 493 bp sequence of a nuclear dna marker. three alleles were present as heterozygous in all 237 ind ... | 2006 | 17362339 |
| evaluation of stress- and immune-response biomarkers in atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., fed different levels of genetically modified maize (bt maize), compared with its near-isogenic parental line and a commercial suprex maize. | the present study was designed to evaluate if genetically modified (gm) maize (bt maize, event mon810) compared with the near-isogenic non-modified (ngm) maize variety, added as a starch source at low or high inclusions, affected fish health of post-smolt atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. to evaluate the health impact, selected stress- and immune-response biomarkers were quantified at the gene transcript (mrna) level, and some also at the protein level. the diets with low or high inclusions of gm ... | 2007 | 17394522 |
| eastern canada. granulomatous nephritis associated with rhodococcus sp. infection in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | | 1992 | 17423969 |
| cathepsin d from atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) liver. isolation and comparative studies. | the isolated cathepsin d-like enzyme from atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) liver was shown to be a monomer with a molecular mass of approximately 40 kda. it was inhibited by pepstatin a and had an optimum for degradation of haemoglobin at ph 3.0. the purified enzyme had lower temperature stability than bovine cathepsin d. antibodies raised against the purified enzyme and against two c-terminal peptides of cod cathepsin d recognized a 40 kda protein in immunoblotting of the samples from the purific ... | 2007 | 17428719 |
| [parasite fauna of young landlocked salmon (salmo salar m. sebago girard) in the pista river (the white sea basin)]. | a native population of landlocked salmon of the pista river was investigated in 2000-2002. adult salmon in pista river has smallest size among other populations of landlocked salmon in karelia. data on the biology and parasite fauna of young salmon are presented. the presence of local salmon populations in lakes of the river system is apparently one of the mechanisms keeping the magnitude of population. the presence of gyrodactylus salaris, a harmful parasite of the young landlocked salmon, is e ... | 2007 | 17460940 |
| isolation of a novel fish thymidylate kinase gene, upregulated in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) following infection with the monogenean parasite gyrodactylus salaris. | analysis of differential gene expression in salmon (salmo salar) blood following infection with the monogenean parasite gyrodactylus salaris, resulted in the isolation of a thymidylate kinase gene not previously described from fish and which showed similarity to an lps-inducible thymidylate kinase gene isolated from mouse macrophages. this salmon tyki-like gene may play a role in an innate generalised response to pathogen infection as it was upregulated in salmon following infection with the par ... | 2007 | 17467294 |
| effect of early infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) infection on expression of mhc pathway genes and type i and ii interferon in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) tissues. | a number of viral diseases affecting teleost fish are characterized but few studies have addressed the effects of viral infection on gene expression in vivo. in this study, we investigated the effect of the early stages of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) infection on important components of the innate and adaptive immune response by monitoring expression of five genes in the mhc class i pathway, mhc class iibeta, type i ifn-alpha, mx, and type ii ifn-gamma from cohabitant-infected atlanti ... | 2007 | 17478098 |
| biomagnification and polychlorinated biphenyl congener distribution in an aquatic predator-prey, host-parasite system. | biomagnification and polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) congener distribution was examined in a predator-prey, host-parasite system, in which atlantic salmon (salmo salar) preyed upon sprat (sprattus sprattus). eubothrium crassum was an intestinal parasite in salmon that also "preyed upon" sprat, because the parasites gained access to foodstuffs via the host (salmon) gut. salmon contained significantly higher concentrations of total pcbs compared to both parasites and prey (sprat), but no difference ... | 2007 | 17521127 |
| experimental infection of atlantic salmon salmo salar pre-smolts by i.p. injection with new irish and norwegian salmonid alphavirus (sav) isolates: a comparative study. | atlantic salmon salmo salar l. pre-smolts were experimentally infected with 2 different isolates of salmonid alphavirus (sav): a subtype 1 isolate from ireland and a subtype 3 isolate from norway. sequential samples of tissue and blood were collected during a period of 20 wk post injection and subjected to virus isolation from kidney tissue and serum, detection of viral nucleic acid in heart tissue and serum by real-time rt-pcr, detection of specific antibodies by virus neutralisation assay, and ... | 2007 | 17523539 |
| characterization of the cd3zeta, cd3gammadelta and cd3epsilon subunits of the t cell receptor complex in atlantic salmon. | the cd3 subunits are essential components of the t cell receptor complex, transmitting signals to the inside of the cell. we report here cdnas and corresponding genes encoding cd3zeta, cd3gammadelta and cd3epsilon in atlantic salmon, and real-time rt-pcr analysis to reveal their tissue-specific expression. salmon cd3zeta is the subunit that shows the highest sequence similarity to the mammalian counterparts, comprising of a short extracellular (ex) part, a transmembrane (tm) peptide and a long c ... | 2008 | 17532043 |
| the vitamin d receptor and its ligand 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | seaward migration of salmo salar is preceded by preparatory physiological adaptations (parr-smolt transformation) to allow for a switch from freshwater (fw) to seawater (sw), which also means a switch in ambient calcium from hypocalcic (<1 mm ca(2+)) to the plasma (~1.25 mm ca(2+)) and to strongly hypercalcic (8-12 mm ca(2+)). uptake, storage (skeleton, scales) and excretion of calcium need careful regulation. in fish, the vitamin d endocrine system plays a rather enigmatic role in calcium physi ... | 2007 | 17535883 |
| neoparamoeba perurans n. sp., an agent of amoebic gill disease of atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | amoebic gill disease (agd) is a potentially fatal disease of some marine fish. two amphizoic amoebae neoparamoeba pemaquidensis and neoparamoeba branchiphila have been cultured from agd-affected fish, yet it is not known if one or both are aetiological agents. here, we pcr amplified the 18s rrna gene of non-cultured, gill-derived (ncgd) amoebae from agd-affected atlantic salmon (salmo salar) using n. pemaquidensis and n. branchiphila-specific oligonucleotides. variability in pcr amplification le ... | 2007 | 17561022 |
| molecular cloning and expression analysis of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in amoebic gill disease (agd)-affected atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) is a key mediator of inflammation during amoebiasis of humans and mice. atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) are also susceptible to infection by amoebae (neoparamoeba spp.), inflicting a condition known as amoebic gill disease (agd). here, the role of tnf-alpha in agd-pathogenesis was examined. two atlantic salmon tnf-alpha transcripts designated tnf-alpha1 and tnf-alpha2 together with their respective genes were cloned and sequenced. tnf-alpha1 is 1379 bp a ... | 2007 | 17566761 |
| tissue tropism of salmonid alphaviruses (subtypes sav1 and sav3) in experimentally challenged atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | diagnosis of sav infections has traditionally been based upon clinical observations together with a set of histopathological findings in exocrine pancreas, heart and skeletal muscle, but recently, real-time rt-pcr assays have been developed as a supplement for the detection of sav. the aim of this study was to determine tissue tropism of sav1 and sav3 in atlantic salmon salmo salar l. in order to identify the most suitable tissues for real-time rt-pcr diagnostic assays. the results indicated tha ... | 2007 | 17578649 |
| infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) in experimentally challenged atlantic cod (gadus morhua). | juvenile atlantic cod, gadus morhua, (6 g) were challenged with infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) either by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or by cohabitation with isa-diseased atlantic salmon (salmo salar). samplings of cod were performed over a period of 45 days and various tissue samples were collected. the presence of isav rna (segment 8) in samples was assessed by both conventional rt-pcr and a competitive quantitative real-time rt-pcr. in the i.p.-challenged group, isav rna was detec ... | 2007 | 17610125 |
| zygosity at the major histocompatibility class iib locus predicts susceptibility to renibacterium salmoninarum in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | major histocompatibility (mh) class ii genes play an important role in the vertebrate immune response. here, we investigate the relationship between atlantic salmon (salmo salar) mh class iib zygosity and susceptibility to renibacterium salmoninarum, the causal agent of bacterial kidney disease. by combining dna sequences from the salmon mh class iib gene with quantitative elisa data on r. salmoninarum antigen levels, we found that mh class iib homozygotes were significantly more susceptible to ... | 2007 | 17627802 |
| development and validation of an rna- and dna-based quantitative pcr assay for determination of kudoa thyrsites infection levels in atlantic salmon salmo salar. | quantitative pcr (qpcr) methods targeting the 18s rdna gene (dna qpcr) and cathepsin l mrna (rna qpcr) from kudoa thyrsites (gilchrist) were developed and compared with histology for determination of k. thyrsites infection levels in atlantic salmon salmo salar l. both qpcr tests were specific, reproducible and sensitive down to 3 copies. dna qpcr was able to detect lower k. thyrsites infection levels than those detected by rna qpcr and histology. the higher sensitivity of the dna-based test comp ... | 2007 | 17629119 |
| identification of francisella sp. from atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., in chile. | | 2007 | 17640254 |
| rare and fleeting: an example of interspecific recombination in animal mitochondrial dna. | recombination is thought to occur only rarely in animal mitochondrial dna (mtdna). however, detection of mtdna recombination requires that cells become heteroplasmic through mutation, intramolecular recombination or 'leakage' of paternal mtdna. interspecific hybridization increases the probability of detecting mtdna recombinants due to higher levels of sequence divergence and potentially higher levels of paternal leakage. during a study of historical variation in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) mt ... | 2007 | 17650476 |
| modelling transfer of listeria monocytogenes during slicing of 'gravad' salmon. | transfer of a rifampicin-resistant mutant of listeria monocytogenes from an inoculated slicing blade to slices of 'gravad' salmon (salmo salar), and from inoculated salmon fillet to the slicing machine and subsequently to slices of uninoculated fillet was studied. the effect of slicing temperature (0 degrees c, 10 degrees c and room temperature), inoculum level (approx. 3, 5 and 8 log cfu/blade), and attachment time of inoculum to blade (10 min and 2.5 h) were investigated and predictive models ... | 2007 | 17651853 |
| mitochondrial dna variation of a natural population of gyrodactylus thymalli (monogenea) from the type locality river hnilec, slovakia. | the monogenean flatworm gyrodactylus thymalli (zitnan, helminthologia, 2:266-269, 1960) is considered a harmless ectoparasite on grayling (thymallus thymallus). the species is closely related to g. salaris malmberg, 1957 that causes severe gyrodactylosis on atlantic salmon (salmo salar) in many norwegian rivers. in this paper, we study the mitochondrial diversity of a g. thymalli population from one of the type localities hrable on river hnilec, slovakia. by sequencing parts of the mitochondrial ... | 2007 | 17694404 |
| host-based identification is not supported by morphometrics in natural populations of gyrodactylus salaris and g. thymalli (platyhelminthes, monogenea). | gyrodactylus salaris is a serious pest of wild pre-smolt atlantic salmon (salmo salar) in norway. the closely related g. thymalli, originally described from grayling (thymallus thymallus), is assumed harmless to both grayling and salmon. the 2 species are difficult to distinguish using traditional, morphometric methods or molecular approaches. the aim of this study was to explore whether there is a consistent pattern of morphometrical variation between g. salaris and g. thymalli and to analyse t ... | 2007 | 17697446 |
| baltic salmon activates immune relevant genes in fin tissue when responding to gyrodactylus salaris infection. | immune mechanisms in 2 strains of salmo salar (baltic salmon from river ume alv in sweden and east atlantic salmon from river skjernå in denmark) infected with the monogenean ectoparasite gyrodactylus salaris were elucidated by molecular tools (real-time pcr). the gene expression in the fins (the preferred microhabitat of the parasite) of the susceptible but responding swedish salmon was compared to the expression in the fins of the highly susceptible and nonresponding east atlantic salmon. expe ... | 2007 | 17718169 |
| alphavirus infections in salmonids--a review. | the first alphavirus to be isolated from fish was recorded in 1995 with the isolation of salmon pancreas disease virus from atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., in ireland. subsequently, the closely related sleeping disease virus was isolated from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in france. more recently norwegian salmonid alphavirus (sav) has been isolated from marine phase production of atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in norway. these three viruses are closely related and are now co ... | 2007 | 17718707 |
| pancreas disease in farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in norway. | the present paper describes, for the first time, clinical signs and pathological findings of pancreas disease (pd) in farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in sea water in norway. similarities and differences with reports of pd from ireland and scotland are discussed. samples of 68 rainbow trout from disease outbreaks on 14 farms and from 155 atlantic salmon from outbreaks on 20 farms collected from 1996 to 2004 were included in the present stu ... | 2007 | 17718709 |
| characterization of neoparamoeba pemaquidensis strains: pcr-rflp of the internal transcribed spacer region from the amoeba and endosymbiont. | neoparamoeba pemaquidensis continues to be an ongoing problem for commercial finfish aquaculture and has also sporadically been associated with mass mortalities of commercially relevant marine invertebrates. despite the ubiquity and importance of this amphizoic amoeba, our understanding of the biology as it applies to host range, pathogenicity, tissue tropism, and geographic distribution is severely lacking. this may stem from the inability of current diagnostic tests based on morphology, immuno ... | 2007 | 17760387 |
| neoparamoeba sp. and other protozoans on the gills of atlantic salmon salmo salar smolts in seawater. | protozoan isolates from the gills of marine-reared atlantic salmon salmo salar smolts were cultured, cloned and 8 dominant isolates were studied in detail. the light and electron-microscopical characters of these isolates were examined, and 7 were identified to the generic level. structure, ultrastructure, a species-specific immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat), and pcr verified the identity of the neoparamoeba sp. isolate. five other genera of amoebae, comprising platyamoeba, mayorella, vexil ... | 2007 | 17803109 |
| interferon type i and type ii responses in an atlantic salmon (salmo salar) shk-1 cell line by the salmon traits/sgp microarray. | interferons (ifns) are cytokines that have proinflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects and play a central role during a host response to pathogens. the ifn family contains both type i and type ii molecules. while there are a number of type i ifns, there is only one type ii ifn. recently both type i and type ii ifn genes have been cloned in salmonid fish and recombinant proteins produced showing ifn activity. we have stimulated an atlantic salmon cell line (shk-1) with both type i an ... | 2007 | 17804604 |
| the early response of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) macrophages exposed in vitro to aeromonas salmonicida cultured in broth and in fish. | aeromonas salmonicida is a fish pathogen that causes furunculosis. virulent strains of this bacterium are able to infect salmonid macrophages and survive within them, although mechanisms favouring intracellular survival are not completely understood. it is known that a. salmonicida cultured in vivo in the peritoneal cavity of the host undergoes changes in gene expression and surface architecture compared with cultures grown in vitro in broth. therefore, in this study, the early macrophage respon ... | 2008 | 17825909 |
| comparative estimation of effective population sizes and temporal gene flow in two contrasting population systems. | estimation of effective population sizes (n(e)) and temporal gene flow (n(e)m, m) has many implications for understanding population structure in evolutionary and conservation biology. however, comparative studies that gauge the relative performance of n(e), n(e)m or m methods are few. using temporal genetic data from two salmonid fish population systems with disparate population structure, we (i) evaluated the congruence in estimates and precision of long- and short-term n(e), n(e)m and m from ... | 2007 | 17850551 |
| hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation and compositional characteristics of washed fish mince model systems made from cod (gadus morhua), herring (clupea harengus), and salmon (salmo salar) muscle. | the use of washed cod light muscle minces in mechanistic studies of hemoglobin (hb)-mediated fish lipid oxidation has largely increased in the past 5 years. although cod light muscle has a low level of intrinsic lipid oxidation catalysts, a prerequisite for a good oxidation model system, we believe it cannot fully mimic the oxidation kinetics taking place in other fish species being more susceptible to lipid oxidation. the aim of this study was to systematically investigate whether washed mince ... | 2007 | 17910510 |
| a cold-active salmon goose-type lysozyme with high heat tolerance. | the atlantic salmon (salmo salar) goose-type lysozyme gene was isolated and revealed alternative splicing within exon 2 affecting the signal peptide-encoding region. the lysozyme was produced in escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme showed a high specific lytic activity that was stimulated by low or moderate concentrations of mono- or divalent cations. relative lytic activities of 70 and 100% were measured at 4 degrees c and 22 degrees c, respectively, and there was no detectable activity ... | 2007 | 17917700 |
| the atlantic salmon mhc class ii alpha and beta promoters are active in mammalian cell lines. | the major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhcii) genes are only constitutively expressed in certain immune response cells such as b cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and other antigen presenting cells. this cell specific expression pattern and the presence of conserved regions such as the x-, x2-, y-, and w-boxes make the mhcii promoters especially interesting as vector constructs. we tested whether the atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) mhcii promoters can function in cell lines from other ... | 2007 | 17934904 |
| identification and localization of a putative atp-binding cassette transporter in sea lice (lepeophtheirus salmonis) and host atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | some members of the abc-transporter superfamily, such as p-glycoprotein and the multidrug resistance associated protein, may confer resistance to the avermectin subclass of macrocyclic lactones. the aim of this study was to examine the presence of abc transporters in both sea lice (lepeophtheirus salmonis) and its atlantic salmon host (salmo salar) using monoclonal antibodies (c219 and jsb-1, with high selectivity for p-gp) and a new polyclonal antibody (sl0525) generated against a putative sea ... | 2008 | 17961285 |
| bioavailability of astaxanthin stereoisomers from wild (oncorhynchus spp.) and aquacultured (salmo salar) salmon in healthy men: a randomised, double-blind study. | the objective of the present study was to investigate the bioavailability and the configurational isomer distribution of the carotenoid astaxanthin (ast) in human plasma after ingestion of wild (oncorhynchus spp.) and aquacultured (salmo salar) salmon. in a randomised and double-blind trial, twenty-eight healthy men consumed 250 g wild or aquacultured salmon daily for 4 weeks which provided 5 mug ast/g salmon flesh. the plasma ast concentrations as well as the isomer distribution were measured b ... | 2008 | 17967218 |
| characterization of volatile compounds in a fermented and dried fish product during cold storage. | the northern european production technique for dry-cured meat sausages was used to produce a sliceable, fermented, and dried fish product rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufa). the fatty fish atlantic salmon (salmo salar), the lean fish saithe (pollachius virens) (1:1, w/w), lactobacillus sakei, and 4 different milk protein-based ingredients were used in the recipes. the changes in the volatile compounds during cold storage (+4 degrees c) of vacuum-packed dried sausages were studied ... | 2007 | 17995693 |
| computer vision-based sorting of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) fillets according to their color level. | computer vision method was used to evaluate the color of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) fillets. computer vision-based sorting of fillets according to their color was studied on 2 separate groups of salmon fillets. the images of fillets were captured using a digital camera of high resolution. images of salmon fillets were then segmented in the regions of interest and analyzed in red, green, and blue (rgb) and cie lightness, redness, and yellowness (lab) color spaces, and classified according to t ... | 2007 | 17995894 |
| bursts and horizontal evolution of dna transposons in the speciation of pseudotetraploid salmonids. | several genome duplications have occurred in the evolutionary history of teleost fish. in returning to a stable diploid state, the polyploid genome reorganized, and large portions are lost, while the fish lines evolved to numerous species. large scale transposon movement has been postulated to play an important role in the genome reorganization process. we analyzed the dna sequence of several large loci in salmo salar and other species for the presence of dna transposon families. | 2007 | 18021408 |
| gyro-scope: an individual-based computer model to forecast gyrodactylid infections on fish hosts. | individual-based computer models (ibm) feature prominently in current theoretical ecology but have only been applied in a small number of parasitological studies. here we designed an ibm to simulate the infection dynamics of gyrodactylid parasites and immune defence of naïve hosts (i.e. fish previously not exposed to these parasites). we compared the results of the model with empirical data from guppies (poecilia reticulata) infected with gyrodactylus parasites. the laboratory experiments on gup ... | 2008 | 18022176 |
| microhabitat selection of gyrodactylus salaris malmberg on different salmonids. | the microhabitat selection of the ectoparasite gyrodactylus salaris (laerdalselva strain, norway) was investigated concurrently with studies on the parasite population growth on five strains of atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and a strain of danish rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). the salmon used were hatchery-reared parr of east atlantic strains [river conon (scotland), river storå (western denmark) and river atran (western sweden)] and baltic strains [lule and ume (eastern sweden ... | 2007 | 18034680 |
| molecular faunistics of accidental infections of gyrodactylus nordmann, 1832 (monogenea) parasitic on salmon salmo salar l. and brown trout salmo trutta l. in nw russia. | salmon salmo salar l. and brown trout s. trutta l. juveniles were examined for the presence of accidental monogenean ectoparasitic species of gyrodactylus nordmann, 1832 in the baltic and white sea basins of russian karelia in order to estimate the frequency of host-switching attempts on an ecological timescale. to collect phylogeographical information and for exact species identification, the parasites were characterised by nuclear internal transcribed spacer sequences of rdna (its) and, for so ... | 2008 | 18038199 |
| in vitro studies of lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) foregut: tissue responses and evidence of protection against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida epithelial damage. | probiotic bacteria increase the host health status and protect mucosal tissue against pathogen-caused damage in mammalian models. using an in vitro (intestinal sac) method this study aimed to address (a) the in vitro ability of lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis to remain in the gastrointestinal tract of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and (b) its ability to prevent cellular damage caused by successive incubation with aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida the causative agent of furuncul ... | 2008 | 18054448 |
| severe mortality in wild atlantic salmon salmo salar due to proliferative kidney disease (pkd) caused by tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (myxozoa). | extensive mortality in atlantic salmon fry was reported in the river aelva from 2002 to 2004. dead fish were collected in late summer 2006, and live fish were sampled by electrofishing in september the same year. at autopsy and in histological sections, the fish kidneys were found to be pale and considerably enlarged. proliferative lesions with characteristic pkx cells were seen in a majority of the fish. dna from kidney samples of diseased fish was subjected to pcr and sequencing, and the ampli ... | 2007 | 18062470 |
| cortisol response and immune-related effects of atlantic salmon (salmo salar linnaeus) subjected to short- and long-term stress. | it is generally considered that stress causes decreased immune function in fish. in this study we examined in atlantic salmon (salmo salar linnaeus) the effects of both short- (a single 15s out of water) and long-term (4 weeks of daily handling 15s out of water) stress on plasma cortisol (free and total) and glucose levels, expression of interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) and survival of head kidney (hk) macrophages under culture with aeromonas salmonicida. in the short-term study, samples were collec ... | 2008 | 18065240 |
| genetic analysis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from scotland. | infectious pancreatic necrosis (ipn) is a highly contagious disease of young salmonid fish, and is one of the most serious economic diseases in aquaculture. in scotland, an increase in ipn virus (ipnv) outbreaks in seawater atlantic salmon, salmo salar, has been reported in recent years. the aim of this study was to analyse the vp2 gene from recent ipnv isolates from scotland, to determine whether there are epidemiological links between ipnv isolates from farms (13), wild fish (17) and the envir ... | 2008 | 18086033 |
| isolation and quantification of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from ovarian and seminal fluids of atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. | methods for the isolation and quantification of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) from ovarian and seminal fluids of atlantic salmon are described. both have utility for the non-lethal detection of ipnv in mature broodstock and for research into vertical transmission. two experiments are described to check the efficiency of an elution method for the removal of ipnv from milt. the isolation rate for ovarian fluid of females was generally higher than that for seminal fluid of males from ... | 2008 | 18086034 |
| the effect of specific mhc class i and class ii combinations on resistance to furunculosis in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | the aim was to evaluate the performance of selected individual major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i and class ii alleles and combinations of these on disease resistance against furunculosis. the material, consisting of 2,145 atlantic salmon (salmo salar) from seven families, contained four mhc class i (uba) alleles and two mhc class ii alpha (daa) alleles. the included alleles were previously shown to influence resistance towards furunculosis. the fish were challenged with the bacteriu ... | 2008 | 18086261 |
| use of nisin-coated plastic films to control listeria monocytogenes on vacuum-packaged cold-smoked salmon. | cold-smoked (salmo salar) salmon samples were surface-inoculated with a cocktail of three nisin-resistant strains of l. monocytogenes (psu1, psu2 and psu21) to a level of approximately 5 x 10(2) or 5 x 10(5) cfu/cm2 of salmon surface. the inoculated smoked salmon samples were vacuum-packaged with control film (no nisin) or nisin-coated plastic films and stored at either 4 or 10 degrees c. when the inoculated smoked salmon samples were packaged with film coated with 2000 iu/cm2 of nisin, a reduct ... | 2008 | 18086503 |
| morphologic description of infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav)-induced lesions in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss compared to atlantic salmon salmo salar. | in the present study the pathogenesis of experimental infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) infection in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum, 1972) and atlantic salmon salmo salar was compared. the virus infection in the 2 species demonstrated different mortality patterns and pathology characteristics. atlantic salmon showed a typical acute mortality pattern peaking at 8 to 16 d post-infection (dpi) depending on virus dose, whereas in rainbow trout, only the highest virus dose (10(7.13-7 ... | 2007 | 18159667 |
| effect of an acute necrotic bacterial gill infection and feed deprivation on the metabolic rate of atlantic salmon salmo salar. | in this study, experiments were conducted to examine the effect of an acute necrotic bacterial gill infection on the metabolic rate (m(o2)) of atlantic salmon salmo salar. fed and unfed atlantic salmon smolts were exposed to a high concentration (5 x 10(12) cfu ml(-1)) of the bacteria tenacibaculum maritimum, their routine and maximum metabolic rates (m(o2rout) and m(o2max), respectively) were measured, and relative metabolic scope determined. a significant decrease in metabolic scope was found ... | 2007 | 18159670 |
| peptide-binding motif prediction by using phage display library for sasauba*0301, a resistance haplotype of mhc class i molecule from atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | the structure of the peptide-binding specificity of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i has been analyzed extensively in human and mouse. for fish, there are no crystallographic models of mhc molecules, neither are there data on the peptide-binding specificity. in this study, we describe for the first time the identification of a fish class i peptide-mhc ligand binding motif. phage display technology using both 7 mer and 12 mer libraries enabled us to identify peptide ligands with uni ... | 2008 | 18206244 |
| contribution of type iv pili to the virulence of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, a bacterial pathogen of atlantic salmon, has no visible pili, yet its genome contains genes for three type iv pilus systems. one system, tap, is similar to the pseudomonas aeruginosa pil system, and a second, flp, resembles the actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans flp pilus, while the third has homology to the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin pilus of vibrio cholerae. the latter system is likely nonfunctional since eight genes, including the gene encoding ... | 2008 | 18212071 |
| an investigation into the prevalence of renibacterium salmoninarum in farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), and wild fish populations in selected river catchments in england and wales between 1998 and 2000. | a cross-sectional survey of renibacterium salmoninarum infection in farmed rainbow trout (rbt) and wild fish populations was carried out in 10 farms and six river catchments, respectively, in england and wales. the majority of the wild fish were sampled in 1998 and the farmed fish in 2000. grayling, thymallus thymallus, and brown trout, salmo trutta, were the main wild species sampled. two fish, one grayling and one salmon, salmo salar, were r. salmoninarum culture-positive, compared with 40 con ... | 2008 | 18234016 |
| estimating diagnostic test accuracy for infectious salmon anaemia virus in maine, usa. | infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) is a pathogen of consequence to farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. isa control centres on active surveillance for early detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), indirect fluorescent antibody assay (ifat) and virus isolation. because diagnostic test performance varies among populations and laboratories, the office international des epizooties (oie) recommends an evaluation of test accuracy in each region of use. this is comp ... | 2008 | 18234019 |
| occurrence of gyrodactylids on wild atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., in danish rivers. | three hundred and one parr of wild salmon, salmo salar l., from three river systems in denmark were examined in december 2005 and august 2006 for gyrodactylid infections. the species determination was done by morphological analyses of the opisthaptoral hard parts and molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (its) region using pcr restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and sequencing. five species of the genus gyrodactylus were found: gyrodactylus derjavini, gyrodactylus teu ... | 2008 | 18234020 |
| functional adaptive diversity of the atlantic salmon t-cell receptor gamma locus. | the atlantic salmon (salmo salar) t-cell receptor gamma (tcrgamma) gene has extensive diversity in its capacity for antigen recognition due to the v-j-c gene segments recombinational possibilities, and n-region diversity. this is the first report completely characterizing and annotating a tcrgamma gene locus in teleosts. we identified two different tcrgamma loci in atlantic salmon. the first locus, tcrgamma 1, spans 260 kbp and contains four tandemly repeated clusters each of which consists of 1 ... | 2008 | 18241922 |
| major quantitative trait loci affect resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | infectious pancreatic necrosis (ipn) is a viral disease currently presenting a major problem in the production of atlantic salmon (salmon salar). ipn can cause significant mortality to salmon fry within freshwater hatcheries and to smolts following transfer to seawater, although challenged populations show clear genetic variation in resistance. to determine whether this genetic variation includes loci of major effect, a genomewide quantitative trait loci (qtl) scan was performed within 10 full-s ... | 2008 | 18245341 |
| distribution of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) in wild marine fish from scottish waters with respect to clinically infected aquaculture sites producing atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. | this study represents the first large-scale investigation of ipnv in scottish wild marine fish. kidney samples were taken from 30 627 fish comprising 37 species and 45 isolations were made from nine different species, illustrating these as reservoirs of ipnv in scottish waters. the estimated prevalence of ipnv in the scottish marine environment was low at 0.15% (90% confidence intervals, (ci) of 0.11-0.19%). this was significantly greater in fish caught less than 5.0 km from ipn-positive fish fa ... | 2008 | 18261031 |
| a comparison between non-destructive and destructive testing of atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., broodfish for ipnv--destructive testing is still the best at time of maturation. | two populations of atlantic salmon broodstock, previously identified as infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) carriers, were screened for ipnv at the time of stripping. four hundred and ten broodfish were individually sampled of which 91 were detected as ipnv positive by virus culture of sonicated kidney homogenates combined with gonadal fluid, but none tested positive by the blood leucocyte assay. thirty fish identified as ipnv carriers prior to maturation by the blood leucocyte assay wer ... | 2008 | 18261032 |
| first cases of amoebic gill disease (agd) in norwegian seawater farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and phylogeny of the causative amoeba using 18s cdna sequences. | amoebic gill disease (agd) was observed in seawater farmed atlantic salmon at four geographically distant locations on the western coast of norway. to the best of our knowledge, these are the first detected agd outbreaks in norway. the outbreaks lasted for 7-12 weeks in late autumn 2006 and were for the most part concurrent. the crude, cumulative mortality was in the range of 12-20% at three farms and 82% at a fourth. the histopathology showed uniform parasomal amoebae in lesions characteristic ... | 2008 | 18261034 |
| streptococcus phocae, an emerging pathogen for salmonid culture. | this work describes the characterization of the causal agent of disease outbreaks that, from 1999, occurred repeatedly during the summer months (temperatures higher than 15 degrees c) in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) cage-farmed in chile affecting both smolts and adult fish cultured in estuary and marine waters, reaching in some occasions a cumulative mortality up to 25% of the affected population. diseased fish showed exophthalmia with accumulation of purulent and haemorrhagic fluid around eyes ... | 2008 | 18280675 |
| polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in farmed and wild salmon marketed in the northeastern united states. | recently, we reported on the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and chlorinated pesticides in farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar) from maine, eastern canada, and norway, and wild alaskan chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha). in this paper, we extend the analysis to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in these samples. total pbde concentrations in the farmed salmon (0.4-1.4ng/g, wet weight, ww) were not significantly different from those in the wild alaskan chinook samples (0.4 ... | 2008 | 18313722 |
| accumulation and depuration of the synthetic antioxidant ethoxyquin in the muscle of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | the biological fate of the fish feed additive, ethoxyquin (eq) was examined in the muscle of atlantic salmon during 12 weeks of feeding followed by a 2 weeks depuration period. parent eq (1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline), quinone imine (2,6-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-6-quinolone), de-ethylated eq (6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) and eqdm (eq dimer or 1,8'-di(1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-quinoline) were found to be the ubiquitous metabolites of dietary eq, with ... | 2008 | 18329775 |
| biological characterisation of a recombinant atlantic salmon type i interferon synthesized in escherichia coli. | type i (alpha/beta) interferons (ifns) are a family of cytokines that stimulate the expression of numerous proteins that mediate an antiviral state in uninfected cells. two atlantic salmon (salmo salar) ifn-alpha (sasaifn-alpha1 & 2) genes have previously been cloned and both were found to contain a putative n-linked glycosylation site. recombinant sasaifn-alpha1 (rsasaifn-alpha1) produced in eukaryotic systems has repeatedly been shown to confer antiviral properties. however, different ifn-alph ... | 2008 | 18329900 |
| development of a diagnostic pcr to detect neoparamoeba perurans, agent of amoebic gill disease. | the recent description of neoparamoeba perurans as an aetiological agent of amoebic gill disease (agd) advanced our understanding of the condition and has forced a re-evaluation of methods used for the diagnosis of agd. currently, there are no tools available that are both specific for n. perurans and suitable for a routine diagnostic procedure. therefore, in this study we describe an assay to detect n. perurans. the assay, which utilizes pcr to amplify the n. perurans 18s rrna gene, was shown t ... | 2008 | 18353020 |
| epidemiology of gyrodactylus salaris (monogenea) in the river tornionjoki, a baltic wild salmon river. | the occurrence of gyrodactylus salaris in the river tornionjoki was investigated in 2000-2004. infection of salmon parr, salmo salar, was common in the uppermost reach of the river system but decreased downstream and was rare in the lowermost reach. this pattern was consistent across the study period regardless of varying water temperatures. the oldest age groups of parr were more often infected than younger ones throughout the river system, irrespective of their origin (wild or stocked). parasi ... | 2008 | 18355178 |
| neoparamoeba perurans is a cosmopolitan aetiological agent of amoebic gill disease. | previously we described a new member of the neoparamoeba genus, n. perurans, and showed that it is an agent of amoebic gill disease (agd) of atlantic salmon salmo salar cultured in southeast tasmania, australia. given the broad distribution of cases of agd, we were interested in extending our studies to epizootics in farmed fish from other sites around the world. oligonucleotide probes that hybridise with the 18s rrna of n. perurans, n. branchiphila or n. pemaquidensis were used to examine archi ... | 2008 | 18380220 |
| salmon trypsin stimulates the expression of interleukin-8 via protease-activated receptor-2. | in this study, we focus on salmon trypsin as an activator of inflammatory responses in airway cells in vitro. the rationale behind the investigation is that salmon industry workers are exposed to aerosols containing enzymes, which are generated during industrial processing of the fish. knowing that serine proteases such as trypsin are highly active mediators with diverse biological activities, the stimulation of nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-kappab) and interleukin (il)-8 and the role of protease-a ... | 2008 | 18400242 |
| the digestibility and accumulation of dietary phytosterols in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) smolt fed diets with replacement plant oils. | phytosterols occur in high concentration in canola (brassica napus l.) and other vegetable oils such as from the borage plant echium (echium plantagineum l.). we investigated if atlantic salmon (salmo salar) digest and accumulate dietary phytosterols in significant amounts in muscle and liver. phytosterols are lipid soluble, lower cholesterol and reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in humans. we aimed to determine if fatty fish, such as salmon, can be used as a delivery source of this func ... | 2008 | 18408959 |
| antigenic and molecular characterization of vibrio ordalii strains isolated from atlantic salmon salmo salar in chile. | biochemical, serological and molecular properties of a group of 14 vibrio ordalii strains isolated from cultured atlantic salmon salmo salar in chile in recent years were studied. the characteristics of isolates were compared with the type strain v. ordalii atcc 33509t. the chilean v. ordalii represented a biochemically homogenous group; however, some minor differences with the type strain were observed. the serological relationships among isolates, as well as the study of their antigenic determ ... | 2008 | 18429439 |
| innate immunomodulation with recombinant interferon-alpha enhances resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | we examined the in vivo immunostimulatory effects of a recombinant atlantic salmon (salmo salar) interferon-alpha2 (rsasaifn-alpha2). the mature rsasaifn-alpha2, expressed and purified from escherichia coli, was administered to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) via the oral, immersion, or intraperitoneal (ip) injection route. injection of rsasaifn-alpha2 at 0.1microg/g fish gave significantly greater protection than a phosphate buffered saline (pbs) injection against a lethal challenge of infe ... | 2008 | 18466972 |
| strong genetic influence on ipn vaccination-and-challenge trials in atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. | two series of experimental challenge trials were performed for evaluation of multivalent oil-adjuvanted vaccines with and without an infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) antigen component. in both the trial series, atlantic salmon were hatched, reared, vaccinated and subjected to temperature and light manipulation to induce smoltification. when ready for sea the fish were transported to the veso vikan experimental laboratory for bath or cohabitant challenge with ipnv. in the first series, ... | 2008 | 18482384 |
| tollip, a negative regulator of tlr-signalling, is encoded by twin genes in salmonid fish. | the factor tollip is known to dampen tlr2- and tlr4-mediated signalling in mammals. no negative regulator of the piscine tlr-signalling cascade has been described so far, albeit a sizable collection of factors contributing to this ancient pathogen-sensing system are known from fish to date. we identified two closely related tollip-encoding genes in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and the respective ortholog mrna molecules in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the salmonid tollip genes are segmen ... | 2008 | 18502148 |
| morphogenesis of salmonid gill poxvirus associated with proliferative gill disease in farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar) in norway. | proliferative gill disease (pgd) is an emerging problem in norwegian culture of atlantic salmon (salmo salar). parasites (ichthyobodo spp.) and bacteria (flexibacter/flavobacterium) may cause pgd, but for most cases of pgd in farmed salmon in norway, no specific pathogen has been identified as the causative agent. however, neoparamoeba sp. and several bacteria and viruses have been associated with this disease. in the spring of 2006, a new poxvirus, salmon gill poxvirus (sgpv), was discovered on ... | 2008 | 18521535 |
| population transcriptomics of life-history variation in the genus salmo. | in this study, we demonstrate the power of applying complementary dna (cdna) microarray technology to identifying candidate loci that exhibit subtle differences in expression levels associated with a complex trait in natural populations of a nonmodel organism. using a highly replicated experimental design involving 180 cdna microarray experiments, we measured gene-expression levels from 1098 transcript probes in 90 individuals originating from six brown trout (salmo trutta) and one atlantic salm ... | 2008 | 18522696 |
| quality grading of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) by computer vision. | in this study, we present a promising method of computer vision-based quality grading of whole atlantic salmon (salmo salar). using computer vision, it was possible to differentiate among different quality grades of atlantic salmon based on the external geometrical information contained in the fish images. initially, before the image acquisition, the fish were subjectively graded and labeled into grading classes by a qualified human inspector in the processing plant. prior to classification, the ... | 2008 | 18576993 |
| spatio-temporal expression patterns of anterior hox genes in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). | hox genes encode transcription factors that play important roles in patterning the anterior-posterior (a-p) body axis. in vertebrates, up to 14 hox genes are physically linked in 4-13 chromosomal clusters. their expression patterns obey spatial and temporal collinearity. genes located at the 3' end of the clusters are expressed earlier and more anteriorly than those at the 5' end. to investigate how the expression of hox genes has evolved after very recent ( approximately 25-100 mya) and relativ ... | 2008 | 18620079 |
| motility and flagellin gene expression in the fish pathogen vibrio salmonicida: effects of salinity and temperature. | the success of several vibrio species, including vibrio cholerae, vibrio anguillarum and vibrio fischeri in colonizing their symbiont, or causing infection is linked to flagella-based motility. it is during early colonization or the initial phase of infection that motility appears to be critical. in this study we used vibrio salmonicida, a psychrophilic and moderate halophilic bacterium that causes cold-water vibriosis in seawater-farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar), to study motility and expre ... | 2008 | 18634865 |
| conservation genomics of atlantic salmon: snps associated with qtls for adaptive traits in parr from four trans-atlantic backcrosses. | european atlantic salmon (salmo salar) differ in skin pigmentation and shape from the north american lineage of atlantic salmon but the genetic basis of these differences are poorly understood. we created four large (n=300) backcross families by crossing f1 hybrid male siblings to two females from the european and two from the north american aquacultural strains. we recorded 15 morphological landmarks and two skin pigmentation, three growth and three condition traits on parr. the backcross famil ... | 2008 | 18648388 |
| isoflavone-rich extracts from wooly glycine glycine tomentella inhibits lps-induced tnf-alpha expression in a macrophage cell line of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | the immunomodulatory effects of an isoflavone-rich extract from the root of wooly glycine glycine tomentella (gte) were studied in a macrophage-like cell line from atlantic salmon (to cells). the to cell line was stimulated with defined concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (lps) from escherichia coli (serotype o127:b8) for defined time periods to induce expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines. cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-lox), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) ... | 2008 | 18676022 |
| first detection, isolation and molecular characterization of infectious salmon anaemia virus associated with clinical disease in farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar) in chile. | infectious salmon anaemia (isa) is a viral disease of marine-farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar) caused by isa virus (isav), which belongs to the genus isavirus, family orthomyxoviridae. the virus is considered to be carried by marine wild fish and for over 25 years has caused major disease outbreaks in marine-farmed atlantic salmon in the northern hemisphere. in the southern hemisphere, isav was first detected in chile in 1999 in marine-farmed coho salmon (oncorhynchus kisutch). in contrast to ... | 2008 | 18680586 |
| phylogenetic analyses and molecular epidemiology of european salmonid alphaviruses (sav) based on partial e2 and nsp3 gene nucleotide sequences. | sequence data were generated for portions of the e2 and nsp3 genes of 48 salmonid alphaviruses from farmed atlantic salmon (as), salmo salar l., and rainbow trout (rt), oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in marine and freshwater environments, respectively, from the republic of ireland, northern ireland, england, scotland, norway, france, italy and spain between 1991 and 2007. based on these sequences, and those of six previously published reference strains, phylogenetic trees were constructed using ... | 2008 | 18681902 |
| development of a sensitive and controlled real-time rt-pcr assay for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in marine salmonid aquaculture. | a survey was undertaken to determine the potential distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in marine cage-based salmonid farms in scotland. a rapid, accurate and sensitive quantitative real-time rt-pcr (qrt-pcr) assay was developed, targeting a conserved region of the nucleoprotein (n) gene of the virus. the qrt-pcr assay was shown to be more sensitive than the conventional vhsv rt-pcr. a validation protocol included several different virus isolates as the target and confirme ... | 2008 | 18717066 |
| an improved in situ hybridization method for the detection of fish pathogens. | a fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) method was developed for detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) in paraffin-embedded tissues of atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. several methods of probe labelling and detection were evaluated and found unsuitable for fish because of tissue autofluorescence. likewise, the use of avidin to detect biotin-labelled probe was obviated by the presence of endogenous biotin. an existing approach, using digoxigenin (dig)-labelled probes and dete ... | 2008 | 18786029 |