| [giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in day-care centers in the municipality campinas sp]. | the prevalence of the giardia duodenalis and cryptosporidium parvum infections were studied in children 2-60 months old (n = 310) grouped to sex and age, enrolled in 8 day-care centers. giardiasis was found in 42 (13.5%) of the children and, was most frequent in the age group corresponding to 19-24 months old although children at the first six months of life also presented positive faecal samples. statistical analysis indicated no association between sex (p > 0.05) and prevalence for giardia inf ... | 1996 | 9011885 |
| prevalence of intestinal parasites, including cryptosporidium parvum, in dogs in zaragoza city, spain. | faecal samples from 81 dogs aged between 2 months and 13 years were collected in the small animal clinic (37 domestic dogs) and the animal shelter (44 stray dogs) located in the faculty of veterinary sciences in zaragoza city (northeast spain) and screened for the presence of cryptosporidium oocysts. faeces were concentrated by the formalin-ethyl acetate method and smears of the sediment were stained by using the modified ziehl-neelsen technique. cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were detected in s ... | 1996 | 9017864 |
| localization of cytoskeletal proteins in cryptosporidium parvum using double immunogold labeling. | actin and some actin binding proteins such as tropomyosin, alpha-actinin and troponin t were localized by simultaneous double immunogold labeling in several developmental stages of cryptosporidium parvum. all of the observed developmental stages have many particles of tropomyosin and actin around pellicle and cytoplasm. tropomyosin was labeled much more than the actin when these two proteins were labeled simultaneously. and alpha actinin was labeled mostly in the pellicle, but troponin t labelin ... | 1996 | 9017906 |
| sequencing, analysis and expression in escherichia coli of a gene encoding a 15 kda cryptosporidium parvum protein. | a previous paper presented data on a cdna sequence encoding a protein associated with the aids related pathogen, cryptosporidium parvum. however, the position of the start codon was uncertain, and the 5' end was continuous, lending doubt about the size and complete sequence of the final protein product. herein we present the complete gene sequence and conclude the predicted size of the putative protein to be 16.2 kda. | 1997 | 9020037 |
| protective monoclonal antibody defines a circumsporozoite-like glycoprotein exoantigen of cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites and merozoites. | the apicomplexan protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum causes a diarrheal disease in humans and other mammals for which specific therapy and immunoprophylaxis are unavailable. passive immunization with abs against whole c. parvum organisms has variable efficacy in immunocompromised or neonatal hosts. because apical and surface-exposed zoite ags of the apicomplexa are critical to infectivity and targets of protective immunity, we examined the ability of mabs generated against such ags in c. p ... | 1997 | 9029117 |
| prevalence of dientamoeba fragilis antibodies in children and recognition of a 39 kda immunodominant protein antigen of the organism. | dientamoeba fragilis, a common intestinal protozoan parasite in canada, has been associated with diarrhoea and abdominal pain in some patients. seroprevalence of this organism has not been reported previously. in the present study sera from three symptomatic patients, 12 age- and sex-matched controls, and 189 randomly selected healthy individuals (age 6 months to 19 years) were tested for antibodies against dientamoeba fragilis by an indirect immunofluorescence (iif) assay. all three symptomatic ... | 1996 | 9031881 |
| efficacy of 101 antimicrobials and other agents on the development of cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. | an in-situ elisa was used as a primary screen to test the effects of 101 antimicrobials and other agents on the development of cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. over 40 of the compounds displayed some form of anticryptosporidial activity, and dose-response curves were generated for 40 of these. the in-situ elisa makes a highly effective primary, pharmaceutical screen for c parvum, to be used prior to more detailed microscopical, toxicological or in-vivo assays. | 1996 | 9039272 |
| recovery of waterborne oocysts of cryptosporidium from water samples by the membrane-filter dissolution method. | the cellulose-acetate membrane (cam)-filter dissolution method implemented into a millipore glass microanalysis system was used for recovery of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts seeded into 25 l of drinking water in polyethylene carboy aspirator bottles. cam-entrapped oocysts were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. from 65 to 94 oocysts/l (mean 75 oocysts/l), 34.7% overall of the inoculated oocysts, were unrecovered as determined after the water had been drained from the bottle, rinsed with ... | 1997 | 9039693 |
| [spontaneous cryptosporidium infection in weaned rabbits]. | the first occurrence of cryptosporidium parvum tyzzer, 1912 in broiler rabbits in the czech republic is reported. the protozoon was determined on the basis of morphometrical parameters of oocysts and of localization of endogenous developmental stages. the dynamics of natural cryptosporidium infection was studied in a group of 72 young rabbits after weaning (their age ranging from 23-33 to 82-92 days) obtained from six large flocks and used in a feeding experiment. c. parvum was found in rabbits ... | 1996 | 9045499 |
| protozoal agents: what are the dangers for the public water supply? | safe and efficient treatment of drinking water has been one of the major public health advances of the twentieth century. people in developed countries generally take for granted that their water is safe to drink, a luxury the majority of the world's population does not have. the leading cause of infant mortality in the developing world is infectious diarrhea, and the prevalence of diarrheal pathogens is largely influenced by the quality and quantity of clean water available for drinking and was ... | 1997 | 9046966 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. outbreaks of escherichia coli o157:h7 infection and cryptosporidiosis associated with drinking unpasteurized apple cider--connecticut and new york, october 1996. | | 1997 | 9052693 |
| species specific polymerase chain reaction to detect cryptosporidium parvum and c. muris. | | 1997 | 9056917 |
| cryptosporidium parvum oocysts recovered from water by the membrane filter dissolution method retain their infectivity. | cryptosporidium parvum oocysts infectious to neonatal balb/c mice were processed by the cellulose-acetate membrane (cam) filter dissolution method to determine if the procedure that utilizes acetone incubation and alcohol centrifugations alters their viability (determined by in vitro excystation) or infectivity (determined by infectivity bioassay). in addition, most oocysts with altered viability by desiccation, heat inactivation, and snap freezing that were processed by the cam filter dissoluti ... | 1997 | 9057705 |
| cryptosporidiosis in hiv-infected patients: diagnostic sensitivity of stool examination, based on number of specimens submitted. | to determine the optimal number of stool specimens needed for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. | 1997 | 9068467 |
| specific interferon-gamma, iga and igm responses after experimental infection of neonatal calves with cryptosporidium parvum. | the in vitro interferon-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the local antibody build up was monitored in neonatal calves experimentally infected with cryptosporidium parvum and in negative controls of the same age. from day 6 p.i. on, an infection-induced interferon-gamma response was observed in lymphocyte cultures after stimulation with cryptosporidium oocyst antigen preparation. only the cryptosporidium-infected calves developed local iga and igm responses from day 6 p. ... | 1997 | 9076540 |
| general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease associated with milk and dairy products in england and wales: 1992 to 1996. | twenty general outbreaks of food poisoning in england and wales associated with the consumption of milk and dairy products were reported to the phls communicable disease surveillance centre between 1992 and 1996. a total of 600 people were ill and at least 45 people were admitted to hospital but no deaths were reported. salmonella species were responsible for 11 outbreaks, campylobacter species for five, vero cytotoxin producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec) for three, and cryptosporidium parvum ... | 1997 | 9080728 |
| the prevalence of shedding of cryptosporidium and giardia spp. based on a single fecal sample collection from each of 91 horses used for backcountry recreation. | cryptosporidium parvum and giardia duodenalis are now recognized as primary enteric pathogens in animals and humans. regulatory agencies, such as the environmental protection agency are under increasing pressure to reduce the concentration of these protozoa in surface waters. given the popularity of recreational riding of horses on public land in california backcountry, concerns have been raised by various regulatory agencies as to whether horses used for backcountry recreation are a significant ... | 1997 | 9087926 |
| outbreaks of escherichia coli o157:h7 infection and cryptosporidiosis associated with drinking unpasteurized apple cider--connecticut and new york, october 1996. | | 1997 | 9094791 |
| inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and clostridium perfringens spores by a mixed-oxidant disinfectant and by free chlorine. | cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and clostridium perfringens spores are very resistant to chlorine and other drinking-water disinfectants. clostridium perfringens spores have been suggested as a surrogate indicator of disinfectant activity against cryptosporidium parvum and other hardy pathogens in water. in this study, an alternative disinfectant system consisting of an electrochemically produced mixed-oxidant solution (miox; lata inc.) was evaluated for inactivation of both cryptosporidium parvu ... | 1997 | 9097455 |
| lymphocyte dynamic patterns in cattle during a primary infection with cryptosporidium parvum. | changes in intraepithelial (iel), lamina propria (lpl), and draining lymph node (lnl) lymphocytes were assessed in 9-day-old calves during primary infection with cryptosporidium parvum and in similarly aged noninfected calves. a very low percentage of both cd4+ and cd8+ t cells were found in iel and lpl of noninfected calves. in infected compared to controls, percentages of cd2+, cd3+, cd4+, and cd8+ t cells in iel exhibited a significant increase (p < 0.05), whereas the percentage of il2r+ incr ... | 1997 | 9105305 |
| the effects of ifn-gamma activated mouse peritoneal and alveolar macrophages on cryptosporidium parvum development. | mouse peritoneal and alveolar macrophages were interacted in vitro with c. parvum oocysts and cultured in normal medium and in medium with ifn-gamma. the results showed that in vitro activation of macrophages by ifn-gamma limits c. parvum development although the inhibitory effect is not as potent as in other intracellular parasitic protozoa. | 1997 | 9106951 |
| novel elisa for detection of neospora-specific antibodies in cattle. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibodies to neospora species in cattle was developed. whole formalin-fixed neospora caninum (nc-liverpool) tachyzoites were used as antigen and a monoclonal antibody to bovine immunoglobulin light chain and an anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase conjugate were used to reveal bound antibody. a panel of 46 sera, negative by the immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat), were used in the elisa at a serum dilution of 1:500 to calculate the negative ... | 1997 | 9106971 |
| cryptosporidium parvum metalloaminopeptidase inhibitors prevent in vitro excystation. | cryptosporidium parvum arginine aminopeptidase (rap) was studied during in vitro excystation. specific rap inhibitors were identified by using c. parvum extracts. amastatin, a series of alpha-aminoboronic acids, and the chelating agents edta and 1,10-phenanthrolene, but not endoproteinase inhibitors, blocked enzymatic activity. rap inhibitors found to be effective in soluble enzymatic assays were then studied for their effect on in vitro excystation. 1,10-phenanthrolene, amastatin, and h-boronor ... | 1996 | 9124840 |
| cryptosporidiosis: an emerging, highly infectious threat. | cryptosporidium parvum, a leading cause of persistent diarrhea in developing countries, is a major threat to the u.s. water supply. able to infect with as few as 30 microscopic oocysts, cryptosporidium is found in untreated surface water, as well as in swimming and wade pools, day-care centers, and hospitals. the organism can cause illnesses lasting longer than 1 to 2 weeks in previously healthy persons or indefinitely in immunocompromised patients; furthermore, in young children in developing c ... | 1997 | 9126444 |
| resolution of aids associated cryptosporidiosis after treatment with indinavir. | | 1997 | 9128352 |
| an in vitro model of infection of human biliary epithelial cells by cryptosporidium parvum. | cryptosporidium parvum infection in the immunosuppressed host is frequently complicated by biliary tract involvement. the recent production of human biliary epithelial cell lines was exploited to develop an in vitro model of biliary cryptosporidiosis. infection with c. parvum oocysts was detected by ifa and elisa and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. inoculation of monolayers with 10(4) to 5 x 10(5) oocysts/well resulted in a dose-dependent increase in infection. time-course experim ... | 1997 | 9129102 |
| cryptosporidium infections in mexican children: clinical, nutritional, enteropathogenic, and diagnostic evaluations. | using an indirect immunofluorescence assay on stool samples, we found a 6.4% prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among 403 children less than five years of age with acute diarrhea in mexico city over a one-year period. the prevalence was highest (11.4%) during the rainy summer months. most cryptosporidium parvum cases occurred in infants less than one year of age. cryptosporidium parvum was more common in malnourished children (p < 0.05) and in nonbreast-fed infants less than six months of age (p < ... | 1997 | 9129526 |
| isolation of the gene coding for elongation factor-1alpha in cryptosporidium parvum. | a gene encoding for cryptosporidium parvum (c. parvum) elongation factor 1alpha (ef-1alpha) was isolated and sequenced from a cdna expression library. the recombinant protein cross-reacted with a monoclonal antibody that was raised to a sporozoite cell surface antigen. the gene encoded a 435 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 48.1 kda. the predicted c. parvum ef-1alpha protein sequence showed extensive homology with the ef-1alpha proteins of other eukaryotic organisms and in ... | 1997 | 9130588 |
| detecting cryptosporidiosis as a cause of diarrheal illness: implications for clinicians. | | 1997 | 9134938 |
| a high-yield outbred suckling mouse model of cryptosporidiosis. | outbred suckling mice (nmri strain) were used as hosts. they were initially inoculated with oocysts of human origin, and subsequently with parasites recovered from the mouse ileal mucosa. cryptosporidia were counted in an aliquot of whole-ileum homogenate. parasite load was expressed as cryptosporidia per centimeter of ileum. serial passage of c. parvum in nmri mouse litters led to a gradual amplification of parasite burden relative to animals initially inoculated with the human isolate. | 1995 | 9137647 |
| respiratory tract cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed rat is associated with an epithelial metaplasia. | cryptosporidium parvum is an opportunistic protozoa that chronically infects the digestive tract of immunocompromised hosts. respiratory cryptosporidiosis, which was reported in aids patients, is an uncommon feature of mammalian cryptosporidiosis models. in this study, we document the respiratory lesion; observed in an immunosuppressed rat model of cryptosporidiosis. twenty rats were immunosuppressed with corticosteroids and low protein diet. they were challenged intratracheally with 10(6) c. pa ... | 1995 | 9137648 |
| intestinal co-infection by cyclospora sp. and cryptosporidium parvum: first report in an aids patient. | cyclospora is recently described new human pathogenic coccidian causing intermittent diarrhoeal enteritis which may persist for weeks or months in immunocompetent subjects, particularly travellers visiting some tropical areas and countries, such as nepal, the caribbean, peru and mexico. more rarely this enteric pathogen affects immunocompromised humans, namely hiv-infected people or aids patients, with some clinical pictures recognized in normal hosts. we describe the first case of cyclospora sp ... | 1994 | 9140503 |
| effective non-radioactive method of surface labeling cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. | | 1997 | 9140514 |
| an assay combining cell culture with reverse transcriptase pcr to detect and determine the infectivity of waterborne cryptosporidium parvum. | the presence of cryptosporidium in drinking water supplies is a significant problem faced by the water industry. although a variety of methods exist for the detection of waterborne oocysts, water utilities currently have no way of assessing the infectivity of detected oocysts and consequently are unable to accurately determine the risks posed to public health by waterborne cryptosporidium. in this paper, the development of an infectivity assay for waterborne cryptosporidium parvum is described. ... | 1997 | 9143132 |
| viability of cryptosporidium parvum during ensilage of perennial ryegrass. | the survival of cryptosporidium parvum during ensilage of perennial ryegrass was examined in laboratory silos with herbage prepared in one of three different ways; either untreated, inoculated with a strain of lactobacillus plantarum or by direct acidification with formic acid. the ph values of all silages initially fell below 4.5, but only formic acid-treated silage remained stable at less than ph 4 after 106 d, with the ph of the untreated and inoculant-treated silages rising to above 6. the f ... | 1997 | 9147867 |
| cloning of the entire cowp gene of cryptosporidium parvum and ultrastructural localization of the protein during sexual parasite development. | molecular cloning and immunoelectron microscopy have been used to clone the full-length gene encoding cryptosporidium parvum oocyst wall protein (cowp) and to analyse at the ultrastructural level the expression and localization of cowp during development in the gut. cowp is 1622 amino acids long, has a typical leader peptide and consists of 2 amino acidic domains each containing distinct repeated elements possibly originating from a common ancestral precursor. electron microscopy localized cowp ... | 1997 | 9149414 |
| cryptosporidium parvum in children with diarrhea in zulia state, venezuela. | the prevalence and importance of cryptosporidium parvum as a causal agent of acute diarrhea among pediatric patients from zulia state, venezuela was assessed. single stool specimens were collected from 310 children 0-60 months of age with acute diarrheal disease who were admitted to three public hospitals and from 150 comparable control children without gastrointestinal symptoms who were seen as outpatients. cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were identified in 35 (11.2%) of 310 children with diarrh ... | 1997 | 9158041 |
| evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens. | it is well known that giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium parvum can cause severe symptoms in humans, particularly those who are immunologically compromised. immunoassay procedures offer both increased sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional staining methods. these reagents are also helpful when screening large numbers of patients, particularly in an outbreak situation or when screening patients with minimal symptoms. the data obtained by using 9 diagnostic kits were compared: direc ... | 1997 | 9163474 |
| localization of alpha/beta and gamma/delta t lymphocytes in cryptosporidium parvum-infected tissues in naive and immune calves. | the nature of the host's t-lymphocyte population within the intestinal villi following cryptosporidium parvum infection was characterized with a bovine model of cryptosporidiosis. in naive animals, infection with c. parvum resulted in substantial increases in the numbers of alpha/beta t cells, both cd4+ (150%) and cd8+ (60%), and of gamma/delta t cells (70%) present within the intestinal villi of the infected ileum. in immune animals, the host t-lymphocyte response to a challenge infection with ... | 1997 | 9169784 |
| pcr-rflp analysis of the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (cowp) gene discriminates between c. wrairi and c. parvum, and between c. parvum isolates of human and animal origin. | cryptosporidium wrairi was isolated from guinea pigs during a spontaneous outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. despite the morphological and antigenic similarities to c. parvum, c. wrairi displayed a different host range and site of infection and may represent a separate species or sub-species. we used the polymerase chain reaction to clone two distinct 550 bp-long dna fragments, wc-i and wc-ii, of the gene encoding the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (cowp) of c. wrairi, which showed 98% identity ... | 1997 | 9170264 |
| infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts is retained upon intestinal passage through a migratory water-fowl species (canada goose, branta canadensis). | five cryptosporidium-free canada geese (branta canadensis) were individually orally dosed with 3.5 x 10(6) cryptosporidium parvum oocysts infectious to neonatal balb/c mice. after intestinal passage, inoculum-derived oocysts extracted from goose faeces established severe infection in 14 neonatal balb/c mice (inoculum dose 2.5 x 10(5)/mouse). the inoculum-derived oocysts were detected in goose faeces up to 9 days post-inoculation (pi); the number of intact oocysts and oocyst shells shed during th ... | 1997 | 9171842 |
| characterization of secretory iga responses in mice infected with cryptosporidium parvum. | mice inoculated at 5, 21 and 28 days of age with 10(6) or 10(7) cryptosporidium parvum oocysts became infected but did not exhibit any clinical signs of disease. specific iga antibodies were detected in faecal extracts from all infected mice by an indirect immunofluorescent assay. these antibodies first appeared between 11 and 37 days post-infection (dpi) and persisted until the end of the experiment at 55 dpl. they appeared earlier in older mice than in newborn mice. reduction and resolution of ... | 1997 | 9184934 |
| evaluation of decoquinate to treat experimental cryptosporidiosis in kids. | the purpose of this trial was to evaluate the effects of decoquinate at 2.5 mg/kg/day for 21 days to prevent an experimental cryptosporidiosis in kids. twenty 1-day-old male kids (french alpin), fed initially goat colostrum heated 1 h at 56 degrees c and fed twice daily with nonmedicated milk replacer, were assigned into 2 groups. kids of both groups were orally inoculated with 10(6) cryptosporidium parvum (d0 = inoculation day). group a kids were kept as nonmedicated controls and group b kids w ... | 1997 | 9187027 |
| accelerated inflammatory bowel disease of tcr-alpha-deficient mice persistently infected with cryptosporidium parvum. | tcr-alpha-deficient mice spontaneously develop inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) at 8-9 mo old. this study characterizes an accelerated form of ibd induced by cryptosporidium parvum infection. cryptosporidium parvum-infected tcr-alpha-deficient mice developed ibd as early as 4 wk old when challenged at 1 wk old. the lesions of this accelerated ibd resembled the lesions of spontaneous ibd in tcr-alpha-deficient mice and consisted of a mononuclear cell infiltrate within the intestinal lamina propri ... | 1997 | 9194827 |
| experimental cryptosporidiosis in adult and neonatal rabbits. | neonatal and adult new zealand white rabbits were infected experimentally with cryptosporidium parvum. no histologic evidence of infection was found in adult rabbits. however, increased levels of anti-cryptosporidial serum igg were present, and multiple antigens were detected by serum on immunoblots. in neonates, variably severe, transient infection was present from days 3 to 21 postinoculation. serum igg was initially elevated, decreased until day 10 postinoculation, then progressively increase ... | 1997 | 9195725 |
| incomplete dominance of the low antibody response to cryptosporidium parvum antigens in mice selected for high and low antibody responsiveness. | the humoral antibody response to cryptosporidium was investigated in mice genetically selected for high (h) and low (l) antibody responsiveness. groups of 4-5 mice from two different selections, general primary (gp) and general secondary (gs), were studied. following immunization with cryptosporidium parvum antigens, the maximum levels of igg in the hgp (x +/- sd = 1.13 +/- 0.35, n = 5) in the hgs (0.42 +/- 0.15, n = 4) lines, and of igm in the hgp line (0.86 +/- 0.53, n = 5) were significantly ... | 1996 | 9196549 |
| the prevalence of cryptosporidium parvum and c. muris in mus domesticus, apodemus sylvaticus and clethrionomys glareolus in an agricultural system. | wild mice and voles were tested for cryptosporidium during a 2-year survey at an agricultural site in warwickshire, united kingdom. c. parvum and c. muris, the two cryptosporidial species known to infect mammals, were detected. prevalence figures of 22%, 21% and 13% noted for c. parvum for mus domesticus, apodemus sylvaticus and clethrionomys glareolus, respectively, were higher than those recorded for c. muris at 10%, 6% and 2%. c. parvum causes the sometimes severe diarrhoeal disease cryptospo ... | 1997 | 9197396 |
| effects of manganese salts on the aids-related pathogen, cryptosporidium parvum in vitro and in vivo. | the authors examined the effects of manganese salts on the interaction of the aids-related pathogen, cryptosporidium parvum, with human ileoadenocarcinoma (hct-8) cells in vitro. manganese (mn) inhibited binding of c. parvum sporozoite membrane antigens to intact, fixed hct-8 cells in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas ca++, mg++, and zn++ salts had no effect. manganese was also found to affect sporozoite penetration of live hct-8 cells, which resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of parasite d ... | 1997 | 9197922 |
| glycolytic enzyme activities in cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | oocysts of cryptosporidium parvum were obtained from an experimentally infected newborn goat. after purification, the oocysts were homogenised and the activities of the glycolytic enzymes measured in the different subcellular fractions. all of the activities of the embden-meyerhoff pathway were located in the non-sedimentable, cytoplasmic fraction. under the conditions used, hexokinase activity was below the limits of detection. the pathway is also characterised by the presence of a pyrophosphat ... | 1997 | 9198281 |
| biliary tract cryptosporidiosis immunosuppressed rat model. | rats immunosuppressed by hydrocortisone acetate and a low protein diet were challenged with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and studied on days 10, 35 and 70 post-infection. the biliary tract was found to be a major site of parasite infection. c. parvum was visible in the biliary papillary area in association with a proliferation of highly convoluted tubular glands. the papillary lumen was narrowed, and an upstream dilation with bacterial proliferation was seen. the liver was initially free of le ... | 1996 | 9198592 |
| zoonotic diseases: putting the risks in perspective. | | 1997 | 9200119 |
| effect of a commercial disinfectant ('virkon') on mouse experimental infection by cryptosporidium parvum. | cryptosporidium parvum oocysts obtained from naturally-infected calves were exposed to 1-10% 'virkon' for 10-360 min, then inoculated intragastrically into coccidium-free neonatal mice. prevalence and intensity of infection were determined seven days later by examination of intestinal homogenates. although we were unable to abolish infectivity for the mice, the intensity of infection was considerably reduced after long periods of exposure (up to > 90%, depending on disinfectant concentration), i ... | 1997 | 9211161 |
| cryptosporidiosis and public health. | | 1997 | 9227653 |
| actin in the parasite toxoplasma gondii is encoded by a single copy gene, act1 and exists primarily in a globular form. | actin is a highly conserved microfilament protein that plays an important role in the invasion of host cells by the protozoan parasite toxoplasma gondii. we have characterized the act1 gene and localized the conventional isoform of actin that it encodes within t. gondii. the predicted amino acid sequence of act1 was most similar to two other parasite actins, plasmodium falciparum pfact-1 (93.1% identical) and cryptosporidium parvum actin (88.1%): among vertebrate actins, act1 was most closely re ... | 1997 | 9227855 |
| flow cytometric detection of cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool samples. | cryptosporidium parvum is an important pathogen that causes diarrhea in virtually all human populations. improved diagnostic methods are needed to understand the risk factors, modes of transmission, and impact of cryptosporidiosis. in the present study, we fluorescently labeled and counted c. parvum oocysts by flow cytometry (fc) and developed a simple and efficient method of processing human stool samples for fc analysis. formed stool (suspended in phosphate-buffered saline) from an asymptomati ... | 1997 | 9230372 |
| nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhea and other intestinal parasitic infections associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in tropical africa. | eighteen patients hospitalized with intestinal parasitic infections associated with diarrhea and dehydration completed a study of nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidium parvum and other intestinal parasitic infections. seventeen of the 18 patients were positive for human immunodeficiency virus. twelve patients were diagnosed with clinical stage 4 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) according to the 1990 world health organization proposed clinical classification system and cryptos ... | 1997 | 9230795 |
| characterization of an atp-binding cassette transporter in cryptosporidium parvum. | | 1997 | 9233681 |
| prevalence of cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in cattle and wildlife in morogoro region, tanzania. | prevalences of cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in cattle (n = 486) on five selected farms in morogoro municipality and three species of herbivorous wildlife (n = 87) from mikumi national park, morogoro, tanzania, were determined using the modified ziehl-neelsen staining technique. of 486 bovine faecal samples, 5.3% were positive for cryptosporidium spp. the prevalence of cryptosporidium was higher in calves less than 3 months of age compared to weaned calves and adults. cryptosporidium spp. oocysts ... | 1997 | 9234442 |
| emerging issues in microbiological food safety. | many microorganisms previously unrecognized as food-borne or harmful are emerging as human pathogens transmitted by food. this is a result of recent acquisition of key virulence factors, detection by newly developed isolation procedures, or astute detective-like laboratory skills of microbiologists. six microbial pathogens, including shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, arcobacter butzleri, helicobacter pylori, cryptosporidium parvum, and cyclospora, have become recogn ... | 1997 | 9240928 |
| immunomagnetic capture pcr to detect viable cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from environmental samples. | a method to detect viable cryptosporidium parvum oocysts was developed. polyclonal immunoglobulin g against c. parvum oocyst and sporozoite surface antigens was purified from rabbit immune serum, biotinylated, and bound to streptoavidin-coated magnetic particles. c. parvum oocysts were captured by a specific antigen-antibody reaction and magnetic separation. the oocysts were then induced to excyst, and dna was extracted by heating at 95 degrees c for 10 min. a 452-bp fragment of c. parvum dna wa ... | 1997 | 9251200 |
| structural characterization of a "signature" phosphatidylethanolamine as the major 10-hydroxy stearic acid-containing lipid of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | a 10-hydroxy stearic acid-containing lipid from cryptosporidium parvum was purified by thin-layer chromatography and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry, 1h and 31p nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and was identified as phosphatidyl-ethanolamine. | 1997 | 9252970 |
| the effect of cotrimoxazole on experimental cryptosporidium parvum infection in kids. | the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of the folic acid inhibitor cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim in combination with sulfamethoxazole) was tested in goat kids experimentally infected with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. of the twenty-four 6-day-old kids inoculated with 6 x 10(6) oocysts of c parvum, ten kids were administered cotrimoxazole prophylactically at a dose 20 mg/kg per day of trimethoprim/100 mg/kg per day of sulfamethoxazole for 14 consecutive days beginning 1 day before infection. si ... | 1997 | 9257448 |
| giardiasis in hiv: a possible role in patients with severe immune deficiency. | we report the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of giardiasis in a population of hiv-infected patients with diarrhoic syndrome. during the period between 1988 and 1995, 720 hiv-patients with diarrhoic syndrome were evaluated. fecal specimens were submitted to parasitological examination according to the ritchie formalin-ethil acetate centrifugal sedimentation method and stained with iodine. samples also underwent modified ziehl-neelsen staining and standard bacteriologic ... | 1997 | 9258558 |
| oral administration of putrescine inhibits cryptosporidium parvum infection of neonatal c57bl-6 mice and is independent of nitric oxide synthesis. | we examined the efficacy of oral administration of putrescine (a byproduct of arginine metabolism) in the prevention of cryptosporidium parvum infection of neonatal c57bl-6 mice. mice were challenged with the parasite at 7 days of age. mice receiving putrescine from 3 through 10 days of age had a delayed pattern of infection as compared with control mice. mice receiving putrescine from 3 through 21 days of age did not become infected, whereas control mice were heavily infected. we also tested th ... | 1997 | 9267420 |
| antagonistic effect of human alpha-1-antitrypsin on excystation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | this study evaluated the effects of the human serine protease inhibitor alpha-1-antitrypsin (aat) on in vitro excystation and infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum. excystation was monitored at 37 c in rpmi medium in the presence of 0, 100, 500, or 1,000 micrograms/ml aat. aat significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) excystation of bleach-decontaminated oocysts in a concentration-dependent manner at incubation intervals from 15 to 90 min but did not alter the excystation dynamics of unbleached oocysts ... | 1997 | 9267429 |
| polyamine biosynthesis in cryptosporidium parvum and its implications for chemotherapy. | this study demonstrates that polyamine biosynthesis in cryptosporidium parvum occurs via a pathway chiefly found in plants and some bacteria. the lead enzyme of this pathway, arginine decarboxylase (adc) was sensitive to the specific, irreversible inhibitor dl-alpha-difluoromethyl-arginine (ic50 30 microm), and intracellular growth of c. parvum was significantly reduced by inhibitors of adc. no activity was detected using ornithine as substrate, and the irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarb ... | 1997 | 9274865 |
| nucleic acid stains as indicators of cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability. | we developed nucleic acid dye staining methodology for untreated, heat-treated and chemically inactivated c. parvum oocysts. the nucleic acid staining was compared to in vitro excystation and animal infectivity using split samples of oocysts. among the nucleic acid stains tested, syto-9, hexidium and syto-59 stained the oocysts consistently, and the staining was related to the infectivity of the oocysts to neonatal cd-1 mice but not to in vitro excystation. the nucleic acid viability assay was u ... | 1997 | 9279581 |
| pattern of cryptosporidium parvum oocyst excretion by experimentally infected dogs. | six 6-week-old beagle dogs were fed cryptosporidium parvum oocysts of calf origin. all 6 dogs shed oocysts in faeces. greater numbers of oocysts were detected with a weber concentration technique (formalin-ethyl acetate extraction and nacl centrifugal flotation) stained with either fluorescent antibody or modified ziehl-neelsen than with other formalin-ether or -ethyl acetate extraction methods. oocyst numbers g-1 of faeces rose from days 3 to 5 to a first and highest peak lasting to days 7-9, a ... | 1997 | 9279582 |
| in vitro inhibition of cryptosporidium parvum infection by human monoclonal antibodies. | cryptosporidium parvum infection of the small epithelial intestine causes unremitting diarrhea and malabsorption that can lead to chronic and sometimes fatal illness in patients with aids. the illness may be ameliorated by passive oral immunoglobulin therapy. the objective of this study was to produce anti-cryptosporidium human monoclonal antibodies for evaluation as potential therapy. all human monoclonal cell lines that produced c. parvum antibodies were originally generated from the periphera ... | 1997 | 9284173 |
| a new restriction fragment length polymorphism from cryptosporidium parvum identifies genetically heterogeneous parasite populations and genotypic changes following transmission from bovine to human hosts. | length and restriction site polymorphism within a 2.8-kb threonine-rich open reading frame from cryptosporidium parvum was identified and used to determine the genotypes of isolates from calves and humans. in agreement with observations of other genetic loci, all calf isolates were identical at this locus. in contrast, human isolates showed two profiles, one found exclusively in humans and one a superposition of both profiles, which were indicative of heterogeneous parasite populations. pcr fing ... | 1997 | 9284180 |
| cryptosporidiosis in children during a massive waterborne outbreak in milwaukee, wisconsin: clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic findings. | during the spring of 1993 an estimated 403000 residents of the greater milwaukee, wisconsin area experienced gastrointestinal illness due to infection with the parasite cryptosporidium parvum following contamination of the city's water supply. to define the clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic features of outbreak-associated cryptosporidiosis in children, medical and laboratory records for all children submitting stool samples to the microbiology laboratory of the children's hospital of wiscon ... | 1997 | 9287944 |
| cryptosporidium parvum: oocyst excretion and viability patterns in experimentally infected lambs. | cryptosporidium parvum infections of domestic animals can have a considerable economic impact and as oocysts are voided in the faeces of infected hosts, environmental contamination with agricultural waste has also become a matter of concern. since only viable oocysts are potentially infectious, the numbers of oocysts excreted during infection can have important implications for both veterinary and public health. during the course of infection in experimentally infected lambs, oocyst viability wa ... | 1997 | 9287951 |
| cryptosporidiosis-induced impairment of ion transport and na+-glucose absorption in adult immunocompromised mice. | electrolyte transport was investigated during chronic cryptosporidiosis in adult anti-interferon-gamma-treated scid mice by means of ussing chamber techniques. in basal conditions, infection of immunocompromised mice with cryptosporidium parvum resulted in a 30% reduction (p < .05) in the ileal short-circuit (isc) current related to a 28% reduction (p < .05) in tissue conductance compared with controls. the rises in isc and transepithelial potential difference induced by glucose (10 mm) were sig ... | 1997 | 9291348 |
| experimental cryptosporidiosis in kids. | the clinical, pathological and parasitological features of cryptosporidiosis resulting from experimental inoculation with 6 x 10(6) cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were studied in kids. decreased appetite and depression became apparent 72 h post inoculation. subsequently watery feces with clumps of mucus and color changes from brown to yellow were observed. the mean duration of diarrhea was 4.2 days. oocyst shedding started 4 days post inoculation (dpi), started to decrease at 7 dpi, and lasted u ... | 1997 | 9299696 |
| synergistic anticryptosporidial potential of the combination alpha-1-antitrypsin and paromomycin. | the combined effect of the serine protease inhibitor alpha-1-antitrypsin (aat) and the aminoglycoside paromomycin on cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro was investigated. aat and paromomycin were mixed with c. parvum oocysts as either single or combined treatments and used to inoculate epithelial cell cultures. single- and combined-treatment groups had significantly lower (p < 0.01) parasite numbers than untreated controls. the mean fractional inhibitory concentration indices suggested sig ... | 1997 | 9303402 |
| assessment of a dye permeability assay for determination of inactivation rates of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | the ability to determine inactivation rates of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in environmental samples is critical for assessing the public health hazard of this gastrointestinal parasite in watersheds. we compared a dye permeability assay, which tests the differential uptake of the fluorochromes 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi) and propidium iodide (pi) by the oocysts (a. t. campbell, l. j. robertson, and h. v. smith, appl. environ. microbiol. 58:3488-3493, 1992), with an in vitro excystati ... | 1997 | 9327547 |
| prevalence of and associated risk factors for shedding cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and giardia cysts within feral pig populations in california. | populations of feral pigs (sus scrofa) may serve as an environmental reservoir of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and giardia sp. cysts for source water. we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of and associated demographic and environmental risk factors for the shedding of c. parvum oocysts and giardia sp. cysts. feral pigs were either live-trapped or dispatched from 10 populations located along the coastal mountains of western california, and fecal samples were obtained ... | 1997 | 9327560 |
| evaluation of fluorochromes and excitation sources for immunofluorescence in water samples. | fluorescent labelling methods for detecting microorganisms in water have limited sensitivity partly due to the natural autofluorescence from environmental particles. the aim of this study was to examine the autofluorescence of water samples to determine the optimal excitation source and fluorescent labels for minimising background autofluorescence and therefore enhancing sensitive detection of cryptosporidium oocysts. particles concentrated from water were examined using fluorimetry at a wide ra ... | 1997 | 9332821 |
| clinical cryptosporidiosis and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-induced immunosuppression: findings from a longitudinal study of hiv-positive and hiv-negative former injection drug users. | the natural history of cryptosporidiosis was investigated during a waterborne outbreak among 1731 members of a drug rehabilitation community in italy; 19.6% of the members were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). demographic and clinical information and pre-outbreak serum samples were available. clinical data were analyzed, stratifying the study population by hiv serostatus and cd4 cell count. the attack rate of clinical cryptosporidiosis was 13.6% among hiv-negative individuals and ... | 1997 | 9333155 |
| cryptosporidiosis in adults in lusaka, zambia, and its relationship to oocyst contamination of drinking water. | in lusaka, where human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence in young adults is approximately 25%, four townships were studied to establish the prevalence of persistent diarrhea in adults and the etiologic importance of cryptosporidiosis in adults with persistent diarrhea. cryptosporidium parvum oocyst contamination of urban water supplies was measured and the results used to categorize these populations into high or low exposure. in total, 506 adults were reported as having had diarrhea in the ... | 1997 | 9333182 |
| [pancreatitis caused by cryptosporidium parvum in patients with severe immunodeficiency related to hiv infection]. | up to the present, pancreatic complications due to cryptosporidium parvum infection have been described only in a few patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we report our experience with 3 subjects with aids who presented with acute or chronic pancreatitis related to cryptosporidiosis. all 3 patients had abdominal pain resistant to analgesics, increased serum amylase and abnormalities at both sonography and computed tomography. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreotography rev ... | 1997 | 9333315 |
| parameters affecting polymerase chain reaction detection of waterborne cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | cryptosporidium parvum is an enteric protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary importance. dissemination of environmentally resistant oocysts in surface water plays an important role in the epidemiology of cryptospridiosis. although the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a well-established technique and is widely used for detecting microorganisms, it is not routinely applied for monitoring waterborne c. parvum. in order to facilitate the application of pcr to the detection of waterborne c. pa ... | 1997 | 9352675 |
| profiles of healing and nonhealing cryptosporidium parvum infection in c57bl/6 mice with functional b and t lymphocytes: the extent of gamma interferon modulation determines the outcome of infection. | this study describes healing and nonhealing models of cryptosporidium parvum infection with adult mice that have functional t and b lymphocytes. in our nonhealing model, mice on a c57bl/6 background which have a targeted disruption in the gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) gene (gko mice) are utilized. c. parvum-infected gko mice shed extremely high levels of oocysts and displayed overwhelming infection of the entire small intestine. the majority of these mice succumbed within 2 to 3 weeks due to seve ... | 1997 | 9353062 |
| spontaneous cryptosporidiosis in captive white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). | in august 1994, cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in a diarrheic fawn from a captive white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) herd maintained for research purposes at the university of georgia's warnell school of forest resources in athens, georgia (usa). from june through august 1995, 11 captive female white-tailed deer were housed in individual barn stalls where they gave birth to 18 fawns. feces collected at 2 or 3 day intervals from the 18 neonatal fawns for at least 21 days and from 11 adul ... | 1996 | 9359061 |
| intestinal parasitic infections in patients with malignancy. | the frequency of intestinal parasitic infections was studied retrospectively in 1,029 cancer patients presenting with symptoms of diarrhoea. intestinal parasites were diagnosed by stool examination, using both the direct and concentration techniques and also the modified acid fast stain. parasitic infection was found in 16.5% of the cases. the majority of the patients with intestinal parasitosis had cancer of the haemopoietic system and were on anticancer chemotherapy. the most prevalent parasit ... | 1997 | 9360344 |
| giardia and cryptosporidium in dairy calves in british columbia. | a study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of giardia infections in dairy calves and to compare giardia and cryptosporidium infections in calves of different ages. fresh fecal samples were collected from 386 male and female holstein calves (newborn to 24 wk) in 20 dairies located in the lower fraser river valley area of british columbia. giardia intestinalis, cryptosporidium parvum, and cryptosporidium muris were enumerated in each sample after concentration by sucrose gradient centrifug ... | 1997 | 9360789 |
| manure and microbes: public and animal health problem? | most environmental concerns about waste management either have focused on the effects of nutrients, especially n and p, on water quality or have emphasized odor problems and air quality. microbes from manure are often low on the priority list for control and remediation, despite the fact that several outbreaks of gastroenteritis have been traced to livestock operations. the pathogens discussed in this paper include protozoans (cryptosporidium parvum, giardia spp.), bacteria (listeria monocytogen ... | 1997 | 9361239 |
| the beta-tubulin gene of cryptosporidium parvum. | | 1997 | 9364975 |
| genetic polymorphism among cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles. | we report the results of molecular analysis of 39 isolates of cryptosporidium parvum from human and bovine sources in nine human outbreaks and from bovine sources from a wide geographic distribution. all 39 isolates could be divided into either of two genotypes, on the basis of genetic polymorphism observed at the thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (trap-c2) locus. genotype 1 was observed only in isolates from humans. genotype 2, however, was seen in calf isolates and in isolates from a sub ... | 1997 | 9366611 |
| differentiation between human and animal isolates of cryptosporidium parvum using rdna sequencing and direct pcr analysis. | sequence analysis of a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-amplified 298-bp region of the cryptosporidium parvum 18s rrna gene was carried out on 10 human and 9 animal isolates. eight of the 9 animal isolates and 3 human isolates displayed the recognition sequence tatattt, whereas 7/10 human isolates exhibited the recognition sequence ttttttttttt. sequence analysis of the ninth animal isolate, which was recovered from a koala, revealed this isolate to be different from both human and animal isolates ... | 1997 | 9379285 |
| in vitro interactions between hemocytes of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica gmelin, 1791 and cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | it was demonstrated by an in vitro slide phagocytosis assay that hemocytes of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica gmelin, 1791 are capable of rapid recognition and internalization of infectious cryptosporidium parvum (aucp-1 strain) oocysts. the incubation of hemocyte monolayers (8.5 x 10(4) cells) that had received 6.8 x 10(5) or 3.4 x 10(5) oocysts was arrested at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min and the oocytes detected by acid-fast stain and immunofluorescent antibody (ifat). an average ... | 1997 | 9379306 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum igg in the serum of cats. | the objective was to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of cryptosporidium parvum igg in the serum of cats. the elisa was an indirect elisa using soluble c. parvum oocyst antigens and a peroxidase-labeled anti-feline igg secondary antibody. sera from cats with toxocara felis, giardia spp., aelurostrongylus abstrusus, isospora felis, isospora rivolta, toxoplasma gondii, or taenia spp. infections were assayed in specificity studies. following optimization, the e ... | 1997 | 9379309 |
| virus-like, double-stranded rnas in the parasitic protozoan cryptosporidium parvum. | we have discovered and analysed two novel, linear extrachromosomal double-stranded rnas (dsrnas) within oocysts of major north amercian isolates of cryptosporidium parvum, a parasitic protozoan that infects the gastrointestinal tract of a variety of mammals, including humans. these dsrnas were found to reside within the cytoplasm of sporozoites, and were not detected in other species of the genus. cdnas representing both dsrna genomes were cloned and sequenced, 1786 and 1374 nt, and each encoded ... | 1997 | 9383154 |
| epidemiologic features of intestinal parasitic infections in italian mental institutions. | to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the residents of four italian psychiatric institutions, we examined the stool specimens collected in triplicate from 238 residents, enrolled between may 1995 and may 1996. besides, physician and staff nurses provided data about each resident by standardized questionnaires. parasites were detected in the fecal samples from 128 patients (53.8%). however, in the stool specimens from 106 residents only non-pathogenic protozoa were fou ... | 1997 | 9384273 |
| cryptosporidium parvum infection of human intestinal epithelial cells induces the polarized secretion of c-x-c chemokines. | cryptosporidium parvum infects intestinal epithelial cells and does not invade deeper layers of the intestinal mucosa. nonetheless, an inflammatory cell infiltrate that consists of neutrophils and mononuclear cells is often present in the lamina propria, which underlies the epithelium. this study investigated the host epithelial cell response to c. parvum by assessing in vitro and in vivo the expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines by intestinal epithelial cells after infection. t ... | 1997 | 9393797 |
| molecular methods for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of parasitic infections. | direct microscopy is widely used for the diagnosis of parasitic infections although it often requires an experienced microscopist for accurate diagnosis, is labour intensive and not very sensitive. in order to overcome some of these shortcomings, molecular or nucleic acid-based diagnostic methods for parasitic infections have been developed over the past 12 years. the parasites which have been studied with these techniques include the human plasmodia, leishmania, the trypanosomes, toxoplasma gon ... | 1997 | 9394184 |
| [clinical features of japanese children infected with cryptosporidium parvum during a massive outbreak caused by contaminated water supply]. | a massive outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred at a local town of saitama prefecture, in 1996. during this outbreak, we investigated the clinical features of children seen at saitama medical school. cryptosporidium parvum (c. parvum) was detected from 10 out of 28 (36%) children with diarrhea during june and august, 1996. the average ages of the children who were positive and negative for c. parvum were 6.5 and 5 year old, respectively. among the children infected with c. parvum, colic pain wa ... | 1997 | 9394555 |
| efficacy of different methods for detection of low cryptosporidium parvum oocyst numbers or antigen concentrations in stool specimens. | the detection of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in stool specimens by acid-fast (af) stains or immunofluorescence assays (ifa) requires the presence of large numbers of oocysts. to determine whether new commercially available enzyme immunoassays (eias) are more sensitive alternatives, three eias, a direct ifa, and the modified cold kinyoun af stain were compared, particularly with respect to detection of low oocyst numbers or antigen concentrations. thirty-one negative and 31 calf stool-enriched ... | 1997 | 9405942 |
| cryptosporidium parvum in environmental samples in the sligo area, republic of ireland: a preliminary report. | to detect cryptosporidium in environmental specimens in the republic of ireland, grab samples of river water were prepared by calcium carbonate flocculation, and marine mussel tissue homogenated prior to testing with a fluorescently labelled monoclonal antibody and fluorescence microscopy. the parasite was detected in both river waters and marine mussels (mytilus edulis). filter feeders such as mytilus edulis may be of value as biological monitors for the presence of cryptosporidial oocysts in s ... | 1997 | 9418076 |
| simple and rapid measurement of cryptosporidium excystation using flow cytometry. | in vitro excystation is commonly used to determine the viability of samples of purified cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. following exposure to conditions that stimulate excystation, samples are examined microscopically to determine the number of excysted oocysts. the microscopy procedure is tedious and time consuming, and difficult to apply to most oocyst samples without a purification step. a simple flow cytometric method was developed for determining the numbers of oocysts that had excysted fol ... | 1997 | 9421723 |