| synthesis, properties and thermal studies of oxorhenium(v) complexes with 3-hydrazino-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine, benzimidazolethione and 2-hydrazinobenzimidazole. mixed ligand complexes, pyrolytical products and biological activity. | a series of biologically active complexes of oxorhenium(v), were prepared by using the organic ligands 3-hydrazino-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine (hl1), benzimidazolethione (h2l2) and 2-hydrazinobenzimidazole (h2l3). the mixed ligand complexes of oxorhenium(v) with the previous ligands and one of the following ligands: nh4scn, 1,10-phenanthroline (1,10-phen), 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-ohquin) or glycine (gly), were isolated. all the binary and mixed ligand complexes have monomeric structures and exist ... | 2005 | 15863057 |
| diagnosis of alternaria alternata sensitization with natural and recombinant alt a 1 allergens. | diagnosis of alternaria alternata sensitization is hampered by the variability and complexity of fungal extracts, and thus simplification of the diagnostic procedures with purified allergens should be pursued. | 2005 | 15940136 |
| evaluation of paediatric tolerance to an extract of alternaria alternata under two treatment regimes. a multicentre study. | in order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an extract of alternaria alternata in a paediatric population, a two phase study plan has been elaborated that in the first place consists of a retrospective analysis of tolerance under the standard treatment regimes used by the clinical groups involved. this was achieved by analysing the records of 94 patients that have been treated with this extract, these being consecutive patients included at 7 clinics over a period of 6 months. two regimes wer ... | 2005 | 15946625 |
| ip3 production in the hypersensitive response of lemon seedlings against alternaria alternata involves active protein tyrosine kinases but not a g-protein. | ip3 increase and de novo synthesis of scoparone are produced in the hypersensitive response (hr) of lemon seedlings against the fungus alternaria alternata. to elucidate whether a g-protein and/or a protein tyrosine kinase (ptk) are involved in signal transduction leading to the production of such a defensive response, we studied the hr in this plant system after treatment with g-protein activators alone and ptk inhibitors in the presence of fungal conidia. no changes in the level of ip3 were de ... | 2005 | 15977414 |
| associations of place of birth with asthma and wheezing in mexican american children. | there are wide global variations in the prevalence of asthma and wheezing. | 2005 | 15990771 |
| exposure to indoor allergens in day-care facilities: results from 2 north carolina counties. | with 63% of us children under 5 years of age in regular child care, day-care facilities could be an important source of exposure to indoor allergens. | 2005 | 15990786 |
| production of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether by alternaria alternata grown on fruits at various temperatures. | two toxigenic strains of the fungus alternaria alternata (atcc 56836 and atcc 66868) were grown on surface-disinfected, fresh, ripe fruits and tested for the production of alternariol (aoh) and alternariol methyl ether (ame). examined fruits included strawberries; red and green seedless grapes; concord grapes; red delicious, golden delicious, and gala apples; and blueberries. after inoculation, fruits were incubated at 4, 10 degrees c, or room temperature (approximately 21 degrees c) for up to 3 ... | 2001 | 11307891 |
| stress induction and antimicrobial properties of a lipid transfer protein in germinating sunflower seeds. | nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsltps) belong to a large family of plant proteins whose function in vivo remains unknown. in this research, we studied a ltp previously isolated from sunflower seeds (ha-ap10), which displays strong antimicrobial activity against a model fungus. the protein is present during at least the first 5 days of germination, and tissue printing experiments revealed the homogeneous distribution of the protein in the cotyledons. here we report that ha-ap10 exerts a wea ... | 2005 | 16008084 |
| injective versus sublingual immunotherapy in alternaria tenuis allergic patients. | little knowledge is available on molds either from the environmental or clinical points of view. the latter is mainly due to the lack, until recent times, of purified and standardized extracts. injective immunotherapy, largely used for patients allergic to mites and pollens, is regarded with some concern for molds. on the other hand, mold-related allergic symptoms (i.e.,from alternaria tenuis) have in italy an incidence of about 5 percent, mainly in young patients. we have therefore run a pilot ... | 1996 | 8833170 |
| biosynthesis of fumonisin and aal derivatives by alternaria and fusarium in laboratory culture. | cultures of fusarium moniliforme and alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici were grown in the laboratory and analyzed for various fumonisin derivatives. analyses were made by continuous flow fast atom bombardment and ionspray mass spectrometry interfaced to microcapillary hplc. besides fb1, fb2 and fb3 derivatives, two isomers of the one-armed fb1 (protonated molecular ion at m/z 564) and two isomers of the one-armed fb2 (m/z 548) were found. two different isolates of a. alternata when grown in ... | 1996 | 8850619 |
| ochratoxin a-producing species in grapes and sun-dried grapes and their relation to ecophysiological factors. | to explain the dominance of ota-producing fungal species in sun-dried grapes for special wine production through an ecophysiological approach. | 2005 | 16033521 |
| toxigenic fungi isolated from dried vine fruits in argentina. | to evaluate the potential for mycotoxin production by fungi in dried vine fruits, the mycobiota was determined both before and after surface disinfection. predominant genera were aspergillus (50.2%), eurotium (21.4%) and penicillium (13.5%). aspergillus section nigri ("black aspergilli") were isolated with relatively high frequency. aspergillus niger was the most common species but only 3 of 293 isolates screened were ochratoxin a (ota) producers. aspergillus carbonarius was less common but 96% ... | 2005 | 16054260 |
| most aal toxin-sensitive nicotiana species are resistant to the tomato fungal pathogen alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici. | the phytopathogenic fungus alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici produces aal toxins required to colonize susceptible tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) plants. aal toxins and fumonisins of the unrelated fungus fusarium moniliforme are sphinganine-analog mycotoxins (sams), which are toxic for some plant species and mammalian cell lines. insensitivity of tomato to sams is determined by the alternaria stem canker gene 1 (asc-1), and sensitivity is associated with a mutated asc-1. we show that sam- ... | 2001 | 11310733 |
| oribatid mite (acari, oribatida) feeding on ectomycorrhizal fungi. | the coexistence of a large number of soil animals without extensive niche differentiation is one of the great riddles in soil biology. the main aim of this study was to explore the importance of partitioning of food resources for the high diversity of micro-arthropods in soil. in addition, we investigated if ectomycorrhizal fungi are preferentially consumed compared to saprotrophic fungi. until today, ectomycorrhizal fungi have never been tested as potential food resource for oribatid mites. we ... | 2005 | 16133254 |
| detection of aerosolized alternaria alternata conidia, hyphae, and fragments by using a novel double-immunostaining technique. | a double-immunostaining halogen immunoassay was developed to identify aerosolized conidia, hyphae, and fragments of alternaria alternata by using an anti-alternaria polyclonal antiserum, while, simultaneously, allergy to these components was concurrently determined by using human immunoglobulin e antibodies. | 2005 | 16148180 |
| induction of defense responses against alternaria rot by different elicitors in harvested pear fruit. | pear fruit (pyrus pyrifolia l. cv. yali) treated by different elicitors, such as salicylic acid (sa), oxalic acid, calcium chloride, and antagonistic yeast cryptococcus laurentii, were investigated to determine the induction of defense responses. the possible mechanism by which elicitors induced the resistance of pear fruit against postharvest disease was also evaluated. the results indicated that all the elicitors could significantly enhance defense-related enzyme activities, such as beta-1,3-g ... | 2006 | 16158285 |
| dustborne alternaria alternata antigens in us homes: results from the national survey of lead and allergens in housing. | alternaria alternata is one of the most common fungi associated with allergic disease. however, alternaria exposure in indoor environments is not well characterized. | 2005 | 16159634 |
| successful thermotherapy for a subcutaneous infection due to alternaria alternata in a renal transplant recipient. | | 2005 | 16172326 |
| estrogenic and clastogenic potential of the mycotoxin alternariol in cultured mammalian cells. | the mycotoxin alternariol (aoh) is found in food and beverages infected by alternaria alternata. because consumption of foodstuffs contaminated with a. alternata has been implicated in an elevated incidence of esophageal carcinogenesis, we have investigated the estrogenic potential, the effect on cell proliferation, and the genotoxic effect of aoh in cultured mammalian cells. aoh replaced e2 from isolated human estrogen receptors alpha and beta and increased the level of alkaline phosphatase (al ... | 2006 | 16194592 |
| analysis of variation in alternaria alternata by pathogenicity and rapd study. | alternaria alternata were isolated and identified from root, foliage and soil of both wheat and rice crops and their aggressiveness was studied using aggressiveness analysis. isolates of alternaria alternata were genetically characterized using rapd's. the investigations were based on surveys of wheat and rice crops in the rice-wheat cropping areas of pakistan. the study showed that alternaria alternata is root rot causing fungi and during root rot aggressiveness analysis the isolates showed hig ... | 2005 | 16209090 |
| a potent chitinolytic activity of alternaria alternata isolated from egyptian black sand. | eight fungal species characterized by chitinolytic activity were isolated from egyptian black sand collected from rosetta coast. genus aspergillus and alternaria alternata exhibited the highest density (> 40% of the total count, each) on the isolation plates containing different treatments of native shrimp shell chitin. genus aspergillus was represented by a. flavus, a. niger, a. foetidus and a. tungius, with the former species being the most dominant. the other species were cladosporium herbaru ... | 2005 | 16209108 |
| nonpathogenic, environmental fungi induce activation and degranulation of human eosinophils. | eosinophils and their products are probably important in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases, such as bronchial asthma, and in host immunity to certain organisms. an association between environmental fungal exposure and asthma has been long recognized clinically. although products of microorganisms (e.g., lipopolysaccharides) directly activate certain inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages), the mechanism(s) that triggers eosinophil degranulation is unknown. in this study we investigated whe ... | 2005 | 16210651 |
| [bacillus subtilis and phenotypically similar strains producing hexaene antibiotics]. | we studied metabolites synthesized by bacillus subtilis strains, including the type strain of b. atrophaeus and phenotypically similar cultures. these metabolites were presented by polyene antibiotics with conjugated double bonds. hexaenes from study strains inhibited the growth of phytopathogenic fungi fusarium culmorum, f. sporotrichiella, f. oxysporum, botrytis sorokiniana, alternaria tenuis, and phytophtora infestans. the degree of growth inhibition depended on the test fungus. | 2005 | 16240655 |
| synthesis and antifungal potential of co(ii) complexes of 1-(2'-hydroxyphenyl) ethylideneanilines. | synthesis of co(ii) complexes from 1-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-ethylideneaniline and its n-phenyl derivatives has been described and their structures have been established on the basis of elemental analysis and ir studies. the complexes have been screened for their antifungal potential against alternaria alternata, fusarium oxysporum and myrothecium roridum by spore germination inhibition method and the results are discussed. | 2006 | 16256249 |
| subcutaneous alternariosis. | a case of subcutaneous alternariosis caused by alternaria alternata is reported in a 52-year-old male who underwent kidney transplantation 1 year earlier. the infection manifested as a vegetating mass about 7 cm in diameter on the right forearm. histological examination with grocott staining and periodic acid-schiff diastase revealed fungal spores and hyphae with chronic granulomatous inflammation. biopsy fragments inoculated on sabouraud-glucose agar with chloramphenicol produced colonies which ... | 2005 | 16262877 |
| generation of highly purified and functionally active human th1 cells against aspergillus fumigatus. | invasive aspergillosis remains a serious complication in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (sct). since it became clear that lymphocytes provide a critical secondary defense against fungi, adoptive transfer of functionally active anti-aspergillus t cells might be an option to restore adaptive immune effector mechanisms. using the interferon (ifn)-gamma secretion assay, we isolated human activated t cells upon stimulation with a cellular extract of aspergillus fumigatus. cu ... | 2006 | 16322466 |
| two cases of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis by alternaria alternata and alternaria tenuissima. | two cases of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, one with a nodular appearance and the other with an erythematous infiltrating patch, are reported in immunocompromised patients. diagnosis was based on histological examination, which revealed hyphae and round-shaped fungal cells in a granulomatous dermal infiltrate, and on identification of the moulds when biopsy fragments were cultured on sabouraud-dextrose agar without cycloheximide. the pathogens were alternaria tenuissima in the first case and a. al ... | 1997 | 9335148 |
| production of a thermostable beta-d-galactosidase by alternaria alternata grown in whey. | in the course of exploring new microbial sources of extracellular beta-d-galactosidase (ec. 3.2.1.23), alternaria alternata was found to excrete elevated quantities of a thermostable form of the enzyme when cultivated in whey growth medium. optimum cultural conditions for maximum enzyme production were a whey lactose concentration of 6%, supplementation of the medium with 0.050 m (nh(4))(2)so(4), an inoculum size of 10 conidia per ml, and a cultivation time at 28 to 30 degrees c of 5 days. the f ... | 1982 | 16346127 |
| participation of the phosphoinositide metabolism in the hypersensitive response of citrus limon against alternaria alternata. | lemon seedlings inoculated with alternaria alternata develop a hypersensitive response (hr) that includes the induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal, e. c. 4.3.1.5) and the synthesis of scoparone. the signal transduction pathway involved in the development of this response is unknown. we used several inhibitors of the phosphoinositide (pi) animal system to study a possible role of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (ip3) in the transduction of the fungal conidia signal in citrus limon. the hr wa ... | 2001 | 11471522 |
| stimulation of tentoxin synthesis by aged-culture filtrates and continued synthesis in the presence of protein inhibitors. | tentoxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide produced by alternaria alternata (fries) keissler, induces chlorosis in certain seedling plants. it can be extracted from culture filtrates of the fungus. tentoxin production is stimulated and increased by using a mixture of aged culture filtrates and modified richards solution. aged culture filtrates can be obtained from 3-week-old or older cultures of a. alternata in modified richards solution or pratts solution. a mixture of aged culture filtrate and fresh medi ... | 1986 | 16346993 |
| production of mannitol by fungi from cotton dust. | cotton dust associated with high pulmonary function decrements contains relatively high levels of mannitol. in this study, cotton leaf and bract tissue and dust isolated from cotton leaf tissue were examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and capillary gas chromatography. alternaria alternata, cladosporium herbarum, epicoccum purpurascens, and fusarium pallidoroseum were isolated from cotton leaf dust. the fungal samples, cotton dust, and cotton leaf contained mannitol. thi ... | 1988 | 16347688 |
| effects of ozone and sulfur dioxide on phyllosphere fungi from three tree species. | short-term effects of ozone (o(3)) on phyllosphere fungi were studied by examining fungal populations from leaves of giant sequoia (sequoiadendron giganteum (lindl.) buchholz) and california black oak (quercus kelloggii newb.). chronic effects of both o(3) and sulfur dioxide (so(2)) were studied by isolating fungi from leaves of mature valencia orange (citrus sinensis l.) trees. in this chronic-exposure experiment, mature orange trees were fumigated in open-top chambers at the university of cali ... | 1989 | 16347849 |
| volatilization of selenium by alternaria alternata. | seleniferous water continues to be a serious problem to wildlife in the central valley of california. water samples collected from kesterson reservoir, peck ranch, and lost hills evaporation pond facilities contained between 0.005 and 5 mg of se per liter. the objective of this study was to isolate se-methylating organisms in evaporation pond water and to assess, through enrichment and manipulation of their optimal growth parameters, the environmental factors which govern microbial se methylatio ... | 1989 | 16347933 |
| production of the mycotoxin fumonisin b(1) by alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici. | the mycotoxin fumonisin b(1), originally described as being produced by fusarium moniliforme, was detected in liquid cultures of alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici, a host-specific pathogen of tomato plants. the metabolite was detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. its identity was confirmed by fast atom bombardment and ion spray mass spectrometry, as well as parent-daughter tandem mass spectrometry. in three separate experiments, the concentrations found ran ... | 1992 | 16348822 |
| nuclear ribosomal dna as a probe for genetic variability in the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata. | a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of nuclear ribosomal rna genes (rdna) was used to measure the amount and distribution of genetic variability in populations of the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata on both micro- and macrogeographical scales. a total of 322 isolates were obtained from 13 areas in aichi, gifu, and tottori prefectures in central and western japan. the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that the pathogen populations contained ... | 1993 | 16349060 |
| enzymatic reduction of iron oxide by fungi. | the occurrence of the iron-reducing phenomenon among some common fungi was studied. results indicated that (i) the reduction of ferric iron to the ferrous state by fungi seems to be restricted to nitrate reductase-inducible strains such as actinomucor repens, alternaria tenuis, fusarium oxysporum, and f. solani and (ii) the amount of dissolved ferrous iron may be reduced progressively by increasing the amount of nitrate added to the medium. compared with a complex medium (sabouraud medium), less ... | 1969 | 16349855 |
| utilization of methylthio-s-triazine for growth of soil fungi. | aspergillus niger van tieghem, aspergillus tamarii kita, and aspergillus flavus link ex fries utilized the methylthio moiety of 2,4-bis(isopropylamino) -6-methyl-mercapto-s-triazine (prometryne) as a sulfur nutrient source. other soil fungal isolates not affected by prometryne concentrations to 1 mg/ml culture included: aspergillus oryzae (ahlburg) cohn, curvularia lunata (wakker) boedijn, trichoderma viride persoon ex fries, alternaria tenuis nees ex corda, penicillium funiculosum thom, and pae ... | 1970 | 16349873 |
| in vitro degradation of equine keratin by dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. | keratinolytic properties of two dermatophytes (microsporum gypseum, trichophyton mentagrophytes) and three moulds (scopulariopsis brevicaulis, alternaria alternata, geotrichum candidum) isolated from diseased equine hooves were examined to improve the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms leading to equine onychomycosis. equine hoof horn material and skin, as well as hoof keratin and dermal keratin extracted from corresponding tissues, were used as sole carbon and nitrogen sources in five test ... | 2006 | 16377103 |
| isolation and characterization of the mating-type locus of the barley pathogen pyrenophora teres and frequencies of mating-type idiomorphs within and among fungal populations collected from barley landraces. | pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres mating-type genes (mat-1: 1190 bp; mat-2: 1055 bp) have been identified. their predicted proteins, measuring 379 and 333 amino acids, respectively, are similar to those of other pleosporales, such as pleospora sp., cochliobolus sp., alternaria alternata, leptosphaeria maculans, and phaeosphaeria nodorum. the structure of the mat locus is discussed in comparison with those of other fungi. a mating-type pcr assay has also been developed; with this assay we have analy ... | 2005 | 16391692 |
| apoptosis: a functional paradigm for programmed plant cell death induced by a host-selective phytotoxin and invoked during development. | the host-selective aal toxins secreted by alternaria alternata f sp lycopersici are primary chemical determinants in the alternaria stem canker disease of tomato. the aal toxins are members of a new class of sphinganine analog mycotoxins that cause cell death in both animals and plants. here, we report detection of stereotypic hallmarks of apoptosis during cell death induced by these toxins in tomato. dna ladders were observed during cell death in toxin-treated tomato protoplasts and leaflets. t ... | 1996 | 12239387 |
| expression of the antiapoptotic baculovirus p35 gene in tomato blocks programmed cell death and provides broad-spectrum resistance to disease. | the sphinganine analog mycotoxin, aal-toxin, induces a death process in plant and animal cells that shows apoptotic morphology. in nature, the aal-toxin is the primary determinant of the alternaria stem canker disease of tomato, thus linking apoptosis to this disease caused by alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici. the product of the baculovirus p35 gene is a specific inhibitor of a class of cysteine proteases termed caspases, and naturally functions in infected insects. transgenic tomato plan ... | 2002 | 12403830 |
| moulds, yeasts and aerobic plate counts in ginseng supplements. | forty six ginseng supplement samples including siberian ginseng root, chinese ginseng herb and root, and american ginseng root and extract were purchased from retail in the washington, dc area and from penn herb co. (philadelphia, pa) and tested for mould and yeast (my) contamination and the presence of aerobic mesophilic bacteria (apc). results indicated that 100% of the siberian ginseng samples were contaminated with fungi and bacteria. my counts ranged from 8.0 x 10(2) to 1.4 x 10(3) cfu/g wh ... | 2006 | 16434118 |
| survey of the mycobiota of spanish malting barley and evaluation of the mycotoxin producing potential of species of alternaria, aspergillus and fusarium. | the present work deals with the toxigenic mycobiota occurring in spanish malting barley and the capability for producing mycotoxins by several important toxigenic fungi. one hundred and eighty seven samples of malting barley were gathered from spanish breweries before processing. one hundred and fifty kernels per sample were surface-sanitized with a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution and incubated on three culture media. the most abundant fungi were species of alternaria, aspergillus, penicillium a ... | 2006 | 16443299 |
| exposure to moulds in flats and the prevalence of allergic diseases--preliminary study. | the presented study concerned mycological analysis of buildings in lódź and evaluation of the role between filamentous fungi contaminated flats and inhabitants health (allergic airway diseases). 49 inhabitants of 20 flats with signs of moulds contamination were examined. air samples were collected in houses and outdoors. in all inhabitants skin prick tests (spt) to common allergens and to standardized particular fungal extracts were performed. moreover, total and serum specific ige to moulds, re ... | 2005 | 16457375 |
| exposure to airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin during processing of peppermint and chamomile herbs on farms. | the aim of this study was to determine the levels of microorganisms, dust and endotoxin in the air during processing of peppermint (mentha piperita) and chamomile (matricaria recutita) by herb farmers, and to examine the species composition of airborne microflora. air samples were collected on glass fibre filters by use of personal samplers on 13 farms owned by herb cultivating farmers, located in lublin province (eastern poland). the concentrations of total viable microorganisms (bacteria + fun ... | 2005 | 16457486 |
| alternaria alternata antigens in us homes. | | 2006 | 16461157 |
| characterization of cdnas encoding two distinct miraculin-like proteins and stress-related modulation of the corresponding mrnas in citrus jambhiri lush. | two distinct full-length cdnas from rough lemon that encoded miraculin-like proteins were isolated by random amplification of cdna ends (races), based on sequence information from subtractive pcr previously described, and designated as rlemmlp1 and rlemmlp2. the transcripts of both rlemmlp1 and rlemmlp2 were not detected in leaves, or stems but accumulated in fruits. transcripts accumulated to higher levels in leaves after wounding, inoculation with conidia of alternaria alternata, or treatment ... | 2006 | 16463104 |
| mutagenicity of the mycotoxin alternariol in cultured mammalian cells. | the mycotoxin alternariol (aoh) is an important contaminant of fruit and cereal products. concern about exposure to low levels of aoh was raised after the disclosure that contamination of food with the aoh-producing species alternaria alternata is associated with oesophagal cancer. previously we have reported that aoh induces kinetochore-negative micronuclei in cultured chinese hamster v79 cells. the present study investigates the mutagenicity of aoh at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltra ... | 2006 | 16464542 |
| the major allergen of alternaria alternata (alt a 1) is expressed in other members of the pleosporaceae family. | there is general consensus regarding the scarce cross-reactivity existing between alternaria alternata and other allergenic moulds such as aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium notatum or cladosporium herbarum. however, a. alternata has been shown to have a very significant level of allergenic cross-reactivity with other fungi belonging to the pleosporaceae family. to date, no biological identity or homologies with other proteins have been described for alt a 1, and it remains unclear whether the m ... | 2006 | 16466440 |
| cladosporium herbarum and pityrosporum ovale allergen extracts share cross-reacting glycoproteins. | patients sensitized to airborne fungi such as alternaria alternata and cladosporium herbarum often also show positive skin prick test results and specific serum ige antibodies to a yeast, pityrosporum ovale. we examined whether part of the ige binding to these fungi is explained by cross-reacting mould and yeast allergens. | 2006 | 16534216 |
| maculosin, a host-specific phytotoxin for spotted knapweed from alternaria alternata. | several diketopiperazines have been isolated from liquid cultures of alternaria alternata, the causal agent of black leaf blight of spotted knapweed, centaurea maculosa lam. one of these compounds, maculosin [the diketopiperazine cyclo(-l-pro-l-tyr-)], was active in the nicked-leaf bioassay at 10(-5) m; synthetic maculosin possessed chemical and biological activities identical to those of the natural product. other diketopiperazines isolated from the fungus possessed either less activity or none ... | 1988 | 16593989 |
| transcriptomic footprints disclose specificity of reactive oxygen species signaling in arabidopsis. | reactive oxygen species (ros) are key players in the regulation of plant development, stress responses, and programmed cell death. previous studies indicated that depending on the type of ros (hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, or singlet oxygen) or its subcellular production site (plastidic, cytosolic, peroxisomal, or apoplastic), a different physiological, biochemical, and molecular response is provoked. we used transcriptome data generated from ros-related microarray experiments to assess the spe ... | 2006 | 16603662 |
| alternaria aerosol during a bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection alters the severity of subsequent re-infection and enhances ige production. | previous studies with cattle and rodent models have shown that bovine and human rsv infections influence the immune response to inhaled allergen. in the present study, we extended these observations to examine the effect of fungal allergen alternaria alternata aerosol exposure (prior to and during brsv infection) on the immune response and clinical outcome of a secondary brsv infection. | 2006 | 16644011 |
| enhancement by ethylene of cellulysin-induced ethylene production by tobacco leaf discs. | cellulysin-induced ethylene production in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.) leaf discs was enhanced several-fold by prior exposure of the leaf tissue to ethylene. this enhancement in the response of the tissue to cellulysin increased rapidly during 4 and 8 hours of pretreatment with ethylene and resulted from greater conversion of methionine to ethylene. on treatment with cellulysin, the content of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc) in leaf discs not pretreated with ethylene markedly incre ... | 1984 | 16663395 |
| host-specific effects of toxin from the rough lemon pathotype of alternaria alternata on mitochondria. | host-specific toxin from the rough lemon (citrus jambhiri lush) pathotype of alternaria alternata (acr toxin) was tested for effects on mitochondria isolated from several citrus species. the toxin caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and changes in membrane potential in mitochondria from leaves of the susceptible host (rough lemon); the effects differed from those of carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, a typical protonophore. acr toxin also inhibited malate oxidation, apparently b ... | 1989 | 16666643 |
| detection of recombinant alt a1 in a two-site, igm based, sandwich elisa opens up possibilities of developing alternative assays for the allergen. | alternaria alternata is well known to induce ige-mediated asthma in humans. alt a1, a 29 kd glycoprotein doublet composed of 14.5 and 16 kd subunits, is the major allergen of this mould. detection of alt a1 relies on a two-site sandwich elisa using the same igg subclass immunoglobulin as primary and secondary antibody. in this study, we have compared two igm monoclonal antibodies against recombinant and native alt a1 in detecting the allergen in a two-site sandwich elisa. although both igm clone ... | 2006 | 16687154 |
| biological standardization and maximum tolerated dose estimation of an alternaria alternata allergenic extract. | the manufacture of allergenic extracts from the mold alternaria alternata is influenced by factors such as strain variability, allergenic origin, culturing conditions and extraction process, which affect the reproducibility of the preparations intended for diagnostic and therapeutic use. | 2006 | 16689182 |
| further examination of the effects of nitrosylation on alternaria alternata mycotoxin mutagenicity in vitro. | previously, alternaria extract and metabolite mutagenicities+/-nitrosylation were characterized using ames salmonella strains ta98 and ta100, which are both reverted at gc sites. to examine other targets for mutation, the metabolites altertoxin i (atx i), altenuene (alt), alternariol (aoh), alternariol monomethyl ether (ame), tentoxin (tent), tenuazonic acid (ta) and radicinin (rad) were reexamined+/-nitrosylation, using ames salmonella strain ta97, sensitive to frameshift mutations at a run of ... | 2006 | 16698312 |
| description of a novel panallergen of cross-reactivity between moulds and foods. | the present investigation is undertaken to demonstrate a novel cross-reactivity between aeroallergens (moulds fungi imperfecti) and allergens from foods (spinach and mushroom agaricus bisporus). we have performed a dual study in vivo and in vitro, in a population of atopic patients. data from in vivo tests performed with spinach and mushroom have been statistically analysed. to the in vitro assays, mushroom and spinach extracts have been obtained, and sera from moulds allergic patients analysed ... | 2006 | 16698676 |
| novel beta-1,3-, 1,6-oligoglucan elicitor from alternaria alternata 102 for defense responses in tobacco. | a novel elicitor that induces chitinases in tobacco by-2 cells was isolated from alternaria alternata 102. six other fungi, including a. alternata ifo 6587, could not induce, or weakly induce chitinase activity. the purified elicitor was soluble in 75% methanol and showed the chitinase-inducing activity when applied at concentrations of as low as 25 ng x ml(-1). structural determination by methylation analysis, reducing-end analysis, maldi-tof/ms, and nmr spectroscopy indicated that the elicitor ... | 2006 | 16704416 |
| occurrence of ochratoxin a in wine and ochratoxigenic mycoflora in grapes and dried vine fruits in south america. | grape and wine production in south america represents about 6.6% and 10% respectively of the world grape and wine production. the available information on the ochratoxigenic mycoflora and ochratoxin a (ota) presence in wine grapes, wines, grape juices and dried vine fruits is limited. surveys have been carried out in argentina and brazil which showed that aspergillus niger aggregate are predominant in the argentinean varieties while from the brazilian varieties the species a. niger, aspergillus ... | 2006 | 16716424 |
| effects of fungal interaction on ochratoxin a production by a. carbonarius at different temperatures and a(w). | ochratoxin a is a well-known mycotoxin produced by species of the genera penicillium and aspergillus. ota-producing species from a. section nigri are considered the source of ota detected in grapes, dried vine fruits and wines. other fungi present in grapes during their maturation can grow and interact with ota-producing aspergillus species and affect ota production. in this study seven fungi (alternaria alternata, cladosporium herbarum, eurotium amstelodami, trichoderma harzianum, penicillium d ... | 2006 | 16735071 |
| studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms. 108. metabolites of alternaria tenuis auct.: the biosynthesis of tenuazonic acid. | | 1961 | 16748879 |
| a novel rice mapk gene, osbimk2, is involved in disease-resistance responses. | the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades play important roles in transmission of extracellular signals to the downstream effector proteins through a mechanism of protein phosphorylation. in this study, we isolated and identified a novel rice mapk gene, osbimk2 ( oryzae sativa l. bth-induced map kinase 2). the osbimk2 encodes a 506 amino acid protein with molecular weight of 63 kd. the recombinant osbimk2 expressed in escherichia coli showed an autophosphorylation activity in vitro. o ... | 2006 | 16755461 |
| regulatory variability of camalexin biosynthesis. | the anthranilate synthase asa1, cyp79b2 and cyp71b15 (pad3) are biosynthetic genes of the arabidopsis phytoalexin camalexin, which are induced after pathogen infection and abiotic treatments like silver nitrate spraying. the natural variation of camalexin biosynthesis in response to pseudomonas syringae infection was determined in several ecotypes, and differential cyp71b15 regulation as a potential basis for this variation was investigated. the expression of camalexin biosynthetic genes was res ... | 2007 | 16769150 |
| enzymatic activities of alternaria alternata allergenic extracts and its major allergen (alt a 1). | several allergens from alternaria alternata have been isolated allowing some of them to be identified and characterised. despite the fact that the major allergen of a. alternata (alt a 1) has been extensively produced by recombinant technology, its biological activity still remains unknown. in the present study, extracts from culture filtrates were used to evaluate the intra-specific variability of the enzymes and also as a source for isolating and purifying native alt a 1. this was purified by ... | 2006 | 16784442 |
| rate of iodine volatilization and accumulation by filamentous fungi through laboratory cultures. | five strains of basidiomycetes (lentinula edodes, coprinus phlyctidosporus, hebeloma vinosophyllum, pleurotus ostreatus and agaricus bisporus), one strain of ascomycete (hormoconis resinae) and six strains of imperfect fungi (penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium roquefortii, cladosporium cladosporioides, alternaria alternata, aspergillus niger and aspergillus oryzae) were cultured in a liquid medium containing a radioactive iodine tracer ((125)i), and were tested for their abilities to volatiliz ... | 2006 | 16828143 |
| toxic micromycetes in grain raw material during its processing. | in 2003-2005 micromycetes were isolated and identified from wheat, barley, rye, buckwheat grain brought into mills or from processing enterprises. contamination of the produced flour with micromycete propagules (cfu g(-1)), changes in micromycete diversity and abundance in the course of flour storage, preparation and baking of bread, production of groats or other food products and fodder were determined. most attention was given to widely distributed micromycetes, known producers of toxins: alte ... | 2006 | 16841886 |
| exposure to airborne fungi during conservative dental treatment. | the aim of the study was a mycological assessment of bioaerosol forming during conservative dental treatment, taking into account concentration and type of fungal microflora, and evaluation of the influence of duwl disinfecting protocol on the fungal contamination of the bioaerosol. the research was conducted on 25 operative sites located in public dental clinics. the air contained in the space between a patient and a dentist during conservative dental treatment with the use of a high-speed hand ... | 2006 | 16841889 |
| phytochemistry and antifungal properties of the newly discovered tree pleodendron costaricense. | gas chromatography analysis of the essential oils of leaves and bark collected from the newly discovered tree pleodendron costaricense identified alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, beta-myrcene, beta-thujene, and beta-caryophyllene as their major constituents. phytochemical analysis of p. costaricense parts led to the isolation and identification of delta-tocotrienol, beta-sitosterol, four known drimane-type sesquiterpenes, cinnamodial (1), cinnamosmolide (2), polygodial (3), and mukaadial (4), and two ... | 2006 | 16872133 |
| [concentration of allergic fungi spores in the air of flats in lódź]. | the real contribution of moulds to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases remains unknown, although positive skin prick tests and/or specific serum ige to moki allergens can be detected in 1-5% of atopic patients. a significant problem in assesment of exposure to mould allergens, resulting with difficulty in standarization of methods. the aim of this work was to assess the concentration of spores of 8 mould species in flats inhabited by peoples who bont show any symptoms of allergy. the open petr ... | 1999 | 16886472 |
| in vitro evaluation of antagonistic properties of pseudomonas corrugata. | pseudomonas corrugata, a soil bacterium originally isolated from a temperate site of indian himalayan region (ihr) is examined for its antagonistic activities against two phytopathogenic fungi, alternaria alternata and fusarium oxysporum. although the bacterium did not show inhibition zones due to production of diffusible antifungal metabolites, a reduction in growth between 58% and 49% in both test fungi, a. alternata and f. oxysporum, was observed in sealed petri plates after 120 h of incubati ... | 2008 | 16890413 |
| total serum immunoglobulin e levels in a case-control study in asthmatic/allergic patients, their family members, and healthy subjects from india. | total immunoglobulin e (ige) is an important indicator of allergic disorders. however, its role in allergic patients in india has not been evaluated in relation to atopic status for a reference range as compared with healthy subjects. | 2006 | 16911358 |
| diversity of microfungi in the phylloplane of plants growing in a mediterranean ecosystem. | mediterranean ecosystems have not been investigated as natural habitats for microorganisms in general, and microfungi in particular. plants harvested in "serra da arrábida" (38 degrees 27' n, 9 degrees 02' w), a mediterranean ecosystem in portugal, were analyzed for the filamentous microfungi inhabiting their surface. two field locations with distinct climatic characteristics were studied: 'fonte do veado' (38 degrees 28'50" n, 9 degrees 0'17" w; 300 m elevation) located on the northern slope, a ... | 2002 | 12442302 |
| the plant disease resistance gene asc-1 prevents disruption of sphingolipid metabolism during aal-toxin-induced programmed cell death. | the nectrotrophic fungus alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici infects tomato plants of the genotype asc/asc by utilizing a host-selective toxin, aal-toxin, that kills the host cells by inducing programmed cell death. asc-1 is homologous to genes found in most eukaryotes from yeast to humans, suggesting a conserved function. a yeast strain with deletions in the homologous genes lag1 and lac1 was functionally complemented by asc-1, indicating that asc-1 functions in an analogous manner to the ye ... | 2002 | 12445127 |
| cloning of brn1, a reductase gene involved in melanin biosynthesis in cochliobolus heterostrophus. | the plant pathogenic fungus cochliobolus heterostrophus produces melanin, a black pigment, via 1, 8-dihydroxynaphthalene. the deficiency of c. heterostrophus brn1(-) mutant was complemented with the cosmid clone pcos/ml6, screened by heterologous hybridization with the genes involved in the melanin biosynthesis of alternaria alternata. we determined the dna sequence of the brn1 gene and its flanking regions. the brn1 gene contains one open reading frame consisting of three exons separated by two ... | 1997 | 12501329 |
| molecular taxonomy of the alternaria and ulocladium species from humans and their identification in the routine laboratory. | the alternaria and ulocladium species reported from humans are studied taxonomically using rdna internal transcribed spacer (its) sequence data. the its variability within the genus is relatively limited. the two most important, longicatenate species, alternaria alternata and a. infectoria, clearly differ in their its domains, due to a 26-bp insert in its1 of the latter species. a number of taxa inhabiting particular plant species, such as a. longipes on tobacco and a. mali on apple, but also th ... | 2002 | 12572714 |
| inhibitory activity of analogs of am-toxin, a host-specific phytotoxin from the alternaria alternata apple pathotype, on photosynthetic o2 evolution in apple leaves. | the effect of the host-specific phytotoxins, am-toxins, on the photosynthetic activity of leaves from susceptible apple cultivars was investigated by using an oxygen electrode. the photosynthetic o2 evolution was inhibited by am-toxin i in a host-specific manner. the inhibitory activity of several am-toxin analogs against photosynthesis was also evaluated and the findings were correlated with their necrosis-inducing activity. | 2003 | 12723616 |
| facile one pot microwave induced solvent-free synthesis and antifungal, antitubercular screening of spiro [1,5]-benzothiazepin-2,3'[3'h]indol-2[1'h]-ones. | microwave activation coupled with dry media technique as a green chemistry procedure has been applied to synthesis of a series of some new title compounds. they have been obtained by the reaction of in situ synthesized 1,3-dihydro-3-[2-(phenyl/4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethylidene)-indol-2(1h)-one (4a, b) with substituted aminobenzenethiols (5a-d). the key intermediates 4a, b were also prepared in one step by this improved technique by reacting isatin and substituted acetophenones (2a, b). the results ... | 2003 | 14519917 |
| characterization of a hydroperoxide lyase gene and effect of c6-volatiles on expression of genes of the oxylipin metabolism in citrus. | a number of c6-volatile products of the lipoxygenase (lox) pathway was examined for their antifungal activity and a potential role as a signal molecule in citrus. trans-2-hexenal induced the rough lemon lipoxygenase gene (rlemlox), hydroperoxide lyase gene (rlemhpl) and aos gene, but hexanal, and hexanol suppressed them. cis-3-hexenol and trans-2-hexenol increased expression of the aos gene but not rlemlox and rlemhpl. transcripts of the rlemhpl and aos gene were detected constitutively in leave ... | 2003 | 14610891 |
| dissection of the host range of the fungal plant pathogen alternaria alternata by modification of secondary metabolism. | the filamentous fungus alternaria alternata contains seven pathogenic variants (pathotypes), which produce different host-specific toxins and cause diseases on different plants. the strawberry pathotype produces host-specific af-toxin and causes alternaria black spot of strawberry. this pathotype is also pathogenic to japanese pear cultivars susceptible to the japanese pear pathotype that produces ak-toxin. the strawberry pathotype produces two related molecular species, af-toxins i and ii: toxi ... | 2004 | 15066029 |
| sodium bicarbonate enhances biocontrol efficacy of yeasts on fungal spoilage of pears. | the addition of 2% (w/v) sodium bicarbonate (sbc) in the suspensions of antagonistic yeast cryptococcus laurentii or trichosporon pullulans significantly limited spore germination and germ tube elongation of penicillium expansum and alternaria alternata in potato dextrose broth (pdb) medium. biocontrol activity of c. laurentii or t. pullulans against postharvest decay caused by p. expansum and a. alternata in pear fruits was significantly increased when c. laurentii or t. pullulans combined with ... | 2004 | 15163586 |
| exposure to airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin during flax scutching on farms. | microbiological air sampling was performed on 5 flax farms located in eastern poland. air samples for determination of the concentrations of microorganisms, dust and endotoxin were collected in barns during machine scutching of flax stems by the farmers. the concentrations of mesophilic bacteria ranged from 203.5-698.8 x 10(3) cfu/m3, of gram-negative bacteria from 27.2-123.4 x 10(3) cfu/m3, of thermophilic actinomycetes from 0.5-2.6 x 10(3) cfu/m3, and of fungi from 23.4-99.8 x 10(3) cfu/m3. th ... | 2004 | 15627342 |
| allergens of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana. | background: beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus currently under development as a bio-control agent for a variety of insect pests. although reported to be non-toxic to vertebrates, the potential allergenicity of beauveria species has not been widely studied. methods: ige-reactivity studies were performed using sera from patients displaying mould hypersensitivity by immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition. skin reactivity to b. bassiana extracts was measured using intradermal s ... | 2005 | 15644142 |
| mycoflora and occurrence of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in brazilian sunflower from sowing to harvest. | the present study aimed to analyze the mycoflora and the occurrence of alternariol (aoh) and alternariol monomethyl ether (ame) in grain samples of sunflower during different stages of plant development in nova odessa, state of são paulo, brazil. the data obtained were correlated with the presence of fungi in soil, wind-dispersed fungi, and the predominant climatic conditions of the region where the experiment was carried out. analysis of the mycoflora revealed the presence of fusarium verticill ... | 2005 | 15998154 |
| direct detection and quantification of alternaria alternata lycopersici toxins using high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light-scattering detection. | alternaria alternata lycopersici toxins are produced by the tomato pathogenic fungus a. alternata f. sp. lycopersici. they are primary determinants for stem canker disease of tomato and induce apoptosis in animals and plants. due to the lack of a uv chromophore, their detection has relied on derivatizations or immunoassays, which require tedious pre-assay processes. here, we describe a method for direct and quantitative detection of the toxins. the method employs an evaporative light-scattering ... | 2006 | 16014317 |
| toxigenic profile of alternaria alternata and alternaria radicina occurring on umbelliferous plants. | alternaria alternata and alternaria radicina are fungal species that occur in several food crops and may produce mycotoxins and phytotoxins. the toxigenic profile of a. alternata and a. radicina isolated from carrot and other umbelliferous plants was determined by growing the fungus on rice and carrot discs. most of the tested isolates of a. alternata produced the mycotoxins tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol methyl ether and altertoxin-i on rice. only alternariol and alternariol methyl e ... | 2005 | 16019799 |
| prevalences of positive skin test responses to 10 common allergens in the us population: results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. | allergy skin tests were administered in the second and third national health and nutrition examination surveys (nhanes ii and iii) conducted in the united states from 1976 through 1980 and 1988 through 1994, respectively. | 2005 | 16083793 |
| blue light inhibits mycotoxin production and increases total lipids and pigmentation in alternaria alternata. | [this corrects the article on p. 1075 in vol. 38.]. | 1980 | 16345571 |
| occupational acute lung injury due to alternaria alternata: early stage of organic dust toxic syndrome requires no corticosteroids. | | 2001 | 11534576 |
| protective effect of tenuazonic acid against dimethyl benz(a)antracene-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice. | anticarcinogenic potential of tenuazonic acid (ta), a mycotoxin isolated from a fungus, alternaria alternata, on skin tumorigenesis induced by 7,12-dimethyl benz(a) antracene (dmba) was investigated. female swiss albino mice were exposed topically to 100 nmole of dmba twice weekly for 20 weeks. another group of animals was treated with 250 microg ta in acetone daily for a period of 1 week, followed by the same dose of ta prior to every application of dmba. at the end of 14 weeks, all the animals ... | 2002 | 12111715 |
| sensitisation to airborne moulds and severity of asthma: cross sectional study from european community respiratory health survey. | to assess whether the severity of asthma is associated with sensitisation to airborne moulds rather than to other seasonal or perennial allergens. | 2002 | 12193354 |
| evidence for the genetic control of immunoglobulin e reactivity to the allergens of alternaria alternata. | the fungus alternaria alternata contains potent allergens, and sensitization to these allergens is associated with a high risk of respiratory disease. the influence of genetic regulation on sensitization to alternaria is unknown. | 2002 | 12220470 |
| fumonisin- and aal-toxin-induced disruption of sphingolipid metabolism with accumulation of free sphingoid bases. | fumonisins (fb) and aal-toxin are sphingoid-like compounds produced by several species of fungi associated with plant diseases. in animal cells, both fumonisins produced by fusarium moniliforme and aal-toxin produced by alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici inhibit ceramide synthesis, an early biochemical event in the animal diseases associated with consumption of f. moniliforme-contaminated corn. in duckweed (lemna pausicostata heglem. 6746), tomato plants (lycopersicon esculentum mill), and ... | 1994 | 12232389 |
| recombinant glutathione-s-transferase a major allergen from alternaria alternata for clinical use in allergy patients. | recombinant proteins are used for vaccines, therapy and diagnosis of many diseases. biological activity of these may differ from native counterpart and needs investigation. the present study aimed to compare recombinant (r) and native (n) glutathione-s-transferase (gst) from alternaria alternata. glutathione-s-transferase sequence showed an orf of 696bp encoding 26-kda protein with n-terminus conserved domain. secondary structure of both forms was comparable with melting temperature of 57 and 59 ... | 2006 | 16430961 |
| production and characterization of cellulase and beta-glucosidase from a mutant of alternaria alternata. | a mutant of alternaria alternata excreted enhanced levels of carboxymethylcellulase and particularly beta-glucosidase when grown in cellulose liquid media. both enzymes were purified two- to four-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration, and the kinetic data showed k(m) values of 16.64 mg/ml of culture fluid for carboxymethylcellulase and 0.14 mm p-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucoside and 0.81 mm cellobiose for beta-glucosidase at ph 5. carboxymethylcellulase and extracellular beta-gluc ... | 1984 | 16346494 |
| [the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the growth of microscopic mycelial fungi isolated from habitats with different levels of radioactive contamination]. | the effect of hydrogen peroxide ( 10(-9)-10(-1) m) on the mycelial growth of the fungi alternaria alternata, cladosporium cladosporioides, mucor hiemalis, and paecilomyces lilacinus has been studied. the growth of fungi isolated from habitats with a background level of radioactive contamination was stopped by h2o2 concentrations equal to 10(-3) and 10(-2) m, whereas the growth of fungi that were isolated from habitats with high levels of radioactive contamination was only arrested by 10(-1) m h2 ... | 2005 | 16400985 |
| sg17-1-4, a novel isocoumarin from a marine fungus alternaria tenuis sg17-1. | one novel isocoumarin, named sg17-1-4, along with two known isocoumarins ai-77-b and ai-77-f were obtained from a marine fungus alternaria tenuis sg17-1. their structures were elucidated based on detailed nmr analysis. the cytotoxicities of these compounds were evaluated in vitro. | 2006 | 16915820 |
| rhinocerebral zygomycosis in a young girl undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation for severe aplastic anaemia. | we report on a 10-year-old girl with severe aplastic anaemia who developed rhinocerebral infection caused by absidia corymbifera and a possible co-infection caused by alternaria alternata. despite prolonged neutropenia, therapy with liposomal amphotericin b and posaconazole improved the clinical condition. subsequently, the girl underwent allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) for the underlying disease, but the fungal infection remained under control with the antifungal trea ... | 2006 | 16961580 |
| antimicrobial activity of extracts of chemical races of the lichen pseudevernia furfuracea and their physodic acid, chloroatranorin, atranorin, and olivetoric acid constituents. | the antimicrobial activity and the mic values of the ethanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, and acetone extracts of the chemical races of pseudevernia furfuracea (var. furfuracea and var. ceratea) and their physodic acid, chloroatranorin, atranorin, and olivetoric acid constituents have been investigated against some microorganisms. nearly all extracts of both chemical races showed antimicrobial activity against aeromonas hydrophila, bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, listeria monocytogenes, prote ... | 2006 | 16989308 |