| obstructive jaundice due to coccidioides immitis. | | 1996 | 8726768 |
| purification and characterisation of a novel 34,000-mr cell-associated proteinase from the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum. | a novel cell-associated proteinase was purified to homogeneity from cytoplasmic antigen preparations of trichophyton rubrum by sequential isoelectric focusing and gel filtration chromatography. the enzyme exhibited relative molecular masses of 34,000-mr (non-reduced sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page)), 15,000-mr (reduced sds-page) and 37,000-mr (substrate sds-page). it had a ph optimum of 7.5 and a pi of 4.5. the proteinase exhibited broad substrate specificity ... | 1996 | 8731021 |
| interleukin-12 regulation of host defenses against coccidioides immitis. | we have previously reported on the alternate regulation of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) and interleukin-4 (il-4) in inbred mouse strains which differ in their susceptibility to coccidioides immitis. the genetically resistant dba/2 mice manifest a predominant t-helper 1 (th1) response, with early production of ifn-gamma, whereas susceptible balb/c mice show an early production of the th2 cytokine il-4. since il-12 is one cytokine that can act early during host defenses to promote the differentiat ... | 1996 | 8751906 |
| human pathogeneic fungi and their close nonpathogenic relatives. | in order to understand the relationships between human pathogenic fungi and their close, nonpathogenic relatives, we compared small-subunit ribosomal dna sequences among four closely related pathogens, histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatitidis, trichophyton rubrum, and coccidioides immitis, and seven nonpathogenic fungi expected on morphological grounds to be their nearest relatives. we sequenced small-subunit rna genes from these fungi and used both genetic distance and parsimony algorit ... | 1996 | 8812309 |
| cutaneous manifestations of systemic mycoses. | systemic fungal diseases are primary pulmonary diseases caused by the dimorphic fungal pathogens, blastomyces dermatitides, coccidioides immitis. histoplasma capsulatum, or paracoccidioides brasiliensis. infection occurs after inhalation of the infectious form of the fungus and may be acute, self-limited, or subclinical. primary cutaneous infection occurs only after traumatic implantation of the fungus and is unusual. erythema nodosum or erythema multiforme may accompany the acute form of the di ... | 1996 | 8821165 |
| community-acquired fungal pneumonia in children. | pediatric fungal pulmonary infections are being seen with increasing frequency. the dimorphic fungi histoplasma capsulatum. blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, and cryptococcus neoformans frequently cause infections that are asymptomatic. however, patients may suffer pneumonia and disseminated disease. diagnosis can be made definitively by isolation of the causative organism, but serology or skin testing is often necessary when this is not successful. severe or life threatening infec ... | 1996 | 8883177 |
| coccidioidomycosis: a reemerging infectious disease. | coccidioides immitis, the primary pathogenic fungus that causes coccidioidomycosis, is most commonly found in the deserts of the southwestern united states and central and south america. during the early 1990s, the incidence of coccidioidomycosis in california increased dramatically. even though most infections are subclinical or self-limited, the outbreak is estimated to have cost more than $66 million in direct medical expenses and time lost from work in kern county, california, alone. in addi ... | 1996 | 8903229 |
| use of a recombinant coccidioides immitis complement fixation antigen-chitinase in conventional serological assays. | the coccidioidal complement fixation (cf) antigen has been cloned previously, and the fusion protein has been expressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant cf (rcf) antigen was affinity purified by adsorption-desorption to chitin, and its reactivity was studied by using sera containing coccidioidal antibodies. the affinity-purified rcf antigen formed a line of identity with an immunodiffusion (id) cf reference antigen (coccidioidin) derived from mycelial-phase coccidioides immitis and was react ... | 1996 | 8940464 |
| cloning and expression of the complement fixation antigen-chitinase of coccidioides immitis. | a chitinase had been isolated from the culture filtrates of coccidioides immitis endosporulating spherules and from hyphae and shown to be the coccidioidal complement fixation (cf) and immunodiffusion-cf antigen. in the present study, we made use of our previously determined amino-terminal (n-terminal) sequence of the cf-chitinase to design degenerate oligonucleotide primers and to amplify and sequence a pcr product that coded for the n-terminal portion of the cf-chitinase. the pcr product was u ... | 1996 | 8945534 |
| pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in kentucky. | coccidioidomycosis is a highly infectious disease caused by the dimorphic fungus, coccidioides immitis that is endemic to the arid and semiarid regions of the southwestern united states, mexico, central america, and south america. the majority of infections from c immitis are asymptomatic; however, approximately 40% of infected individuals present with symptoms ranging from a mild flu-like respiratory infection to acute pneumonia that may lead to chronic progressive pulmonary infection or occasi ... | 1996 | 8973079 |
| coccidioides immitis antigen 2: analysis of gene and protein. | antigen 2 is a glycosylated protein present in the cell walls of the dimorphic fungus coccidioides immitis. using oligodeoxyribonucleotide (oligo) primers based on the sequences of ag2 cdna, the gene encoding ag2 was cloned from genomic dna derived from the mycelial phase of c. immitis by pcr. nucleotide (nt) sequence analyses showed a 582 base pair (bp) orf disrupted by two introns which are 78 bp and 101 bp long. the deduced primary translation product consists of 194 amino acids (aa), contain ... | 1996 | 8973319 |
| coccidioidomycosis--arizona, 1990-1995. | coccidioidomycosis is a systemic infection caused by the inhalation of airborne arthroconidia from coccidioides immitis, a soil-dwelling fungus found in the southwestern united states, parts of mexico, and central and south america. clinical manifestations occur in approximately 40% of infected persons and may include mild influenza-like illness; severe pneumonia; and rarely, disseminated disease and death. during 1990-1995, the number of reported cases of coccidioidomycosis in arizona increased ... | 1996 | 8975119 |
| efficacies of two novel azole derivatives each containing a morpholine ring, ur-9746 and ur-9751, against systemic murine coccidioidomycosis. | ur-9746 and ur-9751 are novel azole derivatives each containing a morpholine ring. they were examined for both in vitro and in vivo activities against coccidioides immitis. in vitro, ur-9746 and ur-9751 were active, with mics of 25 and 3.1 micrograms/ml, respectively, against c. immitis silveira; minimum fungicidal concentrations were > 100 micrograms/ml, the highest concentration tested, for both compounds. antifungal activity in serum showed the desirable characteristic of remaining severalfol ... | 1997 | 8980782 |
| recombinant coccidioides immitis complement-fixing antigen: detection of an epitope shared by c. immitis, histoplasma capsulatum, and blastomyces dermatitidis. | we undertook an investigation to assess the utility of a recombinant coccidioides immitis complement-fixing (cf) antigen for detecting cf antibody in sera from patients with coccidioidomycosis. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays established that recombinant cf antigen and, for comparison, a commercially available coccidioidin were reactive with 19 of 19 sera from patients with active coccidioidomycosis. the recombinant antigen was significantly more sensitive than coccidioidin. the median titer ... | 1997 | 9008276 |
| detection of antibodies to coccidioides immitis by enzyme immunoassay. | two hundred twenty-six specimens (160 serum samples, 66 cerebrospinal fluid samples) were tested with the meridian premier coccidioides enzyme immunoassay (mpc-eia), and the results were compared with those of conventional serologic tests detecting complement-fixing (cf) and tube precipitin (tp) antibodies. of the 73 positive specimens by cf, 72 were positive by mpc-eia (72 igg positive, 48 igm positive) and 1 was indeterminate. of the 132 specimens negative by cf, 126 were negative by mpc-eia, ... | 1997 | 9024063 |
| evaluation of cultures of percutaneous core needle biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules. | the value of cultures of tissue obtained by image-directed core needle biopsy of lung nodules has not been determined. of the 250 biopsies performed during a 5-year period in an area endemic for coccidioidomycosis, 225 (90%) were diagnostic. granulomas were identified in 75 specimens, whereas 3 specimens revealed abscess. ziehl-neelsen stain was positive for acid-fast bacilli (afb) in 2 cases. spherules of coccidioides immitis were seen in 54 of the biopsy specimens with granulomas. microbiologi ... | 1997 | 9024072 |
| stability of hybridization activity of coccidioides immitis in live and heat-killed frozen cultures tested by accuprobe coccidioides immitis culture identification test. | frozen hyphal suspensions of coccidioides immitis were evaluated for suitability as positive control cultures in the accuprobe c. immitis culture identification test. the genetic probe hybridization activity of heat-killed and viable frozen cultures, stored at -20 and -70 degrees c and tested over a 10-month period, was compared to that of a freshly grown culture, and the results were evaluated based upon the manufacturer's established positive and negative photometric light unit (plu) cutoff va ... | 1997 | 9041423 |
| concordance of gene genealogies reveals reproductive isolation in the pathogenic fungus coccidioides immitis. | simple cladogenetic theory suggests that gene genealogies can be used to detect mixis in a population and delineate reproductively isolated groups within sexual taxa. we have taken this approach in a study of coccidioides immitis, an ascomycete fungus responsible for a recent epidemic of coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) in california. to test whether this fungus represents a single sexual species throughout its entire geographic range, we have compared genealogies from fragments of five nuclear ... | 1997 | 9144263 |
| cross-reactivity in histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen assays of urine samples from patients with endemic mycoses. | we evaluated cross-reactivity in the antigen assay used for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis by testing urine samples from patients with disseminated fungal infections. the mycoses chosen for this study were selected on the basis of the observation that during clinical testing, cross-reactions may occur between histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum, paracoccidioides brasiliensis, blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, and penicillium marneffei. we detected antigen in 12 of 19 patients w ... | 1997 | 9195077 |
| pulmonary disease in selected protozoal infections. | protozoa of the phylum apicomplexa, including the genera plasmodium, babesia, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidium, are a group of closely related organisms that seldom cause pulmonary disease. all but babesia are members of the subclass coccidiasina ("coccidians"). (the fungal organism coccidioides immitis, a frequent cause of pulmonary disease in endemic areas, was first believed by rixsford and gilchrist to be a member of the subclass coccidiasina; hence its name, meaning coccidioidal-like). so ... | 1997 | 9195676 |
| activity of the triazole sch 56592 against disseminated murine coccidioidomycosis. | sch 56592 (sch) is a new triazole antifungal with a broad spectrum of activity. in vitro susceptibility testing against five strains of coccidioides immitis revealed mics from 0.39 to 3.13 microg/ml and minimal fungicidal concentrations from 1.56 to 3.13 microg/ml. a murine model of systemic coccidioidomycosis was established in female cd-1 mice. groups received either no treatment or oral therapy with fluconazole at 10 or 100 mg/kg of body weight; itraconazole at 10 or 100 mg/kg; sch at 0.5, 2, ... | 1997 | 9210684 |
| treatment of coccidioidal spinal infection: experience in 16 cases. | sixteen patients with spinal infection from coccidioides immitis were treated. lesion location was cervical in two, thoracic in four, lumbar in six, sacroiliac joint in one, and disseminated spinal in three. the neurological status was intact in 11 patients. one patient had incomplete quadriplegia, three patients had incomplete paraplegia, and a fifth patient had a lumbar root lesion. treatment was medical only in 4 patients (one of whom required surgery 2 years later) and combined medical and s ... | 1997 | 9213277 |
| identification of a coccidioides immitis antigen 2 domain that expresses b-cell-reactive epitopes. | antigen 2 (ag2), a major immunoreactive component of coccidioides immitis mycelium- and spherule-phase cell walls, was recently cloned in our laboratory and was shown to elicit t-cell responses in coccidioides-immune mice. in this investigation, we evaluated recombinant ag2 (rag2) and pcr-generated ag2 truncations for expression of b-cell-reactive epitopes in enzyme-linked immunosorbent and immunoblot assays with sera from patients with active coccidioidomycosis, a hyperimmune goat anti-ag2 seru ... | 1997 | 9234800 |
| molecular markers reveal differentiation among isolates of coccidioides immitis from california, arizona and texas. | coccidioides immitis causes coccidioidomycosis, a fungal disease of both immuno-compromised and otherwise healthy people; it is capable of causing large epidemics and the disease is often refractory to chemotherapy. to quantify the magnitude of population differentiation and estimate levels of gene flow in c. immitis, multilocus genotypes were scored for 20-25 clinical isolates from each of bakersfield (california), tucson (arizona), and san antonio (texas). the molecular markers used were pcr p ... | 1997 | 9262014 |
| mapping of a coccidioides immitis-specific epitope that reacts with complement-fixing antibody. | we have previously cloned the cdna fragment that encodes the complement fixation antigen of coccidioides immitis. the recombinant protein was highly sensitive in detecting cf antibody in sera from patients with coccidioidomycosis but was not specific to c. immitis, as evidenced by its reactivity with sera from patients with histoplasmosis and, to lesser extent, blastomycosis. we undertook this study to determine if the epitope(s) that reacts with cf antibody is the same or differs from the epito ... | 1997 | 9317009 |
| atypical coccidioidomycosis in an aids patient successfully treated with fluconazole. | cervical lymphadenopathy due to coccidioides immitis occurred as the sole opportunistic infection in a spanish patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. twelve years earlier the patient had lived in the desert regions of the southwestern usa. after an initial course of high doses of fluconazole, the patient recovered without any sequelae. this is the first case of coccidioidomycosis in spain. | 1997 | 9323471 |
| molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the arginase gene of bacillus brevis tt02-8 and its expression in escherichia coli. | the gene from bacillus brevis tt02-8 encoding arginase was cloned into escherichia coli, and its nucleotide sequence was identified. the nucleotide sequence contained an open reading frame that encoded a polypeptide of 298 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 31,891, which was consistent with that previously calculated for arginase purified from this bacterium. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the b. brevis tt02-8 arginase with that of the prokaryotic and euka ... | 1997 | 9339546 |
| the hsp60 gene of the human pathogenic fungus coccidioides immitis encodes a t-cell reactive protein. | a heat shock protein-encoding gene (hsp60) from the human respiratory fungal pathogen, coccidioides immitis (ci), was cloned, sequenced, chromosome-mapped, expressed and immunolocalized in parasitic cells. both the genomic and cdna sequences are presented. the transcription start point and poly (a) addition site were confirmed. the hsp60 gene contains two introns and a 1782-bp orf which translates a 594-amino acid (aa) protein of 62.4 kda and pi of 5.6. the translated protein revealed two potent ... | 1997 | 9358043 |
| isolation and characterization of the urease gene (ure) from the pathogenic fungus coccidioides immitis. | the urease (ure)-encoding gene from coccidioides immitis (ci), a respiratory fungal pathogen of humans, was cloned, sequenced, chromosome-mapped and expressed. both the genomic and cdna sequences are reported. the transcription start point and poly(a)-addition site were confirmed. the ure gene contains eight introns and a 2517-bp orf that translates a 839-amino-acid (aa) protein of 91.5 kda and pi of 5.5, as deduced by computer analysis of the nucleotide sequence. the translated protein revealed ... | 1997 | 9370306 |
| molecular taxonomy and epidemiology of blastomyces and histoplasma species. | cladistic analysis of partial 26s rrna sequences was used to estimate evolutionary distances among species and varieties of the dimorphic onygenalean genera blastomyces, coccidioides, emmonsia, histoplasma and paracoccidioides. with the exception of coccidioides, all genera were closely related, with about 5% base differences and even less (1-2%) between blastomyces and emmonsia. these data were supported by a teleomorph in the same genus ajellomyces. in a phylogenic study of a wide range of asc ... | 1997 | 9375491 |
| [high-dose therapy with fluconazole > or = 800 mg/day. review]. | the clinical use of fluconazole in dosages > or = 800 mg/day has been reported in about 900 patients against candidemia, oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in hiv-infected patients as well as for initial therapy of endemic mycoses. especially in patients with life-threatening infections caused by candida spp., cryptococcus neoformans and coccidioides immitis, the results of a limited number of dose-finding trials with non-neutropenic and hiv-infected patients show dose-depende ... | 1997 | 9417511 |
| septic shock in coccidioidomycosis. | to describe the clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with septic shock following infection with coccidioides immitis, estimate the incidence of septic shock from coccidioidomycosis, and outline clues that may be helpful in early diagnosis of this syndrome. | 1998 | 9428544 |
| utility of fungal blood cultures for patients with aids. | this study was designed to define the clinical utility of fungal blood cultures for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. a retrospective chart review was performed for all patients admitted to an inpatient aids unit who had evidence of an invasive fungal infection. during a 25-month period, 1,162 fungal blood cultures were performed for 322 patients. these cultures, along with bacterial blood cultures, resulted in the isolation of fungi from 26 patients; 15 of these isolates ... | 1997 | 9431376 |
| coccidioidal infection of the thyroid. | infection of the thyroid gland with coccidioides immitis, the causative agent of coccidioidomycosis, is very rarely recognized antemortem. we report 2 recent cases, one immunosuppressed by corticosteroid treatment of sarcoidosis and the other without any recognized impairment of host defenses. in the first case, thyroid gland involvement was but 1 indication of disseminated infection. in the second case, the patient appeared to have autoimmune thyrotoxicosis without clinical evidence of coccidio ... | 1998 | 9437383 |
| immunogenicity of a 48-kilodalton recombinant t-cell-reactive protein of coccidioides immitis. | the outcome of coccidioidomycosis depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of the t-cell-mediated immune (cmi) response to the fungal pathogen. for this reason, identification of coccidioides immitis antigens which stimulate t cells is important for understanding the nature of host defense against the organism and essential for the development of an effective vaccine. here we describe the immunogenicity of a 48-kda t-cell-reactive protein (tcrp). the antigen is expressed by parasitic cells ... | 1998 | 9453590 |
| high-dose therapy with fluconazole > or = 800 mg day-1. | fluconazole dosages greater than 800 mg day-1 have been reported in about 900 patients treated for candidemia, oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in hiv-infected patients, and for initial therapy of endemic mycoses. in patients with life-threatening infections caused by candida spp., cryptococcus neoformans and coccidioides immitis, results of a limited number of dose-finding trials with non-neutropenic and hiv-infected patients show dose-dependent responses. these study resul ... | 1997 | 9476509 |
| granulomatous meningitis caused by coccidioides immitis in a dog. | granulomatous meningitis attributable to coccidioides immitis was diagnosed on postmortem examination in a 4-year-old border collie. clinical signs included cns disease, aspiration pneumonia secondary to a megaesophagus, and otitis externa. central nervous system signs included central vestibular and cranial nerve dysfunction. cerebellar and medullary infiltrates seen on histologic examination affected cranial nerves viii, ix, and x. despite extensive diagnostics, diagnosis was not made antemort ... | 1998 | 9530420 |
| [coccidioidomycosis as the cause of granulomatous hepatitis]. | the case of 36-year-old man is reported who fell ill with a febrile infection, shortly after returning from several weeks to mexico. examination: chest x-ray revealed a pulmonary infiltration. also, the levels of liver function tests (gamma-gt, alkaline phosphatase, sgot, sgpt) were clearly increased. as there were no signs of extended bile ducts in ultrasonics, a liver biopsy was indicated. the histology showed a granulomatous hepatitis. diagnosis: the exposure during the mexico-trip, the pulmo ... | 1998 | 9564164 |
| relative value and cost-effectiveness of culture and special stains in fine needle aspirates of the lung. | to define the role of microbiologic stains and culture in lung fine needle aspiration (fna) specimens. | 1998 | 9568128 |
| isolation and heterologous expression of a gene encoding 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from the wheat leaf-spot pathogen, mycosphaerella graminicola. | we describe the isolation and sequence of a gene encoding 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (hppd) (ec 1.13.11.27)) from the wheat leaf-spot fungal pathogen mycosphaerella graminicola (septoria tritici), that directs the synthesis of 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetate (homogentisic acid, hga). the sequence of the deduced peptide showed homology to hppds from other organisms; the greatest identity was to a t-cell reactive protein, also identified as hppd, from the human fungal pathogen coccidioides imm ... | 1998 | 9570125 |
| protection against lethal murine coccidioidomycosis by a soluble vaccine from spherules. | the formaldehyde-killed, whole-spherule vaccine, which is protective against lethal challenge of laboratory animals with coccidioides immitis, was fractionated. it yielded a soluble, multicomponent, subcellular fraction termed the 27k vaccine. this vaccine, when it was accompanied by adjuvant, protected mice against lethal intranasal and intravenous challenge with c. immitis. | 1998 | 9573127 |
| intraocular coccidioidomycosis diagnosed by skin biopsy. | to describe ocular findings in 2 patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis diagnosed by skin biopsy. | 1998 | 9596507 |
| evaluation of the proline-rich antigen of coccidioides immitis as a vaccine candidate in mice. | we have expressed the proline-rich antigen (pra) from coccidioides immitis in escherichia coli and evaluated its potential as a vaccine candidate. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the recombinant protein (rpra) revealed two bands, which exhibited virtually identical primary amino acid sequences. t cells from rpra-immunized balb/c mice showed a significant in vitro proliferative response to rpra. a small but statistically significant proliferative response was ... | 1998 | 9673228 |
| coccidioides immitis presenting as a hyphal form in cerebrospinal fluid. | this article reports a case of coccidioides immitis that presented as a hyphal form in a 38-year-old patient. the organism was observed growing exclusively as hyphae in the cerebrospinal fluid by microscopic examination. coccidioides immitis was the only organism cultured. the identification of c immitis was confirmed by both standard culture methods and dna probe studies. | 1998 | 9685779 |
| coccidioidomycosis in a bottlenose dolphin. | a stranded bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus gilli) succumbed to a pulmonary infection of coccidioides immitis. the dolphin initially presented with mild inspiratory dyspnea that rapidly worsened over 48 hr to include buoyancy abnormalities and finally death. at necropsy, caseous nodules were observed throughout the lungs and perihilar lymph nodes. on histological examination of tissues, double walled organisms containing endospores characteristic of c. immitis were observed in lung, perihi ... | 1998 | 9706575 |
| importance of interleukin-10 in genetic susceptibility of mice to coccidioides immitis. | inbred strains of mice vary in their susceptibility to coccidioides immitis. we infected resistant dba/2 (d2) mice and three susceptible strains of mice (c57bl/6 [b6], balb/c, and cast/ei) by intraperitoneal injection of arthroconidia and determined the severity of infection based on colony counts of fungus in the spleens and lungs 14 days after infection. we used quantitative reverse transcription-pcr to measure the amounts of cytokines made in the spleens and lungs of infected mice. susceptibl ... | 1998 | 9712793 |
| disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a mandrill baboon (mandrillus sphinx): a case report. | a case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis caused by a dimorphic fungus coccidioides immitis in a mandrill baboon (mandrillus sphinx) was diagnosed following radiography, ultrasound-guided aspiration of thoracic lesions, and aspiration cytology of skeletal lesions of the left sixth rib. the diagnosis was confirmed by fungal culture and serum quantitative immunodiffusion for antibodies against c. immitis. | 1998 | 9732039 |
| disseminated coccidioidomycosis associated with hypercalcemia. | this article describes a patient in whom disseminated infection with coccidioidomycosis was associated with hypercalcemia. the patient had a low level of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d and a suppressed parathyroid hormone value, an indication that the hypercalcemia was not mediated by vitamin d or parathyroid hormone. the episode resolved readily with administration of pamidronate, an outcome suggesting that this is effective treatment of hypercalcemia of this origin. on follow-up of the patient while ... | 1998 | 9737228 |
| [specific fungal antisera production in rabbits]. | a method for fungic antisera production against aspergillus fumigatus, histoplasma capsulatum, paracoccidioides brasiliensis and coccidioides immitis in rabbits was evaluated. intradermic via and antigen in the dilution used for routine tests (ud) were employed to produce positive control serum for immunodiffusion test in agar gel. a. fumigatus, h. capsulatum and c. immitis antigens were prepared as described in cdc's procedure manual, p. brasiliensis antigen was prepared as previously described ... | 1998 | 9793140 |
| a model of coccidioidal meningoencephalitis and cerebrospinal vasculitis in the rabbit. | coccidiodal meningitis is a devastating complication of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. an animal model of this infection could enhance understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and lead to improvements in therapy. a rabbit model of central nervous system infection simulating human disease was established using a blind cisternal tap technique to inoculate 4 x 10(3)-1 x 10(6) arthroconidia of coccidioides immitis into the cisterna magna. systemic, neurologic, and histopathologic findings ... | 1998 | 9806065 |
| misleading manifestations of coccidioides immitis in vivo. | we describe a case of coccidioidomycosis in which several unusual morphologic forms of coccidioides immitis occurred in biopsy tissue from the right lower lung of a patient. to our knowledge, this is the first case where so many diverse morphologic forms were manifested in a single patient in the absence of typical endosporulating spherules. immature spherules demonstrating segmentation mimicked morula forms of prototheca spp. certain elements resembled budding cells of blastomyces dermatitidis. ... | 1998 | 9817907 |
| virulence factors in fungi of systemic mycoses. | pathogenic fungi that cause systemic mycoses retain several factors which allow their growth in adverse conditions provided by the host, leading to the establishment of the parasitic relationship and contributing to disease development. these factors are known as virulence factors which favor the infection process and the pathogenesis of the mycoses. the present study evaluates the virulence factors of pathogenic fungi such as blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, cryptococcus neoforma ... | 1998 | 9830725 |
| arthroconidia in coccidioidoma: case report and literature review. | coccidioides immitis is a dimorphic fungus capable of causing a diverse spectrum of disease in humans. although the diagnostic pathologic finding in tissue is a mature endosporulating spherule, hyphal structures can also be found in over 50% of pathologic specimens. this report presents a case of coccidioidomycosis in which there were no intact spherules, but characteristic barrel shaped arthrospores present in tissue and cultures positively identified the organism as c. immitis. this case was f ... | 1998 | 9831673 |
| [value of high dosage fluconazole in therapy of candida infections in intensive care medicine]. | the administration of fluconazole in the icu setting in dosages of > or = 800 mg/day or > or = 10 mg/kg/day has been reported in about 400 patients with candidiasis of different localisation including candidemia, with a rapidly increasing incidence of serious candidal infections. in germany, fluconazole is approved for therapy of life-threatening infections caused by candida spp. and cryptococcus neoformans in a dosage of up to 800 mg/day. especially in non-neutropenic patients with life-threate ... | 1998 | 9854332 |
| detecting serum antibodies to a purified recombinant proline-rich antigen of coccidioides immitis in patients with coccidioidomycosis. | in previous work, antibodies in serum samples from patients with coccidioidomycosis were found to react with a proline-rich antigen (pra) isolated from spherules of coccidioides immitis, and the gene encoding this antigen was cloned. we expressed and purified recombinant pra (rpra) by removing the majority of amino acids contributed by the vector from the fusion protein. purified rpra reacted with serum igg antibodies in 37 of 42 patients with culture-proven progressive pulmonary or extrapulmona ... | 1998 | 9868663 |
| proline-rich vaccine candidate antigen of coccidioides immitis: conservation among isolates and differential expression with spherule maturation. | a proline rich antigen (pra), which protects mice against coccidioides immitis, has been analyzed for differential expression and variation among isolates. northern blots of rna from different stages of growth were probed with previously cloned cdna and showed that mrna for pra increased as spherules transformed and matured from mycelia. this pattern corresponds to the relative potency of whole cell vaccines from similar preparations. the pra gene was then cloned from a genomic library of the si ... | 1999 | 9878042 |
| the evolutionary biology and population genetics underlying fungal strain typing. | strain typing of medically important fungi and fungal population genetics have been stimulated by new methods of tapping dna variation. the aim of this contribution is to show how awareness of fungal population genetics can increase the utility of strain typing to better serve the interests of medical mycology. knowing two basic features of fungal population biology, the mode of reproduction and genetic differentiation or isolation, can give medical mycologists information about the intraspecifi ... | 1999 | 9880478 |
| endemic fungal pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. | the endemic fungi histoplasma capsulatum, coccidioides immitis, and blastomyces dermatitidis tend to reside in specific geographic regions. the organisms are pathogenic in that they are able to produce clinical disease in both immunocompromised patients and in patients with normal immunity. these organisms have a variety of clinical presentations, some of which typically are seen in the normal host and others that are primarily encountered in persons with abnormal immunity. although most of the ... | 1999 | 9894949 |
| genetic vaccination against coccidioides immitis: comparison of vaccine efficacy of recombinant antigen 2 and antigen 2 cdna. | previous studies from our laboratory established that c-asws, an alkali-soluble, water-soluble extract from cell walls of coccidioides immitis, protects mice against lethal challenge with this fungus. the c-asws extract contains a glycosylated protein, designated antigen 2 (ag2), and a polysaccharide antigen. we recently cloned ag2 cdna and showed that the recombinant fusion protein elicited strong delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in immunized mice. this investigation was undertaken to de ... | 1999 | 9916069 |
| isolation and confirmation of function of the coccidioides immitis ura5 (orotate phosphoribosyl transferase) gene. | the oprtase (ura5) gene of the human pathogenic fungus, coccidioides immitis (ci), was cloned, sequenced, chromosome-mapped and expressed both by transformation of escherichia coli and by complementation of wdura5delta, an auxotrophic strain of wangiella dermatitidis (wd) with a disrupted ura5 gene. a functional assay of the recombinant ura5 expressed by e. coli was conducted to ensure that the isolated ci gene encodes the appropriate enzyme. in the absence of a transformation system for ci, we ... | 1999 | 9931494 |
| fate of transforming dna in pathogenic fungi. | genetic engineering is an important tool in helping us to define the molecular basis of pathogenicity and is also useful in helping us to identify new therapeutic targets in pathogenic fungi. molecular genetic manipulation of micro-organisms requires the development of plasmid-mediated transformation systems that include: (i) infusion of exogenous dna into recipient cells, (ii) expression of genes present on the incoming dna, and (iii) stable maintenance and replication of the inserted dna leadi ... | 1998 | 9988490 |
| molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of medically important fungi. | some recent advances in study of molecular evolution and taxonomy of human pathogens are discussed. in systemic onygenales as well as in chaetothyriales, pathogenic species are phylogenetically intermingled with non-pathogenic taxa. when a teleomorph of coccidioides immitis is eventually found, it is predicted to resemble uncinocarpus, a genus otherwise comprising environmental species. in the dermatophytes, trichophyton and microsporum are paraphyletic, whereas epidermophyton is polyphyletic. o ... | 1998 | 9988492 |
| development of vaccines and their use in the prevention of fungal infections. | vaccine approaches to infectious diseases are widely applied and appreciated. disciplines such as bacteriology and virology have a rich history of successful vaccine development. the complexity of eukaryotic systems presents additional challenges to the development of vaccines against them. these challenges are being met in the fields of parasitology, and are being revisited for application in oncology. vaccine opportunities exist in medical mycology. the national institute of allergy and infect ... | 1998 | 9988493 |
| coccidioides immitis infection of the neonate: two routes of infection. | | 1999 | 10048696 |
| pulmonary artery fibrous bands: report of a case with extensive lung infarction and superinfection with coccidioides immitis, pseudomonas, and acid-fast bacilli. | a 46-year-old woman presented with shortness of breath and frequent lower respiratory tract infections. a ventilation-perfusion scan showed markedly reduced perfusion of the right lung, and pulmonary arteriogram showed stenosis of the right pulmonary artery. a right pneumonectomy revealed dense white fibrous bands partially occluding the pulmonary artery branches and two large abscess cavities filled with pus in the upper and lower lobes. microscopic examination revealed extensive necrosis of lu ... | 1999 | 10050795 |
| coccidioidomycosis: a regional disease of national importance. rethinking approaches for control. | coccidioidomycosis is an increasingly important health problem because of the migration of large numbers of persons to portions of the southwestern united states in which the disease is endemic and because of the increasing numbers of immunosuppressed patients. most infections due to coccidioides immitis, although causing significant illness, are self-limited and resolve over a period of weeks to months without specific treatment. it is not known whether antifungal treatment of early infections ... | 1999 | 10068388 |
| peritoneal coccidioidomycosis in a mountain lion in california. | an adult mountain lion (felis concolor) from the vicinity of weldon, california (usa) was necropsied following euthanasia due to emaciation and proximity to semi-rural housing. there were spherules consistent with coccidioides immitis within peritoneal surfaces with granulomatous inflammation and fungi consistent with c. immitis were cultured from abdominal fluid. this is the first reported case of coccidioidomycosis in a wild mountain lion. | 1999 | 10073349 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of a chitinase from the fungal pathogen coccidioides immitis. | chitinase is necessary for fungal growth and cell division and, therefore, is an ideal target for the design of inhibitors which may act as antifungal agents. a chitinase from the fungal pathogen coccidioides immitis has been expressed as a fusion protein with gluathione-s-transferase (gst), which aids in purification. after cleavage from gst, chitinase was crystallized from 30% peg 4000 in 0. 1 m sodium acetate ph 4.6. the crystals have a tetragonal crystal lattice and belong to space group p41 ... | 1998 | 10089522 |
| current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections in children infected with human immuno deficiency virus. | the prolonged survival of profoundly immunocompromised patients has revealed mucosal and invasive fungal infections to be major causes of morbidity and mortality in advanced hiv disease in children of all age groups. antifungal resistance has become a clinically relevant problem. paediatricians caring for hiv-infected children need to be aware of these increasingly frequent and often life-threatening infectious complications. this article reviews what is currently known about epidemiology, clini ... | 1999 | 10094436 |
| a fluffy white traveller: imported coccidiodes immitis infection in an australian tourist. | pulmonary coccidioidomycosis is a rare cause of pulmonary nodules and respiratory infection in travellers to endemic areas. an australian tourist suffered an acute respiratory illness while on holiday in mexico. she subsequently developed erythema nodosum and was noted to have a left pulmonary nodule on chest x-ray after return to australia. the diagnosis of coccidioides immitis infection was established by histology and culture of the resected lung lesion. the patient made an uneventful recover ... | 1999 | 10212923 |
| reactivation of coccidioidomycosis in a fit american visitor. | the case history is presented of an american visitor, known to have had primary coccidioidomycosis previously, who became very unwell during a visit to the uk. despite consideration of reactivation of coccidioidomycosis from the outset, other pathogens were identified while coccidioides immitis was not initially, leading to a delay in treatment. | 1998 | 10319068 |
| the first imported case of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in korea. | coccidioidomycosis is an endemic disease found in the southwestern part of north america. travellers who visit the endemic area may carry the infection. we report a case of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in a 74-year-old woman. she was healthy before visiting arizona, u.s.a twice. after returning home, she began to complain of intermittent dry coughing. the symptom was mild, however, and she was treated symptomatically. later a chest radiograph, which was taken 4 years after the onset of the sympt ... | 1999 | 10331569 |
| genes influencing resistance to coccidioides immitis and the interleukin-10 response map to chromosomes 4 and 6 in mice. | coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection that is endemic in the southwestern united states. infection is more severe in blacks and filipinos, which suggests that there is a genetic basis for susceptibility to this infection in humans. we found that there is also a difference in resistance to coccidioides immitis infection among inbred mouse strains: b6 mice are susceptible, while dba/2 mice are resistant (t. n. kirkland and j. fierer, infect. immun. 40:912-916, 1983). in this paper we report the ... | 1999 | 10338499 |
| resistance to coccidioides immitis in mice after immunization with recombinant protein or a dna vaccine of a proline-rich antigen. | two inbred strains of mice (balb/c and c57bl/6) were vaccinated with either recombinant expression protein of a coccidioides immitis spherule-derived proline-rich antigen (rpra) in monophosphoryl lipid a-oil emulsion adjuvant or a dna vaccine based on the same antigen. four weeks after vaccination, mice were infected intraperitoneally with arthroconidia. by 2 weeks, groups of mice receiving saline or plasmids with no pra insert exhibited significant weight loss, and quantitative cfus in the lung ... | 1999 | 10338502 |
| construction of a single-chain interleukin-12-expressing retroviral vector and its application in cytokine gene therapy against experimental coccidioidomycosis. | t-cell-mediated immunity is an important determinant in protection against primary infection with coccidioides immitis, a dimorphic fungal pathogen that causes the disease coccidioidomycosis. to determine if interleukin-12 (il-12) gene therapy could potentiate host response against c. immitis, we constructed a single-chain cdna encoding the p40 and p35 subunits linked by a polylinker and, using a retroviral vector, transfected j774 macrophages with the construct. the transduced j774 cells expres ... | 1999 | 10338510 |
| [coccidioides immitis: primary infection of the central nervous system. case report and literature review]. | a case of primary coccidiodal meningitis without pulmonary, osseous or dermic affection due to coccidioides immitis in a 27 years old male patient with hypertensive brain of one month of evolution, was reported. the patient was resident of northern california, and he was previously healthy. the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) showed a glucose of 22 mg/dl, proteins 62 mg/dl, white blood cells 100/mm3 (97% pmn, 3% mn). ct scan showed bilateral ventricular dilatation. diagnosis of coccidioidal meningitis ... | 1999 | 10344167 |
| in vitro antifungal activity of nikkomycin z in combination with fluconazole or itraconazole. | nikkomycins are nucleoside-peptide antibiotics produced by streptomyces species with antifungal activities through the inhibition of chitin synthesis. we investigated the antifungal activities of nikkomycin z alone and in combination with fluconazole and itraconazole. checkerboard synergy studies were carried out by a macrobroth dilution procedure with rpmi 1640 medium at ph 6.0. at least 10 strains of the following fungi were tested: candida albicans, other candida spp., cryptococcus neoformans ... | 1999 | 10348760 |
| coccidioides immitis antigen. | | 1999 | 10353891 |
| primers for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites in the pathogenic fungus coccidioides immitis. | | 1999 | 10434430 |
| coccidioidomycosis--the airborne assault continues: an unusual presentation with a review of the history, epidemiology, and military relevance. | despite remarkable advances in detection and therapy, coccidioidomycosis remains a persistent threat to military troops deployed in endemic areas. pregnant women, immunocompromised hosts, and dark-skinned persons, particularly those of filipino, african, hispanic or asian ancestry, are at greatest risk for disseminated coccidioidomycosis. the ethnically diverse military forces have susceptible active duty and reserve members stationed at or temporarily trained on bases located in endemic areas f ... | 1999 | 10447053 |
| airway coccidioidomycosis--report of cases and review. | infection due to coccidioides immitis usually begins in the lungs. despite the initial pulmonary portal of entry, endotracheal and endobronchial coccidioidomycosis has rarely been described. since the introduction of fiberoptic bronchoscopy and the aids epidemic, more c. immitis lesions of the large airways have been noted. we present data on 38 cases of coccidioidomycosis of the airways, including 6 cases detailed from our own experience and 32 from the literature. direct infection of the airwa ... | 1999 | 10451165 |
| coadministration of interleukin 12 expression vector with antigen 2 cdna enhances induction of protective immunity against coccidioides immitis. | interleukin 12 (il-12) plays an important role in the induction of protective immunity against cancer and infectious diseases. in this study we asked whether il-12 cdna could increase the protective capacity of the antigen 2 (ag2) gene vaccine in experimental coccidioidomycosis. coimmunization of balb/c mice with a single-chain il-12 cdna (p40-l-p35) and ag2 cdna, both subcloned into the pvr1012 plasmid, significantly enhanced protection against systemic challenge with 2,500 arthroconidia, as ev ... | 1999 | 10531239 |
| constrictive pericarditis due to coccidiomycosis. | coccidiomycosis is a fungal infection that rarely causes cardiac disease. constrictive pericarditis in the setting of disseminated coccidiomycosis can be fatal, despite antifungal therapy and pericardiectomy. we report on a patient with constrictive pericarditis due to localized infection by coccidioides immitis. the patient underwent successful surgical pericardiectomy and antifungal chemotherapy, and remains well 1 year later. | 1999 | 10543521 |
| hypercalcemia associated with infection by cryptococcus neoformans and coccidioides immitis. | of the 13 reported cases of hypercalcemia associated with fungal infection, 1 was caused by cryptococcus neoformans and probably mediated by increased levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d [1,25(oh)2d]. eight others were associated with coccidioides immitis, of which only 2 had measured 1,25(oh)2d levels; in both, they were diminished. we report a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection and simultaneous c. immitis and c. neoformans pneumonia and c. immitis fungemia associated with hyperc ... | 1999 | 10616168 |
| outbreak of coccidioidomycosis in washington state residents returning from mexico. | in july 1996 the washington state department of health (seattle) was notified of a cluster of a flulike, rash-associated illness in a 126-member church group, many of whom were adolescents. the group had recently returned from tecate, mexico, where members had assisted with construction projects at an orphanage. after 1 member was diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis, we initiated a study to identify further cases. we identified 21 serologically confirmed cases of coccidioidomycosis (minimum attack ... | 2000 | 10619734 |
| a major cell surface antigen of coccidioides immitis which elicits both humoral and cellular immune responses. | multinucleate parasitic cells (spherules) of coccidioides immitis isolates produce a membranous outer wall component (sow) in vitro which has been reported to be reactive with antibody from patients with coccidioidal infection, elicits a potent proliferative response of murine immune t cells, and has immunoprotective capacity in a murine model of coccidioidomycosis. to identify the antigenic components of sow, the crude wall material was first subjected to triton x-114 extraction, and a water-so ... | 2000 | 10639421 |
| evaluation of the susceptibility of coccidioides immitis to lufenuron, a chitin synthase inhibitor. | the activity of the chitin synthase inhibitor lufenuron was evaluated in vitro using the spherule-endospore (se) phase of coccidioides immitis. the lufenuron was also used to treat mice infected with c. immitis by the respiratory route. in vitro, lufenuron had no effect upon fungal cell growth. two formulations of lufenuron were evaluated in vivo. neither the oral nor the injectable lufenuron extended the survival of mice infected with c. immitis when compared with placebo-treated mice. | 1999 | 10647126 |
| expression cloning of the candida albicans csa1 gene encoding a mycelial surface antigen by sorting of saccharomyces cerevisiae transformants with monoclonal antibody-coated magnetic beads. | the mycelial surface antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody (mab) 4e1 has previously been shown to be present predominantly in the terminal third of the hyphal structures in candida albicans. we report here the expression cloning of the corresponding gene (csa1 ) by mab 4e1-coated magnetic beads sorting of saccharomyces cerevisiae transformants expressing a c. albicans genomic library. the strategy is both highly selective and highly sensitive and provides an additional genetic tool for the c ... | 2000 | 10652105 |
| coccidioidomycosis in new york state. | coccidioidomycosis, a systemic fungal disease caused by coccidioides immitis, is endemic in the southwestern united states and in parts of mexico and central and south america. only sporadic cases have been reported in areas (including new york) where the disease is not endemic. we used hospital discharge records and state mycology laboratory data to investigate the characteristics of c. immitis infections among new york state residents. from 1992 to 1997, 161 persons had hospital discharge diag ... | 2000 | 10653565 |
| pathogenic clones versus environmentally driven population increase: analysis of an epidemic of the human fungal pathogen coccidioides immitis. | for many pathogenic microbes that utilize mainly asexual modes of reproduction, it is unknown whether epidemics are due to either the emergence of pathogenic clones or environmentally determined increases in the population size of the organism. descriptions of the genetic structures of epidemic populations, in conjunction with analyses of key environmental variables, are able to distinguish between these competing hypotheses. a major epidemic of coccidioidomycosis (etiologic agent, coccidioides ... | 2000 | 10655389 |
| coccidioidomycosis meningitis with massive dural and cerebral venous thrombosis and tissue arthroconidia. | to our knowledge we report the first case of meningitis from coccidioides immitis associated with massive dural and cerebral venous thrombosis and with mycelial forms of the organism in brain tissue. the patient was a 43-year-old man with late-stage acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) whose premortem and postmortem cultures confirmed c immitis as the only central nervous system pathogenic organism. death was attributable to multiple hemorrhagic venous infarctions with cerebral edema and he ... | 2000 | 10656747 |
| genetic evidence for the role of the lv locus in early susceptibility but not il-10 synthesis in experimental coccidioidomycosis in c57bl mice. | loci on chromosome 4 near lv and on chromosome 6 near tnfr1 are associated with resistance to coccidioidomycosis in mice. to assess the importance of the lv locus, we compared c57bl/6 (b6) with c57bl/10 (b10), strains that are nearly congenic for the lv locus. fourteen days after intraperitoneal infection, b6 mice had nearly 100-fold more coccidioides immitis in their lungs than did b10 mice (log 6.2 vs. log 4.8). furthermore, the time to 50% deaths was 15 days for b6 and 22 days for b10. nevert ... | 2000 | 10669355 |
| miliary coccidioidomycosis in the immunocompetent. | miliary coccidioidomycosis indicates hematogenous or lymphatic spread of coccidioides immitis and is characterized by the development of multiple small granulomas throughout the lungs and other organs. previous reports have suggested that this disorder occurs almost exclusively in immunocompromised patients, with most patients succumbing to progressive respiratory failure. in this article, we describe the largest series of immunocompetent patients with miliary coccidioidomycosis, define clinical ... | 2000 | 10669682 |
| hyphal forms in the central nervous system of patients with coccidioidomycosis. | coccidioides immitis is a dimorphic fungus that grows as a filamentous mold in soil and as a spherule at human body temperature. the hyphal or soil form is found rarely in human tissue. we report 5 cases of coccidioidomycosis in which hyphae were found in brain tissue or spinal fluid. the presence of central nervous system plastic devices appears to be associated with morphological reversion to the saprophytic form. this reversion has implications for diagnosis and therapy and may increase the r ... | 2000 | 10671340 |
| identification and cloning of an aspartyl proteinase from coccidioides immitis. | a 45 kda protein was isolated from a soluble vaccine prepared from formaldehyde-killed spherules of coccidioides immitis. from the n-terminal amino acid sequence, the protein yielded a 17-amino-acid peptide that was homologous to sequences of other fungal aspartyl proteinases. the coccidioidal cdna encoding the proteinase was amplified using oligonucleotide primers designed from the 45 kda n-terminal amino acid sequence and a fungal aspartyl proteinase consensus amino acid sequence. the pcr prod ... | 2000 | 10675032 |
| female genital coccidioidomycosis (fgc), addison's disease and sigmoid loop abscess due to coccidioides immites; case report and review of literature on fgc. | we describe a woman with unusual complications of infection with coccidioides immitis--infection of the genital tract and adrenal insufficiency. the patient also had intestinal coccidioidomycosis (cocci) in conjunction with presumed pulmonary, and asymptomatic central nervous system cocci. to our knowledge, concurrent fgc, intestinal and adrenal cocci have not been reported previously. a medline review from 1966-1997 revealed only 1 case of adrenal insufficiency due to cocci. fgc is rare; we ide ... | 1999 | 10685446 |
| sequence, expression and functional analysis of the coccidioides immitis odc (ornithine decarboxylase) gene. | the ornithine decarboxylase (odc) gene of the human respiratory fungal pathogen, coccidioides immitis (ci) was cloned, sequenced, chromosome-mapped, and expressed in escherichia coli (ec). the genomic, cdna and translated sequences are presented. transformation of an odc null mutant strain of ec (ewh 319) with the ci odc gene was conducted to confirm function of the protein encoded by the fungal gene. activity of the enzyme by the bacterial transformant was inhibited by 1, 4-diamino-2-butanone ( ... | 2000 | 10721738 |
| multi-organ failure caused by reactivated coccidioidomycosis without dissemination in a patient with renal transplantation. | the acute respiratory failure caused by pulmonary coccidioidomycosis without dissemination is an extremely unusual event. | 2000 | 10728738 |
| the x-ray structure of a chitinase from the pathogenic fungus coccidioides immitis. | the x-ray structure of chitinase from the fungal pathogen coccidioides immitis has been solved to 2.2 a resolution. like other members of the class 18 hydrolase family, this 427 residue protein is an eight-stranded beta/alpha-barrel. although lacking an n-terminal chitin anchoring domain, the enzyme closely resembles the chitinase from serratia marcescens. among the conserved features are three cis peptide bonds, all involving conserved active site residues. the active site is formed from conser ... | 2000 | 10752616 |
| practice guideline for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. infectious diseases society of america. | management of patients diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis involves defining the extent of infection and assessing host factors that predispose to disease severity. patients with relatively localized acute pulmonary infections and no risk factors for complications often require only periodic reassessment to demonstrate resolution of their self-limited process. on the other hand, patients with extensive spread of infection or at high risk of complications because of immunosuppression or other preex ... | 2000 | 10770727 |