| relationships between the addition rates of cellulase or glucose and silage fermentation at different temperatures. | the influence of the application rates of cellulase preparation and glucose on silage fermentation at different temperatures was studied with the straw of naked barley (hordeum vulgare l. emand lam) and guineagrass (panicum maximum jacq.). addition rate of cellulase and glucose, temperature and their interaction had significant effects on ph value, lactic acid content, butyric acid content and propionic acid content of naked barley straw silage and significant effects on all the parameters of gu ... | 2010 | 20597889 |
| a synteny map and disease resistance gene comparison between barley and the model monocot brachypodium distachyon. | grass species have coevolved with current economically important crop pathogens over millions of years. during this time, speciation of current domestic crops has occurred, resulting in related yet divergent genomes. here, we present a synteny map between the crop species hordeum vulgare and the recently sequenced brachypodium distachyon genome, focusing on regions known to harbor important barley disease resistance genes. the resistance genes have orthologous genes in brachypodium that show con ... | 2010 | 20616871 |
| the rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 systemically suppresses arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization in a split-root system of barley (hordeum vulgare). | nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) form a nodule symbiosis with legumes, but also induce certain effects on non-host plants. here, we used a split-root system of barley to examine whether inoculation with rhizobium sp. strain ngr234 on one side of a split-root system systemically affects arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) root colonization on the other side. mutant strains of ngr234 deficient in nod factor production (strain ngrδnodabc), perception of flavonoids (strain ngrδnodd1) and secretion of typ ... | 2010 | 20618761 |
| intracellular expression of a host-selective toxin, toxa, in diverse plants phenocopies silencing of a toxa-interacting protein, toxabp1. | *toxa, a host-selective toxin of wheat, can be detected within toxa-sensitive mesophyll cells, where it localizes to chloroplasts and induces necrosis. interaction of toxa with the chloroplast-localized protein toxabp1 has been implicated in this process. therefore, we hypothesized that silencing of toxabp1 in wheat would lead to a necrotic phenotype. also, because toxabp1 is highly conserved in plants, internal expression of toxa in plants that do not normally internalize toxa should result in ... | 2010 | 20646220 |
| lactic acid fermentation of germinated barley fiber and proliferative function of colonic epithelial cells in loperamide-induced rats. | to develop a functional food from the dietary fiber fraction of germinated barley (hordeum vulgare l.) (gbf), lactic acid fermentation was attempted using lactobacillus acidophilus, streptococcus thermophilus, and bifidobacterium bifidus. the quality characteristics of the lactic acid-fermented product and its effect on gastrointestinal function in an animal model were examined. the anaerobic fermentation of 1% and 2% gbf yielded lactic acid bacteria at 8.9 +/- 1.0 x 10(8) and 1.6 +/- 0.2 x 10(9 ... | 2010 | 20673062 |
| stacking multiple transgenes at a selected genomic site via repeated recombinase-mediated dna cassette exchanges. | recombinase-mediated dna cassette exchange (rmce) has been successfully used to insert transgenes at previously characterized genomic sites in plants. following the same strategy, groups of transgenes can be stacked to the same site through multiple rounds of rmce. a gene-silencing cassette, designed to simultaneously silence soybean (glycine max) genes fatty acid ω-6 desaturase 2 (fad2) and acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase 2 (fatb) to improve oleic acid content, was first inserted by rmce ... | 2010 | 20720171 |
| structural and kinetic analysis of bacillus subtilis n-acetylglucosaminidase reveals a unique asp-his dyad mechanism. | three-dimensional structures of nagz of bacillus subtilis, the first structures of a two-domain β-n-acetylglucosaminidase of family 3 of glycosidases, were determined with and without the transition state mimicking inhibitor pugnac bound to the active site, at 1.84- and 1.40-å resolution, respectively. the structures together with kinetic analyses of mutants revealed an asp-his dyad involved in catalysis: his(234) of bsnagz acts as general acid/base catalyst and is hydrogen bonded by asp(232) fo ... | 2010 | 20826810 |
| the cc-nb-lrr-type rdg2a resistance gene confers immunity to the seed-borne barley leaf stripe pathogen in the absence of hypersensitive cell death. | leaf stripe disease on barley (hordeum vulgare) is caused by the seed-transmitted hemi-biotrophic fungus pyrenophora graminea. race-specific resistance to leaf stripe is controlled by two known rdg (resistance to drechslera graminea) genes: the h. spontaneum-derived rdg1a and rdg2a, identified in h. vulgare. the aim of the present work was to isolate the rdg2a leaf stripe resistance gene, to characterize the rdg2a locus organization and evolution and to elucidate the histological bases of rdg2a- ... | 2010 | 20844752 |
| the potential of synthetic thiourea compound to reduce the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of paraquat in hordeum vulgare and cultured human lymphocytes. | this work evaluated the ability of one synthetic compound 1-(4-fluorophenylthiocarbamoyl)-4-methyl-piperazine (ftmp), thiourea derivative to reduce cytoxic and genotoxic effects of free radical inducer paraquat (pq) in two different test systems hordeum vulgare and human lymphocytes in vitro. the mitotic index was used as a marker for cytotoxicity. to indicate genotoxicity, chromosome aberrations test and micronucleus induction test were used. ftmp manifested a weak genotoxic effect in both test ... | 2010 | 20862738 |
| higs: host-induced gene silencing in the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen blumeria graminis. | powdery mildew fungi are obligate biotrophic pathogens that only grow on living hosts and cause damage in thousands of plant species. despite their agronomical importance, little direct functional evidence for genes of pathogenicity and virulence is currently available because mutagenesis and transformation protocols are lacking. here, we show that the accumulation in barley (hordeum vulgare) and wheat (triticum aestivum) of double-stranded or antisense rna targeting fungal transcripts affects t ... | 2010 | 20884801 |
| analysis of early events in the interaction between fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley (hordeum vulgare) cultivar scarlett. | a proteomic analysis was conducted to map the events during the initial stages of the interaction between the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum and the susceptible barley cultivar scarlett. quantification of fungal dna demonstrated a sharp increase in fungal biomass in barley spikelets at 3 days after inoculation. this coincided with the appearance of discrete f. graminearum-induced proteolytic fragments of β-amylase. based on these results, analysis of grain proteome changes prior to extensi ... | 2010 | 20925056 |
| oxidative and color stability of cooked ground pork containing lotus leaf (nelumbo nucifera) and barley leaf (hordeum vulgare) powder during refrigerated storage. | this study aimed to evaluate the oxidative and color stability of cooked ground pork containing lotus leaf powder at 0.1 (lp1) and 0.5% (lp2) as well as barley leaf powder at 0.1 (bp1) and 0.5% (bp2) during refrigerated storage for 10 days. the oxidative stability of these powders was compared with butylhydroxytoluene (bht). lp1 had higher a* and lower b* values than the control (-) over 4 days (p<0.05). the ph values of the ground pork samples made with addition of lp and bht decreased until da ... | 2011 | 20926202 |
| antioxidant vitamins in barley green biomass. | two malting hulled varieties (sebastian, malz) and one nonmalting hull-less variety (af lucius) were used to assess vitamins c and e in the green biomass of young plants of spring barley ( hordeum vulgare l.) in three stages of growth and development (bbch 29, 31, 32-33). the samples from sampling i (bbch 29) had statistically significantly higher vitamin c content and vitamin e activity compared to sampling i (bbch 31). the highest average vitamin content was determined in the malting variety s ... | 2010 | 20973533 |
| molecular mapping of a non-host resistance gene yrpsty1 in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) for resistance to wheat stripe rust. | cultivated barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is considered as a non-host or inappropriate host species for wheat stripe rust caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. most barley cultivars show a broad-spectrum resistance to wheat stripe rust. to determine the genes for resistance to wheat stripe rust in barley, a cross was made between a resistant barley line y12 and a susceptible line y16. the two parents, f(1) and 147 bc(1) plants were tested at seedling stage with chinese prevalent race cyr32 ... | 2010 | 21039455 |
| the multivesicular body-localized gtpase arfa1b/1c is important for callose deposition and ror2 syntaxin-dependent preinvasive basal defense in barley. | host cell vesicle traffic is essential for the interplay between plants and microbes. adp-ribosylation factor (arf) gtpases are required for vesicle budding, and we studied the role of these enzymes to identify important vesicle transport pathways in the plant-powdery mildew interaction. a combination of transient-induced gene silencing and transient expression of inactive forms of arf gtpases provided evidence that barley (hordeum vulgare) arfa1b/1c function is important for preinvasive penetra ... | 2010 | 21057060 |
| differential regulation of 3-aminomethylindole/n-methyl-3-aminomethylindole n-methyltransferase and gramine in barley by both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. | the expression of nmt (3-aminomethylindole/n-methyl-3-aminomethylindole n-methyltransferase; ec 2.1.1.), involved in the biosynthesis of the indole alkaloid gramine, was investigated in aphid-infested barley (hordeum vulgare l.). nmt is induced by methyl jasmonate and it was hypothesized that the gene would be more strongly upregulated in aphid-resistant barley. we examined the effects of feeding by three aphid species; russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia mordvilko), rose-grain aphid (metopolop ... | 2010 | 21074448 |
| effect of within-species plant genotype mixing on habitat preference of a polyphagous insect predator. | the effects of within-species plant genotype mixing on the habitat preference of a polyphagous ladybird were studied. plant species diversity is often claimed to positively affect habitat preferences of insect predators, but the effects of within-species genotype diversity have not been extensively studied. in a field experiment with different barley (hordeum vulgare) genotypes in mixed and pure stands, adult seven-spot ladybird coccinella septempunctata, a polyphagous predator, preferred a spec ... | 2010 | 21080002 |
| [stress response genes expression analysis of barley hordeum vulgare under space flight environment]. | transcriptome of barley hordeum vulgare grown aboard international space station (iss) was analyzed by means of microarray. it was revealed 500 genes with mrna level, changed more than two folds in space environment. among them are genes encoding stress response proteins, videlicet heat shock proteins (hsp), pathogenesis-related proteins (pr) and antioxidant proteins. further analysis of these genes by real time pcr showed enhanced transcription level of reactive oxygen species (ros) scavenging ... | 2010 | 21090239 |
| pyrenophora teres: profile of an increasingly damaging barley pathogen. | pyrenophora teres, causal agent of net blotch of barley, exists in two forms, designated p. teres f. teres and p. teres f. maculata, which induce net form net blotch (nfnb) and spot form net blotch (sfnb), respectively. significantly more work has been performed on the net form than on the spot form although recent activity in spot form research has increased because of epidemics of sfnb in barley-producing regions. genetic studies have demonstrated that nfnb resistance in barley is present in b ... | 2011 | 21118345 |
| fewer genes than organelles: extremely low and variable gene copy numbers in mitochondria of somatic plant cells. | plant mitochondrial genomes are split into sub-genomes, i.e. genes are distributed across various sub-genomic molecules. to investigate whether copy numbers vary between individual mitochondrial genes, we used quantitative real-time pcr in combination with flow cytometric determination of nuclear dna quantities to determine absolute per-cell-copy numbers of four mitochondrial genes in various arabidopsis organs and the leaves of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) and barley (hordeum vulgare). the copy ... | 2010 | 21143676 |
| towards a better understanding of the generation of fructan structure diversity in plants: molecular and functional characterization of a sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-sft) cdna from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). | the main storage compounds in lolium perenne are fructans with prevailing β(2-6) linkages. a cdna library of l. perenne was screened using poa secunda sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-sft) as a probe. a full-length lp6-sft clone was isolated as shown by heterologous expression in pichia pastoris. high levels of lp6-sft transcription were found in the growth zone of elongating leaves and in mature leaf sheaths where fructans are synthesized. upon fructan synthesis induction, lp6-sft tran ... | 2010 | 21196473 |
| studies on the use of "slimax", a chinese herbal mixture, in the treatment of human obesity. | a phytochemical preparation known as "slimax" was administered orally to human volunteers for a six week period, using a double-blind experimental method. this preparation is an aqueous extract of the chinese medicinal plants hordeum vulgare , polygonatum multiflorum , dimocarpus longan , ligusticum sinense , lilium brownii and zingiber officinale . treatment with slimax resulted in a significant decrease in parameters such as body weight, waist and hip circumference, and body mass index (bmi), ... | 2000 | 21214436 |
| comparative structural modeling and docking studies of oxalate oxidase: possible implication in enzyme supplementation therapy for urolithiasis. | in humans oxalate is end product of protein metabolism, with no enzyme present to act on it. in conditions of its enhanced endogenous synthesis or increased absorption from the diet, oxalate accumulation leads to hyperoxaluria which can further lead to a number of pathological conditions including urolithiasis. urolithiasis has been a perplexing problem due to its high incidence and rate of recurrence after treatment like extracorporeal-shock wave lithotripsy (eswl). hence other prophylactic tre ... | 2011 | 21255608 |
| proteome analysis of fusarium head blight in grains of naked barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. nudum). | the effect of artificial fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum infection at the level of the proteome on grains of naked barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. nudum) was investigated in comparison to naturally infected samples. fusarium infection in barley led to numerous host-specific biochemical responses. nephge 2-d page and ms were used to identify proteins that were differentially expressed in response to fungal infection and growing location of the plants. moreover, the mycotoxin concentration of ... | 2011 | 21271677 |
| high-density fluorescence in situ hybridization signal detection on barley (hordeum vulgare l.) chromosomes with improved probe screening and reprobing procedures. | the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) genome was screened to identify sequences that could be used for fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). from 2000 transformed bacterium colonies carrying barley clones, 56 colonies were selected on the basis of the patterns that their pcr products produced when subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. among them, 42 (75%) exhibited fluorescent signals on barley chromosomes after in situ hybridization using the directly labeled pcr products. sequencing reveale ... | 2011 | 21326371 |
| abiotic stresses modulate expression of major intrinsic proteins in barley (hordeum vulgare). | in one of the most important crops, barley (hordeum vulgare l.), gene expression and physiological roles of most major intrinsic proteins (mips) remained to be elucidated. here we studied expression of five tonoplast intrinsic protein isoforms (hvtip1;2, hvtip2;1, hvtip2;2, hvtip2;3 and hvtip4;1), a nod26-like intrinsic protein (hvnip2;1) and a plasma membrane intrinsic protein (hvpip2;1) by using the quantitative real-time rt-pcr. five-day-old seedlings were exposed to abiotic stresses (salt, h ... | 2010 | 21333943 |
| mapping rph20: a gene conferring adult plant resistance to puccinia hordei in barley. | a doubled haploid (dh) barley (hordeum vulgare l.) population of 334 lines (nd24260 × flagship) genotyped with dart markers was used to map genes for adult plant resistance (apr) to leaf rust (puccinia hordei otth) under field conditions in australia and uruguay. the australian barley cultivar flagship carries an apr gene (qrphflag) derived from the cultivar vada. association analysis and composite interval mapping identified two genes conferring apr in this dh population. qrphflag was mapped to ... | 2011 | 21404059 |
| zinc absorption from low phytic acid genotypes of maize (zea mays l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.), and rice (oryza sativa l.) assessed in a suckling rat pup model. | dietary phytic acid is a major causative factor for low zn bioavailability in many cereal- and legume-based diets. the bioavailability of zn in seed of low phytic acid (lpa) variants of maize ( zea mays l.), rice ( oryza sativa l.), and barley ( hordeum vulgare l.) was evaluated using a suckling rat pup model. suckling rat pups (14 days old, n = 6-8/treatment) were fasted for 6 h and intubated with (65)zn-radiolabeled suspensions prepared using seed produced by either wild-type (normal phytic ac ... | 2011 | 21417220 |
| mechanisms of water transport mediated by pip aquaporins and their regulation via phosphorylation events under salinity stress in barley roots. | water homeostasis is crucial to the growth and survival of plants under water-related stress. plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (pips) have been shown to be primary channels mediating water uptake in plant cells. here we report the water transport activity and mechanisms for the regulation of barley (hordeum vulgare) pip aquaporins. hvpip2 but not hvpip1 channels were found to show robust water transport activity when expressed alone in xenopus laevis oocytes. however, the co-expression of hvpi ... | 2011 | 21441236 |
| heterologous expression of surface-active proteins from barley and filamentous fungi in pichia pastoris and characterization of their contribution to beer gushing. | the spontaneous over-foaming of beer upon opening, i.e. beer gushing, is an unwanted phenomenon for the brewing industry. currently, surface-active proteins from filamentous fungi and non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsltp1) from barley are discussed as gushing inducers. in our study the class i hydrophobin fchyd3p from fusarium culmorum, the class ii hydrophobin hfb2 from trichoderma reesei, the alkaline foam protein a (afpa) from f. graminearum and nsltp1 from hordeum vulgare cv. marnie ( ... | 2011 | 21450361 |
| bioremediation and detoxification of synthetic wastewater containing triarylmethane dyes by aeromonas hydrophila isolated from industrial effluent. | economical and bio-friendly approaches are needed to remediate dye-contaminated wastewater from various industries. in this study, a novel bacterial strain capable of decolorizing triarylmethane dyes was isolated from a textile wastewater treatment plant in greece. the bacterial isolate was identified as aeromonas hydrophila and was shown to decolorize three triarylmethane dyes tested within 24?h with color removal in the range of 72% to 96%. decolorization efficiency of the bacterium was a func ... | 2011 | 21808740 |
| barley mildew and its elicitor chitosan promote closed stomata by stimulating guard cell s-type anion channels. | stomatal closure has been associated with early defence responses of plant cells triggered by microbe associated molecular patterns (mamps). however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these guard cell responses have not yet been elucidated. we therefore studied pathogen-induced changes in ion channel activity in hordeum vulgare guard cells. barley mildew hyphae growing on leaves inhibited light-induced stomatal opening, starting at 9 hours after inoculation, when they developed appressoria. al ... | 2011 | 21781196 |
| large-scale data integration reveals co-localization of gene functional groups with meta-qtl for multiple disease resistance in barley. | race-nonspecific and durable resistance of plant genotypes to major pathogens is highly relevant for yield stability and sustainable crop production but difficult to handle in practice due to its polygenic inheritance by quantitative trait loci (qtl). as far as the underlying genes are concerned very little is currently known in the most important crop plants such as the cereals. here, we integrated publicly available data for barley (hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) in order to detect most importa ... | 2011 | 21770767 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel peroxisomal choline monooxygenase in barley. | glycine betaine (gb) is a compatible solute accumulated by many plants under various abiotic stresses. gb is synthesized in two steps, choline ? betaine aldehyde ? gb, where a functional choline-oxidizing enzyme has only been reported in amaranthaceae (a chloroplastic ferredoxin-dependent choline monooxygenase) thus far. here, we have cloned a cdna encoding a choline monooxygenase (cmo) from barley (hordeum vulgare) plants, hvcmo. in barley plants under non-stress condition, gb had accumulated i ... | 2011 | 21769646 |
| developmental pattern of aquaporin expression in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) leaves. | aquaporins are multifunctional membrane channels which belong to the family of major intrinsic proteins (mips) and are best known for their ability to facilitate the movement of water. in the present study, earlier results from microarray experiments were followed up. these experiments had suggested that, in barley (hordeum vulgare l.), aquaporin family members are expressed in distinct patterns during leaf development. real-time pcr and in situ hybridization were used to analyse the level and t ... | 2011 | 21737414 |
| regulation of basal resistance by a powdery mildew-induced cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase in barley. | the receptor-like protein kinases (rlks) constitute a large and diverse group of proteins controlling numerous plant physiological processes, including development, hormone perception and stress responses. the cysteine-rich rlks (crks) represent a prominent subfamily of transmembrane-anchored rlks. we have identified a putative barley (hordeum vulgare) crk gene family member, designated hvcrk1. the mature putative protein comprises 645 amino acids, and includes a putative receptor domain contain ... | 2011 | 21819533 |
| a barley rop gtpase activating protein associates with microtubules and regulates entry of the barley powdery mildew fungus into leaf epidermal cells. | little is known about the function of host factors involved in disease susceptibility. the barley (hordeum vulgare) rop (rho of plants) g-protein racb is required for full susceptibility of the leaf epidermis to invasion by the biotrophic fungus blumeria graminis f. sp hordei. stable transgenic knockdown of racb reduced the ability of barley to accommodate haustoria of b. graminis in intact epidermal leaf cells and to form hairs on the root epidermis, suggesting that racb is a common element of ... | 2011 | 21685259 |
| enzymatic dissolution of calcium and struvite crystals: in vitro evaluation of biochemical requirements. | to evaluate the factors that affect the enzymatic dissolution rate of calcium oxalate monohydrate (com), calcium phosphate (brushite), and magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) crystals as enzymatic digestion of kidney stones could enhance lithotripsy or provide alternatives to surgical removal. | 2011 | 21741690 |
| Rapid and efficient protein enzymatic digestion: An experimental comparison. | The major objective of proteomics is to identify and examine the large numbers of proteins extracted from complex biological systems. This is generally achieved by combining various techniques of protein separation with a mass spectrometric analysis of proteins that are digested enzymatically. Recently, several alternatives to this standard protocol have been developed for efficient and fast protein digestion. One option is the use of modified trypsin instead of native trypsin for the in-gel dig ... | 2011 | 22170586 |
| conversion of deoxynivalenol to 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol in barley-derived fuel ethanol co-products with yeast expressing trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferases. | abstract: | 2011 | 21888629 |
| the rice transcription factor idef1 directly binds to iron and other divalent metals for sensing cellular iron status. | iron is essential for most living organisms and its availability often determines survival and proliferation. the oryza sativa (rice) transcription factor idef1 plays a crucial role in regulating iron deficiency-induced genes involved in iron homeostasis. in the present report, we found characteristic histidine-asparagine repeat and proline-rich regions in idef1 and its homolog in hordeum vulgare (barley), hvidef1. an immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography assay revealed that idef1 and hv ... | 2012 | 21880076 |
| Functional characterization of barley betaglucanless mutants demonstrates a unique role for CslF6 in (1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucan biosynthesis. | (1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucans (mixed-linkage glucans) are found in tissues of members of the Poaceae (grasses), and are particularly high in barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains. The present study describes the isolation of three independent (1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucanless (betaglucanless; bgl) mutants of barley which completely lack (1,3;1,4)-ß-D-glucan in all the tissues tested. The bgl phenotype cosegregates with the cellulose synthase like HvCslF6 gene on chromosome arm 7HL. Each of the bgl mutants has a single ... | 2012 | 21940720 |
| characterization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from field-grown barley, oat, and wheat. | diazotrophic bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of field-grown triticum aestivum, hordeum vulgare, and avena sativa grown in various regions of greece. one isolate, with the highest nitrogen-fixation ability from each of the eleven rhizospheres, was selected for further characterisation. diazotrophic strains were assessed for plant-growth-promoting traits such as indoleacetic acid production and phosphate solubilisation. the phylogenies of 16s rrna gene of the selected isolates were com ... | 2011 | 21887633 |
| denitrification by plant roots? new aspects of plant plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase. | a specific form of plasma membrane-bound nitrate reductase in plants is restricted to roots. two peptides originated from plasma membrane integral proteins isolated from hordeum vulgare have been assigned as homologues to the subunit narh of respiratory nitrate reductase of escherichia coli. corresponding sequences have been detected for predicted proteins of populus trichocarpa with high degree of identities for the subunits narh (75%) and narg (65%), however, with less accordance for the subun ... | 2011 | 22160216 |
| characterization of chloroplast dna microsatellites from saccharum spp and related species. | microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (ssrs), and their flanking regions in chloroplast genomes (plastomes) of some species of the family poaceae were analyzed in silico to look for dna sequence variations. comparison of the complete chloroplast dna sequences (cpdnas) of sugarcane (saccharum hybrid cv. sp-80-3280 and s. officinarum cv. nco310) and related species, agrostis stolonifera, brachypodium distachyon, hordeum vulgare subsp vulgare, lolium perenne, oryza nivara, o. sativa sub ... | 2011 | 21948764 |
| zymoseptoria gen. nov.: a new genus to accommodate septoria-like species occurring on graminicolous hosts. | the mycosphaerella complex is both poly- and paraphyletic, containing several different families and genera. the genus mycosphaerella is restricted to species with ramularia anamorphs, while septoria is restricted to taxa that cluster with the type species of septoria, s. cytisi, being closely related to cercospora in the mycosphaerellaceae. species that occur on graminicolous hosts represent an as yet undescribed genus, for which the name zymoseptoria is proposed. based on the 28s nrdna phyloge ... | 2011 | 22025804 |
| n-acyl-homoserine lactone confers resistance toward biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens via altered activation of atmpk6. | pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria rely on quorum sensing to coordinate the collective behavior during the interactions with their eukaryotic hosts. many gram-negative bacteria use n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) as signals in such communication. here we show that plants have evolved means to perceive ahls and that the length of acyl moiety and the functional group at the γ position specify the plant's response. root treatment with the n-3-oxo-tetradecanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (oxo-c14-hsl) re ... | 2011 | 21940998 |
| telomere-mediated truncation of barley chromosomes. | engineered minichromosomes offer an enormous opportunity to plant biotechnology as they have the potential to simultaneously transfer and stably express multiple genes. following a top-down approach, we truncated endogenous chromosomes in barley (hordeum vulgare) by agrobacterium-mediated transfer of t-dna constructs containing telomere sequences. blocks of arabidopsis-like telomeric repeats were inserted into a binary vector suitable for stable transformation. after transfer of these constructs ... | 2011 | 22080935 |
| spatially resolved analysis of small molecules by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (maldi-msi). | • matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging (maldi-msi) of tissues provides the means to analyse the spatial distributions of small molecules and proteins within tissues. this imaging technique is commonplace in medicinal and pharmaceutical research, but its application in plant science is very recent. broader introduction requires specific adaptations for plant tissues. sample preparation is of paramount importance in order to obtain high-quality spectra providing s ... | 2011 | 22126099 |
| potential cultivation of hordeum vulgare l. in soils with high mercury background concentrations. | experimental work was carried out under close-to-real conditions to study mercury uptake by hordeum vulgare l. cultivated in lysimeter experiments. the soil in the lysimeter experiment was obtained from a test plot located near almadén (spain) and had a mean mercury content of 22.9 mg kg(-1). a sequence of four crops was sown starting in autumn 2000 and repeated on a yearly basis until 2004. the first crop was grown in the field prior to the extraction of 5 one-cubic-meter lysimeters. the succee ... | 2011 | 21972517 |
| methods for the preparation of chlorophyllide a: an intermediate of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. | chlorophyllide a is a metabolite late in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. isolation procedures for chlorophyllide a from rhodobacter capsulatus cb1200 and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) are described and compared. r. capsulatus cb1200 is a double mutant in the bacteriochlorophyllide a biosynthetic pathway, and chlorophyllide a is excreted by the cells when grown in tween 80-containing liquid medium. it was purified by liquid or solid phase extraction, yielding 7 mg of chlo ... | 2011 | 21925479 |
| a novel barley yellow stripe 1-like transporter (hvysl2) localized to the root endodermis transports metal-phytosiderophore complexes. | recent advances in our understanding of how graminaceous plants take up insoluble forms of iron from the rhizosphere and mobilize them in plant tissues are primarily based on the identification of various transporters that are specific to metal-phytosiderophore (ps) complexes containing mugineic acid and deoxymugineic acid. barley (hordeum vulgare l.) yellow stripe 1 (hvys1) is a metal-ps transporter that preferentially transports fe(iii)-ps compared with other metal complexes. here, we report t ... | 2011 | 21937676 |
| a third-generation esterase inoculant alters fermentation pattern and improves aerobic stability of barley silage and the efficiency of weight gain of growing feedlot cattle. | this study investigated the effects of a mixed bacterial inoculant possessing ferulic acid esterase (fae) activity on silage fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and growth performance of growing feedlot steers. whole-crop barley (hordeum vulgare, l.) forage (35% dm) was chopped and ensiled without a silage inoculant (un) or with a mixed bacterial culture containing 1.0 × 10((11)) cfu g(-1) of lactobacillus buchneri ln4017 that produces fae, 2.0 × 10((10)) cfu g(-1) of lactobacillus p ... | 2011 | 22147468 |
| enhancing transgenic pea (pisum sativum l.) resistance against fungal diseases through stacking of two antifungal genes (chitinase and glucanase). | one way of enhancing and broadening resistance of plants to different biotic and abiotic stresses is to combine transgenes expressing several genes into a single line. this can be done using different strategies such as crossing, single vector with multiple genes, co-transformation, sequential transformation and ires elements. in the present study conventional crossing method was used. parental transgenic lines transformed via agrobacterium tumefasciens-mediated gene transformation with pgreenii ... | 2011 | 21971070 |
| Molecular mapping of Rym17, a dominant and rym18 a recessive barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) resistance genes derived from Hordeum vulgare L. | PK23-2, a line of six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) originating from Pakistan, has resistance to Japanese strains I and III of the barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). To identify the source of resistance in this line, reciprocal crosses were made between the susceptible cultivar Daisen-gold and PK23-2. Genetic analyses in the F(1) generation, F(2) generation, and a doubled haploid population (DH45) derived from the F(1) revealed that PK23-2 harbors one dominant and one recessive resistance g ... | 2011 | 22038435 |
| a new insight into application for barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat: achievement of stigmasterol accumulation. | barley (hordeum vulgare) has a much higher content of bioactive substances than wheat (triticum aestivum). in order to investigate additive and/or synergistic effect(s) on the phytosterol content of barley chromosomes, we used a series of barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat that were produced by normal crossing. in determining the plant sterol levels in 2-week-old seedlings and dry seeds, we found that the level of stigmasterol in the barley chromosome 3 addition (3h) line in the se ... | 2011 | 21951468 |
| Senescence-associated barley NAC (NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC) transcription factor interacts with radical-induced cell death 1 through a disordered regulatory domain. | Senescence in plants involves massive nutrient relocation and age-related cell death. Characterization of the molecular components, such as transcription factors (TFs), involved in these processes is required to understand senescence. We found that HvNAC005 and HvNAC013 of the plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC) TF family are up-regulated during senescence in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Both HvNAC005 and HvNAC013 bound the conserved NAC DNA target sequence. Computational and biophysical analyse ... | 2011 | 21856750 |
| antidepressant-like effects of young green barley leaf (hordeum vulgare l.) in the mouse forced swimming test. | young green barley leaf is one of the richest sources of antioxidants and has been widely consumed for health management in japan. in this study, we examined whether oral administration of young green barley leaf has an antidepressant effect on the forced swimming test in mice. | 2012 | 22224057 |
| allele mining in barley genetic resources reveals genes of race-non-specific powdery mildew resistance. | race-non-specific, or quantitative, pathogen resistance is of high importance to plant breeders due to its expected durability. however, it is usually controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (qtl) and therefore difficult to handle in practice. knowing the genes that underlie race-non-specific resistance (nr) would allow its exploitation in a more targeted manner. here, we performed an association-genetic study in a customized worldwide collection of spring barley accessions for candidate ... | 2011 | 22629270 |
| phytase improves apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium in piglets fed diets with adequate or reduced phosphorus content. | the effect of a thermotolerant 6-phytase produced by trichoderma reesei on performance and apparent total tract digestibility (attd) of p and ca was evaluated in 192 weaned piglets (randomized block design; 16 replicates; 2 piglets each). diets based on wheat (triticum aestivum), barley (hordeum vulgare), oat (avena sativa), soybean (glycine max) meal, and whey protein with adequate [positive control (pc)] or reduced [negative control (nc)] ca and p levels were fed for 46 d after weaning. the pc ... | 2012 | 23365327 |
| cloning of a conserved receptor-like protein kinase gene and its use as a functional marker for homoeologous group-2 chromosomes of the triticeae species. | receptor-like kinases (rlks) play broad biological roles in plants. we report on a conserved receptor-like protein kinase (rpk) gene from wheat and other triticeae species. the tarpk1 was isolated from the triticum aestivum cv. prins - triticum timopheevii introgression line igvi-465 carrying the powdery mildew resistance gene pm6. the tarpk1 was mapped to homoeologous chromosomes 2a (tarpk1-2a), 2d (tarpk1-2d) and the pm6-carrier chromosome 2g (tarpk1-2g) of igvi-465. under the tested condition ... | 2012 | 23272050 |
| [specific features of fertility restoration in alloplasmic lines obtained based on hybridization of self-fertilized offspring of barley-wheat (hordeum vulgare l. x triticum aestivum l.) amphiploid with common wheat varieties saratovskaya 29 and pyrotrix 28]. | the problems of fertility restoration in the progeny of barley-wheat hybrids (h. vulgare x t. aestivum) are explained by incompatibility between the cytoplasm of cultivated barley and the nuclear genome of common wheat. suitable models for studying these problems are alloplasmic lines that combine the cytoplasm of barley and the nuclear genome of wheat. in this work, the specific features of fertility restoration in alloplasmic common wheat lines (h. vulgare)-t. aestivum were studied depending o ... | 2012 | 23516898 |
| influence of barley straw (hordeum vulgare l.) extract on phytoplankton dominated by scenedesmus species in laboratory conditions: the importance of the extraction duration. | the response of a natural phytoplankton assemblage dominated by algae of the genus scenedesmus to the addition of barley straw extract was studied in a laboratory experiment. the aim of the study was to compare the inhibiting effect of water extracts obtained by soaking the straw for 1, 2 and 3 months. we analysed the response of four species, scenedesmus subspicatus, scenedesmus ecornis, scenedesmus quadricauda and scenedesmus acuminatus, during 14 days of their exposure to different types of b ... | 2012 | 23482372 |
| fructan chemical structure and sensitivity to an exohydrolase. | a fructan exohydrolase selective for (2----1)-linked terminal fructosyl linkages, isolated from barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. morex) stems and leaf sheaths, was used to elucidate the chemical structures of several oligomeric fructans extracted from liliaceous and graminaceous species. products released by enzymic and mild acid hydrolysis were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of partially methylated alditol acetates p ... | 2006 | 1797396 |
| primer extension studies on alpha-amylase mrnas in barley aleurone. ii. hormonal regulation of expression. | relative levels of different alpha-amylase mrnas were assessed by primer extension experiments using rna prepared from aleurone of barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. himalaya). three different aleurone systems were studied: protoplasts prepared from aleurone layers, isolated aleurone layers, and aleurone from germinated grain. oligonucleotide primers specific for the low-pi and high-pi alpha-amylase groups allowed the levels of different alpha-amylase mrnas to be assessed both within and between the ... | 2003 | 1868201 |
| multi-temperature effects on hill reaction activity of barley chloroplasts. | 1. the relationship between temperature and hill reaction activity has been investigated in chloroplasts isolated from barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. abyssinian). 2. an arrhenius plot of the photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (dcip) showed no change in slope over the temperature range 2--38degreesc. the apparent arrhenius activation energy (ea) for the reaction was 48.1 kj/mol. 3. in the presence of an uncoupler of photophosphorylation, methylamine, the ea for dcip photoreduction wen ... | 2001 | 61041 |
| fluazifop, a grass-selective herbicide which inhibits acetyl-coa carboxylase in sensitive plant species. | fluazifop is a grass-selective herbicide that appears to act by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis de novo in sensitive species. results from four different types of experiment show that this inhibition is due to an action of fluazifop on acetyl-coa carboxylase and not on fatty acid synthetase. the acetyl-coa carboxylase from sensitive barley (hordeum vulgare), but not from resistant pea (pisum sativum), is inhibited by the r stereoisomer, a finding that agrees with the herbicidal specificity of fl ... | 2008 | 2902848 |
| [nucleotide sequence of the b1-hordein gene of barley hordeum vulgare l]. | the gene encoding b1 hordein of hordeum vulgare (cv. donetsky 4) was cloned and entirely sequenced. it contains no introns and codes for of 293 amino acids long polypeptide with molecular weight 33418. our clone differs from the previously sequenced b1 hordein genes in some positions within the coding region (there are 4 nucleotide changes and a 12 bp deletion, as compared with the pb11 cdna clone, and 5 nucleotide changes, as compared with the pbhp184 genomic clone). these changes result in pol ... | 2008 | 2583483 |
| the amino acid sequence of ferredoxin from hordeum vulgare. | ferredoxin from barley consists of a single polypeptide chain of 97 amino acids, four of which are cysteine. these residues, which bind the iron atoms of the active centre, are in identical positions to those of other ferredoxins. the primary structure shows considerable similarity with other plant ferredoxins. | 2005 | 1367267 |
| photoreduction of protochlorophyllide and its relationship to delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthesis in the leaves of dark-grown barley (hordeum vulgare) seedlings. | the photoreduction of protochlorophyllide (pchl) in dark-grown leaves of barley (hordeum vulgare) brings about the synthesis of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (amlev). manipulation of the pchl level in the leaves by incubation in amlev indicated that the production of amlev was intimately related to the state of the pchl reductase ternary complex. free pchl reductase that is unassociated with substrate/product appeared at first to be essential for the photoinduction of amlev synthesis. experiments o ... | 2013 | 3790090 |
| the sequence statistics and solution conformation of a barley (1----3, 1----4)-beta-d-glucan. | the sequence statistics and aqueous solution conformation of the 40 degrees water-soluble (1----3,1----4)-beta-d-glucan isolated from barley (hordeum vulgare) have been modeled realistically using the known sequence-distributions of (1----3) and (1----4) linkages, theoretical conformational analysis, and the statistical mechanical theory of polymer-chain conformation. this barley beta-glucan fraction consists of (1----4)-beta-glucooligosaccharides, predominantly of d.p. 4 or less, joined by sing ... | 2011 | 3815414 |
| rhizosphere microbial community structure in relation to root location and plant iron nutritional status. | root exudate composition and quantity vary in relation to plant nutritional status, but the impact of the differences on rhizosphere microbial communities is not known. to examine this question, we performed an experiment with barley (hordeum vulgare) plants under iron-limiting and iron-sufficient growth conditions. plants were grown in an iron-limiting soil in root box microcosms. one-half of the plants were treated with foliar iron every day to inhibit phytosiderophore production and to alter ... | 2000 | 10618246 |
| bacterial origin and community composition in the barley phytosphere as a function of habitat and presowing conditions. | an understanding of the factors influencing colonization of the rhizosphere is essential for improved establishment of biocontrol agents. the aim of this study was to determine the origin and composition of bacterial communities in the developing barley (hordeum vulgare) phytosphere, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) analysis of 16s rrna genes amplified from extracted dna. discrete community compositions were identified in the endorhizosphere, rhizoplane, and rhizosphere soil ... | 2000 | 11010885 |
| purification and characterization of barley dipeptidyl peptidase iv. | barley (hordeum vulgare l.) storage proteins, which have a high content of proline (pro) and glutamine, are cleaved by cysteine endoproteases to yield peptides with a pro next to the n-terminal and/or c-terminal amino acid residues. a peptidase cleaving after xaa-pro- at the n terminus of peptides was purified from green barley malt. it was identified as a serine-type dipeptidyl peptidase (dpp), based on inhibitor studies, and the nature of the cleavage product. it is a monomeric glycoprotein wi ... | 2000 | 10677435 |
| association of ferredoxin-nadp oxidoreductase with the chloroplastic pyridine nucleotide dehydrogenase complex in barley leaves | barley (hordeum vulgare l.) leaves were used to isolate and characterize the chloroplast nad(p)h dehydrogenase complex. the stroma fraction and the thylakoid fraction solubilized with sodium deoxycholate were analyzed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the enzymes detected with nadh and nitroblue tetrazolium were electroeluted. the enzymes electroeluted from band s from the stroma fraction and from bands t1 (et1) and t2 from the thylakoid fraction solubilized with sodium deoxychol ... | 1998 | 9576793 |
| modeling rna polymerase competition: the effect of σ-subunit knockout and heat shock on gene transcription level. | modeling of a complex biological process can explain the results of experimental studies and help predict its characteristics. among such processes is transcription in the presence of competing rna polymerases. this process involves rna polymerases collision followed by transcription termination. | 2011 | 21255416 |
| transgenic expression of lactoferrin imparts enhanced resistance to head blight of wheat caused by fusarium graminearum. | the development of plant gene transfer systems has allowed for the introgression of alien genes into plant genomes for novel disease control strategies, thus providing a mechanism for broadening the genetic resources available to plant breeders. using the tools of plant genetic engineering, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial gene was tested for resistance against head blight caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe, a devastating disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) ... | 2012 | 22405032 |
| the barley powdery mildew candidate secreted effector protein csep0105 inhibits the chaperone activity of a small heat shock protein. | pathogens secrete effector proteins to establish a successful interaction with their host. here, we describe two barley (hordeum vulgare) powdery mildew candidate secreted effector proteins, csep0105 and csep0162, which contribute to pathogen success and appear to be required during or after haustorial formation. silencing of either csep using host-induced gene silencing significantly reduced the fungal haustorial formation rate. interestingly, both cseps interact with the barley small heat shoc ... | 2015 | 25770154 |
| barley genes as tools to confer abiotic stress tolerance in crops. | barley is one of the oldest cultivated crops in the world with a high adaptive capacity. the natural tolerance of barley to stress has led to increasing interest in identification of stress responsive genes through small/large-scale omics studies, comparative genomics, and overexpression of some of these genes by genetic transformation. two major categories of proteins involved in stress tolerance are transcription factors (tfs) responsible from the re-programming of the metabolism in stress env ... | 2016 | 27536305 |
| octadecanoid-derived alteration of gene expression and the "oxylipin signature" in stressed barley leaves. implications for different signaling pathways. | stress-induced gene expression in barley (hordeum vulgare cv salome) leaves has been correlated with temporally changing levels of octadecanoids and jasmonates, quantified by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-single ion monitoring. application of sorbitol-induced stress led to a low and transient rise of jasmonic acid (ja), its precursor 12-oxophytodienoic acid (opda), and the methyl esters jame and opdame, respectively, followed by a large increase in their levels. ja and jame peake ... | 2000 | 10806235 |
| freezing of barley studied by infrared video thermography. | freezing of barley (hordeum vulgare), hordeum murinum, and holcus lanatus was studied using infrared video thermography. in the field, ice could enter h. lanatus leaves through hydathodes. in laboratory tests with barley, initially 0.4% of the leaf water froze, spreading in alternate strips of high and low freezing intensity longitudinally at 1 to 4 cm s(-1), and simultaneously spreading laterally at 0.3 cm s(-1). similar results were obtained in the field with h. lanatus. a distinct second, mor ... | 2001 | 11154332 |
| a novel nucleus-targeted protein is expressed in barley leaves during senescence and pathogen infection. | the barley (hordeum vulgare) cdna hvs40 represents a gene with enhanced mrna level during leaf senescence. biolistic transformation of onion (allium cepa) epidermal cell layers with a glucuronidase fusion protein construct provided evidence that the 15.4-kd protein encoded by hvs40 is localized to the nucleus. expression of the gene is induced by jasmonate and salicylic acid; both are known to act as signaling compounds during senescence and defense toward pathogens. transcript levels of hvs40 w ... | 2002 | 12427984 |
| salicylic acid alleviates the cadmium toxicity in barley seedlings. | salicylic acid (sa) plays a key role in plant disease resistance and hypersensitive cell death but is also implicated in hardening responses to abiotic stressors. cadmium (cd) exposure increased the free sa contents of barley (hordeum vulgare) roots by a factor of about 2. cultivation of dry barley caryopses presoaked in sa-containing solution for only 6 h or single transient addition of sa at a 0.5 mm concentration to the hydroponics solution partially protected the seedlings from cd toxicity d ... | 2003 | 12746532 |
| a computational-based update on micrornas and their targets in barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | many plant species have been investigated in the last years for the identification and characterization of the corresponding mirnas, nevertheless extensive studies are not yet available on barley (at the time of this writing). to extend and to update information on mirnas and their targets in barley and to identify candidate polymorphisms at mirna target sites, the features of previously known plant mirnas have been used to systematically search for barley mirna homologues and targets in the pub ... | 2010 | 20969764 |
| the 'green revolution' dwarfing genes play a role in disease resistance in triticum aestivum and hordeum vulgare. | the green revolution dwarfing genes, rht-b1b and rht-d1b, encode mutant forms of della proteins and are present in most modern wheat varieties. della proteins have been implicated in the response to biotic stress in the model plant, arabidopsis thaliana. using defined wheat rht near-isogenic lines and barley sln1 gain of function (gof) and loss of function (lof) lines, the role of della in response to biotic stress was investigated in pathosystems representing contrasting trophic styles (biotrop ... | 2011 | 22090435 |
| homology modeling and functional characterization of pr-1a protein of hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare. | pathogenesis-related protein 1a of hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (hvpr-1a) is induced by various pathogens and stress related factors. it plays important roles in plant defense system. since the discovery of hvpr-1a a great deal of research has been focused on its isolation and characterization. however, three dimensional structure of hvpr-1a is still unknown. 3d structure can be used for determining protein function, and identifying novel protein folds and potential targets for regulation. the ... | 2012 | 23139589 |
| the mir9863 family regulates distinct mla alleles in barley to attenuate nlr receptor-triggered disease resistance and cell-death signaling. | barley (hordeum vulgare l.) mla alleles encode coiled-coil (cc), nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) receptors that trigger isolate-specific immune responses against the powdery mildew fungus, blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh). how mla or nb-lrr genes in grass species are regulated at post-transcriptional level is not clear. the microrna family, mir9863, comprises four members that differentially regulate distinct mla alleles in barley. we show that mir9863 members guide the cle ... | 2014 | 25502438 |
| bacteria-triggered systemic immunity in barley is associated with wrky and ethylene responsive factors but not with salicylic acid. | leaf-to-leaf systemic immune signaling known as systemic acquired resistance is poorly understood in monocotyledonous plants. here, we characterize systemic immunity in barley (hordeum vulgare) triggered after primary leaf infection with either pseudomonas syringae pathovar japonica (psj) or xanthomonas translucens pathovar cerealis (xtc). both pathogens induced resistance in systemic, uninfected leaves against a subsequent challenge infection with xtc. in contrast to systemic acquired resistanc ... | 2014 | 25332505 |
| the compromised recognition of turnip crinkle virus1 subfamily of microrchidia atpases regulates disease resistance in barley to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. | morc1 and morc2, two of the seven members of the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) compromised recognition of turnip crinkle virus1 subfamily of microrchidia gyrase, heat shock protein90, histidine kinase, mutl (ghkl) atpases, were previously shown to be required in multiple layers of plant immunity. here, we show that the barley (hordeum vulgare) morcs also are involved in disease resistance. genome-wide analyses identified five morcs that are 37% to 48% identical on the protein level to atmor ... | 2014 | 24390392 |
| structure and function of the bacterial root microbiota in wild and domesticated barley. | the microbial communities inhabiting the root interior of healthy plants, as well as the rhizosphere, which consists of soil particles firmly attached to roots, engage in symbiotic associations with their host. to investigate the structural and functional diversification among these communities, we employed a combination of 16s rrna gene profiling and shotgun metagenome analysis of the microbiota associated with wild and domesticated accessions of barley (hordeum vulgare). bacterial families com ... | 2015 | 25732064 |
| abscisic acid negatively interferes with basal defence of barley against magnaporthe oryzae. | plant hormones are well known regulators which balance plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. we investigated the role of abscisic acid (aba) in resistance of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) against the plant pathogenic fungus magnaporthe oryzae. | 2015 | 25604965 |
| differential transcriptomic responses to fusarium graminearum infection in two barley quantitative trait loci associated with fusarium head blight resistance. | fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb), a major disease problem worldwide. resistance to fhb is controlled by quantitative trait loci (qtl) of which two are located on barley chromosomes 2h bin8 and 6h bin7. the mechanisms of resistance mediated by fhb qtl are poorly defined. | 2016 | 27206761 |
| diversity and evolution of disease resistance genes in barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | plant disease resistance genes (r-genes) play a critical role in the defense response to pathogens. barley is one of the most important cereal crops, having a genome recently made available, for which the diversity and evolution of r-genes are not well understood. the main objectives of this research were to conduct a genome-wide identification of barley coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat (cnl) genes and elucidate their evolutionary history. we employed a hidden markov mod ... | 2016 | 27168720 |
| the entner-doudoroff pathway is an overlooked glycolytic route in cyanobacteria and plants. | glucose degradation pathways are central for energy and carbon metabolism throughout all domains of life. they provide atp, nad(p)h, and biosynthetic precursors for amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids. it is general knowledge that cyanobacteria and plants oxidize carbohydrates via glycolysis [the embden-meyerhof-parnas (emp) pathway] and the oxidative pentose phosphate (opp) pathway. however, we found that both possess a third, previously overlooked pathway of glucose breakdown: the entner ... | 2016 | 27114545 |
| barley disease susceptibility factor racb acts in epidermal cell polarity and positioning of the nucleus. | rho gtpases are regulators of cell polarity and immunity in eukaryotes. in plants, rho-like rac/rop gtpases are regulators of cell shaping, hormone responses, and responses to microbial pathogens. the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) rac/rop protein racb is required for full susceptibility to penetration by blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh), the barley powdery mildew fungus. disease susceptibility factors often control host immune responses. here we show that racb does not interfere with early mic ... | 2016 | 27056842 |
| complete genome sequence of the barley pathogen xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens dsm 18974t (atcc 19319t). | we report here the complete 4.7-mb genome sequence of xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens dsm 18974(t), which causes black chaff disease on barley (hordeum vulgare). genome data of this x. translucens type strain will improve our understanding of this bacterial species. | 2016 | 27908994 |
| proteomic characterization of the rph15 barley resistance gene-mediated defence responses to leaf rust. | leaf rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen puccinia hordei, is one of the most important foliar disease of barley (hordeum vulgare) and represents a serious threat in many production regions of the world. the leaf rust resistance gene rph15 is of outstanding interest for resistance breeding because it confers resistance to over 350 puccinia hordei isolates collected from around the world. molecular and biochemical mechanisms responsible for the rph15 effectiveness are currently not inve ... | 2012 | 23167439 |
| the wrky45-2 wrky13 wrky42 transcriptional regulatory cascade is required for rice resistance to fungal pathogen. | blast caused by fungal magnaporthe oryzae is a devastating disease of rice (oryza sativa) worldwide, and this fungus also infects barley (hordeum vulgare). at least 11 rice wrky transcription factors have been reported to regulate rice response to m. oryzae either positively or negatively. however, the relationships of these wrkys in the rice defense signaling pathway against m. oryzae are unknown. previous studies have revealed that rice wrky13 (as a transcriptional repressor) and wrky45-2 enha ... | 2015 | 25624395 |
| fine mapping of barley locus rps6 conferring resistance to wheat stripe rust. | barley resistance to wheat stripe rust has remained effective for a long time and, therefore, the genes underlying this resistance can be a valuable tool to engineer durable resistance in wheat. wheat stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is a major disease of wheat that is causing large economic losses in many wheat-growing regions of the world. deployment of pst resistance genes has been an effective strategy for controlling this pathogen, but many of these genes ha ... | 2016 | 26875072 |
| the interaction between cold and light controls the expression of the cold-regulated barley gene cor14b and the accumulation of the corresponding protein. | we report the expression of the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cor (cold-regulated) gene cor14b (formerly pt59) and the accumulation of its chloroplast-localized protein product. a polyclonal antibody raised against the cor14b-encoded protein detected two chloroplast cor proteins: cor14a and cor14b. n-terminal sequencing of cor14a and expression of cor14b in arabidopsis plants showed that cor14a is not encoded by the cor14b sequence, but it shared homology with the wheat (triticum aestivum l.) wcs1 ... | 1999 | 9952464 |