| genetic basis of resistance to rimantadine emerging during treatment of influenza virus infection. | the emergence of influenza a viruses which had acquired resistance to rimantadine during a clinical trial (c. b. hall, r. dolin, c. l. gala, d. m. markovitz, y. q. zhang, p. h. madore, f. a. disney, w. b. talpey, j. l. green, a. b. francis, and m. e. pichichero, pediatrics 80:275-282, 1987) provided the opportunity to determine the genetic basis of this phenomenon. analysis of reassortant viruses generated with a resistant clinical isolate (h3n2) and the susceptible influenza a/singapore/57 (h2n ... | 1988 | 3282079 |
| acute respiratory illness among immunized and nonimmunized patients with high-risk factors during a split season of influenza a and b. | a prospective survey of acute respiratory illness (ri) was made among 329 vaccinated and unvaccinated ambulatory patients with high-risk factors for influenza. surveillance for virus during the influenza season revealed the predominance of influenza a and b in sequential periods. during the influenza a period, febrile ri was greatest among patients with chronic pulmonary disease; among 66 patients, vaccination significantly reduced ri. age greater than 65 y (199 patients) and heart (90 patients) ... | 1988 | 3346562 |
| the roles of vaccination and amantadine prophylaxis in controlling an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) in a nursing home. | an outbreak caused by influenza a/philippines/2/82 (h3n2)-like viruses occurred in a partially vaccinated nursing home population in january 1985. during the first six days of the outbreak, 14 (25%) of 55 residents developed influenzalike illness. the risk of illness was most strongly associated with undetectable levels of antibody against the epidemic strain, with unvaccinated case-patients having more severe illnesses and a higher rate of hospitalization than vaccinated case-patients (5/8 vs 0 ... | 1988 | 3355306 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of the neuraminidase gene of the human influenza virus a/chile/1/83 (h1n1). brief report. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the neuraminidase (na) gene of influenza virus a/chile/1/83 (h1n1) has been determined after reverse transcription and cloning into the plasmid pat 153/pvuii/8. the gene is 1461 nucleotides long and codes for a protein of 470 amino acids. the overall nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence of the a/chile/1/83 na exhibits a high homology with other n1 neuraminidases. hyper-variable regions concerning a to g exchanges are discussed. | 1988 | 3369945 |
| antibody responses of swine to type a influenza viruses during the past ten years in japan. | a total of 6346 swine sera collected at an abattoir in the city of obihiro, hokkaido during the years 1978-87 were tested for the presence of antibodies to swine and human influenza viruses. a high incidence of antibody to a/new jersey/8/76 (swine type h1n1) virus was observed throughout the 10 years except for the occasional month and a single long period of 15 months. antibodies to human h3n2 virus in swine appeared to be related to the epidemics of human influenza which occurred in the study ... | 1988 | 3378588 |
| [properties of reassortants of human and avian influenza viruses. reproduction in mdck cells at suboptimum temperatures]. | a series of reassortants has been constructed by crossing of uv-inactivated avian influenza virus of h3n8 subtype and live human influenza virus of h1n1 subtype, adapted to growth in continuous canine kidney cell line (mdck). the analysis of rna duplexes has shown that the reassortants contain ha gene of avian influenza virus whereas the other genes belong to human parent virus. the reassortants were efficiently reproduced in mdck cells at low temperature (limiting for the avian parent virus). t ... | 1988 | 3405232 |
| [activity of influenza virus in the metropolitan region of panama city, 1976-1986]. | | 1987 | 3423321 |
| [preventive vaccination against influenza in adults and children and the problem of the current status of influenza vaccines]. | | 1987 | 3433822 |
| [comparison of nucleoproteins of avian and human influenza virus types]. | | 1987 | 3435223 |
| [effectiveness of vaccination against influenza a in troop collectives]. | | 1987 | 3441998 |
| induction of chromosomal aberrations in mice spermatocytes by unpurified & purified human influenza viruses. | | 1987 | 3443484 |
| [effectiveness of live influenza vaccines obtained by strain recombination and passages]. | a comparative study of the immunizing activity of strain variants derived from one epidemic influenza virus a/ussr/77 (h1n1) by using different attenuation methods was carried out. serial passages in chick embryos preserved the biological activity of the virus better than genetic recombination which was manifested by a significant superiority of the passaged virus over the reassortant in the capacity of replicating in the upper respiratory tracts of the vaccinees, of inducing immune responses an ... | 1987 | 3445585 |
| [an outbreak of influenza caused by variant strains of new influenza a[h1n1]]. | | 1987 | 3449432 |
| interleukin 1 and interleukin 1 inhibitor production by human macrophages exposed to influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus. respiratory syncytial virus is a potent inducer of inhibitor activity. | respiratory viral infections are commonly associated with altered immune responses, such as proliferative responses to mitogens and antigens. to examine potential mechanisms, we examined production of il-1 and il-1 inhibitors by purified human peripheral blood-derived macrophages exposed to influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). il-1 and il-1 inhibitor activities in supernatant fluids from macrophages exposed to the viruses 24 h previously were measured using the standard mouse th ... | 1986 | 3485170 |
| recognition of cloned influenza virus hemagglutinin gene products by cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | the influenza a virus hemagglutinin (ha) is an integral membrane glycoprotein expressed in large quantities on infected cell surfaces and is known to serve as a target antigen for influenza virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl). despite the fact that has derived from different influenza a virus subtypes are serologically non-cross-reactive, the ha has been implicated by previous experiments to be a target antigen for the subset of t cells capable of lysing cells infected with any human in ... | 1986 | 3485199 |
| autoreactive t cell clones of mhc class ii specificities are produced during responses against foreign antigens in man. | although the existence of autoreactive t cells has been widely reported in mice and in guinea pigs, a similar phenomenon is poorly documented in man. here we report the study of three human autoreactive t cell clones isolated during immunization of hla-drw13 donors either against influenza a/texas virus or against allogeneic cells. these clones are specific for autologous hla-class ii specificities either common to all hla-drw13 molecules or restricted to the hla-dr products specific for the dw1 ... | 1987 | 3492528 |
| infectivity and reactogenicity of reassortant cold-adapted influenza a/korea/1/82 vaccines obtained from the usa and ussr. | the safety and immunogenicity of two live influenza a virus vaccine strains, the cr 59 and 17/25/1 cold-adapted (ca) reassortants, were evaluated in 170 healthy young adult volunteers. the vaccines were produced by recombining a/korea/1/82 (h3n2) wild-type virus with either a/ann arbor/6/60 (h2n2) or a/leningrad/134/17/57 (h2n2) ca donors of attenuation. both vaccines were well tolerated in volunteers. the 17/25/1 strain, prepared from a/leningrad, infected at least 70% of seronegative volunteer ... | 1987 | 3499246 |
| human adenoid organ culture: a model to study the interaction of influenza a with human nasopharyngeal mucosa. | previous studies of infections with influenza a in animal models have stressed the tropism of this virus for the upper respiratory tract. to assess the interaction of influenza a virus with human respiratory tissue, we maintained adenoids, consisting of ciliated epithelium with underlying lymphoid follicles, in organ culture. when the organ cultures were inoculated with wild-type influenza a/alaska (h3n2), epithelial damage and migration of inflammatory cells from the follicles into the lamina p ... | 1986 | 3510261 |
| [development of a solid-phase immunoenzyme method for determining the antibody level in the blood sera of persons vaccinated with influenza vaccine]. | to control the effectiveness of vaccination against influenza, the optimum conditions for making the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with a view to determine the level of anti-influenza antibodies in human blood sera have been established. the kinetics of influenza virus adsorption in the wells of elisa polystyrene plates and the kinetics of the interaction between the immobilized antigen and species-specific peroxidase-labeled antibodies have been studied. the method has been shown to ... | 1986 | 3521160 |
| oral rimantadine hydrochloride therapy of influenza a virus h3n2 subtype infection in adults. | in a randomized, double-blind trial involving patients with uncomplicated influenza a h3n2 subtype virus infection, rimantadine treatment (200 mg/day for 5 days) was associated with significant reductions in nasal secretion viral titers (days 2 through 4), maximal temperature (days 2 and 3), time until defervescence (mean, 37 h shorter), and systemic symptoms compared with placebo treatment. | 1986 | 3521480 |
| study of live recombinant cold-adapted influenza bivalent vaccine of type a for use in children: an epidemiological control trial. | live cold-adapted recombinant bivalent vaccine of influenza type a was studied in a controlled field trial in 1982-1983 among nearly 30,000 children 3-15 years old. the bivalent vaccine consisted of recombinants 47/25/1 (h1n1) and 47/7/2 (h3n2) of wild-type viruses a/brazil/11/78 (h1n1) and a/bangkok/1/79 (h3n2) with cold-adapted donor a/leningrad/134/47/57 (h2n2). the recombinants which received mutant nonglycoprotein genes from cold-adapted donor did not suppress each other after simultaneous ... | 1986 | 3524050 |
| use of monoclonal antibodies for rapid detection of influenza a virus in nasopharyngeal secretions. | two monoclonal antibodies against influenza a virus were assessed for use as diagnostic reagents in an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) of nasopharyngeal secretions. monoclonal antibody ia-52, directed at an internal antigen, reacted with all influenza a tested. the high stability of this epitope permitted its use in a rapid ifa test, which gave results comparable to those obtained with polyclonal antibodies and viral isolation. the second monoclonal antibody, ia-279 was directed at a sur ... | 1986 | 3527703 |
| the persistence of influenza a in human populations. | | 1986 | 3533582 |
| rapid detection of influenza virus by shell vial assay with monoclonal antibodies. | of 45 influenza virus strains (43 type a and 2 type b) detected in conventional tube cell cultures (average time, 4 days), 25 (56%) were detected by immunofluorescence in the shell vial assay 24 h postinoculation. the specific fluorescence produced should allow this procedure to be readily adapted by laboratories with various degrees of experience with immunofluorescence methodology. | 1986 | 3533980 |
| subtype-specific identification of influenza virus in cell cultures with fitc labelled egg yolk antibodies. | we report on results obtained with a direct immunofluorescence test for subtype-specific identification of influenza virus in detached cells of mdck cultures after inoculation of 281 clinical specimens from patients with influenza-like disease. influenza virus antibodies were produced in eggs from immunized hens and labelled with fitc. in 157 cases cpe was found in mdck cells. a total of 57 cases of influenza a (h3n2), 86 cases of influenza a (h1n1), and 14 cases of influenza b were identified. ... | 1987 | 3547056 |
| [monoclonal antibodies to np protein and their use in studying influenza a viruses]. | monoclonal antibodies to np-proteins of influenza a/sea gull/kazakhstan/470/79 (h1n1) virus have been prepared. each clone interacted with spatially non-overlapping antigenic sites of np-protein. the clones differed in their capacity to inhibit the polymerase activity of different influenza a virus strains. f-81 clone was shown to interact actively with np of human influenza a viruses, clone h12 reacted with both human and animal influenza viruses. | 1986 | 3548066 |
| [signs of the circulation of influenza a(hon1) virus among the general population and in military collectives]. | | 1987 | 3590645 |
| amantadine prophylaxis during an institutional outbreak of type a influenza. | | 1987 | 3592887 |
| [the 1985 influenza epidemic in a pediatric practice]. | because it is not possible to distinguish clinically influenza from other respiratory infections, virological methods have to be used to establish the influenza etiology. nasopharyngeal swabs from 202 children with respiratory symptoms were taken. influenza a virus (h3n2) was isolated from 44 children, influenza a virus (h1n1) from 61 children and influenza b virus from 13 children. the maximal activity of the two influenza a virus subtypes was different. the following features permitted the cla ... | 1987 | 3600670 |
| [characteristics of the influenza type a (h3n2) epidemic in omsk in january 1985]. | the work presents the data obtained in analysis of the epidemic situation among the population of omsk in january-february 1985 and the characterization of the isolated strains of influenza a (h3n2) virus, determines the specific features of the course of the influenza epidemic process among different social and age groups, evaluates anti-influenza measures. | 1987 | 3604506 |
| [a study on the epidemic characteristics of influenza in qingdao]. | | 1987 | 3664615 |
| leads from the mmwr. outbreak of influenza-like illness in a tour group--alaska. | | 1987 | 3669235 |
| leads from the mmwr. update on influenza activity--worldwide. | | 1987 | 3669252 |
| [virological and serological diagnosis of influenza using the passive hemagglutination and passive hemagglutination inhibition tests]. | | 1987 | 3673027 |
| [genetic variability of epidemic strains of influenza virus serotypes h1n1 and h3n2 during antigenic drift]. | data are presented on structural variability of individual genes of selected variants of epidemic influenza viruses h1n1 (1977-1979) and h3n2 (1968-1979) in the course of antigenic drift obtained by oligonucleotide mapping. six out of 8 genes of h1n1 viruses were found to be more variable than the corresponding genes of h3n2 viruses. only ha and ns genes of h3n2 viruses underwent greater structural changes as compared with the analogous genes of h1n1 viruses. in viruses of both serotypes, most v ... | 1987 | 3686982 |
| [assessment of the effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccines for adults]. | in 9 controlled epidemiological observations (1977-1984) the effectiveness of modern soviet whole-virion vaccines was studied in organized groups of adults and at industrial enterprises. during the epidemic outbreaks of influenza of different etiology and intensity morbidity rate in influenza and acute respiratory diseases was shown to decrease 1.1-2.2 times among the vaccinees, depending on the correspondence of epidemic and vaccine influenza strains. the absence of influenza virus b in inactiv ... | 1986 | 3705814 |
| evaluation of live avian-human reassortant influenza a h3n2 and h1n1 virus vaccines in seronegative adult volunteers. | an avian-human reassortant influenza a virus deriving its genes coding for the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from the human influenza a/washington/897/80 (h3n2) virus and its six "internal" genes from the avian influenza a/mallard/ny/6750/78 (h2n2) virus (i.e., a six-gene reassortant) was previously shown to be safe, infectious, nontransmissible, and immunogenic as a live virus vaccine in adult humans. two additional six-gene avian-human reassortant influenza viruses derived from the mating of ... | 1986 | 3711273 |
| immunity to influenza a virus infection in young children: a comparison of natural infection, live cold-adapted vaccine, and inactivated vaccine. | live attenuated, cold-adapted (ca) influenza a vaccines administered intranasally have been well characterized as safe and immunogenic, but comparative data on protective efficacy are required for further development. in this study, 59 young children were divided into the following four groups based on prior exposure to influenza a (h3n2) virus: natural infection, live ca vaccine given intranasally, inactivated vaccine given im, and no previous exposure. virus challenge with homologous live ca v ... | 1986 | 3711685 |
| [smoke cloud pneumonia, a new atypical pneumonia in influenza diseases]. | since 1980 we have to reckon with a novel atypical pneumonia in influenzae. the clinical course of these fire-damp pneumonias is very discrete. in x-ray the changes of the lungs are uniform in density and considerably multiform in extent, in which cases the topographic-anatomic borderlines are not taken into consideration. they disappear within 6 to 8 days. there are no participations of pleura and hilus. | 1986 | 3716517 |
| occurrence of influenza antibodies in addis ababa. | | 1986 | 3720736 |
| evaluation of avian-human reassortant influenza a/washington/897/80 x a/pintail/119/79 virus in monkeys and adult volunteers. | a reassortant influenza a virus was produced by mating an avian influenza a/pintail/alberta/119/79 (h4n6) virus with wild-type human influenza a/washington/897/80 (h3n2) virus. the avian-human influenza a reassortant virus contained the genes coding for the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens of the human influenza wild-type virus and the six other rna segments (internal genes) of the avian influenza a virus donor. in the lower respiratory tract of squirrel monkeys, this avian-human ... | 1986 | 3722365 |
| suppression of endocytosis in neutrophils by influenza a virus in vitro. | the effect of influenza a virus on the endocytic pathway in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnls) and the relationship of altered endocytic activity to virus-induced inhibition of other pmnl functions were examined with virus that caused decreased phagosomelysosome fusion and bacterial killing (depressing virus [dv]) and virus that did not (non-dv). binding of both viruses to pmnl surface receptors was similar, but uptake of dv into pmnls was decreased compared with that of non-dv. both viruses w ... | 1986 | 3734493 |
| leads from the mmwr. recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee. monovalent influenza a(h1n1) vaccine, 1986-1987. | | 1986 | 3747082 |
| human influenza a virus hemagglutinin distinguishes sialyloligosaccharides in membrane-associated gangliosides as its receptor which mediates the adsorption and fusion processes of virus infection. specificity for oligosaccharides and sialic acids and the sequence to which sialic acid is attached. | human influenza a virus isolates bearing antigenically different h1 (a/pr/8/34), h2 (a/japan/305/57), and h3 (a/aichi/2/68, a/x-31) hemagglutinin serotypes caused extensive hemagglutination, low ph fusion, and hemolysis of asialoerythrocytes reconstituted with gangliosides. sialylparaglobosides (iv3neuac-nlc4cer, iv6neuac-nlc4cer), i-active and i-active (vi3neuac-nlc6cer) gangliosides, and gm3-neuac commonly exhibited significant specific receptor activity toward the viruses. a/pr/8/34 recognize ... | 1986 | 3782153 |
| [restrictive cardiomyopathy as a late sequel of influenza a2 virus myocarditis]. | a clinically acute myocarditis with an increase of the influenza a2-virus titer marks the beginning of a ten year history leading to a restrictive cardiomyopathy, complicated by an exudative enteropathy. two serial endomyocardial biopsies reveal an increasing interstitial fibrosis. virus myocarditis as a cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy, which corresponds to the old term "myocardial fibrosis", is discussed. | 1986 | 3788252 |
| leads from the mmwr. influenza activity in civilian and military populations and key points for use of influenza vaccines. | | 1987 | 3795398 |
| intraepidemic heterogeneity of influenza a (h3n2) viruses in 1985: antigenic analysis and sensitivity to non-specific inhibitors. | during the influenza outbreak of 1984-85 22 strains of h3n2 viruses were isolated in finland. an intra-epidemic heterogeneity was demonstrated in an antigenic analysis by haemagglutination inhibition test with antisera produced in rats. the strains could be classified into three groups which corresponded to the following reference strains: group i: a/hong kong/1/84, a/hong kong/3/84; group ii: a/philippines/2/82; group iii: a/caen/1/84. seven of the isolates were entirely insensitive to gamma-in ... | 1986 | 3807442 |
| [vaccination against influenza among elderly persons]. | | 1986 | 3809541 |
| [prospective epidemiologic study of the characteristics of the evolution of influenza in collectives of children and adolescents]. | | 1985 | 3835657 |
| combined effects of amantadine and interferon on influenza virus replication in chicken and human embryo trachea organ culture. | amantadine (greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml) treatment of chicken or human trachea organ cultures 6 h before infection inhibited influenza virus replication. chicken or human leukocyte ifn evoked antiviral resistance in the cells of the homologous organ cultures only at a concentration of 100 u/ml or more. treatment of organ cultures with combinations of the two substances resulted in an additive effect on influenza virus replication in both chicken and human tissues. | 1985 | 3835778 |
| development of subtype-specific and heterosubtypic antibodies to the influenza a virus hemagglutinin after primary infection in children. | children undergoing primary infection with an h1n1 or h3n2 influenza a virus developed subtype-specific hemagglutination inhibition antibodies and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies to purified hemagglutinin (ha) of the infecting virus subtype. they also developed lower titered elisa antibodies to the noninfecting h1 or h3 ha and to h8 (an avian strain) ha. thus, after primary infection with an influenza a virus, children develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but not hemagglutinat ... | 1985 | 3839001 |
| influenza a virus nucleoprotein is a major target antigen for cross-reactive anti-influenza a virus cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | influenza a virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) capable of lysing cells infected with any influenza a virus ("cross-reactive ctl") constitute a major portion of the host ctl response to influenza. the viral nucleoprotein (np), a major internal virion structural protein, has been implicated as a possible target antigen for cross-reactive ctl. to directly examine ctl recognition of np, a vaccinia virus recombinant containing a dna copy of an influenza a virus np gene was constructed. we f ... | 1985 | 3872457 |
| current status of amantadine and rimantadine as anti-influenza-a agents: memorandum from a who meeting. | amantadine (1-adamantanamine hydrochloride), an anti-influenza drug, effectively inhibits the replication of all human subtypes of influenza a virus (h1n1, h2n2 and h3n2) both in laboratory studies and in a variety of clinical situations in young and old persons. so far, it has been used on a relatively limited scale by community and hospital clinicians, partly because of concern over mild side-effects in approximately 6% of persons. the related compound, rimantadine (alpha-methyl-1-adamantane-m ... | 1985 | 3872736 |
| invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating influenza a pneumonia in a previously healthy patient. | a rare occurrence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicates influenza pneumonia in a previously healthy adult. five other similar cases are reported in the literature. both transient depression of cell-mediated immunity and loss of ciliary function in the tracheobronchial tree occurs during acute influenzal illness and may predispose to fungal superinfection. early diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic aspergillus infection complicating influenza is mandatory in view of the high mortali ... | 1985 | 3872776 |
| the immunology of influenza. | | 1985 | 3882191 |
| enzyme immunoassay, complement fixation and hemagglutination inhibition tests in the diagnosis of influenza a and b virus infections. purified hemagglutinin in subtype-specific diagnosis. | the efficacy of enzyme immunoassay (eia) in detecting diagnostic antibody rises to influenza a and b viruses was compared with complement fixation (cf) and hemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests in 455 patients with an acute respiratory infection. eia and hi detected significantly more diagnostic antibody rises against influenza a than the cf method (96 and 87 vs. 47, respectively). in the case of influenza b significantly more diagnostic influenza b antibody rises were observed by eia than by c ... | 1985 | 3882733 |
| ribavirin small-particle aerosol treatment of infections caused by influenza virus strains a/victoria/7/83 (h1n1) and b/texas/1/84. | in a double-blind study of influenza in a population of college students in 1984, ribavirin small-particle aerosol treatment of 38 patients (18 treated, 20 control) infected with a new antigenic variant, influenza virus strain a/victoria/7/83 (h1n1), was associated with statistically significant reductions in the height and duration of fever, systemic symptoms, and virus shedding. patients received a total of 2.4 g of ribavirin over 42 h during 68 h of hospitalization without any side effects. i ... | 1985 | 3888102 |
| amantadine: antiviral agent for influenza a. | | 1985 | 3889450 |
| [immunovirusological theories on the development of arteriosclerosis obliterans of the major arteries]. | | 1985 | 3900534 |
| [use of a method of molecular nucleic acid hybridization for the rapid diagnosis of influenza]. | a highly sensitive method of pinpoint hybridization of nucleic acids on nitrocellulose filters using 32p-labeled pha plasmid carrying a dna copy of hemagglutinin gene of influenza a/udorn/307/72 (h3n2) was developed which permitted specific detection of minimal amounts of rna (units of pikograms) of influenza a virus with h3 serotype hemagglutinin. the method of pinpoint hybridization was used for the detection of rna of influenza a (h3 serotype) in nasopharyngeal washings of patients with acute ... | 1985 | 3907140 |
| [use of immunoenzyme analysis to study the immune response of persons inoculated with influenza vaccines and in convalescents]. | | 1985 | 3913138 |
| update: influenza activity--united states. | | 1985 | 3917537 |
| the antigenicity and evolution of influenza h1 haemagglutinin, from 1950-1957 and 1977-1983: two pathways from one gene. | nucleotide sequence analysis of the region of the haemagglutinin gene coding for the ha1 domain of the protein was performed on 19 human influenza a strains of h1 subtype representative of the two epidemic periods from 1977-1983 and from 1950-1957. the amino acid changes relative to a/ussr/90/77 are summarised and are consistent with the view that variation in these field strains involves changes largely at the sb and ca antigenic sites previously characterised in laboratory mutants of the haema ... | 1986 | 3942036 |
| leads from the mmwr. update: influenza activity and the role of rapid virus typing in improving amantadine use--united states. | | 1986 | 3944970 |
| [role of mycoplasma in the processes of abnormal growth]. | | 1986 | 3953151 |
| characterization of virulent and avirulent a/chicken/pennsylvania/83 influenza a viruses: potential role of defective interfering rnas in nature. | in april 1983, an influenza virus of low virulence appeared in chickens in pennsylvania. subsequently, in october 1983, the virus became virulent and caused high mortality in poultry. the causative agent has been identified as an influenza virus of the h5n2 serotype. the hemagglutinin is antigenically closely related to tern/south africa/61 (h5n3) and the neuraminidase is similar to that from human h2n2 strains (e.g., a/japan/305/57) and from some avian influenza virus strains (e.g., a/turkey/ma ... | 1985 | 3973976 |
| host-mediated selection of influenza virus receptor variants. sialic acid-alpha 2,6gal-specific clones of a/duck/ukraine/1/63 revert to sialic acid-alpha 2,3gal-specific wild type in ovo. | human and animal influenza a isolates of the h3 serotype preferentially bind sa alpha 2,6gal or sa alpha 2,3gal linkages (where sa represents sialic acid), respectively, on cell-surface sialyloligosaccharides. previously, we have demonstrated selection of sa alpha 2,3gal-specific receptor variants of several human viruses which differed from the parent viruses by a single amino acid at residue 226 of the hemagglutinin which is located in the receptor binding pocket (rogers, g. n., paulson, j.c., ... | 1985 | 3997874 |
| concurrent outbreaks of influenza a and influenza b. | during the winter of 1982 concurrent outbreaks of influenza a and influenza b occurred. the epidemiology and clinical features of 151 cases referred during this time are described, and patients are discussed according to age and presenting clinical syndrome: croup was the commonest presentation in young children, a typical influenza syndrome predominated in young adults, while older patients were more likely to have lower respiratory tract infection. there was no significant difference between t ... | 1985 | 4008920 |
| tecumseh study of illness. xiii. influenza infection and disease, 1976-1981. | the occurrence of influenza was followed in tecumseh, michigan during the five year period 1976-1981 by identifying onset of acute respiratory illness and by virus isolation and serology. type b outbreaks were observed in 1976-1977 and 1979-1980, type a (h3n2) in 1977-1978 and 1980-1981, and type a (h1n1) viruses in 1977-1978, 1978-1979, and 1980-1981. evidence of low level circulation of viruses in the year preceding an outbreak was not obtained. age-specific isolation rates from specimens coll ... | 1985 | 4014174 |
| the spread of type a influenza. | | 1985 | 4032351 |
| [monitoring of influenza in belgium, 1982-1983, 1983-1984]. | | 1985 | 4037927 |
| human secondary immune responses induced by influenza in a serum-free tissue culture system. | peripheral blood lymphocytes are capable of producing antibody in response to antigenic stimulation by a recall antigen, influenza, during culture for 10 days in medium consisting of 1 part ham's f-12 and 1 part iscove's modified dulbecco's medium supplemented with sodium bicarbonate, bovine crystalline insulin, human transferrin, 2-mercaptoethanol, progesterone, and bovine serum albumin. anti-influenza antibody levels in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. opt ... | 1985 | 4045203 |
| acute parotitis associated with influenza a infection. | | 1985 | 4045240 |
| [characteristics of the immunological and protective effect in the simultaneous and separate use of live and killed influenza vaccines]. | simultaneous immunization with inactivated and live influenza vaccines is characterized by a more rapid and intensive formation of local protection and humoral immunity persisting for 5 months at a higher level than after separate administration of inactivated and live vaccines. the live vaccine was found to be the major factor enhancing the immune response and local protection in combined immunization. administration as components of a live bivaccine of influenza serotype a viruses with a diffe ... | 1985 | 4049837 |
| evaluation of chicken kidney and chicken embryo kidney cultures for the large-scale growth of attenuated influenza virus master strain a/ann/arbor/6/60-ca. | primary chicken kidney (ck) and chicken embryo kidney (cek) cells were evaluated as possible substrates for growth of the cold-adapted attenuated influenza vaccine master strain a/ann arbor/6/60 (a/aa/6/60-ca). yields of 10(6)-10(7) tcid50 per ml of culture fluid were obtained in either cell type. yields from the human diploid strain mrc-5 were approximately 100-fold less. more reproducible cultures were obtained from cek cells, using an overnight trypsinization step at 4 degrees c, than from ck ... | 1985 | 4060843 |
| antigenic analysis of h2 influenza virus haemagglutinin with monoclonal antibodies. | antigenic analysis of human and avian h2 influenza virus was carried out with monoclonal antibodies to the ha molecules of h2 influenza viruses isolated in the early stage of an h2 pandemic. the study revealed antigenic differences between inhibitor sensitive (japan+/57, ri+57) and inhibitor resistant strains (japan-/57, ri-/57). this indicates that the receptor-binding specificity of the haemagglutinin can markedly influence the antigenic analysis obtained with monoclonal antibodies in hi test. ... | 1985 | 4060846 |
| antibody status to influenza a/singapore/1/57(h2n2) in finland during a period of outbreaks caused by h3n2 and h1n1 subtype viruses. | the incidence of haemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody (titre greater than or equal to 12) to influenza a/singapore/1/57(h2n2) in sera collected from a finnish population in the summer of 1981 was 58%. subjects born after 1968 were essentially seronegative, and a comparable low hi antibody status was also recorded among the elderly, the lowest being in people born during the period 1901-10. a small increase in antibody titre to the h2n2 virus was observed in the different age groups after i ... | 1985 | 4067298 |
| type a influenza (h2n2) viruses isolated in leningrad in 1980. | in april-may 1980, two independent outbreaks of influenza-like illness occurred in leningrad among children's-home children aged from 3 months to 2 years (of 68 children under observation, 50 became ill) and among boarding-school pupils aged 15-17 years (of 50 pupils under observation, 13 became ill). a total of five influenza a virus strains were derived from one clinically healthy and three affected children of the children's home. similar viruses were obtained from one affected boarding-schoo ... | 1985 | 4067301 |
| sensitivity of ortho- and paramyxovirus replication to human interferon alpha. | replication of the influenza virus strains influenza ao/wsn (h0n1), fowl plague (hav1n1) and b-lee/40 (atcc) and the paramyxovirus, new castle disease virus (victoria) are highly sensitive to human interferon type alpha in madin darby bovine kidney cells. pretreatment of cells with human interferon type alpha resulted in protection of the cells against viral cytopathic effect. the inhibition of the orthomyxovirus strains used in this study and new castle disease virus replication is mediated by ... | 1985 | 4069110 |
| viral and rickettsial etiology of an outbreak of acute respiratory tract infection. | an outbreak of 111 cases of acute respiratory tract infection was recorded in a community of the town "t" in april-may 1984. the clinical picture was severer than usual; 28% of the cases had to be hospitalized, average absenteeism being as high as 26 days per case. serological investigations demonstrated the previous circulation of influenza virus b/singapore/222/79 and the simultaneous circulation during the outbreak of influenza virus a/england/333/80 (h1n1) and of rickettsia burneti (as also ... | 1985 | 4071978 |
| prevention from naturally acquired viral respiratory infection by interferon nasal spray. | human leukocyte interferon (ifn-alpha), 50,000 iu per day, was sprayed into the nasal cavity of 73 volunteers twice a day from january 9 till march 4, 1984. the rise in complement fixation antibody titers against influenza a virus was not significantly different between the interferon group and the placebo group. however, the number of subjects without elevated antibody titers and without symptoms in the interferon group was significantly higher than that in the placebo group (p less than 0.05). ... | 1985 | 4081525 |
| mechanism of inhibition of protein glycosylation by the antiviral sugar analogue 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-mannose: inhibition of synthesis of man(glcnac)2-pp-dol by the guanosine diphosphate ester. | 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-mannose (2fman), an antiviral mannose analogue, inhibited the dolichol cycle of protein glycosylation. to specifically inhibit oligosaccharide-lipid synthesis, and not (viral) protein synthesis in influenza virus infected cells, the addition of guanosine to the 2fman-treated cells was required. under these conditions an early step in the assembly of the oligosaccharide-lipid was inhibited, and as a consequence, the glycosylation of proteins was strongly inhibited. low-molecula ... | 1985 | 4092061 |
| recombinant influenza-a viruses as live vaccines for man. report to the medical research council's committee on influenza and other respiratory virus vaccines. | the infection of volunteers with five hybrid influenza-a viruses is described. four of these were produced in great britain by recombining an ao virus, non-infective for man, with a wild hong kong like strain. the fifth was the american recombinant, x-31, derived from similar parents and widely used in the manufacture of killed vaccines. all five viruses had the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of a2/hong kong/68. two of the viruses were not attenuated and induced symptoms of clinical influenza. ... | 1971 | 4143531 |
| antigenic variation in current influenza a viruses: evidence for a high frequency of antigenic 'drift' for the hong kong virus. | a new antigenic variant of the hong kong (h3n2) subtype of influenzavirus type a is described. the variant, a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2), was first isolated in australasia in the autumn of 1973 and subsequently became the predominant influenza a variant in most areas of the world, replacing the previously prevalent strain a/england/42/72 (h3n2). the 1973 variant shows antigenic differences from former hong kong variants in both haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. the application of immuno- ... | 1974 | 4218138 |
| decay of influenza a viruses of human and avian origin. | the decay rate of six strains of influenza virus type a of human origin and eight strains of avian origin were examined in aerosol form under fixed conditions of temperature and humidity. strains of avian origin were demonstrated to have greater resistance to decay of viability. | 1968 | 4234786 |
| the efficacy of the a2/aichi/68 strain in inhaled influenza immunisation against the a/england/42/72 variant. | | 1973 | 4283732 |
| inhibition of neuraminidase by polyanions. | | 1966 | 4291123 |
| [defective particles in a virus population]. | | 1973 | 4358704 |
| propagation of type a myxovirus influenzae in diploid cell strain wi-38. i. adaptation experiments with strains of human and animal origin. | | 1968 | 4386017 |
| [kinetic and chemical experiments on the decay of di-n-acetylneuraminosyl-lacto-n-tetraose by neuraminidases of myxoviruses and vibrio cholerae]. | | 1971 | 4401630 |
| fowl plague virus adapted to human epithelial tumor cells and human myeloblasts in vitro. ii. replication in human leukemic myoloblast cultures. | | 1973 | 4512529 |
| laboratory and clinical investigation of the 1974 influenza epidemic in nigeria. | altogether 13 strains of virus were isolated during the 1974 influenza epidemic in nigeria. these a/nigeria/1/74 strains were shown by haemagglutination-inhibition tests to be closely related to the a/port chalmers/1/73 virus. antibody to the epidemic strains developed rapidly in the population and 80-95% of all age groups tested possessed high antibody levels; of 145 paired sera tested, 133 (92%) showed sero-conversion to a/nigeria/1/74 virus. | 1974 | 4549036 |
| [virological and serological observations on an outbreak of influenza in rio de janeiro]. | | 1974 | 4549845 |
| fowl plague virus adapted to human epithelial tumor cells and human myeloblasts in vitro. i. characteristics and replication in monolayer cultures. | | 1973 | 4571170 |
| relationship between human and animal infections with a2 /hong kong/68 - like strains of influenza virus. | | 1972 | 4681052 |
| [peculiarities of the properties of the surface components of influenza virus determined in comparative strains passed through homologous and heterologous human tissue]. | | 1973 | 4808381 |
| human placental alkaline phosphatase, an inhibitor of hemagglutination by pr8-influenza a virus. | | 1974 | 4837607 |
| human responses to experimental infection with influenza a/equi 2 virus. | | 1967 | 4951557 |
| antigenic composition of recombinant virus strains produced from human and avian influenza a viruses. | | 1969 | 4980901 |
| the roles of early alert and of adjuvant in the control of hong kong influenza by vaccines. | the major antigenic changes in influenza a virus that occur at 10-year intervals reduce the effectiveness of existing vaccines and pose a problem for the control of pandemics by vaccination. these difficulties may be obviated in two ways. first, by detecting the emergence of a new variant sufficiently ahead of its general spread for it to be possible to produce a corresponding vaccine in good time; the world health organization is widely depended upon for this early warning. secondly, by the imp ... | 1969 | 4985377 |