| rabies risk assessment of exposures to a bat on a commercial airliner - united states, august 2011. | on august 5, 2011, a bat flew through the cabin of a commercial airliner minutes after takeoff during an early morning flight from wisconsin to georgia, potentially exposing the passengers and flight crew to rabies virus. three days later, the wisconsin division of public health (wdph) requested assistance from cdc to conduct a rabies risk assessment for the passengers, flight crew, and ground crew members associated with the flight. no one was determined to have been exposed to rabies virus bas ... | 2012 | 22495227 |
| extended incubation period of rabies virus in a captive big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus). | rabies virus incubation in bats is typically less than 180 days, yet longer incubation periods have been described. we report a 267-day incubation in a big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) exposed to rabies virus before entering our captive colony. | 2012 | 22493132 |
| [vaccination against rabies: how and when?]. | each year, more than 55,000 people die from rabies. rabies virus (rabv) is transmitted via bites from infected animals. dogs represent the most important source of infections worldwide. in germany, the last case of terrestrial rabies was reported in 2006. therefore, the country has been considered rabies-free since september 2008 (as defined by world organization of animal health, oie). bat rabies, however, is still endemic and mostly occurs in northern germany. it is caused by the european bat ... | 2012 | 22492414 |
| hierarchical connectivity and connection-specific dynamics in the corticospinal-corticostriatal microcircuit in mouse motor cortex. | the generation of purposive movement by mammals involves coordinated activity in the corticospinal and corticostriatal systems, which are involved in different aspects of motor control. in the motor cortex, corticospinal and corticostriatal neurons are closely intermingled, raising the question of whether and how information flows intracortically within and across these two channels. to explore this, we developed an optogenetic technique based on retrograde transfection of neurons with deletion- ... | 2012 | 22492054 |
| epidemiological and clinical features of human rabies cases in bali 2008-2010. | previously thought to be rabies free, bali experienced an outbreak of animal and human rabies cases in november 2008. we describe the epidemiological and clinical data of human rabies cases occurring in the first two years of the outbreak. | 2012 | 22471410 |
| assessment of inactivated human rabies vaccines: biochemical characterization and genetic identification of virus strains. | the world health organization (who) recommends the periodic evaluation of the purity of the cell lines used in the production of rabies vaccines, as well as the antigenic identity of the virus strains. here, we analyzed seventeen marketed inactivated human rabies virus vaccines for viral and non-viral proteins by sds-page and coomassie/silver staining. mass spectrometric analysis of an abundant 60-70 kda signal indicated that in most vaccines serum albumin of human origin (hsa) was the major com ... | 2012 | 22469862 |
| generation of a live rabies vaccine strain attenuated by multiple mutations and evaluation of its safety and efficacy. | an amino acid substitution at position 333 in rabies virus g protein is known to determine the pathogenicity: strains with arg or lys at that position kill adult mice after intracerebral inoculation, whereas strains with other amino acids cause non-lethal infection. based on those findings, attenuated rabies virus strains have been established and used for oral vaccines mainly for wild animals. however, considering the possibility of back-mutation to the virulent phenotype, a strain that is atte ... | 2012 | 22464967 |
| typing of the rabies virus in chile, 2002-2008. | in chile, dog rabies has been controlled and insectivorous bats have been identified as the main rabies reservoir. this study aimed to determine the rabies virus (rabv) variants circulating in the country between 2002 and 2008. a total of 612 rabv isolates were tested using a panel with eight monoclonal antibodies against the viral nucleoprotein (n-mabs) for antigenic typing, and a product of 320-bp of the nucleoprotein gene was sequenced from 99 isolates. typing of the isolates revealed six dif ... | 2012 | 22458941 |
| detection of antibodies against the rabies virus in korean raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis). | rabies has been reported in dogs, cattle, and raccoon dogs in korea, especially in the provinces of gyeonggi and gangwon. the aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of the rabies in wild korean raccoon dogs by using 50 blood samples collected in gyeonggi and gangwon provinces. antibodies against rabies were measured by using a fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test. of the 50 blood samples tested, 20 raccoon dogs (40%) tested positive. seropositive animals were distribut ... | 2012 | 22448528 |
| new rabies virus found in tanzania. | | 2012 | 22447786 |
| rvg peptide as transfection reagent for specific cdk4 gene silencing in vitro and in vivo. | the rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) peptide is known as a transfection reagent for systemic delivery of small interfering rna (sirna) into the brain. however, selective transfection of neuronal cells or specific brain regions remains a problem. in the present study, we show that the rvg peptide can efficiently be used as shuttle system to transfect neuronal cells with cdk4 sirna leading to selective knockdown of cdk4 expression in vitro and in vivo. after transfection, cdk4 expression was reduce ... | 2012 | 22443811 |
| the 3' untranslated region of the rabies virus glycoprotein mrna specifically interacts with cellular pcbp2 protein and promotes transcript stability. | viral polymerase entry and pausing at intergenic junctions is predicted to lead to a defined polarity in the levels of rhabdovirus gene expression. interestingly, we observed that the rabies virus glycoprotein mrna is differentially over-expressed based on this model relative to other transcripts during infection of 293t cells. during infection, the rabies virus glycoprotein mrna also selectively interacts with the cellular poly(rc)-binding protein 2 (pcbp2), a factor known to influence mrna sta ... | 2012 | 22438951 |
| exposure to rabies virus in a population of free-ranging capuchin monkeys (cebus apella nigritus) in a fragmented, environmentally protected area in southeastern brazil. | the aim of this study is to assess the frequency of rabies antibodies in free-ranging capuchin monkeys (cebus apella nigritus) in a fragmented, environmentally protected, rural area of southeastern brazil. thirty-six free-ranging monkeys were tested by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for detection of antibodies against rabies virus. four individuals (11.11 %) had neutralizing antibody titers ≥ 0.25 iu/ml, demonstrating rabies virus exposure. | 2012 | 22430558 |
| preparation and initial application of a monoclonal antibody specific for a newly discovered conserved linear epitope of rabies virus nucleoprotein. | to prepare monoclonal antibodies against a newly discovered and conserved linear epitope of rabies virus nucleoprotein and to use them in a rabies diagnostic test. | 2012 | 22424633 |
| the other rabies viruses: the emergence and importance of lyssaviruses from bats and other vertebrates. | the recognition that viruses related to rabies virus cause rabies in humans has stimulated research into the relationships, geographic distribution and natural histories of these viruses. this paper reviews what is known of these fascinating viruses and the complexity of prevention and treatment of the disease they cause. | 2012 | 22386761 |
| tacaribe virus causes fatal infection of an ostensible reservoir host, the jamaican fruit bat. | tacaribe virus (tcrv) was first isolated from 11 artibeus species bats captured in trinidad in the 1950s during a rabies virus surveillance program. despite significant effort, no evidence of infection of other mammals, mostly rodents, was found, suggesting that no other vertebrates harbored tcrv. for this reason, it was hypothesized that tcrv was naturally hosted by artibeus bats. this is in stark contrast to other arenaviruses with known hosts, all of which are rodents. to examine this hypothe ... | 2012 | 22379103 |
| first human rabies case in french guiana, 2008: epidemiological investigation and control. | until 2008, human rabies had never been reported in french guiana. on 28 may 2008, the french national reference center for rabies (institut pasteur, paris) confirmed the rabies diagnosis, based on hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction on skin biopsy and saliva specimens from a guianan, who had never travelled overseas and died in cayenne after presenting clinically typical meningoencephalitis. | 2012 | 22363830 |
| epidemiologic features of animal bite cases occurring in rabies-endemic areas of korea, 2005 to 2009. | human rabies is a reemerging infectious disease in korea. there was no human rabies case for 14 years until the disease had reoccurred in 1999. to prevent occurrence of human rabies, surveillance for animal bite patients in rabies endemic areas in korea was conducted since 2005 as a part of a human rabies control program. the animal bite cases were analyzed to determine whether patients were treated according to the post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) guideline of the korea centers for disease contr ... | 2012 | 24159481 |
| rabies virus distribution in tissues and molecular characterization of strains from naturally infected non-hematophagous bats. | bats are main reservoirs for lyssavirus worldwide, which is an important public health issue because it constitutes one of the big challenges in rabies control. yet, little is known about how the virus is maintained among bats, and the epidemiological relationships remain poorly understood. the aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of the rabies virus (rabv) in bat tissues and organs and to genetically characterize virus isolates from naturally infected non-hematophagous b ... | 2012 | 22349147 |
| hsp70 protein positively regulates rabies virus infection. | the hsp70 chaperone plays a central role in multiple processes within cells, including protein translation, folding, intracellular trafficking, and degradation. this protein is implicated in the replication of numerous viruses. we have shown that rabies virus infection induced the cellular expression of hsp70, which accumulated in negri body-like structures, where viral transcription and replication take place. in addition, hsp70 is present in both nucleocapsids purified from infected cells and ... | 2012 | 22345440 |
| recovery of a patient from clinical rabies--california, 2011. | in may 2011, a girl aged 8 years from a rural county in california was brought to a local emergency department (ed) with a 1-week history of progressive sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and weakness. after she developed flaccid paralysis and encephalitis, rabies was diagnosed based on 1) detection of rabies virus-specific antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf), 2) a compatible clinical syndrome in the patient, and 3) absence of a likely alternative diagnosis. the patient received a ... | 2012 | 22298301 |
| withdrawn. tracking the footprints of the rabies virus: are we any closer to decoding this elusive virus? | | 2012 | 22272386 |
| serial passage of a street rabies virus in mouse neuroblastoma cells resulted in attenuation: potential role of the additional n-glycosylation of a viral glycoprotein in the reduced pathogenicity of street rabies virus. | street rabies viruses are field isolates known to be highly neurotropic. however, the viral elements related to their pathogenicity have yet to be identified at the nucleotide or amino acid level. here, through 30 passages in mouse neuroblastoma na cells, we have established an attenuated variant of street rabies virus strain 1088, originating from a rabid woodchuck followed by 2 passages in the brains of suckling mice. the variant, 1088-n30, was well adapted to na cells and highly attenuated in ... | 2012 | 22248643 |
| comparing onrab® and raboral v-rg® oral rabies vaccine field performance in raccoons and striped skunks, new brunswick, canada, and maine, usa. | control of rabies in mesocarnivore reservoirs through oral rabies vaccination (orv) requires an effective vaccine bait. oral rabies vaccine performance in the field may be affected by a variety of factors, including vaccine bait density and distribution pattern, habitat, target species population density, and the availability of competing foods. a field study in which these covariates were restricted as much as possible was conducted along the international border of the state of maine (me), usa ... | 2012 | 22247384 |
| lack of robust lgn label following transneuronal rabies virus injections into macaque area v4. | in primates, retinal inputs are relayed through the magno- and parvocells of the lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) indirectly to extrastriate visual cortex. the most direct pathway identified to the extrastriate cortex is a disynaptic one that provides robust magno- and parvocellular inputs to the middle temporal area (mt). the inclusion of parvocells in this projection is somewhat surprising because of their importance for color and form vision, whereas mt is more strictly tuned to velocity. thi ... | 2012 | 22237967 |
| targeted delivery of proteins into the central nervous system mediated by rabies virus glycoprotein-derived peptide. | delivery of therapeutic proteins across the blood-brain barrier (bbb) is severely limited by their size and biochemical properties. here we showed that a 39-amino acid peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (rdp) was exploited as an efficient protein carrier for brain-targeting delivery. | 2012 | 22231987 |
| [rhabdoviruses]. | the family rhabdoviridae has a non-segmented single stranded negative-sense rna and its genome ranges in size from approximately 11 kb to almost 16 kb. it is one of the most ecologically diverse families of rna viruses with members infecting a wide range of organisms. the five structural protein genes are arranged in the same linear order (3'-n-p-m-g-l-5') and may be interspersed with one more additional accessory gene. for many years, a full of knowledge of the rhabdoviridae has been establishe ... | 2012 | 24153229 |
| serum microrna expression profiling in mice infected with rabies virus. | serum or plasma micrornas (mirnas) are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis for cancer and prenatal diseases. this study was conducted to investigate whether rabies virus causes a change in serum mirna expression. | 2011 | 24159471 |
| investigation of an imported case of rabies in a juvenile dog with atypical presentation. | movement of dogs between rabies-endemic and rabies-free countries carries the inherent risk of introducing the disease. in april of 2008, a juvenile dog was imported to the uk from sri lanka. it died shortly after transfer to a quarantine facility in the south-east of england following a short history of diarrhoea and convulsions but no overt signs of aggression. subsequent investigation confirmed that rabies was the cause of death. rabies virus was isolated from brain samples taken from the dog ... | 2011 | 26486624 |
| characterization and potential diagnostic application of monoclonal antibodies specific to rabies virus. | rabies is invariably a fatal encephalomyelitis that is considered to be a serious public health problem. it is necessary to develop standard rabies virus diagnostic tools, especially for diagnosing the strains prevalent in china. | 2010 | 23554655 |
| development in immunoprophylaxis against rabies for animals and humans. | rabies is a fatal neurological disease and a persistent global problem. it is spread primarily by domestic dogs but other canid, viverrid (skunks and raccoons) and chiropteran species are considered as the most efficient vectors of the disease. since dogs are the main perpetuator of rabies, special attention has to be given to bring all the dogs including unauthorized stray dogs under immunization umbrella in order to control rabies. vaccination is the only way to combat the disease before and a ... | 2010 | 23407587 |
| isolation of rabies virus from the parotid salivary glands of foxes (pseudalopex vetulus) from paraíba state, northeastern brazil. | to determine the presence of rabies virus in the parotid salivary glands, 12 road-killed rabies-positive hoary foxes (pseudoalopex vetulus) were tested by using the fluorescent antibody test (fat) and mouse inoculation test (mit). all 12 parotid salivary glands were positive for both tests, although in some cases several passages were required. the findings of this study support the importance of the hoary fox as rabies reservoir in the sem-iarid region of paraíba state, northeastern brazil. | 2009 | 24031385 |
| exploring reservoir dynamics: a case study of rabies in the serengeti ecosystem. | knowledge of infection reservoir dynamics is critical for effective disease control, but identifying reservoirs of multi-host pathogens is challenging. here, we synthesize several lines of evidence to investigate rabies reservoirs in complex carnivore communities of the serengeti ecological region in northwest tanzania, where the disease has been confirmed in 12 carnivore species.long-term monitoring data suggest that rabies persists in high-density domestic dog canis familiaris populations (> 1 ... | 2008 | 22427710 |
| efficient retrograde neuronal transduction utilizing self-complementary aav1. | adeno-associated virus (aav) is frequently used for gene transfer into the central nervous system (cns). similar to adenovirus and rabies virus, aav can be taken up by axons and retrogradely transported, resulting in neuronal gene expression distant from the injection site. we investigated the retrograde transport properties of self-complementary aav (scaav) serotypes 1-6 following peripheral injection. injection of scaav into either rat extensor carpi muscle or sciatic nerve resulted in detecta ... | 2008 | 28178539 |
| ecoepidemiological and social factors related to rabies incidence in venezuela during 2002-2004. | rabies in venezuela has been important in last years, affecting dogs, cats, and human, among other animals, being a reportable disease. in zulia state, it is considered a major public health concern. recently, a considerable increase in the incidence of rabies has been occurring, involving many epidemiological but also ecoepidemiological and social factors. these factors are analyzed in this report. during 2002-2004, 416 rabies cases were recorded. incidence has been increasingly significantly, ... | 2006 | 23674960 |
| evaluation of a new five-injection, two-site,intradermal schedule for purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine: a randomized, open-label, active-controlled trial in healthy adult volunteers in india. | human rabies is an ongoing significant public health problem inmany developing countries, with india reporting the highest incidence of rabies-related deaths (∼20,000 per year). many people living in india cannot afford the standard im postexposure prophylaxis (pep) with cell-culture vaccines, which are administered using a 5-dose regimen developed in essen, germany. a potentially less expensive intradermal (id) regimen, based on the essen regimen, has been developed at the kempegowda institute ... | 2005 | 24672132 |
| a comparison of the tolerability of two dilution volumes (0.5 ml and 1.0 ml) of a purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine administered intramuscularly to healthy adult volunteers: a randomized, intraindividual, assessor-blind study. | the current recommendation of the manufacturer for administering purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) is to reconstitute the contents with 1.0 ml of water for injection (wfi). however, it has been debated whether a lower volume of wfi (0.5 ml) is likely to cause less pain. | 2004 | 24936103 |
| the live vector approach-viruses. | recombinant dna technology has made it possible to express foreign genes in viruses and bacteria. this has led to the idea of engineering live attenuated vaccines to express protective antigens from foreign pathogens. vaccinia virus, the smallpox vaccine, has been used to ploneer this approach. several hundred recombinants have been recorded in the literature and many of them have been shown to protect animals against challenge with the appropriate pathogen. although mixed results have been obta ... | 1991 | 24424925 |
| naturally occurring rabies virus and neutralizing antibody in two species of insectivorous bats of new york state. | seven colonies of eptesicus fuscus , the big brown bat, and five colonies of myotis lucifugus , the little brown bat, in new york state were sampled for rabies virus and virus-neutralizing antibody. eight of 278 e. fuscus were found to have virus, while 18 of 187 had antibody titers of ≥1:8. one of 333 m. lucifugus yielded virus, while three of 127 had antibody. these data demonstrate the presence of rabies virus as well as immunity to rabies in some insectivorous bats of new york state. evaluat ... | 1977 | 24228955 |
| optogenetic strategies to investigate neural circuitry engaged by stress. | optogenetic techniques have given researchers unprecedented access to the function of discrete neural circuit elements and have been instrumental in the identification of novel brain pathways that become dysregulated in neuropsychiatric diseases. for example, stress is integrally linked to the manifestation and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric illness, including anxiety, addiction and depression. due to the heterogeneous populations of genetically and neurochemically distinct neurons in areas ... | 2013 | 23684554 |
| viral tracing of genetically defined neural circuitry. | classical methods for studying neuronal circuits are fairly low throughput. transsynaptic viruses, particularly the pseudorabies (prv) and rabies virus (rabv), and more recently vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), for studying circuitry, is becoming increasingly popular. these higher throughput methods use viruses that transmit between neurons in either the anterograde or retrograde direction. recently, a modified rabv for monosynaptic retrograde tracing was developed. (figure 1a). in this method, ... | 2012 | 23117695 |
| pathological findings in the red fox (vulpes vulpes), stone marten (martes foina) and raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides), with special emphasis on infectious and zoonotic agents in northern germany. | anthropogenic landscape changes contributed to the reduction of availability of habitats to wild animals. hence, the presence of wild terrestrial carnivores in urban and peri-urban sites has increased considerably over the years implying an increased risk of interspecies spillover of infectious diseases and the transmission of zoonoses. the present study provides a detailed characterisation of the health status of the red fox (vulpes vulpes), stone marten (martes foina) and raccoon dog (nyctereu ... | 2017 | 28399176 |
| serology and protein electrophoresis for evidence of exposure to 12 mink pathogens in free-ranging american mink (neovison vison) in argentina. | basic pathologic characteristics for farmed minks were previously reported worldwide. however, its status in the wild has not been studied in detail. | 2017 | 28635524 |
| rabies virus exposure of brazilian free-ranging wildlife from municipalities without clinical cases in humans or in terrestrial wildlife. | rabies is a zoonosis that causes thousands of animal and human deaths worldwide. serological studies provide information concerning rabies virus circulation among animals and humans. we evaluated the circulation of the rabies virus in wildlife in nine municipalities of são paulo state, brazil. we took blood samples from 27 terrestrial animals of nine different mammalian species in locations without cases of rabies in human and wild terrestrial mammals. sera were tested with the use of the rapid ... | 2017 | 28406757 |
| experimental infection of artibeus intermedius with a vampire bat rabies virus. | experimental infection of artibeus intermedius, the great fruit-eating bat, was performed with vampire bat rabies isolates. bats (n=35) were captured in the wild and quarantined prior to experimental infection. no rabies antibodies were detected by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) prior to infection. three doses of rabies virus (rv) and three different routes of infection were used. one out of 35 bats died without showing any clinical signs at day 14 and was positive for rabies. n ... | 2017 | 28673461 |
| natural exposure of bats in grenada to rabies virus. | introduction: grenada is a rabies endemic country, where terrestrial rabies is maintained in the small indian mongoose (herpestes auropunctatus). the role of bats in the epidemiology of rabies in grenada is unknown. a 1974 report described one rabies virus positive jamaican fruit bat (artibeus jamaicensis), and a high seroprevalence in this species. in the current study, the natural exposure to rabies virus in grenadian bats was re-evaluated. it is postulated that bats serve as a natural rabies ... | 2017 | 28804595 |
| ultrastructure and morphometric features of epididymal epithelium in desmodus rotundus. | the blood-feeding behavior of desmodus rotundus made this bat a potential vector of rabies virus and a public health issue. consequently, the better understanding of its reproductive biology becomes valuable for the development of methods to control its population. in this study, we described morphological aspects of epithelial cells in d. rotundus' epididymis using light and transmission electron microscopy methods. the duct compartment was the main component of initial segment (83%), caput (90 ... | 2017 | 28869875 |
| whole genome sequence phylogenetic analysis of four mexican rabies viruses isolated from cattle. | phylogenetic analysis of the rabies virus in molecular epidemiology has been traditionally performed on partial sequences of the genome, such as the n, g, and p genes; however, that approach raises concerns about the discriminatory power compared to whole genome sequencing. in this study we characterized four strains of the rabies virus isolated from cattle in querétaro, mexico by comparing the whole genome sequence to that of strains from the american, european and asian continents. four cattle ... | 2017 | 28818750 |
| genetic demography at the leading edge of the distribution of a rabies virus vector. | the common vampire bat, desmodus rotundus, ranges from south america into northern mexico in north america. this sanguivorous species of bat feeds primarily on medium to large-sized mammals and is known to rely on livestock as primary prey. each year, there are hotspot areas of d. rotundus-specific rabies virus outbreaks that lead to the deaths of livestock and economic losses. based on incidental captures in our study area, which is an area of high cattle mortality from d. rotundus transmitted ... | 2017 | 28770072 |
| rabies virus in bats, state of pará, brazil, 2005-2011. | rabies is an acute, progressive zoonotic viral infection that in general produces a fatal outcome. this disease is responsible for deaths in humans and animals worldwide and, because it can affect all mammals, is considered one of the most important viral infections for public health. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of rabies in bats of different species found in municipalities of the state of pará from 2005 to 2011. the rabies virus was detected in 12 (0.39%) bats in a total of 310 ... | 2017 | 28678651 |
| predictors and immunological correlates of sublethal mercury exposure in vampire bats. | mercury (hg) is a pervasive heavy metal that often enters the environment from anthropogenic sources such as gold mining and agriculture. chronic exposure to hg can impair immune function, reducing the ability of animals to resist or recover from infections. how hg influences immunity and susceptibility remains unknown for bats, which appear immunologically distinct from other mammals and are reservoir hosts of many pathogens of importance to human and animal health. we here quantify total hg (t ... | 2017 | 28484633 |
| the phylogeography of myotis bat-associated rabies viruses across canada. | as rabies in carnivores is increasingly controlled throughout much of the americas, bats are emerging as a significant source of rabies virus infection of humans and domestic animals. knowledge of the bat species that maintain rabies is a crucial first step in reducing this public health problem. in north america, several bat species are known to be rabies virus reservoirs but the role of bats of the myotis genus has been unclear due to the scarcity of laboratory confirmed cases and the challeng ... | 2017 | 28542160 |
| characterization of akabane virus from domestic bamboo rat, southern china. | to identify the causative agents in 3 large-scale outbreaks of encephalitis and death among farmed bamboo rats (rhizomys pruinosus). the routine bacterial culture and identification were performed. there were no significant pathogenic bacteria isolated from the brain, heart, liver, spleen, lung, or kidney of diseased bamboo rats. using pcr-based methods, we excluded the following as causative agent: pox virus, herpesvirus, adenovirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, rabies virus, and sendai ... | 2017 | 28757035 |
| neuropathogenesis by chandipura virus: an acute encephalitis syndrome in india. | chandipura virus (chpv) has been contributing to the rising number of premature deaths due to acute encephalitis syndrome for over a decade in india. chpv belongs to the family rhabdoviridae. neuropathogenesis of chpv has been well established but the exact route of entry into the central nervous system (cns) and the triggering factor for neuronal death are still unknown. rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, which are related closely to chpv, enter the cns retrogradely from peripheral or ... | 2017 | 28731002 |
| genetically modified rabies virus-vectored ebola virus disease vaccines are safe and induce efficacious immune responses in mice and dogs. | ebola viruses (ebovs) are zoonotic pathogens that cause ebov disease (evd) with high case fatality in humans. currently, evd vaccines are still under development in several countries. here, we generated two recombinant rabies viruses (rabvs), rerag333e/zgp and rerag333e/sgp, expressing the zaire ebov glycoprotein (zgp) or sudan ebov glycoprotein (sgp) gene based on a modified era vaccine strain (rerag333e) vector platform. the recombinant rabvs retained growth properties similar to those of the ... | 2017 | 28822816 |
| evolution and antiviral specificities of interferon-induced mx proteins of bats against ebola, influenza, and other rna viruses. | bats serve as a reservoir for various, often zoonotic viruses, including significant human pathogens such as ebola and influenza viruses. however, for unknown reasons, viral infections rarely cause clinical symptoms in bats. a tight control of viral replication by the host innate immune defense might contribute to this phenomenon. transcriptomic studies revealed the presence of the interferon-induced antiviral myxovirus resistance (mx) proteins in bats, but detailed functional aspects have not b ... | 2017 | 28490593 |
| cloning and expression of fragment of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in escherichia coli and evaluation of antigenicity of the expression product. | rabies virus nucleoprotein (n protein) encapsidates genomic rna of the virus and forms the viral ribonucleoprotein complex. these n proteins represent highly organized structures which activate proliferation of b cells and production antibodies against the n protein. in addition to the b cell, the rabies virus n protein has been shown to induce potent t helper cell responses resulting in a long-lasting and strong humoral immune response. rabies virus n protein is a molecular target of choice for ... | 2017 | 28588631 |
| flagellin fljb as an adjuvant to the recombinant adenovirus rabies glycoprotein vaccine increases immune responses against rabies in mice. | rabies virus (rabv) causes an acute progressive viral encephalitis. although currently licensed vaccines have an excellent safety and efficacy record, the development of a safer and more cost-effective vaccine is still being sought. an e1-deleted, replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (had5) vector expressing rabv glycoprotein (had5-g) is thought to be a promising candidate vaccine for immune prophylaxis against rabies. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) flagellin i ... | 2017 | 28550434 |
| pseudotyped lentiviral vectors for retrograde gene delivery into target brain regions. | gene transfer through retrograde axonal transport of viral vectors offers a substantial advantage for analyzing roles of specific neuronal pathways or cell types forming complex neural networks. this genetic approach may also be useful in gene therapy trials by enabling delivery of transgenes into a target brain region distant from the injection site of the vectors. pseudotyping of a lentiviral vector based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) with various fusion envelope glycoproteins ... | 2017 | 28824385 |
| large protein as a potential target for use in rabies diagnostics. | rabies is a zoonotic viral disease that remains a serious threat to public health worldwide. the rabies lyssavirus (rabv) genome encodes five structural proteins, multifunctional and significant for pathogenicity. the large protein (l) presents well-conserved genomic regions, which may be a good alternative to generate informative datasets for development of new methods for rabies diagnosis. this paper describes the development of a technique for the identification of l protein in several rabv s ... | 2017 | 28854792 |
| resurgence of rabies in hungary during 2013-2014: an attempt to track the origin of identified strains. | in 2013-2014, accumulation of rabies episodes raised concerns regarding ongoing elimination programme in hungary. nearly four dozen cases were identified over a 13-month period in the central region of the country far behind the immunization zones. although the outbreak was successfully controlled, the origin of disease remained unknown. in this study, we sequenced the partial n and g genes from 47 hungarian rabies virus (rv) strains isolated from the 2013-2014 outbreak. sequencing and phylogene ... | 2017 | 28497505 |
| protective immune response of oral rabies vaccine in stray dogs, corsacs and steppe wolves after a single immunization. | in this study the safety and protective immunity of an oral rabies vaccine, based on the live, modified rabies virus strain vrc-rz2, was examined in stray dogs (canis sp.), corsacs (vulpes corsac) and steppe wolves (canis lupus campestris). in the safety group (dogs, n=6; corsacs, n=3; wolves, n=3) which was vaccinated with a 10-times field dose/animal, no animals showed any signs of disease or changes in behavior or appetite during the period of clinical observation, similar to the animals in t ... | 2017 | 28766059 |
| a rabies virus vampire bat variant shows increased neuroinvasiveness in mice when compared to a carnivore variant. | rabies is one of the most important zoonotic diseases and is caused by several rabies virus (rabv) variants. these variants can exhibit differences in neurovirulence, and few studies have attempted to evaluate the neuroinvasiveness of variants derived from vampire bats and wild carnivores. the aim of this study was to evaluate the neuropathogenesis of infection with two brazilian rabv street variants (variant 3 and crab-eating fox) in mice. balb/c mice were inoculated with rabv through the footp ... | 2017 | 28831620 |
| comparison of g protein sequences of south african street rabies viruses showing distinct progression of the disease in a mouse model of experimental rabies. | rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease and infections generally lead to a fatal encephalomyelitis in both humans and animals. in south africa, domestic (dogs) and the wildlife (yellow mongoose) host species maintain the canid and mongoose rabies variants respectively. in this study, pathogenicity differences of south african canid and mongoose rabies viruses were investigated in a murine model, by assessing the progression of clinical signs and survivorship. comparison of glycoprotein gene sequences ... | 2017 | 28627433 |
| oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: differences among host species in vaccine uptake efficiency. | oral vaccination using attenuated and recombinant rabies vaccines has been proven a powerful tool to combat rabies in wildlife. however, clear differences have been observed in vaccine titers needed to induce a protective immune response against rabies after oral vaccination in different reservoir species. the mechanisms contributing to the observed resistance against oral rabies vaccination in some species are not completely understood. hence, the immunogenicity of the vaccine virus strain, spb ... | 2017 | 28641888 |
| indigenous wildlife rabies in taiwan: ferret badgers, a long term terrestrial reservoir. | the emerging disease of rabies was confirmed in taiwan ferret badgers (fbs) and reported to the world organization for animal health (oie) on july 17, 2013. the spread of wildlife rabies can be related to neighborhood countries in asia. the phylogenetic analysis was conducted by maximum likelihood (ml) methods and the bayesian coalescent approach based on the glycoprotein (g) and nucleoprotein (n) genes. the phylogeographic and spatial temporal dynamics of viral transmission were determined by u ... | 2017 | 28497055 |
| processes underlying rabies virus incursions across us-canada border as revealed by whole-genome phylogeography. | disease control programs aim to constrain and reduce the spread of infection. human disease interventions such as wildlife vaccination play a major role in determining the limits of a pathogen's spatial distribution. over the past few decades, a raccoon-specific variant of rabies virus (rrv) has invaded large areas of eastern north america. although expansion into canada has been largely prevented through vaccination along the us border, several outbreaks have occurred in canada. applying phylog ... | 2017 | 28820138 |
| using viral gene sequences to compare and explain the heterogeneous spatial dynamics of virus epidemics. | rabies is an important zoonotic disease distributed worldwide. a key question in rabies epidemiology is the identification of factors that impact virus dispersion. here we apply new analytical methods, based on phylogeographic reconstructions of viral lineage movement, to undertake a comparative evolutionary-epidemiological study of the spatial dynamics of rabies virus (rabv) epidemics in different hosts and habitats. we have compiled rabv data sets from skunk, raccoon, bat and domestic dog popu ... | 2017 | 28651357 |
| rabies - epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. | rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus lyssavirus and family rhabdoviridae. it affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in islands like australia and antarctica. over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) annually. bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host ... | 2017 | 28643547 |
| geographical clusters and predictors of rabies in three southeastern states. | the rabies virus causes progressive encephalomyelitis that is fatal in nearly 100% of untreated cases. in the united states, wildlife act as the primary reservoir for rabies; prevention, surveillance, and control costs remain high. the purpose of this study is to understand the current distribution of wildlife rabies in three southeastern states, with particular focus on raccoons as the primary eastern reservoir, as well as identify demographic and geographic factors which may affect the risk of ... | 2017 | 28418772 |
| assessment of the immunogenicity of rabies vaccine preserved by vaporization and delivered to the duodenal mucosa of gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus). | objective to assess the immunogenicity of thermostable live-attenuated rabies virus (rabv) preserved by vaporization (pbv) and delivered to the duodenal mucosa of a wildlife species targeted for an oral vaccination program. animals 8 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus). procedures endoscopy was used to place rabv pbv (n = 3 foxes), alginate-encapsulated rabv pbv (3 foxes), or nonpreserved rabv (2 foxes) vaccine into the duodenum of foxes. blood samples were collected weekly to monitor the immu ... | 2017 | 28541146 |
| whole-brain mapping of the inputs and outputs of the medial part of the olfactory tubercle. | the medial part of the olfactory tubercle (ot) is a brain structure located at the interface of the reward and olfactory system. it is closely related to pheromone-rewards, natural reinforcement, addiction and many other behaviors. however, the structure of the anatomic circuitry of the medial part of the ot is still unclear. in the present study, the medial part of the ot was found to be highly connected with a wide range of brain areas with the help of the pseudorabies virus tracing tool. in o ... | 2017 | 28804450 |
| longitudinal survey of two serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) maternity colonies exposed to eblv-1 (european bat lyssavirus type 1): assessment of survival and serological status variations using capture-recapture models. | this study describes two longitudinal serological surveys of european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) antibodies in serotine bat (eptesicus serotinus) maternity colonies located in the north-east of france. this species is currently considered as the main eblv-1 reservoir. multievent capture-recapture models were used to determine the factors influencing bat rabies transmission as this method accounts for imperfect detection and uncertainty in disease states. considering the period of study, anal ... | 2017 | 29149215 |
| efficacy of rabies vaccines in dogs and cats and protection in a mouse model against european bat lyssavirus type 2. | rabies is preventable by pre- and/or post-exposure prophylaxis consisting of series of rabies vaccinations and in some cases the use of immunoglobulins. the success of vaccination can be estimated either by measuring virus neutralising antibodies or by challenge experiment. vaccines based on rabies virus offer cross-protection against other lyssaviruses closely related to rabies virus. the aim was to assess the success of rabies vaccination measured by the antibody response in dogs (n = 10,071) ... | 2017 | 28969696 |
| integrated anatomical and physiological mapping of striatal afferent projections. | the dorsomedial striatum, a key site of reward-sensitive motor output, receives extensive afferent input from cortex, thalamus and midbrain. these projections are integrated by striatal microcircuits containing both spiny projection neurons and local circuit interneurons. to explore target-cell specificity of these projections, we compared inputs onto d1-dopamine receptor positive spiny neurons, parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking interneurons and somatostatin-positive low-threshold-spiking intern ... | 2018 | 29359830 |
| defining objective clusters for rabies virus sequences using affinity propagation clustering. | rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, and is one of the oldest known zoonoses. in recent years, more than 21,000 nucleotide sequences of rabies viruses (rabv), from the prototype species rabies lyssavirus, have been deposited in public databases. subsequent phylogenetic analyses in combination with metadata suggest geographic distributions of rabv. however, these analyses somewhat experience technical difficulties in defining verifiable criteria for cluster allocations in phylogenetic trees inviting ... | 2018 | 29357361 |
| evaluation of g2 citric acid-based dendrimer as an adjuvant in veterinary rabies vaccine. | for induction of an appropriate immune response, especially in the case of an inactivated vaccine, the use of an adjuvant is crucial. in this study, adjuvanticity effect of g2 dendrimer in veterinary rabies vaccine has been investigated. a nonlinear globular g2 dendrimer comprising citric acid and polyethylene glycol 600 (peg-600) was synthesized and the toxicity was studied in vitro on the j774a.1 cell line. the adjuvanticity effect of the dendrimer was then investigated on rabies virus in nmri ... | 2018 | 29328884 |
| an assessment of shedding with the oral rabies virus vaccine strain spbn gasgas in target and non-target species. | a safety requirement for live vaccines is investigating possible shedding in recipients since the presence of replication competent vaccine in secretions could result in direct and indirect horizontal transmission. this is especially relevant for oral rabies vaccine baits that are deliberately distributed into the environment. in the current study, survival of an oral rabies virus vaccine, spbn gasgas, was examined in excretions from different target and non-target species; red fox, raccoon dog, ... | 2018 | 29325820 |
| development of a genotype-by-sequencing immunogenetic assay as exemplified by screening for variation in red fox with and without endemic rabies exposure. | pathogens are recognized as major drivers of local adaptation in wildlife systems. by determining which gene variants are favored in local interactions among populations with and without disease, spatially explicit adaptive responses to pathogens can be elucidated. much of our current understanding of host responses to disease comes from a small number of genes associated with an immune response. high-throughput sequencing (hts) technologies, such as genotype-by-sequencing (gbs), facilitate expa ... | 2018 | 29321894 |
| parainfluenza virus 5-vectored vaccines against human and animal infectious diseases. | parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense, nonsegmented, single-stranded rna virus belonging to the paramyxoviridae family. parainfluenza virus 5 is an excellent viral vector and has been used as a live vaccine for kennel cough for many years in dogs without any safety concern. it can grow to high titers in many cell types, and its genome is stable even in the presence of foreign gene insertions. so far, piv5 has been used to d ... | 2018 | 29316047 |
| rabies: a novel clinical presentation. | rabies is a fatal disease. saliva of a rabid dog is a rich source of rabies virus. we report a patient who suffered of rabies, who was infected by abrasion caused by the nails of a rabid dog. dogs often lick their nails and thereby transfer the rabies virus-contaminated saliva to their claws. despite treatment in our intensive care unit and application of various pharmacological antidotes, we were unable to prevent the fatal outcome. | 2017 | 29307972 |
| multizonal cerebellar influence over sensorimotor areas of the rat cerebral cortex. | the cerebral cortex requires cerebellar input for optimizing sensorimotor processing. however, how the sensorimotor cortex uses cerebellar information is far from understood. one critical and unanswered question is how cerebellar functional entities (zones or modules) are connected to distinct parts of the sensorimotor cortices. here, we utilized retrograde transneuronal infection of rabies virus (rabv) to study the organization of connections from the cerebellar cortex to m1, m2, and s1 of the ... | 2017 | 29300895 |
| antigenic site changes in the rabies virus glycoprotein dictates functionality and neutralizing capability against divergent lyssaviruses. | lyssavirus infection has a near 100 % case fatality rate following the onset of clinical disease, and current rabies vaccines confer protection against all reported phylogroup i lyssaviruses. however, there is little or no protection against more divergent lyssaviruses and so investigation into epitopes within the glycoprotein (g) that dictate a neutralizing response against divergent lyssaviruses is warranted. importantly, the facilities required to work with these pathogens, including wild-typ ... | 2018 | 29300155 |
| initial pen and field assessment of baits to use in oral rabies vaccination of formosan ferret-badgers in response to the re-emergence of rabies in taiwan. | taiwan had been considered rabies free since 1961, until a newly established wildlife disease surveillance program identified rabies virus transmission within the formosan ferret-badger (melogale moschata subaurantiaca) in 2013. ferret-badgers occur throughout southern china and southeast asia, but their ecological niche is not well described. | 2018 | 29293591 |
| sequencing and sequence analysis of partial nucleoprotein (n) gene and phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus field isolates from gujarat state, india. | the present study was undertaken with an aim of characterization of rabies virus (genus lyssavirus of the family rhabdoviridae under the order mononegavirales) by sequencing of partial nucleoprotein (n) gene of rabies virus and phylogenetic analysis to know the genotype and lineage of rabies virus present in gujarat state of india. a total of 32 samples (18 brain samples and 14 saliva samples) were aseptically collected from live and dead animals (viz. dog, buffalo, cow, goat, donkey and hyena) ... | 2017 | 29291220 |
| the path towards effective antivirals against rabies. | rabies virus remains an important burden of disease claiming an estimated 60,000 lives each year, mainly children, and having a huge economical and societal cost. post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) is highly effective, however in patients that present with neurological symptoms the case-fatality ratio is extremely high (>99%). during the last decades several attempts to identify potent and effective antivirals were made. only a few of these demonstrated improvement in clinical signs in animal studi ... | 2017 | 29279280 |
| mannitol treatment is not effective in therapy of rabies virus infection in mice. | rabies is a deadly viral disease with an extremely high fatality rate in humans. previously, it was suggested that an enhancement of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability, which allows immune cells and/or antibodies to enter the central nervous system (cns) tissue, is critical to clear the infection. in this study, we utilised mannitol to increase bbb permeability in mice infected with highly pathogenic silver-haired bat rabies virus (shbrv). we found that intraperitoneal injection of manni ... | 2017 | 29274698 |
| landscape attributes governing local transmission of an endemic zoonosis: rabies virus in domestic dogs. | landscape heterogeneity plays an important role in disease spread and persistence but quantifying landscape influences and their scale-dependence is challenging. studies have focused on how environmental features or global transport networks influence pathogen invasion and spread, but their influence on local transmission dynamics that underpin the persistence of endemic diseases remains unexplored. bayesian phylogeographic frameworks that incorporate spatial heterogeneities are promising tools ... | 2017 | 29274171 |
| development and evaluation of an anti-rabies virus phosphoprotein-specific monoclonal antibody for detection of rabies neutralizing antibodies using rffit. | rabies is a major public health problem with a fatality rate close to 100%; however, complete prevention can be achieved through pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis. the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) is one of the recommended testing methods to determine the production of neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. here, we report the development of a new monoclonal antibody (mab) designed to react specifically with rabies virus (rabv) phosphoprotein (p protein), and the evaluatio ... | 2017 | 29267277 |
| vaccination of dogs in an african city interrupts rabies transmission and reduces human exposure. | despite the existence of effective rabies vaccines for dogs, dog-transmitted human rabies persists and has reemerged in africa. two consecutive dog vaccination campaigns took place in chad in 2012 and 2013 (coverage of 71% in both years) in the capital city of n'djaména, as previously published. we developed a deterministic model of dog-human rabies transmission fitted to weekly incidence data of rabid dogs and exposed human cases in n'djaména. our analysis showed that the effective reproductive ... | 2017 | 29263230 |
| syn023, a novel humanized monoclonal antibody cocktail, for post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies. | rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease that is preventable in humans by appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis (pep). however, current pep relies on polyclonal immune globulin products purified from pooled human (hrig) or equine (erig) plasma that are either in chronic shortage or in association with safety concerns. here, we present the development of an antibody cocktail, syn023, made of two novel monoclonal antibodies (mab) ctb011 and ctb012 that could serve as safer and more cost-effective al ... | 2017 | 29261658 |
| genetic analysis of a rabies virus host shift event reveals within-host viral dynamics in a new host. | host shift events play an important role in epizootics as adaptation to new hosts can profoundly affect the spread of the disease and the measures needed to control it. during the late 1990s, an epizootic in turkey resulted in a sustained maintenance of rabies virus (rabv) within the fox population. we used bayesian inferences to investigate whole genome sequences from fox and dog brain tissues from turkey to demonstrate that the epizootic occurred in 1997 (±1 year). furthermore, these data indi ... | 2017 | 29255631 |
| seroprevalence of rabies virus antibodies in bats from high risk areas in brazilian amazonia between 2013 and 2015. | the outbreaks of human rabies that occurred between 2004 and 2005 in the brazilian amazon highlight the importance of bats in the transmission of this zoonosis. ten years after, this region is still considered to be a risk area. | 2017 | 29237041 |
| adjuvant activity of ethanol extract of hippophae rhamnoides leaves with inactivated rabies virus antigen. | hippophae rhamnoides l. (elaeagnaceae), commonly known as seabuckthorn (sbt), is known for its medicinal and nutritional properties. | 2018 | 29235395 |
| how social structure drives the population dynamics of the common vampire bat (desmodus rotundus, phyllostomidae)? | social systems are major drivers of population structure and gene flow, with important effects on dynamics and dispersal of associated populations of parasites. among bats, the common vampire bat (desmodus rotundus) has likely one of the most complex social structure. using autosomal and mitochondrial markers on vampires from mexico, french guiana and north brazil, from both roosting and foraging areas, we observed an isolation by distance at the wider scale and lower but significant differentia ... | 2017 | 29228367 |
| a thermostable messenger rna based vaccine against rabies. | although effective rabies virus vaccines have been existing for decades, each year, rabies virus infections still cause around 50.000 fatalities worldwide. most of these cases occur in developing countries, where these vaccines are not available. the reasons for this are the prohibitive high costs of cell culture or egg grown rabies virus vaccines and the lack of a functional cold chain in many regions in which rabies virus is endemic. here, we describe the excellent temperature resistance of a ... | 2017 | 29216187 |
| immunization with recombinant rabies virus expressing interleukin-18 exhibits enhanced immunogenicity and protection in mice. | several studies have shown that interleukin-18 (il-18) plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. in this study, we investigated the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant rabies virus expressing il-18 (rhep-il18). experimental results showed that institute of cancer research (icr) mice that received a single intramuscular immunization with rhep-il18 elicited the highest titers of serum neutralizing antibodies and the strongest cell-mediated immune responses t ... | 2017 | 29207661 |
| the impact of host genetic diversity on virus evolution and emergence. | accumulating evidence indicates that biodiversity has an important impact on parasite evolution and emergence. the vast majority of studies in this area have only considered the diversity of species within an environment as an overall measure of biodiversity, overlooking the role of genetic diversity within a particular host species. although theoretical models propose that host genetic diversity in part shapes that of the infecting parasite population, and hence modulates the risk of parasite e ... | 2018 | 29207441 |
| [expression and purification of rabies virus glycoprotein and analysis of its specific binding capacity to memory b cells]. | we aimed to express and purify three rabies virus glycoproteins with different tags and sizes. after analyzing their binding function, we wish to obtain a rabies virus glycoprotein with higher affinity and ability to specifically bind memory b cells. experiments were carried out to express full length, as well as the ectodomain rvg by gene engineering method. combined with the antibody of cd19 and cd27, the candidate protein labeling with fluorescence was used to analyze its binding function. fl ... | 2017 | 29202520 |
| [rabies virus induces the formation of stress granules, which are in close proximity to viral factories]. | | 2017 | 29200383 |