| isolation of salmonella spp. from lettuce and evaluation of its susceptibility to novel bacteriocins of bacillus thuringiensis and antibiotics. | in this study, 13% of fresh lettuce (lactuca sativa) samples collected from markets and supermarkets in two cities of mexico were contaminated with salmonella spp. from those samples, amplicons of ~300 base pairs (bp) were amplified, corresponding to the expected size of the invasion (inva) and internal transcribed spacer regions of the 16s and 23s rrna genes of salmonella spp. additionally, salmonella strains were isolated and harbored plasmids ranging from ~9 to 16 kbp. from these strains, 91% ... | 2011 | 21333148 |
| construction of a reference plasmid molecule containing eight targets for the detection of genetically modified crops. | a standard plasmid containing eight targets was developed for quantitative detection of genetically modified (gm) soybeans and cotton. these eight targets were joined in tandem to form the ptle8 plasmid with a length of 3,680 bp. this plasmid contains part of the endogenous soybean lec1 gene, the cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter, the agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase (nos) terminator, the pat gene of the soybean line a2704-12, the event-specific 5'-junction region of roundu ... | 2011 | 21336925 |
| maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in eastern townships of quebec, canada. | pesticides associated to genetically modified foods (pagmf), are engineered to tolerate herbicides such as glyphosate (glyp) and gluphosinate (gluf) or insecticides such as the bacterial toxin bacillus thuringiensis (bt). the aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between maternal and fetal exposure, and to determine exposure levels of glyp and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphoric acid (ampa), gluf and its metabolite 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid (3-mppa) and cry1ab protein (a bt ... | 2011 | 21338670 |
| small microcapsules of crystal proteins and spores of bacillus thuringiensis by an emulsification/internal gelation method. | this paper describes a microencapsulation process of a spore crystal aggregate produced by bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki hd-1. the methodology is based on the emulsification/internal gelation method, and was implemented to produce microcapsules of small diameter (< 10 µm) with the capacity to protect the spore crystal aggregate from extreme ultraviolet radiation. the diameter of microcapsules was in the range of 3.1 ± 0.2-6.8 ± 0.4 µm, which is considered adequate for biological control p ... | 2011 | 21344251 |
| [significance of evaluation of the antibiotic-resistant properties of bacterial producing strains in the hygienic standardization system]. | the study was undertaken to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms that were used in biotechnological production and belonged to different taxons: gram-positive (bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, and bacillus thuringiensis) and gram-negative (alcaligenes denitrificans and pseudomonas caryophylii) bacteria and noncardioform actinomycetes (rhodococcus erythropolis and rhodococcus corallinus). the sensitivity of the strains to a range of antibiotics was determined by the aga ... | 2010 | 21344698 |
| characterization of a novel temperate phage originating from a cereulide-producing bacillus cereus strain. | a novel temperate bacteriophage was isolated from a bacillus cereus cereulide-producing strain and named vb_bces-iebh. vb_bces-iebh belongs to the siphoviridae family. the complete genome sequence (53 kb) was determined and annotated. eighty-seven orfs were detected and for 28, a putative function was assigned using the aclame database. vb_bces-iebh replicates as a plasmid in the prophage state. accordingly, a 9-kb plasmid-like region composed of 13 orfs was identified. a fragment of around 2000 ... | 2011 | 21349326 |
| relationships between exogenous-toxin quantity and increased biomass of transgenic bt crops under elevated carbon dioxide. | field-otc experiments were conducted with the goals of ascertaining if increased biomass in bt transgenic cotton and rice grown under elevated co(2) results in diminished exogenous-bt toxin, and assessing the effectiveness of bt transgenes against lepidopteran pests. bt cotton responded differently, in terms of bt-toxin quantity, than bt rice, and both indicated differences among developmental stages. dramatic biomass increase significantly diluted bt-toxin content in 45-das ("days after seedlin ... | 2011 | 21349582 |
| impact of cry3bb1-expressing bt maize on adults of the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera (coleoptera: chrysomelidae). | genetically engineered maize producing insecticidal cry3bb1 protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is protected from root damage by corn rootworm larvae. an examination was made to establish whether western corn rootworm (diabrotica virgifera virgifera) adults are affected by cry3bb1-expressing maize (mon88017) when feeding on above-ground tissue. | 2011 | 21360646 |
| screening for feeding deterrent activity of herbal extracts against the larvae of malaria vector anopheles subpictus grassi. | this no-choice, laboratory study focuses on the feeding of homogeneous powdered, dried, yeast with different plant extracts on mosquito fourth-instar larvae to determine the effects on their mortality. screening for antifeedant activity of plant extracts with some known medicinal attributes could lead to the discovery of new agents for vector control. the aim of this study was to investigate the antifeedant activity of crude leaf hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of andrograp ... | 2011 | 21373809 |
| bacillus thuringiensis: a century of research, development and commercial applications. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is a soil bacterium that forms spores during the stationary phase of its growth cycle. the spores contain crystals, predominantly comprising one or more cry and/or cyt proteins (also known as d-endotoxins) that have potent and specific insecticidal activity. different strains of bt produce different types of toxin, each of which affects a narrow taxonomic group of insects. therefore, bt toxins have been used as topical pesticides to protect crops, and more recently th ... | 2011 | 21375687 |
| bacillus thuringiensis: a story of a successful bioinsecticide. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) bacteria are insect pathogens that rely on insecticidal pore forming proteins known as cry and cyt toxins to kill their insect larval hosts. at least four different non-structurally related families of proteins form the cry toxin group of toxins. the expression of certain cry toxins in transgenic crops has contributed to an efficient control of insect pests resulting in a significant reduction in chemical insecticide use. the mode of action of the three domain cry tox ... | 2011 | 21376122 |
| parasporins from a caribbean island: evidence for a globally dispersed bacillus thuringiensis strain. | parasporins represent a new functional class of cry (crystal protein) toxins produced by the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt). unlike cry toxins that demonstrate activity mainly against some insect cells, parasporins are characterized as being non-hemolytic, yet capable of preferentially killing some human cancer cells. globally, six different parasporin types, ps1-ps6, based on protein sequence homology, have been identified in only four countries (japan, vietnam, india, and canada). herei ... | 2011 | 21380719 |
| dietary administration of bacillus thuringiensis on the cellular innate immune response of african catfish (clarias gariepinus) against aeromonas hydrophila. | an experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) as a probiotic to enhance the cellular innate immune response of the african catfish (clarias gariepinus) challenged with a bacterial fish pathogen, aeromonas hydrophila. | 2011 | 21381499 |
| reduced levels of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase are common to lepidopteran strains resistant to cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis. | development of insect resistance is one of the main concerns with the use of transgenic crops expressing cry toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis. identification of biomarkers would assist in the development of sensitive dna-based methods to monitor evolution of resistance to bt toxins in natural populations. we report on the proteomic and genomic detection of reduced levels of midgut membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase (malp) as a common feature in strains of cry-resistant heliothis ... | 2011 | 21390253 |
| development and characterisation of transgenic rice expressing two bacillus thuringiensis genes. | transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) were first commercialised in 1996. the risk that pests have the potential to evolve resistance to bt toxins is one of the most serious challenges to this technology. gene stacking, pyramiding two bt genes into one variety, is considered to be an effective insect resistance management (irm) strategy. in this study, insect-resistant rice expressing two bt genes was developed by sexual crossing ... | 2011 | 21394874 |
| control failure likelihood and spatial dependence of insecticide resistance in the tomato pinworm, tuta absoluta. | insecticide resistance is a likely cause of field control failures of tuta absoluta, but the subject has been little studied. therefore, resistance to ten insecticides was surveyed in seven representative field populations of this species. the likelihood of control failures was assessed, as well as weather influence and the spatial dependence of insecticide resistance. | 2011 | 21394881 |
| complete genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis serovar finitimus strain ybt-020. | bacillus thuringiensis is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that forms parasporal crystals at the onset of the sporulation phase of its growth. here, we report the complete genome sequence of b. thuringiensis serovar finitimus strain ybt-020, whose parasporal crystals consist of cry26aa and cry28aa crystal proteins and are located between the exosporium and the spore coat and remain adhering to the spore after sporulation. | 2011 | 21398543 |
| susceptibility of field-collected aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) to bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and temephos. | the susceptibility status of field-collected aedes aegypti (l.) from a dengue endemic area to bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) and temephos was determined. since august 2007, biweekly ovitrap surveillance (os) was conducted for 12 mo in 2 sites, a & b, in shah alam, selangor. site a was treated with a bti formulation, vectobac® wg at 500 g/ha, from december 2007 - june 2008 while site b was subjected to routine dengue vector control activities conducted by the local municipality. aedes a ... | 2010 | 21399591 |
| enhanced toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and aizawai to black cutworm larvae (lepidoptera: noctuidae) with bacillus sp. nfd2 and pseudomonas sp. fnfd1. | bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and aizawai are important control agents for lepidopteran pests. bioassays were designed to test b. t. kurstaki and aizawai against second- and-fourth instar black cutworm larvae with and without bacillus sp. nfd2 and pseudomonas sp. fnfd1 bacteria. b. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (xentari) was more toxic to both second- and fourth-instar black cutworm, agrotis ipsilon (hufnagel) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), larvae than b. t. kurstaki (dipel) at 7 d after ... | 2011 | 21404837 |
| comparative effect of integrated pest management and farmers' standard pest control practice for managing insect pests on cabbage (brassica spp.). | studies were conducted on experimental cabbage plantings in 2009 and on experimental and commercial plantings in 2010, comparing farmers' current chemical standard pesticide practices with an integrated pest management (ipm) program based on the use of neem (aza-direct) and dipel (bacillus thuringiensis). in experimental plantings, the ipm program used six or eight applications of neem and dipel on a rotational basis. the standard-practice treatments consisted of six or eight applications of car ... | 2011 | 21413143 |
| are apparent negative effects of feeding gm mon810 maize to atlantic salmon, salmo salar, caused by confounding factors? | the present study was conducted to follow up on apparent differences in growth, relative organ sizes, cellular stress and immune function in atlantic salmon fed feed containing gm bacillus thuringiensis maize compared with feed containing the non-modified parental maize line. gene expression profiling on the distal intestinal segment and liver was performed by microarray, and selected genes were followed up by quantitative pcr (qpcr). in the liver, qpcr revealed some differentially regulated gen ... | 2011 | 21418706 |
| purification of an active fragment of cry1ie toxin from bacillus thuringiensis. | the cry1i genes from bacillus thuringiensis are a class of special genes with unique characteristics; they are silent in b. thuringiensis strains but can be over-expressed in escherichia coli, resulting in a cry1i-type protein with a molecular mass of approximately 81kda. cry1i-type protein is toxic to lepidoptera larvae. a truncated cry1ie protein, ie648, which corresponds to the first 648 amino acids from the n-terminus of cry1ie, was purified from e. coli using ni-nta affinity isolation, q-se ... | 2011 | 21421052 |
| identification and safety evaluation of bacillus species occurring in high numbers during spontaneous fermentations to produce gergoush, a traditional sudanese bread snack. | gergoush is a naturally fermented sudanese bread snack produced in three fermentation steps (primary starter, adapted starter and final dough), followed by three baking steps for a half to one hour at above 200 °c. this study examines the microbiota of two sets of fermentations performed at a traditional production site in khartoum, sudan in 2006 and 2009, respectively. in 2006 four different milk/legume based primary starters (faba bean, chick pea, lentil and white bean) were sampled in order t ... | 2011 | 21429611 |
| mosquitocidal activity of a native bacillus thuringiensis isolate bt rex02 from gunung jerai forest, malaysia against culex quinquefasciatus and aedes albopictus. | to evaluate the mosquito larvicidal potential of the native bacillus thuringiensis isolate btrexo2, which was isolated from a tropical rain forest ecosystem in malaysia. this study also aimed at determining the phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of the isolate. | 2011 | 21434481 |
| field-evolved resistance to bt toxin cry1ac in the pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) (lepidoptera: gelechiidae), from india. | the pink bollworm is one of the most destructive pests of cotton. transgenic cotton producing bt toxin cry1ac or a combination of cry1ac and cry2ab2 has been used effectively against this pest. however, some other insects have evolved resistance to bt toxins in the field. during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 seasons, pink bollworm populations in india were surveyed to evaluate their responses to cry1ac and seed powder containing cry1ac and cry2ab2. | 2011 | 21438121 |
| in vivo identification of bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin receptors by rna interference knockdown of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked aminopeptidase n transcripts in aedes aegypti larvae. | bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin selectively kills aedes aegypti mosquito larvae as it is in part due to the presence of specific membrane-bound protein receptors. in this study, using data mining approach, we initially identified three potential glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked aminopeptidase n (gpi-apn) isoforms, apn2778, apn2783 and apn5808, which are believed to act as cry4ba toxin receptors. these three isoforms that are functionally expressed in the larval midgut can be sequence-spec ... | 2011 | 21439264 |
| novel bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxin active against locusta migratoria manilensis. | a novel d-endotoxin gene was cloned from a bacillus thuringiensis strain with activity against locusta migratoria manilensis by pcr-based genome walking. the sequence of the cry gene was 3,432 bp long, and it encoded a cry protein of 1,144 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 129,196.5 kda, which exhibited 62% homology with cry7ba1 in the amino acid sequence. the d-endotoxin with five conserved sequence blocks in the amino-terminal region was designated cry7ca1 (genbank accession no. ef4 ... | 2011 | 21441319 |
| binding sites for bacillus thuringiensis cry2ae toxin on heliothine brush border membrane vesicles are not shared with cry1a, cry1f, or vip3a toxin. | the use of combinations of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins with diverse modes of action for insect pest control has been proposed as the most efficient strategy to increase target range and delay the onset of insect resistance. considering that most cases of cross-resistance to bt toxins in laboratory-selected insect colonies are due to alteration of common toxin binding sites, independent modes of action can be defined as toxins sharing limited or no binding sites in brush border membrane ve ... | 2011 | 21441333 |
| quantitative real-time pcr with sybr green detection to assess gene duplication in insects: study of gene dosage in drosophila melanogaster (diptera) and in ostrinia nubilalis (lepidoptera). | | 2011 | 21443764 |
| insect-resistant biotech crops and their impacts on beneficial arthropods. | with a projected population of 10 billion by 2050, an immediate priority for agriculture is to achieve increased crop yields in a sustainable and cost-effective way. the concept of using a transgenic approach was realized in the mid-1990s with the commercial introduction of genetically modified (gm) crops. by 2010, the global value of the seed alone was us $11.2 billion, with commercial biotech maize, soya bean grain and cotton valued at approximately us $150 billion. in recent years, it has bec ... | 2011 | 21444317 |
| [ecological safety of mosquitocidal biocides based on bacillus thuringiensis israelensis]. | bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) has been developed into many products for the biological control of dipteran larvae, including mosquitoes (culicidae), black flies (simuliidae), and midges (chironomidae) in various parts of the world. bti appears to pose significantly less of a risk than other chemical pesticides used for mosquito control and eradication programs. bioproducts based on bti are highly selective with short environmental persistence, and thus they have very little potential ... | 2010 | 21452523 |
| invertebrate pathogenicity and toxin-producing potential of strains of bacillus thuringiensis endemic to antarctica. | several strains of bacillus thuringiensis were previously isolated from soil in antarctica and appeared to have physiological adaptations to this cold, nutrient-poor environment. in spite of this they could produce abnormally large, parasporal crystals under laboratory conditions. here, they have been further characterised for toxin genes and invertebrate pathogenicity. all of the strains were positive in pcr assays for the cry1aa and cry2 genes. this was confirmed by sequence analysis and the p ... | 2011 | 21457716 |
| fitness costs of resistance to bti toxins in the dengue vector aedes aegypti. | sustainable insect vector disease control strategies involve delaying the evolution of resistance to insecticides in natural populations. the evolutionary dynamics of resistance in the field is highly dependent on the fitness cost of resistance alleles. to successfully manage resistance evolution in target species, it is not only important to find evidence of fitness cost in resistant insects, but also to determine at which stage of the insect's life it is expressed. here, we show that resistanc ... | 2011 | 21461926 |
| domains ii and iii of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin remain exposed to the solvent after insertion of part of domain i into the membrane. | bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal proteins named cry toxins, that are used commercially for the control of economical important insect pests. these are pore-forming toxins that interact with different receptors in the insect gut, forming pores in the apical membrane causing cell burst and insect death. elucidation of the structure of the membrane-inserted toxin is important to fully understand its mechanism of action. one hypothesis proposed that the hairpin of a-helices 4-5 of domain ... | 2011 | 21464133 |
| the occurrence of photorhabdus-like toxin complexes in bacillus thuringiensis. | recently, genomic sequencing of a bacillus thuringiensis (bt) isolate from our collection revealed the presence of an apparent operon encoding an insecticidal toxin complex (tca) similar to that first described from the entomopathogen photorhabdus luminescens. to determine whether these genes are widespread among bt strains, we screened isolates from the collection for the presence of tccc, one of the genes needed for the expression of fully functional toxin complexes. among 81 isolates chosen t ... | 2011 | 21464948 |
| effectiveness of a multiple intervention strategy for the control of the tiger mosquito (aedes albopictus) in spain. | this study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of four complementary and combined strategies to minimize the presence of the invasive mosquito aedes albopictus, firmly established in sant cugat del vallès, catalonia, spain. a quasi-experimental design including six neighbourhoods was performed in 2008-2009. the abundance of mosquitoes was monitored through ovitraps. the multiple intervention strategy consisted of four actions: source reduction; larvicide treatments (bacillus thuringiens ... | 2011 | 21466887 |
| mutational analyses of cry protein block7 polypeptides that facilitate the formation of protein inclusion in escherichia coli. | 4aacter is the polypeptide from the c-terminal extension of mosquitocidal cry4aa toxin, and facilitates formation of protein inclusion in escherichia coli. it has been demonstrated that the use of 4aacter as a peptide tag results in the efficient production of heterologous protein in e. coli. it has also been demonstrated that proteins are integrated, without losing their biological activities, into the protein inclusions. although the mechanism to form protein inclusions in e. coli is unclear, ... | 2011 | 21468710 |
| control of mosquitoes in catch basins in connecticut with bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, bacillus sphearicus, and spinosad. | catch basins are a major source of culex pipiens pipiens, cx. restuans, and aedes japonicus in northeastern usa. vectobac cg (bacillus thuringiensis israelensis [bti]), vectolex cg (bacillus sphaericus [bs]), and vectobac 12as (bti), each applied at maximum label rate of 1.8 g, 1.8 g, and 0.193 ml per catch basin, respectively, significantly reduced the numbers of larvae for 1 wk. the dosages on the labels for treatment of mosquito larvae in catch basins, where mosquito breeding is continuous, a ... | 2011 | 21476447 |
| effects of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on anopheles arabiensis. | studies have shown that culex quinquefasciatus oviposits fewer eggs in water treated with bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti). the present study examined the effects of bti on adults of anopheles arabiensis. anopheles arabiensis oviposited in both treated and untreated water with a similar frequency. the number of eggs laid did not significantly differ between the treatments. adult mosquitoes ingested bti solution, but it did not significantly shorten their survival time. the neutral e ... | 2011 | 21476453 |
| purification and characterization of a new bacillus thuringiensis bacteriocin active against listeria monocytogenes, bacillus cereus and agrobacterium tumefaciens. | this study reports on the identification, characterization and purification of a new bacteriocin, named bacthuricin f103, from a bacillus thuringiensis strain bupm103. bacthuricin f103 production began in the early exponential phase and reached a maximum in the middle of the same phase. two chromatographic methods based on high performance liquid chromatography and fast protein liquid chromatography systems were used to purify bacthuricin f103. sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrop ... | 2011 | 21487734 |
| synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new 4-hetarylpyrazole and furo[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives. | in continuation of our efforts to find a new class of antimicrobial agents, a series of 4-hetarylpyrazoles and furo[2,3-c]pyrazoles were prepared via the reaction of 2-chloro-1-(5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1h-pyrazol-4-yl)ethanone (1) with an appropriate nucleophilic reagents. these compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria (bacillus subtilis and bacillus thuringiensis), gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa) and antifun ... | 2011 | 21489661 |
| increased toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa against crioceris quatuordecimpunctata, phaedon brassicae and colaphellus bowringi by a tenebrio molitor cadherin fragment. | background: biopesticides containing cry insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are effective against many lepidopteran pests, but there is a lack of bt-based pesticides for efficient control of important coleopteran pests. based on the reported increase in bt toxin oligomerization by a polypeptide from the cry3aa receptor cadherin in tenebrio molitor (coleoptera: tenebrionidae), it was hypothesized that this cadherin peptide, rtmcad1p, would enhance cry3aa toxicity ... | 2011 | 21495115 |
| chitobiase activity as an indicator of altered survival, growth and reproduction in daphnia pulex and daphnia magna (crustacea: cladocera) exposed to spinosad and diflubenzuron. | chitobiase is involved in exoskeleton degradation and recycling during the moulting process in arthropods. in aquatic species, the moulting fluid is released into the aqueous environment, and chitobiase activity present therein can be used to follow the dynamics of arthropod populations. here, chitobiase activity was used for monitoring the impact of mosquito candidate larvicides on daphnia pulex and daphnia magna under laboratory conditions. both species were exposed to spinosad (2, 4, 8μgl(-1) ... | 2011 | 21497397 |
| distribution of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in soil of a swiss wetland reserve after 22 years of mosquito control. | recurrent treatments with bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis are required to control the floodwater mosquito aedes vexans that breeds in large numbers in the wetlands of the bolle di magadino reserve in canton ticino, switzerland. interventions have been carried out since 1988. in the present study, the spatial distribution of resting b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis spores in the soil was measured. the b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis concentration was determined in soil samples co ... | 2011 | 21498758 |
| sublethal effects of cry 1f bt corn and clothianidin on black cutworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) larval development. | black cutworm, agrotis ipsilon (hufnagel) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), is an occasional pest of maize (corn), zea mays l., that may cause severe stand losses and injury to corn seedlings. the efficacy of the neonicotinoid seed treatment clothianidin at two commercially available rates and their interaction with a transgenic corn hybrid (bt corn), trait expressing the bacillus thuringiensis variety aizawai insecticidal toxin cry 1fa2, against black cutworm larvae was investigated. clothianidin at a ... | 2011 | 21510196 |
| effectiveness of insecticides in controlling the first and second generations of the lobesia botrana (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in table grapes. | the moth lobesia botrana (denis & schiffermüller) (lepidoptera: tortricidae) is a key pest of table and wine grape (vitis spp.) varieties in cyprus. many different insecticide combinations were applied for three consecutive years (2006-2008) in a sultana seedless table grape vineyard, aimed at controlling the first and second generations of this pest under warm and dry mediterranean climatic conditions. in cyprus, sultana is the main early maturing table grape variety grown in the country. l. bo ... | 2011 | 21510208 |
| insecticide susceptibility of cnaphalocrocis medinalis (lepidoptera: pyralidae) in china. | insecticide control is the major measure for suppression of cnaphalocrocis medinalis (guenée) (lepidoptera: pyralidae) damage, and a few insecticides used for long time have proved to fail to control this pest in china. several new chemicals have been introduced for control of c. medinalis. however, there was no baseline susceptibility data of c. medinalis to insecticides used or will be in use. in this study, a seedling dipping method was developed for bioassay of insecticide susceptibility of ... | 2011 | 21510218 |
| effect of pyramiding bt and cpti genes on resistance of cotton to helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) under laboratory and field conditions. | transgenic cotton (cossypium hirsutum l.) varieties, adapted to china, have been bred that express two genes for resistance to insects, the crylac gene from bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) (bt), and a trypsin inhibitor gene from cowpea (cpti). effectiveness of the double gene modification in conferring resistance to cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), was studied in laboratory and field experiments. in each experiment, performance of bt+cpti cotton was comp ... | 2011 | 21510221 |
| assessing the risk posed to free-living soil nematodes by a genetically modified maize expressing the insecticidal cry3bb1 protein. | before pest-resistant genetically modified maize can be grown commercially, the risks for soil-beneficial, non-target organisms must be determined. here, a tiered approach was used to assess the risk to free-living soil nematodes posed by maize genetically modified to express the insecticidal cry3bb1 protein (event mon88017), which confers resistance towards western corn rootworm (diabrotica virgifera; coleoptera). the toxicity of purified cry3bb1 for the nematode caenorhabditis elegans was dete ... | 2011 | 21511326 |
| characterization of chitosanase of a deep biosphere bacillus strain. | a chitosanase of deep-biosphere bacillus thuringiensis strain jam-gg01 was purified. the optimal ph and temperature for the purified enzyme (cho-gg) were about ph 6 and 60 °c, but cho-gg was unexpectedly unstable under incubation at over 40 °c. this discrepancy between higher activity and lower stability in the same range of temperature was abolished by the addition of reaction products, chitotriose and chitotetraose. the cho-gg gene was amplified by pcr and sequenced. the deduced amino acid seq ... | 2011 | 21512238 |
| high-efficiency agrobacterium-mediated transformation of chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) and regeneration of insect-resistant transgenic plants. | to develop an efficient genetic transformation system of chickpea (cicer arietinum l.), callus derived from mature embryonic axes of variety p-362 was transformed with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain lba4404 harboring p35sgus-int plasmid containing the uida gene encoding β-glucuronidase (gus) and the nptii gene for kanamycin selection. various factors affecting transformation efficiency were optimized; as agrobacterium suspension at od(600) 0.3 with 48 h of co-cultivation period at 20°c was fou ... | 2011 | 21516347 |
| molecular basis of toxicity of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin. | clostridium perfringensε-toxin is produced by toxinotypes b and d strains. the toxin is the aetiological agent of dysentery in newborn lambs but is also associated with enteritis and enterotoxaemia in goats, calves and foals. it is considered to be a potential biowarfare or bioterrorism agent by the us government centers for disease control and prevention. the relatively inactive 32.9 kda prototoxin is converted to active mature toxin by proteolytic cleavage, either by digestive proteases of the ... | 2011 | 21518257 |
| effects of genetically modified t2a-1 rice on faecal microflora of rats during 90 day supplementation. | background: many animal studies have been performed on products with the bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin-encoding gene (bt products), but less have focused on its effects on intestinal microflora owing to difficulties in culturing. this 90 day study was designed to assess unintended effects of genetically modified t2a-1 rice (gmr) on selected intestinal bacteria (lactobacillus group, bifidobacterium genus, escherichia coli subgroup, enterococcus genus and clostridium perfringens) of ra ... | 2011 | 21520451 |
| adsorption of transgenic insecticidal cry1ab protein to silica particles. effects on transport and bioactivity. | bt crops are genetically modified to be resistant against insect pests by expressing insecticidal cry proteins. the processes governing the fate and bioavailability of the expressed transgenic cry proteins in soils are poorly understood. we studied adsorption of cry1ab to negatively charged silica (sio(2)) particles, a major soil constituent and a model for negatively charged mineral surfaces, at ph 5 to 10 and ionic strengths i = 10 mm to 250 mm, both in solution depletion and saturated column ... | 2011 | 21526821 |
| growth inhibition of beauveria bassiana by bacteria isolated from the cuticular surface of the corn leafhopper, dalbulus maidis and the planthopper, delphacodes kuscheli, two important vectors of maize pathogens. | abstract the phytosanitary importance of the corn leafhopper, dalbulus maidis (de long and wolcott) (hemiptera: cicadellidae) and the planthopper, delphacodes kuscheli fennah (hemiptera: delphacidae) lies in their ability to transmit phloem-associated plant pathogens, mainly viruses and mollicutes, and to cause considerable mechanical damage to corn plants during feeding and oviposition. fungi, particularly some members of the ascomycota, are likely candidates for biocontrol agents against these ... | 2011 | 21529147 |
| larvicidal efficacy of jatropha curcas and bacterial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis, against lymphatic filarial vector, culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae). | the present study explored the effects of jatropha curcas leaf extract and bacillus thuringiensis israelensis larvicidal activity against the lymphatic filarial vector, culex quinquefasciatus. wights were selected for investigating the larvicidal potential against the first to fourth instar larvae of the laboratory-reared mosquito species, c. quinquefasciatus say, in which the major lymphatic filariasis was used. the medicinal plants were collected from the area around bharathiar university, coi ... | 2011 | 21537989 |
| assessment of indirect pesticide effects on worm-eating warbler populations in a managed forest ecosystem. | ecological risk assessments rarely evaluate indirect pesticide effects. pesticides causing no direct mortality in wildlife can still reduce prey availability, resulting in a lower reproductive rate or poor juvenile condition. few studies have examined these consequences at the population level. we use a four-year data set from a forest ecosystem in which bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (btk) was applied to control gypsy moths (lymantria dispar l.). lower worm-eating warbler (helmitheros vermivor ... | 2011 | 21538489 |
| f(2) screening for resistance to pyramided bacillus thuringiensis maize in louisiana and mississippi populations of diatraea saccharalis (lepidoptera: crambidae). | background: in the mid-southern region of the united states, sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis (f.), is a major target pest of transgenic maize expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) proteins. novel transgenic maize technologies containing two or more pyramided bt genes for controlling lepidopteran pests have recently become commercially available. insect resistance management (irm) is an important issue in the sustainable use of bt crop technologies. the objective of this study was to deter ... | 2011 | 21538799 |
| cross-resistance and mechanism of resistance to cry1ab toxin from bacillus thuringiensis in a field-derived strain of european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis. | the cross-resistance spectrum and biochemical mechanism of resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab toxin was studied in a field-derived strain of ostrinia nubilalis (hübner) (lepidoptera: crambidae) that was further selected in the laboratory for high levels (>1000-fold) of resistance to cry1ab. the resistant strain exhibited high levels of cross-resistance to cry1ac and cry1aa but only low levels of cross-resistance (<4-fold) to cry1f. in addition, there was no significant difference be ... | 2011 | 21550350 |
| the complete genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. chinensis strain ct-43. | bacillus thuringiensis is widely used as agricultural biopesticide for a long time. as a producing strain, b. thuringiensis subsp. chinensis strain ct-43 has high toxin to lepidopterous and dipterous insects. it can form various parasporal crystals consisting of cry1aa3, cry1ba1, cry1ia14, cry2aa9, and cry2ab1. during fermentation, it simultaneously generates vegetative insecticidal protein vip3aa10, as well as insecticidal nucleotide analogue thuringiensin. here we report the finished, annotate ... | 2011 | 21551307 |
| potential application of the nisin z preparation of lactococcus lactis w8 in preservation of milk. | aims: the aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the preparation of nisin z from lactococcus lactis w8-fermented milk in controlling the growth of spoilage bacteria in pasteurized milk. methods and results: spoilage bacteria isolated from pasteurized milk at 8 and 15°c were identified as enterococcus italicus, enterococcus mundtii, enterococcus faecalis, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus cereus, lactobacillus paracasei, acinetobacter sp., pseudomonas fluorescens and enterobacter a ... | 2011 | 21554339 |
| transgenic tetraploid isatis indigotica expressing bt cry1ac and pinellia ternata agglutinin showed enhanced resistance to moths and aphids. | co-expression of multiple genes encoding different kinds of insect resistant proteins has been developed to confer a broader spectrum of pest control. tetraploid isatis indigotica fort was transformed with a plasmid, p3300bp, containing bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac gene (bt) and pinellia ternata agglutinin gene (pta) and the selectable marker herbicide resistance gene (bar) driven by the camv35s promoter via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. the integration and expression of in ... | 2011 | 21559837 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of the transgenic populus alba x populus glandulosa expressing double coleopteran-resistance genes. | expression of the two coleopteran-resistant proteins (bt-cry3a and oryzacystatin i) was detected in the leaves of field-grown transgenic poplar (boga-5) in two or three subsequent years. the boga-5 contained ∼10 μg g(-1) of cry3a over the individual years with no detection in the control, and protein extracts from boga-5 displayed a higher reduction in papain activity (∼42%) compared with ∼21% in the control. laboratory feeding experiments showed that the total mortality of the target pes ... | 2011 | 21561923 |
| the evolution of resistance to two-toxin pyramid transgenic crops. | pyramid transgenic crops that express two bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins hold great potential for reducing insect damage and slowing the evolution of resistance to the toxins. here, we analyzed a suite of models for pyramid bt crops to illustrate factors that should be considered when implementing the high dose-refuge strategy for resistance management; this strategy involves the high expression of toxins in bt plants and use of non-bt plants as refuges. although resistance evolution to pyra ... | 2011 | 21563580 |
| risk assessment and ecological effects of transgenic bt crops on non-target organisms. | application of recombinant dna technology has resulted in many insect-resistant varieties by genetic engineering (ge), and the crops expressing cry toxins derived from baccillus thuringiensis (bt) have been planted on a wide scale in the world, and they have been providing an effective tool for pest control. however, one ecological concern regarding the potential effects of insect-resistant ge plants on non-target organisms (ntos) has been continually debated. we here briefly summarized the data ... | 2011 | 21564541 |
| inheritance of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) from india. | | 2011 | 21567889 |
| toxin-binding proteins isolated from yellow mealworm tenebrio molitor and wax moth galleria mellonella. | a 67-kda protein that can specifically bind the activated cry9a endotoxin under ligand-blotting conditions was purified from midgut epithelium apical membranes of wax moth galleria mellonella by affinity chromatography. n-terminal amino acid sequencing enabled identification of this protein as aminopeptidase n. in similar experiments, 66- and 58-kda proteins specific to endotoxin cry3a were isolated from the midgut epithelium apical membranes of tenebrio molitor larvae. mass spectrometry showed ... | 2011 | 21568853 |
| insecticide susceptibility of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in central africa. | abstract: background: aedes aegypti (linnaeus, 1762) and aedes albopictus (skuse, 1894) are the main vectors of dengue (denv) and chikungunya (chikv) viruses worldwide. as there is still no vaccine or specific treatment for denv and chikv, vector control remains the cornerstone of prevention and outbreak control. unfortunately, vector control programs are facing operational challenges with mosquitoes becoming resistant to commonly used insecticides in several areas through the world. throughout ... | 2011 | 21575154 |
| [advances in effects of insecticidal crystal proteins released from transgenic bt crops on soil ecology]. | with the large scale cultivation of transgenic crops expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal crystal proteins in the world, the problem of environmental safety caused by these bt crops has received extensive attention. these insecticidal crystal proteins can be released into the soil continuously in the growing period of bt plants. if their accumulation of the insecticidal crystal proteins exceeds consumption by insect larvae and degradation by the environmental factors, these insect ... | 2011 | 21586391 |
| from commensal to pathogen: translocation of enterococcus faecalis from the midgut to the hemocoel of manduca sexta. | abstract a dynamic homeostasis is maintained between the host and native bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract in animals, but migration of bacteria from the gut to other organs can lead to disease or death. enterococcus faecalis is a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract; however, enterococcus spp. are increasingly frequent causes of nosocomial infections with a high mortality rate. we investigated the commensal-to-pathogen switch undergone by e. faecalis og1rf in the lepidopteran model host ... | 2011 | 21586646 |
| effects of repeated field applications of two formulations of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on non-target saltmarsh invertebrates in atlantic coastal wetlands. | bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) is commonly used for selective control of larval populations of mosquitoes in coastal wetlands. a two year-study was implemented to investigate whether repeated treatments with bti applied either as a liquid (vectobac(®) 12as) or a water-dispersible granule (vectobac(®) wg) formulation may affect the abundance and diversity of non-target aquatic invertebrates in saltmarsh pools. taxonomic composition of the invertebrate communities was typical of bra ... | 2011 | 21592573 |
| metabonomics study of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis rice (t2a-1) meal in a 90-day dietary toxicity study in rats. | rice is one of the most important staple foods in the world. the cry2a gene was inserted into the rice genome to help the plant combat insects. as the unintended effects of the genetically modified (gm) organisms are the most important barriers to the promotion of gm organisms, we have carried out a useful exploration to establish a new in vivo evaluation model for genetically modified foods by metabonomics methods. in this study, the rats were fed for 90 days with the gm and non-gm rice diets. ... | 2011 | 21594293 |
| investigation of the steps involved in the difference of susceptibility of ephestia kuehniella and spodoptera littoralis to the bacillus thuringiensis vip3aa16 toxin. | bupm95 is a bacillusthuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain producing the vip3aa16 toxin with an interesting insecticidal activity against the lepidopteran larvae ephestia kuehniella. study of different steps in the mode of action of this vegetative insecticidal protein on the mediterranean flour moth (e. kuehniella) was carried out in the aim to investigate the origin of the higher susceptibility of this insect to vip3aa16 toxin compared to that of the egyptian cotton leaf worm spodoptera littoral ... | 2011 | 21600212 |
| dominant negative phenotype of bacillus thuringiensis cry1ab, cry11aa and cry4ba mutants suggest hetero-oligomer formation among different cry toxins. | bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins are used worldwide in the control of different insect pests important in agriculture or in human health. the cry proteins are pore-forming toxins that affect the midgut cell of target insects. it was shown that non-toxic cry1ab helix α-4 mutants had a dominant negative (dn) phenotype inhibiting the toxicity of wildtype cry1ab when used in equimolar or sub-stoichiometric ratios (1∶1, 0.5∶1, mutant∶wt) indicating that oligomer formation is a key step in toxicity o ... | 2011 | 21603577 |
| fate of cry1ab protein in agricultural systems under slurry management of cows fed genetically modified maize (zea mays l.) mon810: a quantitative assessment. | the objective of the study was to track the fate of recombinant cry1ab protein in a liquid manure field trial when feeding gm maize mon810 to dairy cows. a validated elisa was applied for quantification of cry1ab in the agricultural chain from gm maize plants, feed, liquid manure and soil to crops grown on manured fields. starting with 23.7 μg of cry1ab g(-1) dry weight gm maize material, a rapid decline of cry1ab levels was observed as 2.6% and 0.9% of cry1ab from the gm plant were detected in ... | 2011 | 21604675 |
| mutually exclusive distribution of the sap and eag s-layer genes and the lytb/lyta cell wall hydrolase genes in bacillus thuringiensis. | recently, two bacillus thuringiensis strains were reported to synthesize parasporal inclusion bodies made not of the expected crystal (cry) proteins but rather of the surface layer proteins (slp) sap (encoded by sap) and ea1 (encoded by eag), respectively. whether the presence of the sap and eag genes is restricted to these two b. thuringiensis strains or ubiquitous in b. thuringiensis is unknown. we report here the distribution of the sap and eag genes in b. thuringiensis. strains in the bacill ... | 2011 | 21611767 |
| two groups of s-layer proteins, slp1s and slp2s, in bacillus thuringiensis co-exist in the s-layer and in parasporal inclusions. | we screened four b. thuringiensis strains whose parasporal inclusions contained the s-layer protein (slp), and cloned two slp genes from each strain. phylogenetic analysis indicated these slps could be divided into two groups, slp1s and slp2s. to confirm whether slps were present in the s-layer or as a parasporal inclusion, strains ctc and bmb1152 were chosen for further study. western blots with whole-cell associated proteins from strains ctc and bmb1152 in the vegetative phase showed that slp1 ... | 2011 | 21615987 |
| growth variation among bacillus thuringiensis strains can affect screening procedures for supernatant-secreted toxins against insect pests. | background: supernatant-secreted proteins in bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) (bt) with insecticidal activity provide an important source of information for discovery of new useful strains and/or entomotoxins. however, physiological variation among isolates might interfere in the detection efficiency of screening procedures on bt collections. the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of this variation in a sample of isolates from a tropical bt collection, which was gauged through the as ... | 2011 | 21618404 |
| reference genes for quantitative, reverse-transcription pcr in bacillus cereus group strains throughout the bacterial life cycle. | quantitative reverse-transcription pcr (rt-qpcr) has become a major tool to better understand the biology and pathogenesis of bacteria. one prerequisite of valid rt-qpcr data is their proper normalization to stably expressed reference genes. to identify and evaluate reference genes suitable for normalization of gene expression data in bacillus cereus group strains, mrna levels of eleven candidate reference genes (rpsu, nifu, udp (udp-n-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase), bt9727_5154/bc_5475, bt9727_ ... | 2011 | 21620905 |
| tobacco plants expressing the cry1abmod toxin suppress tolerance to cry1ab toxin of manduca sexta cadherin-silenced larvae. | cry toxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis bacteria are insecticidal proteins used worldwide in the control of different insect pests. alterations in toxin-receptor interaction represent the most common mechanism to induce resistance to cry toxins in lepidopteran insects. cry toxins bind with high affinity to the cadherin protein present in the midgut cells and this interaction facilitates the proteolytic removal of helix α-1 and pre-pore oligomer formation. resistance to cry toxins has been ... | 2011 | 21621616 |
| molecular markers to determine the ecological fate of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki. | a set of dna markers was developed that successfully identifies bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki (btk) when screened against other bacillus species and subspecies. these subspecies-specific primer sets allowed detection and characterization of btk within an environmental background that contained many bacillus species. because btk is used as an active ingredient in many commercial formulations, yet is not naturally widely distributed in north america or europe, these markers will prove usefu ... | 2008 | 21585997 |
| hexaplex pcr assay and liquid bead array for detection of stacked genetically modified cotton event 281-24-236×3006-210-23. | a hexaplex system based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) coupled with liquid bead array was developed to assist detection of stacked genetically modified (gm) cotton event 281-24-236 × 3006-210-23 (widestrike) expressing two kinds of endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis (bt). the efficiency of this multiplex detection system was assessed. specific primer sets for simultaneous detection of six targets in the stacked gm cotton event were constructed and used for the pcr assay. each of ... | 2011 | 21626183 |
| proteomic analysis reveals the strategies of bacillus thuringiensis ybt-1520 for survival under long-term heat stress. | bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been widely used for 50 years as a safe biopesticide for controlling agricultural and sanitary insect pests because of its insecticidal crystal proteins. in this study a proteomic approach was used to investigate the responses and survival strategies of bt ybt-1520 under a long-term heat stress condition (42°c). heat stress mainly influenced the characteristics of ybt-1520 on four aspects: (i) the abilities to synthesise insecticidal crystal proteins and other pot ... | 2011 | 21630448 |
| antagonistic competition moderates virulence in bacillus thuringiensis. | ecology letters (2011) abstract: classical models of the evolution of virulence predict that multiple infections should select for elevated virulence, if increased competitiveness arises from faster growth. however, diverse modes of parasite competition (resource-based, antagonism, immunity manipulation) can lead to adaptations with different implications for virulence. using an experimental evolution approach we investigated the hypothesis that selection in mixed-strain infections will lead to ... | 2011 | 21635671 |
| complex of digestive proteinases of galleria mellonella caterpillars. composition, properties, and limited proteolysis of bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. | the complex of digestive proteinases in caterpillars of the greater wax moth galleria mellonella was studied. using chromogenic substrates and inhibitor analysis, it was found that serine proteinases play a key role in this complex. three anionic and two cationic forms of trypsin and one anionic and one cationic form of chymotrypsin were identified by zymography in the midgut extract of g. mellonella. the most active trypsin was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, and its n-terminal amino a ... | 2011 | 21639838 |
| synergistic effects of cydia pomonella granulovirus gp37 on the infectivity of nucleopolyhedroviruses and the lethality of bacillus thuringiensis. | to initiate an efficient primary infection, it is important for baculovirus virions to penetrate through the peritrophic membrane (pm) of the host insect. it is frequently reported that enhancins of baculoviruses significantly enhance viral infection by degrading the various protein components of pms. however, not all baculoviruses encode enhancins. gp37s of baculoviruses share high amino acid identity with fusolins, synergistic factors found in entomopoxviruses. in this study, a truncated cydia ... | 2011 | 21643992 |
| molecular characterization of the modular chitin binding protein cbp50 from bacillus thuringiensis serovar konkukian. | bacillus thuringiensis is an insecticidal bacterium whose chitinolytic system may be exploited to improve the insecticidal system of bt-crops. a nucleotide fragment of 1368 bp from b. thuringiensis serovar konkukian s4, containing the complete coding sequence of the chitin binding protein cbp50, was cloned and sequenced. analyses have shown the protein to contain a modular structure consisting of an n-terminal cbm33 domain, two copies of a fibronectin-like domain and a c-terminal chitin binding ... | 2011 | 21647612 |
| detrimental effect of expression of bt endotoxin cry1ac on in vitro regeneration, in vivo growth and development of tobacco and cotton transgenics. | high levels of expression of the cry1ac gene from bacillus thuringiensis cannot be routinely achieved in transgenic plants despite modifications made in the gene to improve its expression. this has been attributed to the instability of the transcript in a few reports. in the present study, based on the genetic transformation of cotton and tobacco, we show that the expression of the cry1ac endotoxin has detrimental effects on both the in vitro and in vivo growth and development of transgenic plan ... | 2011 | 21654089 |
| potential use of a serpin from arabidopsis for pest control. | although genetically modified (gm) plants expressing toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protect agricultural crops against lepidopteran and coleopteran pests, field-evolved resistance to bt toxins has been reported for populations of several lepidopteran species. moreover, some important agricultural pests, like phloem-feeding insects, are not susceptible to bt crops. complementary pest control strategies are therefore necessary to assure that the benefits provided by those insect-resistant ... | 2011 | 21655276 |
| role of alkaline phosphatase in insecticidal action of cry1ac against helicoverpa armigera larvae. | cry1ac ╬┤-endotoxin produced by bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is used as a bio-pesticide for the control of helicoverpa armigera. aminopeptidases n (apn) and alkaline phosphatase (alp) play critical roles in its action against h. armigera larvae. the binding of cry1ac with brush border membrane vesicle (bbmv) proteins was increased with the larval development although the sensitivity of larvae to ╬┤-endotoxins decreased. there was higher expression of alp than apn in early instar larvae with a ~10 ... | 2011 | 21660568 |
| field evaluation of bactimos pt against chironomid midge (diptera: chironomidae) larvae in residential ponds. | we evaluated bactimos pt (bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis [bti]) against larval populations of glyptotendipes paripes at 30 kg/ha in man-made lakes on hilton head island, sc. three treatments were "whole-pond" treatments, while the 4th consisted of treating a "band" along the edge of a pond where significant larval populations had been observed. larval populations were reduced by an average of 95% at day 7, 70% at day 14, and 50% at day 21 posttreatment in the whole-pond treatments. in ... | 2011 | 21805856 |
| comparison of morning and evening larvicide applications on black fly (diptera: simuliidae) mortality. | the downstream movement, or drift, of larval black flies as well as many other aquatic insects has been well documented. this phenomenon has most often been associated with the dusk-to-overnight time frame. operationally, larvicide applications targeting black flies are typically initiated early in the day and can extend until near sunset. to determine if larvicide applications conducted late in the day would be affected by the drift behavior of larval black flies, 6 larvicide applications were ... | 2011 | 21805855 |
| high prevalence of bacterial spore-formers active against mosquito larvae in temporary monsoon flooded sites in orissa, india. | different ecosystems were probed in the vicinity of the city of bhubaneswar in the indian state of orissa for the presence of bacterial spore-formers with activity against mosquito larvae. the most productive sites were places that were flooded during the monsoon season, including roadside ditches and shorelines of ponds. among 630 isolates screened, 44 (7%) showed larvicidal activity against larvae of aedes aegypti. the specific activity of the bacterial spore-formers varied greatly. isolates w ... | 2011 | 21805851 |
| construction of a bacillus thuringiensis genetically-engineered strain harbouring the secreted cry1ia delta-endotoxin in its crystal. | unlike other bacillus thuringiensis cry proteins, cry1ia does not form a crystal since it is a secreted delta-endotoxin. we have engineered a cry1iac chimeric protein by substituting the c-terminal part of cry1ia by the corresponding cry1ac part. when expressed in an acrystalliferous b. thuringiensis strain, cry1iac did not crystallize, but when expressed in the crystalliferous strain bns3, the chimeric protein co-crystallized with the endogenous cry1a delta-endotoxins forming a typical bipyrami ... | 2011 | 21805183 |
| dna capturing machinery through spore-displayed proteins. | aims: the purpose of this study was to develop a general method for the facile development of a new dna biosensor which utilizes streptavidin-displayed spores as a molecular machinery. methods and results: fluorescence spectroscopy was used as a monitoring tool for the streptavidin displayed on the surface of bacillus thuringiensis spores and as a diagnosis method for dna detection. as a proof-of-concept, four pathogenic bacteria including pseudomonas aeruginosa, acinetobacter baumannii, esche ... | 2011 | 21801185 |
| site factors and management influence short-term host resistance to spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana (clem.), in a species-specific manner. | background: this study examined the interactions between thinning and soil drainage classes on the resistance of balsam fir, abies balsamea (l.) mill, white spruce, picea glauca (moench) voss, and black spruce, p. mariana (mill.) bsp, to spruce budworm, choristoneura fumiferana (clem.), defoliation 1 year after treatment. to estimate host tree resistance, foliage production and larval foliage consumption were determined to generate an index of resistance quantifying the amount of residual foliag ... | 2011 | 21796758 |
| detection of coxiella burnetii in complex matrices by using multiplex qpcr during a major q fever outbreak in the netherlands. | q fever, caused by coxiella burnetii, is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. a large rural area in the southeast of the netherlands was heavily affected by q fever between 2007 and 2009. this initiated the development of a robust and internally controlled multiplex qpcr assay for detection of c. burnetii dna in veterinary and environmental matrices on suspected q fever affected farms. the qpcr detects three c. burnetii targets (icd, com1 & is1111), and one bacillus thuringiensis internal c ... | 2011 | 21784920 |
| bacillus anthracis tubulin-related protein ba-tubz assembles force-generating polymers. | pathogenecity of bacillus anthracis depends on the faithful inheritance of plasmid pxo1, in a process that requires the plasmid encoded tubulin-related protein ba-tubz. here we show, using heterologous expression in schizosaccharomyces pombe, that ba-tubz assembles into a dynamic polymer in the absence of other b. anthracis proteins and can generate force capable of deforming the fission yeast nuclear envelope. the polymer bundles contain 27 ± 15 protofilaments / µm assuming that each protofilam ... | 2011 | 21780309 |
| tandem repeats in a new toxin gene from bacillus thuringiensis and in other cry11-like genes. | a new gene, cry11bb2 from a field isolate of bacillus thuringiensis, was cloned for expression in escherichia coli. the encoded protein, with a deduced molecular mass of 89.5 kda, exhibits 97 and 79% identities with the overlap regions of cry11bb1 from b. thuringiensis ssp. medellin and cry11ba1 from ssp. jegathesan, respectively. it is however longer than cry11bb1 by 42 amino acids in its carboxy-terminus, of which 32 comprise 2 tandem repeats additional to the 5 existing in the latter polypept ... | 2011 | 21778765 |
| susceptibility of helicoverpa zea and heliothis virescens (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to vip3a insecticidal protein expressed in vipcot™ cotton. | susceptibility of laboratory and field colonies of helicoverpa zea (boddie) and heliothis virescens f. to vip3a insecticidal protein was studied in diet incorporation and diet overlay assays from 2004 to 2008. responses of field populations were compared to paired responses of university of arkansas laboratory susceptible h. zea (labza) and h. virescens (labvr) colonies. after 7d of exposure, observations were made on number of dead larvae (m) and the number of larvae alive but remaining as firs ... | 2011 | 21767545 |