| molecular typing of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium with an automated repetitive sequence-based pcr microbial typing system compared with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. | pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is the main typing method used for the molecular typing of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vrefm). however, more rapid and unambiguous typing methods are needed. diversilab, a repetitive sequence-based pcr (rep-pcr), offers an alternative method for strain typing. | 2013 | 23163892 |
| ultraviolet disinfection of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes in water and wastewater. | disinfection of wastewater treatment plant effluent may be an important barrier for limiting the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (arbs) and antibiotic resistance genes (args). while ideally disinfection should destroy args, to prevent horizontal gene transfer to downstream bacteria, little is known about the effect of conventional water disinfection technologies on args. this study examined the potential of uv disinfection to damage four args, mec(a), van(a), tet(a), and amp(c), both in ... | 2012 | 23153396 |
| mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling and bacterial diversity characterization of korean traditional meju during fermentation. | the metabolite profile of meju during fermentation was analyzed using mass spectrometry techniques, including gc-ms and lc-ms, and the bacterial diversity was characterized. the relative proportions of bacterial strains indicated that lactic acid bacteria, such as enterococcus faecium and leuconostoc lactis, were the dominant species. in partial least-squares discriminate analysis (pls-da), the componential changes, which depended on fermentation, proceeded gradually in both the gc-ms and lc-ms ... | 2012 | 23124344 |
| temporal changes in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis banding in vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium and implications for outbreak investigations. | patients are often screened with surveillance cultures to discern transmissions vs transformation of an isolate to vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. to determine the amount of time between which isolates could be considered genetically similar by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, isolate change over time within single patients was studied. | 2013 | 23102986 |
| influence of in ovo prebiotic and synbiotic administration on meat quality of broiler chickens. | a trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of prebiotic and synbiotics on growth performance, meat quality traits (cholesterol content, intramuscular collagen properties, fiber measurements), and the presence of histopathological changes in the pectoral muscle (ps) of broiler chickens. on d 12 of incubation, 480 eggs were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups treated with different bioactives, in ovo injected: c, control with physiological saline; t1 with 1.9 mg of ra ... | 2012 | 23091157 |
| estimating the burden of healthcare-associated infections caused by selected multidrug-resistant bacteria finland, 2010. | | 2012 | 23083541 |
| screening and characterization of lab-produced bacteriocin-like substances from the intestine of grey mullet (mugil cephalus l.) as potential biocontrol agents in aquaculture. | to isolate and characterize bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (blis)-producing lactic acid bacteria from the intestine of grey mullet. | 2013 | 23075097 |
| [plasmids of enterococcus faecium strains isolated from patients of different wards of general hospital in gdańsk]. | mobil genetic elements are pivotal in the dissemination and persistence of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci. this study investigated the presence of plasmids amongst e. faecium as well as other species of this bacteria. | 2012 | 23072053 |
| exposure to clinical x-ray radiation does not alter antibiotic susceptibility or genotype profile in gram-negative and gram-positive clinical pathogens. | inadvertent exposure of bacterial pathogens to x-ray radiation may be an environmental stress, where the bacterium may respond by increasing mutational events, thereby potentially resulting in increased antibiotic resistance and alteration to genotypic profile. in order to examine this, four clinical pathogens, including the gram-negative organisms escherichia coli o157:h7 nctc12900 and pseudomonas aeruginosa nctc10662, as well as the gram-positive organisms staphylococcus aureus nctc6571 and en ... | 2012 | 23057159 |
| therapy of 1,025 severely ill patients with complicated infections in a german multicenter study: safety profile and efficacy of tigecycline in different treatment modalities. | this large prospective non-interventional study investigated the effects of tigecycline either as single agent or in combination with other antimicrobial agents in 1,025 patients treated in clinical routine at german hospitals. sixty-five percent of the patients had apache ii scores > 15, indicating high overall disease severity. complicated intra-abdominal infections (ciai) or complicated skin and skin tissue infections (cssti) were the most common indications, with staphylococcus aureus, enter ... | 2012 | 23052187 |
| extensive contact tracing and screening to control the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium st414 in hong kong. | proactive infection control management is crucial in preventing the introduction of multiple drug resistant organisms in the healthcare setting. in hong kong, where vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) endemicity is not yet established, contact tracing and screening, together with other infection control measures are essential in limiting intra- and inter-hospital transmission. the objective of this study was to illustrate the control measures used to eradicate a vre outbreak in a hospital net ... | 2012 | 23044305 |
| long-term treatment with linezolid in a patient with osteomyelitis undergoing hemodialysis. | anemia and/or thrombocytopenia are the most relevant adverse effects of linezolid treatment. we report the case of a patient under hemodialysis who developed osteomyelitis involving the amputation stump of the left limb due to a vancomycin-resistant and teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecium successfully treated with linezolid for 6 months. close monitorization of the patient probably contributed to maintenance of treatment with linezolid despite hematological alterations observed, which cou ... | 2012 | 23040688 |
| lactic acid production by enteroccocus faecium in liquefied sago starch. | enterococcus faecium no. 78 (pncm-biotech 10375) isolated from puto, a type of fermented rice in the philippines was used to produce lactic acid in repeated batch fermentation mode. enzymatically liquefied sago starch was used as the sole carbon source, since sago (metroxylon spp) is a sustainable crop for industrial exploitation. liquefied sago starch was inoculated with e. faecium to perform the saccharification and fermentation processes simultaneously. results demonstrated that e. faecium wa ... | 2012 | 23021076 |
| potential of marine lactic acid bacteria to ferment sargassum sp. for enhanced anticoagulant and antioxidant properties. | to evaluate the suitability of marine lactic acid bacteria (lab) as starter cultures for sargassum sp. fermentation to enhance its antioxidant and anticoagulation activity. | 2013 | 23020529 |
| identification of vann-type vancomycin resistance in an enterococcus faecium isolate from chicken meat in japan. | five vann-type vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium strains were isolated from a sample of domestic chicken meat in japan. all isolates showed low-level resistance to vancomycin (mic, 12 mg/liter) and had the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile. the vancomycin resistance was encoded on a large plasmid (160 kbp) and was expressed constitutively. the vann-type resistance operon was identical to the first resistance operon to be reported, with the exception of a 1-bp deletion in vant ... | 2012 | 23006756 |
| [vancomycin-resistant enterococcus--chronicle of a foretold problem]. | there have recently been 12 outbreaks of infection caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in dutch hospitals. although the first vre outbreaks were reported almost 12 years ago, such outbreaks remained uncommon and the question is why they are occurring now. based on molecular epidemiological studies we have learned that a subpopulation of enterococcus faecium, resistant to amoxicillin but susceptible to vancomycin, has become highly endemic in dutch hospitals in the past 12 years. ini ... | 2012 | 22992249 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium meningitis in adults: case series and review of the literature. | vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vr e. faecium) is a rare cause of meningitis and is associated with substantial mortality. limited therapeutic options are available for the treatment of vr e. faecium meningitis. the optimum therapy has not been established. | 2013 | 22992165 |
| [investigation of antimicrobial resistance to enterococcus faecium]. | we performed a antibiotic resistance study on enterococcus faecium isolated from intrahospitalary and extrahospitalary samples between 2004 and 2010. three different samples were studied; urine, blood and wound swabs, considering a strain per patient. we included in the study a global amount of 637 e. faecium isolares. we employed semiautomatic system wider i for identification and sensitivity testing. we considered susceptibility and resistance criteria recommended by mensura group. we found a ... | 2012 | 22987262 |
| multifunctional properties of soy milk fermented by enterococcus faecium strains isolated from raw soy milk. | lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from soy milk were used to produce a multifunctional fermented food. seven isolates were screened for their ability to produce peptides and free isoflavones in soy milk. the antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of the resulting fermented soy milks were evaluated in vitro using biochemical assays. isolates 1-5 were found to be producers of fermented soy milk with angiotensin i converting enzyme inhibitory activity (acei). isolate 3 wa ... | 2012 | 22978423 |
| coverage theories for metagenomic dna sequencing based on a generalization of stevens' theorem. | metagenomic project design has relied variously upon speculation, semi-empirical and ad hoc heuristic models, and elementary extensions of single-sample lander-waterman expectation theory, all of which are demonstrably inadequate. here, we propose an approach based upon a generalization of stevens' theorem for randomly covering a domain. we extend this result to account for the presence of multiple species, from which are derived useful probabilities for fully recovering a particular target micr ... | 2013 | 22965653 |
| a potential synbiotic product improves the lipid profile of diabetic rats. | previous studies showed that intake of yacon or some lactic acid bacteria was able to inhibit the development of diabetes mellitus, by reducing glucose and associated symptoms, for example, the lipid profile. | 2012 | 22963080 |
| screened butanol-tolerant enterococcus faecium capable of butanol production. | due to the complex mechanisms involved in butanol-induced stress response, butanol tolerance phenotype is difficult to engineer even in microorganisms with well-defined genetic backgrounds. we therefore aimed to isolate butanol-tolerant microorganisms from environmental samples as potential alternative hosts for butanol production. soil samples collected were subjected to butanol stress. a microbial strain capable of 2.5-3 % (w/v) butanol tolerance was isolated and identified as enterococcus fae ... | 2012 | 22961352 |
| genetic features and molecular epidemiology of enterococcus faecium isolated in two university hospitals in brazil. | the global emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vrefm) has been characterized by a clonal spread of strains belonging to clonal complex 17 (cc17). genetic features and clonal relationships of 53 vrefm isolated from patients in 2 hospitals in ribeirao preto, são paulo, brazil, during 2005-2010 were determined as a contribution to the brazilian evolutionary history of these nosocomial pathogens. all isolates were daptomycin susceptible, vancomycin-resistant, and had the vana gen ... | 2012 | 22959818 |
| vancomycin-resistant vanb-type enterococcus faecium isolates expressing varying levels of vancomycin resistance and being highly prevalent among neonatal patients in a single icu. | | 2012 | 22958440 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium from swine in michigan, usa. | in 2008, we identified vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in michigan swine, which was the first report of vre in livestock from north america. continued sampling in 2009 and 2010 was conducted to determine whether vre persisted in michigan. in 2009, swine faecal and feed samples (n=56), county fair pig barn manure samples (n=9) and pooled michigan state fair pig barn manure samples (n=18) were screened for vre. in 2010, swine faecal samples were collected from 26 county fairs (n=73) and nin ... | 2013 | 22958312 |
| vancomycin resistant enterococci in farm animals - occurrence and importance. | the view on enterococci has over the years shifted from harmless commensals to opportunistic but important pathogens mainly causing nosocomial infections. one important part of this development is the emergence of vancomycin resistance enterococci (vre). the term vre includes several combinations of bacterial species and resistance genes of which the most clinically important is enterococcus faecium with vana type vancomycin resistance. this variant is also the most common vre among farm animals ... | 2012 | 22957131 |
| a soy-based product fermented by enterococcus faecium and lactobacillus helveticus inhibits the development of murine breast adenocarcinoma. | soy and its fermented products are considered functional foods. the study objective was to assess three functional food - a non-fermented soy product (nfp), fermented soy product (fsp), fermented soy product enriched with isoflavones (fi) - in terms of their ability to reduce the development of adenocarcinoma in mice, as well their ability on modulating immune system. | 2012 | 22954488 |
| [linezolid-resistant enterococcus faecium: the first g2576t mutation in turkey]. | linezolid which is the first member of oxazolidinone class of synthetic antimicrobial agents, was licensed for the treatment of gram-positive coccal infections in turkey in 2006. in recent years, multidrug-resistant pathogens, especially vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre), have emerged rapidly worldwide and linezolid exhibited good clinical efficacy against vre. however, linezolid-resistant bacteria have been reported from turkey. in april 2011, a 66-year-old paraplegic woman was admitted to ... | 2012 | 22951666 |
| genotypic and phenotypic evaluation of the evolution of high-level daptomycin nonsusceptibility in vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. | whole-genome sequencing and cell membrane studies of three clonal enterococcus faecium strains with daptomycin mics of 4, 32, and 192 μg/ml were performed, revealing nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants in eight open reading frames, including those predicted to encode a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent, mannose-specific phosphotransferase system, cardiolipin synthetase, and ezra. membrane studies revealed a higher net surface charge among the daptomycin-nonsusceptible isolates and increased sep ... | 2012 | 22948885 |
| validation of extrusion as a killing step for enterococcus faecium in a balanced carbohydrate-protein meal by using a response surface design. | outbreaks of salmonellosis and recalls of low-moisture foods including extruded products highlight the need for the food and feed industries to validate their extrusion processes to ensure the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms. response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of moisture and temperature on inactivation by extrusion of enterococcus faecium nrrl b-2354 in a carbohydrate-protein mix. a balanced carbohydrate-protein mix was formulated to different combinations of ... | 2012 | 22947473 |
| assessment of sources of human pathogens and fecal contamination in a florida freshwater lake. | we investigated the potential for a variety of environmental reservoirs to harbor or contribute fecal indicator bacteria (fib), dna markers of human fecal contamination, and human pathogens to a freshwater lake. we hypothesized that submerged aquatic vegetation (sav), sediments, and stormwater act as reservoirs and/or provide inputs of fib and human pathogens to this inland water. analysis included microbial source tracking (mst) markers of sewage contamination (enterococcus faecium esp gene, hu ... | 2012 | 22939220 |
| antibacterial spirobisnaphthalenes from the north american cup fungus urnula craterium. | urnucratins a-c (1-3), which possess an unusual bisnaphthospiroether skeleton with one oxygen bridge and one c-c bridge and represent a new subclass of bisnaphthalenes, were isolated from the north american cup fungus urnula craterium. their structures, including absolute configurations, were determined by means of hrms, nmr, and quantum chemical cd calculations. urnucratin a (1) was found to be active against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium ... | 2012 | 22934636 |
| antimicrobial peptide pleurocidin synergizes with antibiotics through hydroxyl radical formation and membrane damage, and exerts antibiofilm activity. | pleurocidin, a 25-mer antimicrobial peptide (amp), is known to exert bactericidal activity. however, the synergistic activity and mechanism(s) of pleurocidin in combination with conventional antibiotics, and the antibiofilm effect of the peptide are poorly understood. | 2012 | 22921812 |
| detection of mobile genetic elements in pediocin pa-1 like producing lactic acid bacteria. | to evaluate the presence of mobile genetic elements (mges) in intergeneric and interspecific pediocin producing lactic acid bacteria (lab) the flanking regions of the pediocin pa-1/ach (pediocin pa-1) operon was characterized. in enterococcus faecium acr4 and lactobacillus plantarum acr2 a variation in the amplicon size in the downstream region of the operon was identified, suggesting a deletion in this region. beyond that, in pediocin pa-1 encoding plasmids mges such as islpl1 and mobilization ... | 2013 | 22915312 |
| high-level vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecium related to humans and pigs found in dust from pig breeding facilities. | environmental dust from animal breeding facilities was never screened for the presence of enterococci, nor of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre), despite the possibility of being a vehicle of transmission of strains and antibiotic resistance genes between food-producing animals and man. bio-security measures in pig facilities include disinfection with biocides to avoid the dissemination of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, namely enterococci and in particular vre. we thus undertook collecti ... | 2013 | 22909989 |
| performance of three chromogenic vre screening agars, two etest(®) vancomycin protocols, and different microdilution methods in detecting vanb genotype enterococcus faecium with varying vancomycin mics. | frequencies of vanb-type enterococcus faecium increased in europe during the last years. vanb enterococci show various levels of vancomycin mics even below the susceptible breakpoint challenging a reliable diagnostics. the performance of 3 chromogenic vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) screening agars, 2 etest® vancomycin protocols, and different microdilution methods to detect 129 clinical vanb e. faecium strains was investigated. altogether, 112 (87%) were correctly identified as vanb-type ... | 2012 | 22901792 |
| use of prevotella bryantii 25a and a commercial probiotic during subacute acidosis challenge in midlactation dairy cows. | the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of prevotella bryantii 25a as a probiotic during a subacute ruminal acidosis (sara) challenge using a commercial probiotic as a positive control. six multiparous ruminally fistulated cows (bw=685 ± 65 kg; (mean ± sd) in the mid-phase of lactation (70 to 148 dim) received the following treatments in a replicated 3×3 latin square design: (1) total mixed ration (tmr; control, con), (2) tmr + 2g/head per day of a probiotic combination of ente ... | 2012 | 22901468 |
| linezolid-resistant clinical isolates of meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococcus faecium from china. | seventeen meticillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (mrcons), including ten staphylococcus capitis, four staphylococcus cohnii, two staphylococcus haemolyticus and one staphylococcus sciuri, and an enterococcus faecium isolate with various levels of linezolid resistance were isolated from intensive care units in a chinese hospital. pfge indicated that the four s. cohnii isolates belonged to a clonal strain, and that nine of the s. capitis isolates were indistinguishable (clone a1) an ... | 2012 | 22899781 |
| [psoas abscess after ureteral stent exchange for cutaneous ureterostomy: report of a case]. | a 69-year-old man underwent a radical cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy for carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. the ureteral stents were exchanged for cutaneous ureterostomy 35 days after the operation. the patient suffered from high fever with chills a few hours after the stent exchange, and was readmitted to our hospital. high fever was not improved by treatment with ceftriaxone for 5 days. five days after the stent exchange, computed tomography (ct) revealed a right psoas abscess. m ... | 2012 | 22895130 |
| genome sequence of enterococcus faecium clinical isolate lct-ef128. | enterococcus faecium, an opportunistic human pathogen that inhabits the gastrointestinal tracts of most mammals, has emerged as an important opportunistic nosocomial pathogen and is a prominent cause of multiresistant nosocomial infections. here, we report the draft genome sequence of strain lct-ef128, isolated from clinical specimens. | 2012 | 22887667 |
| asrr is an oxidative stress sensing regulator modulating enterococcus faecium opportunistic traits, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenicity. | oxidative stress serves as an important host/environmental signal that triggers a wide range of responses in microorganisms. here, we identified an oxidative stress sensor and response regulator in the important multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen enterococcus faecium belonging to the marr family and called asrr (antibiotic and stress response regulator). the asrr regulator used cysteine oxidation to sense the hydrogen peroxide which results in its dissociation to promoter dna. transcriptome ... | 2012 | 22876178 |
| long-term control of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium at the scale of a large multihospital institution: a seven-year experience. | repeated outbreaks of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vre) occurred between 2004 and 2010 in assistance publique--hôpitaux de paris (ap-hp), a 23,000-bed multi-hospital institution. from august 2004 to december 2005, the french guidelines for preventing cross-transmission of multiresistant bacteria were applied. because the number of vre cases continued to increase, an institutional control programme was implemented from january 2006 onwards: it foresees stopping transfer of vre and c ... | 2012 | 22856512 |
| occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and distribution of enterococcal clonal complex 17 from animals and human beings in korea. | enterococci are major zoonotic bacteria that cause opportunistic infections in human beings and animals. moreover, pathogenic strains can be disseminated between human beings and animals, particularly companion animals that come into frequent contact with people. recently, enterococcus faecium clonal complex 17 (cc17) has emerged as a pandemic clone. most cc17 strains are ampicillin resistant and possess virulence genes such as esp and hyl. despite the possible dissemination of cc17 between huma ... | 2012 | 22855376 |
| daptomycin for a complicated urinary tract infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in a renal transplant recipient. | there is an increasing prevalence of urinary tract infection (uti) caused by multiresistant gram-negative enteric bacilli such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase as well as gram-positive enterococci whose vancomycin-resistance can be as high as 25%. we report on a 68-year-old caucasian female with a uti caused by a vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium, only tested to be susceptible to gentamycin, linezolid and daptomycin. within a day after administration of the bactericidal daptomycin cli ... | 2012 | 25874096 |
| new type f lineage-related tn1546 and a vana/vanb type vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium isolated from patients in dammam, saudi arabia during 2006-2007. | knowledge regarding vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) from middle eastern countries is scarce. we therefore investigated the antimicrobial resistance profiles and genetic relationships of vre enterococcus faecium isolates obtained from patients attending the king fahad specialist hospital, dammam, during 2006-2007. the predominant vre comprised 20 vanb, five vana and one vana/vanb type isolates, which tended to fall into two genetic clusters that were identifiable phenotypically by their su ... | 2013 | 22831856 |
| changes in the aerobic faecal flora of patients treated with antibiotics for acute intra-abdominal infection. | an open observational study was performed to investigate changes in the rectal flora and antibiotic susceptibility among faecal bacteria in patients treated with antibiotics for acute intra-abdominal infection. | 2012 | 22831634 |
| indication for co-evolution of lactobacillus johnsonii with its hosts. | the intestinal microbiota, composed of complex bacterial populations, is host-specific and affected by environmental factors as well as host genetics. one important bacterial group is the lactic acid bacteria (lab), which include many health-promoting strains. here, we studied the genetic variation within a potentially probiotic lab species, lactobacillus johnsonii, isolated from various hosts. | 2012 | 22827843 |
| total synthesis of marinomycin a using salicylate as a molecular switch to mediate dimerization. | antibiotics play a significant role in human health because of their ability to treat life-threatening bacterial infections. the growing problems with antibiotic resistance have made the development of new antibiotics a world health organization priority. marinomycin a is a member of a new class of bis-salicylate-containing polyene macrodiolides, which have potent antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. herein, we des ... | 2012 | 22824902 |
| experience with daptomycin daily dosing in icu patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. | for critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (crrt), daptomycin dosing recommendations are scarce. we, therefore, retrospectively assessed routinely measured daptomycin plasma concentrations, daptomycin dose administered and microbiological data in 11 critically ill patients with gram-positive infections that had received daptomycin once daily. | 2013 | 22821405 |
| effects of chemical additives and ensiling time on whole plant wheat silage microbial profiles inferred by phenotypic and 16s ribosomal dna analyses. | the objectives of this study were to test the effects of various chemical additives, and ensiling time periods on microbial profiles of whole plant wheat silage (wpws). wpws was harvested at dough maturation stage, and ensiled with sodium chloride (t), sodium bicarbonate (n), sucrose (s), or urea (u) at 1% dry matter (dm) (w/w). each wpws treatment (i.e. t, n, s, and u) was ensiled in 1 dm(3) duplicate anaerobic jars for 7, 14, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 days. the highest lactic acid concentration w ... | 2012 | 22806874 |
| bioconversion of oleuropein to hydroxytyrosol by lactic acid bacteria. | the aim of this work is to study the conversion of oleuropein-a polyphenol present in olives and olive oil by-products-into hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol with antioxidant and antibacterial properties. the hydrolysis reaction is performed by lactic acid bacteria. six bacterial strains (lactobacillus plantarum 6907, lactobacillus paracasei 9192, lactobacillus casei, bifidobacterium lactis bo, enterococcus faecium 32, lactobacillus lafti 10) were tested under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. the ol ... | 2012 | 22806118 |
| [infective endocarditis in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: five cases report]. | to analyze the clinical characteristics of infective endocarditis in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. | 2012 | 22801265 |
| clinical study of distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. | previous researches about necrotic pancreatic tissue infections are numerous, but the study on systemic infection related to the severe acute pancreatitis (sap) treatment period is limited. this study aimed to investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in patients who had hepatobiliary surgery for sap during the past three years. | 2012 | 22800898 |
| identification of enterocin nkr-5-3c, a novel class iia bacteriocin produced by a multiple bacteriocin producer, enterococcus faecium nkr-5-3. | the structure of enterocin nkr-5-3c, an anti-listerial bacteriocin produced by a multiple bacteriocin producer, enterococcus faecium nkr-5-3, was determined. enterocin nkr-5-3c is a novel class iia bacteriocin that possesses an ygngl motif sequence and two disulfide bridges in its structure. it is encoded on gene ent53c together with an 18-amino-acid-residue double glycine leader peptide. | 2012 | 22790957 |
| characterization of enterococcus faecium isolates and first report of vanb phenotype-vana genotype incongruence in the middle east. | we aimed to characterize the vancomycin genotype/phenotype, carriage of putative virulence genes, and genetic relatedness of enterococcus faecium isolates in saudi arabia. e. faecium isolated from inpatients at our medical center were studied. sensitivity to ampicillin, linezolid, teicoplanin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin was determined. the presence of van genes and virulence genes for aggregation substance (asa-1), enterococcal surface proteins (esp), cytolysin (c ... | 2012 | 22790538 |
| novel model to study combined effects of microorganisms and oxidants on development of intestinal necrosis. | although the cause of intestinal necrosis in diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) is multi-factorial, oxidants and bacteria likely are key factors. many animal models of nec generate histologic necrosis, but it is rare to see the gross necrosis that is observed in infants. here, we present a novel model that produces full-thickness intestinal necrosis when chloramine-t, an oxidizing agent, is introduced directly into isolated intestinal loops. the aim of this study was to determine t ... | 2012 | 22789034 |
| [glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus faecium. analysis of the resistance genotype, virulence and genetic lines]. | the objective of this study was to analyse the genotypic characteristics of all enterococcus isolates with acquired vancomycin resistance (vre) recovered in the hospital clinic (barcelona, spain) in a period of three years and two months. | 2013 | 22784690 |
| monitoring of the multiple bacteriocin production by enterococcus faecium nkr-5-3 through a developed liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry-based quantification system. | enterococcus faecium nkr-5-3 produces four antimicrobial peptides referred here as enterocins nkr-5-3a, b, c and d. a two-step electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (esi-lc/ms)-based quantification system was developed to monitor its multiple bacteriocin production profiles, which is essential in understanding the complex production regulation mechanism of strain nkr-5-3. the developed esi-lc/ms-based quantification system can easily monitor the multiple bacteriocin ... | 2012 | 22762972 |
| genome-wide identification of ampicillin resistance determinants in enterococcus faecium. | enterococcus faecium has become a nosocomial pathogen of major importance, causing infections that are difficult to treat owing to its multi-drug resistance. in particular, resistance to the β-lactam antibiotic ampicillin has become ubiquitous among clinical isolates. mutations in the low-affinity penicillin binding protein pbp5 have previously been shown to be important for ampicillin resistance in e. faecium, but the existence of additional resistance determinants has been suggested. here, we ... | 2012 | 22761597 |
| use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry to identify vancomycin-resistant enterococci and investigate the epidemiology of an outbreak. | the control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) has become an increasing burden on health care resources since their discovery over 20 years ago. current techniques employed for their detection include time-consuming and laborious phenotypic methods or molecular methods requiring costly equipment and consumables and highly trained staff. an accurate, rapid diagnostic test has the ability to greatly reduce the spread of this organism, which has the ability to colonize patients for long peri ... | 2012 | 22740710 |
| purification and characterization of multiple bacteriocins and an inducing peptide produced by enterococcus faecium nkr-5-3 from thai fermented fish. | enterocins nkr-5-3a, b, c, and d were purified from the culture supernatant of enterococcus faecium nkr-5-3 and characterized. among the four purified peptides, enterocin nkr-5-3a (5242.3 da) was identical to brochocin a, produced by brochothrix campestris atcc 43754, in mature peptides, and its putative synergistic peptide, enterocin nkr-5-3z, was found to be encoded in ent53z downstream of ent53a, encoding enterocin nkr-5-3a. enterocin nkr-5-3b (6316.4 da) showed a broad antimicrobial spectrum ... | 2012 | 22738965 |
| daptomycin for highly resistant enterococcus faecium infection. | we report a case series of 11 patients with severe e. faecium infections treated with daptomycin. all strains were resistant to ampicillin (mic >8 mg/l), but susceptible to vancomycin. seven out of 11 strains were also highly resistant to gentamicin (mic >500 mg/l). all patients were treated with multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics prior to isolation of e. faecium and had severe underlying diseases. our experience suggests that salvage therapy with daptomycin might be a safe and efficacious trea ... | 2012 | 22736040 |
| controlling outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium among infants caused by an endemic strain in adult inpatients. | vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vrefm) is commonly associated with hospital outbreaks and has been found to be associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and health care costs. | 2013 | 22727513 |
| real-time pcr surveillance of vana for vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. | in korea, the incidence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) infection has recently been increasing, with a clinical isolation rate of up to 25%. we evaluated the clinical usefulness of real-time pcr for the detection of the vana gene over conventional culture in patients confirmed as being vre-colonized. during the evaluation stage, 100 consecutive clinical specimens were analyzed for the presence of the vana gene via real-time pcr, for which 4 specimen preparations were used. during the a ... | 2012 | 22710424 |
| immunomodulatory properties of enterococcus faecium jws 833 isolated from duck intestinal tract and suppression of listeria monocytogenes infection. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of enterococcus faecium jws 833 (jws 833) isolated from duck intestine and compare them to those of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg), a proven immunity-enhancing probiotic. to investigate the immune-enhancing properties of jws 833, production of nitric oxide (no) and cytokines was measured in mouse peritoneal macrophages. in addition, a listeria monocytogenes challenge model was used in the assessment. it was found that heat-k ... | 2012 | 22709265 |
| dissemination of antibiotic-resistant enterococci within the ward environment: the role of airborne bacteria and the risk posed by unrecognized carriers. | colonized or infected patients pose a significant risk to noncolonized patients occupying the same room. the aim of this study was to investigate how far enterococcus spp can spread from isolated and nonisolated patients. | 2013 | 22704685 |
| dietary inclusion of feathers affects intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites in growing leghorn-type chickens. | feather pecking in laying hens is a serious behavioral problem that is often associated with feather eating. the intake of feathers may influence the gut microbiota and its metabolism. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of 2 different diets, with or without 5% ground feathers, on the gut microbiota and the resulting microbial fermentation products and to identify keratin-degrading bacteria in chicken digesta. one-day-old lohmann-selected leghorn chicks were divided into 3 feeding ... | 2012 | 22700493 |
| sesquiterpenes and cyclopeptides from the endophytic fungus trichoderma asperellum samuels, lieckf. & nirenberg. | trichodones a-c (1-3, resp.), three new sesquiterpenes, together with the two known cyclopeptides pf1022f and halobacillin (4 and 5, resp.), have been isolated from the crude extract of the endophytic fungus trichoderma asperellum samuels, lieckf. & nirenberg residing in the traditional chinese medicinal plant panax notoginseng (burkill) f.h.chen. the structures and configurations of compounds 1-3 were determined by nmr spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. the relative configuration for 1 was det ... | 2012 | 22700238 |
| diversity of clones and genotypes among vancomycin-resistant clinical enterococcus isolates recovered in a spanish hospital. | forty-three vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) from different patients were recovered in a spanish hospital (2003-2010), representing 0.4% of the total of enterococci recovered. mechanisms detected were vana (five enterococcus faecium, two e. faecalis), vanb2 (seven e. faecium, five e. faecalis), vanb1 (one e. faecalis), and vanc1/2 (22 e. gallinarum, 1 e. casseliflavus). four different tn1546 structures were found among the seven vana strains, three of them with insertions (isef1 or is1542) ... | 2012 | 22694211 |
| interactive effects of ph and temperature on the bacteriocin stability by response surface analysis. | the combined influence of ph and temperature on bacteriocins produced by three lactic acid bacteria, pediococcus pentosaceus mmz26, enterococcus faecium mmz17 and lactococcus lactis mmz25, isolated from tunisian traditional dry fermented meat was studied using a second order orthogonal factorial design and response-surface methodology (rsm). this method allows estimating the interactive effects of ph and temperature on the stability of each bacteriocin. the high heat stability of the three bacte ... | 2012 | 22693830 |
| draft genome sequence of enterococcus faecium strain lct-ef90. | enterococcus faecium is an opportunistic human pathogen, found widely in the human gastrointestinal tract, and can also be isolated from a variety of plants, animals, insects, and other environmental sources. here, we present the fine draft genome sequence of e. faecium lct-ef90. | 2012 | 22689242 |
| cloning, production, and functional expression of the bacteriocin enterocin a, produced by enterococcus faecium t136, by the yeasts pichia pastoris, kluyveromyces lactis, hansenula polymorpha, and arxula adeninivorans. | the bacteriocin enterocin a (enta) produced by enterococcus faecium t136 has been successfully cloned and produced by the yeasts pichia pastoris x-33ea, kluyveromyces lactis gg799ea, hansenula polymorpha kl8-1ea, and arxula adeninivorans g1212ea. moreover, p. pastoris x-33ea and k. lactis gg799ea produced enta in larger amounts and with higher antimicrobial and specific antimicrobial activities than the enta produced by e. faecium t136. | 2012 | 22685156 |
| increased high-level gentamicin resistance in invasive enterococcus faecium is associated with aac(6')ie-aph(2″)ia-encoding transferable megaplasmids hosted by major hospital-adapted lineages. | gentamicin is important in synergistic bactericidal therapy with cell wall agents for severe enterococcal infections. during 2003-2008, a 10-fold increase in the prevalence of high-level gentamicin resistance (hlgr), to above 50%, in blood culture isolates of enterococcus faecium, was reported by the norwegian surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance. a representative national collection of invasive e. faecium isolates (n = 99) from 2008 was examined by a multilevel approach. genotyping ... | 2012 | 22672387 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococcus spp and staphylococcus spp isolated from surfaces in a veterinary teaching hospital. | to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci and staphylococci collected from environmental surfaces at a veterinary teaching hospital (vth). | 2012 | 22657930 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characterization of bacteriocins in enterococcal isolates of different sources. | a collection of 57 enterococcal isolates from different origin (including river, treatment plant, spring and garbage water, soil, animal, and vegetables from aydın) was screened for the production of bacteriocins. enterococci were identified at species levels as enterococcus faecium (34), e. hirae (6), e. casseliflavus (4), e. durans (4), e. faecalis (4), e. mundtii (3) and e. avium (2). of the 57 isolates 40 of them inhibited the growth of at least one indicator bacterium. based on our pcr resu ... | 2011 | 22654162 |
| exploration of the chemical space of novel naphthalene-sulfonamide and anthranilic acid-based inhibitors of penicillin-binding proteins. | penicillin-binding proteins are a well established, validated and still a very promising target for the design and development of new antibacterial agents. based on our previous discovery of several noncovalent small-molecule inhibitor hits for resistant pbps we decided to additionally explore the chemical space around these compounds. in order to clarify their structure-activity relationships for pbp inhibition two new series of compounds were synthesized, characterized and evaluated biochemica ... | 2012 | 24061241 |
| [phenotypic and genotypic traits of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a public hospital: the first vanb-positive enterococcus faecium isolates]. | thirty eight vancomycin resistant enterococci (vre) were isolated in one year surveillance study for hospital infection control programme in a state hospital in ankara, turkey. all isolates were identified as enterococcus faecium by vitek2 system (biomerieux, france). vancomycin and teicoplanin resistant 30 strains were defined as vana phenotype while vancomycin-resistant teicoplanin-susceptible eight strains were defined as vanb phenotype. vana genes were found in 30 strains while vanb genes we ... | 2012 | 22639316 |
| polyclonal outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in a pediatric oncology department. | we present a polyclonal outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) colonization in a pediatric oncology department and the role of a bundle of actions. after the occurrence of vre bloodstream infections in 2 patients, an active surveillance of vre colonization was started. enhanced infection control measures and closure of the department to new admissions for the first 3 months were implemented. among 32 patients screened for vre, 21 were found colonized. daily prevalence of vre coloniza ... | 2012 | 22627577 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. | the reported prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vre) in switzerland for the years 2008-2010 has been low at <5%. at the university hospital zurich, 17 cases of vre were detected between 28 december 2009 and 15 february 2010. nine cases were diagnosed clinically; eight cases were detected by rectal screening. the centre of the outbreak was the cardiac surgery department. four patients suffered from vre-infections; four patients died. in order to investigate and contain the o ... | 2012 | 22618895 |
| microbiological and clinical characteristics of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium bacteraemia in taiwan: implication of sequence type for prognosis. | vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre), particularly vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vrefm), have emerged among the leading pathogens causing hospital-acquired infections worldwide. we aimed to examine whether there were newly introduced clones contributing to this increase and to assess the risk factors for mortality in patients with vrefm bacteraemia. | 2012 | 22618861 |
| genetic modification of iron metabolism in mice affects the gut microbiota. | the composition of the gut microbiota is affected by environmental factors as well as host genetics. iron is one of the important elements essential for bacterial growth, thus we hypothesized that changes in host iron homeostasis, may affect the luminal iron content of the gut and thereby the composition of intestinal bacteria. the iron regulatory protein 2 (irp2) and one of the genes mutated in hereditary hemochromatosis hfe , are both proteins involved in the regulation of systemic iron homeos ... | 2012 | 22580926 |
| combined effect of enterocin and lipase from enterococcus faecium ncim5363 against food borne pathogens: mode of action studies. | food borne diseases have a major impact on public health whose epidemiology is rapidly changing. the whole cells of pathogens involved or their toxins/metabolites affect the human health apart from spoiling sensory properties of the food products finally affecting the food industry as well as consumer health. with pathogens developing mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, there has been an increased need to replace antibiotics as well as chemical additives with naturally occurring bacteriocins. b ... | 2012 | 22580888 |
| diversity of vana-type vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium isolated from broilers, poultry slaughterers and hospitalized humans in greece. | this study investigated the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in the broiler production environment after the avoparcin ban and their epidemiological relationship with human clinical vre from the same geographical regions in greece. | 2012 | 22577103 |
| endovascular repair of an infected ruptured isolated iliac artery aneurysm combined with congenital lymphedema: report of a case. | a novel technique using the reversed iliac leg of a zenith device has been reported. this study reports a complicated isolated iliac artery aneurysm (iiaa) using this novel technique and reviews the relative literature to discuss current treatment modalities. | 2013 | 22549906 |
| no beneficial effects evident for enterococcus faecium ncimb 10415 in weaned pigs infected with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt 104 is the major pathogen for salmonellosis outbreaks in europe. we tested if the probiotic bacterium enterococcus faecium ncimb 10415 can prevent or alleviate salmonellosis. therefore, piglets of the german landrace breed that were treated with e. faecium (n = 16) as a feed additive and untreated controls (n = 16) were challenged with s. typhimurium 10 days after weaning. the presence of salmonellae in feces and selected organs, as well as the immune r ... | 2012 | 22544257 |
| comparison of genetic epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium isolates from humans and poultry. | this study was conducted to investigate the molecular characteristics and genetic relatedness of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) isolates obtained from humans and poultry in korea. a total of 147 vref isolates from humans (71 clinical isolates) and poultry (76 isolates) in korea were compared with respect to their antibiotic susceptibilities, organization of the tn1546 transposon element, detection of virulence genes (esp and hyl), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) typing ... | 2012 | 22538996 |
| effect of a probiotic strain, enterococcus faecium, on the immune responses of olive flounder (paralichthys olivaceus). | the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of a probiotic, enterococcus faecium, on the immune responses against infection with the marine fish pathogen lactococcus garvieae in olive flounder (paralichthys olivaceus). the immune responses were assessed by lysozyme activity, complement activity, protease activity, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines by rt-pcr. the lysozyme and complement activities were increased between 9 to 15 and 9 to 13 days, respectively, and antiprotease ... | 2012 | 22534300 |
| antibiotic resistance and restriction endonucleases in fecal enterococci of chamois (rupicapra rupicapra linnaeus, 1758). | two hundred eighty-four isolates of enterococci from feces of wild living chamois from alpine environments were tested for sensitivity to three antibiotics. low frequency of resistance was observed in studied enterococcal populations (about 5 % for tetracycline and erythromycin and 0 % for ampicillin). in six animals, the population of enterococci lacked any detectable resistance. our data indicated that enterococcal population in feces of the majority of studied animals did not encounter mobile ... | 2012 | 22528312 |
| clinical streptococci and their sensitivity to enterocins produced by different strains of the species enterococcus faecium (short communication). | in children, acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most frequently occurring infections caused by streptococcus pneumoniae and str. pyogenes. the standard treatment of aomis provided by antibiotics; however, an increased resistance of the causative agents to antibiotics requires the need to search for innovations. this study was focused on in vitro testing sensitivity of streptococci isolated from aom to enterocins produced by 9 different origin strains of e. faecium. enterocins (ent) represent ... | 2012 | 22510284 |
| fatty acid profile of pig meat after probiotic administration. | the aim of this work was to study the fatty acid profile of pig meat after probiotic administration. thirty postweaned pigs (25 day old) were distributed into 2 groups: control (n = 15) and probiotic (n = 15). each experimental group was fed ad libitum on a commercial diet for 35 days. lactobacillus amylovorus and enterococcus faecium mixed culture (10(8) cfu/ml)was daily orally delivered to the probiotic group. at the end of the assay, six pigs randomly selected from each group were slaughtered ... | 2012 | 22506842 |
| determination of wine microbiota using classical method, polymerase chain method and step one real-time pcr during fermentation process. | the aim of our study was the identification of grape, must and wine microbiota during the fermentation process using a classical microbiological method and real-time pcr. the changes in different groups of microorganisms were monitored in total counts of bacteria, lactobacilli and yeasts. microbiological parameters were observed during the current collection and processing of grapes in 2009. samples were taken during the fermentation process in wine enterprises and a private vineyard. during thi ... | 2012 | 22494381 |
| growth and survival of lactic acid bacteria in lucerne silage. | a rifampicin-resistant variant of two strains of lactobacillus plantarum, one strain of pediococcus acidilactici, and one strain of enterococcus faecium were used for the experimental production of lucerne silage. laboratory silage without inoculants served as a control. counts of total anaerobes, total lactic acid bacteria (lab), lactobacilli, pediococci, and enterococci were determined on days 14, 21, 30, 49, and 60 of lucerne fermentation. lab dominated in silage microflora, reaching a percen ... | 2012 | 22491990 |
| trends in susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium to tigecycline, daptomycin, and linezolid and molecular epidemiology of the isolates: results from the tigecycline in vitro surveillance in taiwan (tist) study, 2006 to 2010. | among the 219 vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium isolates collected in 20 taiwanese hospitals from 2006 to 2010, all were susceptible to linezolid and daptomycin, and 98.6% were susceptible to tigecycline. there was a shift toward higher tigecycline mic values (mic(90)s) from 2006-2007 (0.06 μg/ml) to 2008-2010 (0.12 μg/ml). the mic(90)s of daptomycin and linezolid remained stationary. although pulsotypes among the isolates from the 20 hospitals varied, intrahospital spreading of several ... | 2012 | 22491684 |
| epidemiological features and risk factors of sepsis-associated encephalopathy in intensive care unit patients: 2008-2011. | encephalopathy is a common complication of sepsis, and its onset can occur at any stage of sepsis and implies worse prognosis. however, the incidence, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy remain controversial. the purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiological features and risk factors for sepsis-associated encephalopathy. | 2012 | 22490582 |
| daptomycin experience in critical care patients: results from a registry. | vancomycin is often the drug of choice in critically ill patients with gram-positive infections, although circumstances often prevent its use. in these situations, clinicians are frequently left with limited data regarding alternative agents. | 2012 | 22454446 |
| kinetic analysis of enterococcus faecium l,d-transpeptidase inactivation by carbapenems. | bypass of classical penicillin-binding proteins by the l,d-transpeptidase of enterococcus faecium (ldt(fm)) leads to high-level ampicillin resistance in e. faecium mutants, whereas carbapenems remain the lone highly active β-lactams. kinetics of ldt(fm) inactivation was determined for four commercial carbapenems and a derivative obtained by introducing a minimal ethyl group at position 2. we show that the bulky side chains of commercial carbapenems have both positive and negative effects in prev ... | 2012 | 22450984 |
| unmet needs and prospects for oritavancin in the management of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. | the treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) has become an important clinical challenge and compromises the care of critically ill patients. a striking increase in the frequency of nosocomial isolation of multidrug-resistant enterococcus faecium has dramatically reduced the therapeutic alternatives because the majority of e. faecium isolates are resistant to ampicillin and vancomycin. only 2 agents have us food and drug administration approval for the treatment of ... | 2012 | 22431854 |
| dynamics of ampicillin-resistant enterococcus faecium clones colonizing hospitalized patients: data from a prospective observational study. | little is known about the dynamics of colonizing enterococcus faecium clones during hospitalization, invasive infection and after discharge. | 2012 | 22436212 |
| [antibiotic treatment of enterococcal infections in gastroenterology with daptomycin - first experiences from the eu-core registry study (european cubicin® outcomes registry and experience)]. | enterococci are a frequent cause of nosocomial infections in gastroenterology. the increase of enterococcus faecium infections with development of resistance to gentamicin and vancomycin as well as possible linezolid resistance require alternative antibiotic therapies. study data show that daptomycin, a highly bactericidal antibiotic is effective in enterococcal infections. however, in germany daptomycin is so far only approved for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections, ba ... | 2012 | 22430297 |
| comparison of nitroethane, 2-nitro-1-propanol, lauric acid, lauricidin® and the hawaiian marine algae, chaetoceros, for potential broad-spectrum control of anaerobically grown lactic acid bacteria. | the gastrointestinal tract of bovines often contains bacteria that contribute to disorders of the rumen, and may also contain foodborne or opportunistic human pathogens as well as bacteria capable of causing mastitis in cows. thus there is a need to develop broad-spectrum therapies that are effective while not leading to unacceptably long antibiotic withdrawal times. the effects of the ch(4)-inhibitors nitroethane (2 mg/ml), 2-nitro-1-propanol (2 mg/ml), lauric acid (5 mg/ml), the commercial pro ... | 2012 | 22428888 |