| linezolid resistance in enterococcus faecium isolated in ontario, canada. | recent studies have described linezolid-resistant mrsa and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) occurring worldwide, including an outbreak of linezolid-resistant mrsa. the objective of this study was to determine if linezolid-resistant enterococci are present in clinical isolates in ontario, canada. from january 2010 to june 2012, all enterococcal isolates submitted to the public health ontario laboratory (phol) for confirmation of vre and susceptibility testing were included in this study. of ... | 2013 | 24095643 |
| outbreak in a haematology unit involving an unusual strain of glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus faecium carrying both vana and vanb genes. | to report an outbreak due to an unusual strain of enterococcus faecium containing both the vana and vanb genes, in france, where the rate of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (gre) is below 1%. | 2014 | 24092659 |
| high frequency distribution of heterogeneous vancomycin resistant enterococcous faecium (vrefm) in iranian hospitals. | enterococcus faecium is a multi-resistant nosocomial pathogen causing infection in debilitated patients. vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vrefm) are a major concern and increased dramatically worldwide especially in hospitals environment. the current study focused on determining the high prevalence and distribution patterns of antibiotic resistance and also its genetic linkages among various vrefm strains isolated from indoor hospitalized patients in four major iranian teaching hospita ... | 2013 | 24088506 |
| increase in bloodstream infection due to vancomycin-susceptible enterococcus faecium in cancer patients: risk factors, molecular epidemiology and outcomes. | we conducted a prospective study to assess the risk factors, molecular epidemiology and outcome of bloodstream infection (bsi) due to enterococcus faecium in hospitalized cancer patients. between 2006 and 2012, a significant increase in vancomycin-susceptible e. faecium bsi was observed among cancer patients. comparison of 54 episodes of bsi due to e. faecium with 38 episodes of bsi due to e. faecalis showed that previous use of carbapenems was the only independent risk factor for e. faecium acq ... | 2013 | 24069339 |
| activity of ceftaroline against enterococcus faecium pbp5. | the opportunistic human pathogen enterococcus faecium overproduces the low-affinity pbp5. in clinical strains, mutations in pbp5 further reduce its acylation rate by β-lactams. previous studies have reported that ceftaroline had poor inhibitory activity against β-lactam-resistant e. faecium strains. in this study, we show that ceftaroline exhibits killing activity against our laboratory-derived ampicillin-resistant e. faecium mutant that overproduces a wild-type pbp5 and that ceftaroline inactiv ... | 2013 | 24060866 |
| update of contemporary antimicrobial resistance rates across china: reference testing results for 12 medical centers (2011). | antimicrobial resistance (r) surveillance across asia and especially in china has documented unique patterns and mechanisms. this 2011 study reports results for 2278 isolates from 12 hospitals in china (94-216 strains/site); most from bacteremia (20.4%), pneumonias (29.1%), or skin and skin structure infections (20.9%). samples were tested by reference broth microdilution methods, interpreted by published susceptibility (s) breakpoints. the most common species were staphylococcus aureus (343, 45 ... | 2013 | 24055218 |
| mortality from septic shock in a dengue infected patient: a case report. | dengue infection can be associated with secondary infections which may be challenging to recognize due to the overlap with the symptoms of dengue infection. we report here the case of a 48 year old chinese female with dengue fever with a fatal secondary bacterial infection due to enterococcus faecium. | 2013 | 24050095 |
| [infections caused by multi-resistant gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus spp.)]. | methicillin -resistant staphylocccus aureus (mrsa) and multirresistant entorococci are still problematic in nosocomial infections and new challenges have emerged for their containment. mrsa has increased the multiresistant profile; it has been described vancomycin and linezolid resistant isolates and isolates with decreased daptomycin susceptibility. moreover, new clones (st398) have emerged, initially associated with piggeries, and new mec variants (mecc) with livestock origin that escape to th ... | 2013 | 24041416 |
| algorithm for pre-emptive glycopeptide treatment in patients with haematologic malignancies and an enterococcus faecium bloodstream infection. | nowadays enterococcus faecium has become one of the most emerging and challenging nosocomial pathogens. the aim of this study was to determine risk factors in haematology patients who are at risk of an enterococcus faecium bloodstream infection (bsi) and should be considered for pre-emptive glycopeptide treatment. with these identified risk factors a prediction model can be developed for clinical use. | 2013 | 24025668 |
| antimicrobial activity of propolis special extract gh 2002 against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. | the need to discover and develop alternative therapies to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections is timely. the aim of this study was to examine the antimicrobial potential of propolis, as a purified and concentrated special extract gh 2002, against clinical isolates of streptococcus pyogenes, methicillin-resistent stapylococcus aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vre) and candida. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) and minimal microbicidial concentrations (mm ... | 2013 | 24020127 |
| the axe-txe complex of enterococcus faecium presents a multilayered mode of toxin-antitoxin gene expression regulation. | multidrug-resistant variants of human pathogens from the genus enterococcus represent a significant health threat as leading agents of nosocomial infections. the easy acquisition of plasmid-borne genes is intimately involved in the spread of antibiotic resistance in enterococci. toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems play a major role in both maintenance of mobile genetic elements that specify antibiotic resistance, and in bacterial persistence and virulence. expression of toxin and antitoxin genes must b ... | 2013 | 24019928 |
| characterization of probiotic properties of enterococcus faecium nhrd ihara isolated from porcine feces. | we examined in vitro the adhesion of enterococcus faecium nhrd ihara (nhrd ihara) to porcine small intestinal mucin (psim) and inhibition of the adherence of enteropathogenic bacteria due to pre-incubation of psim with nhrd ihara. nhrd ihara exhibited an effective barrier function in porcine small intestinal mucus layer. | 2013 | 24018679 |
| comparative analysis of the complete genome of an epidemic hospital sequence type 203 clone of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. | in this report we have explored the genomic and microbiological basis for a sustained increase in bloodstream infections at a major australian hospital caused by enterococcus faecium multi-locus sequence type (st) 203, an outbreak strain that has largely replaced a predecessor st17 sequence type. | 2013 | 24004955 |
| evaluation of vancomycin resistance 3 multiplexed pcr assay for detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from rectal swabs. | active screening for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) using rectal specimens is recommended to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance within certain high-risk populations. we evaluated the diagnostic performance of vancomycin resistance 3 multiplexed tandem pcr assay (ausdiagnostics, australia), a rapid multiplex real-time pcr assay that detects vana and/or vanb. | 2013 | 24003422 |
| inhibitory properties of enterococcus spp. isolated from faeces of healthy dogs. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect by the cross-streak method of nine enterococcus faecium strains isolated from faeces of healthy dogs and their treated and non-treated cell-free supernatant (cfs) by the well-diffusion test on the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical cases and aflatoxigenic aspergillus section flavi and the consequent aflatoxin b1 (afb1) production. results obtained from the cross-strake assay showed that e. faecium mf ... | 2013 | 23998311 |
| emergence and long-lasting persistence of linezolid-resistant enterococcus faecium-st117 in an oncohematologic patient after a nine-day course of linezolid. | we report the emergence and long-lasting persistence of linezolid resistance in an ampicillin-resistant enterococcus faecium strain in the intestine of a neutropenic oncohematologic patient receiving chemotherapy. the patient was first colonized by an epidemic ampicillin-resistant e. faecium (are)-st117 clustering into lineage 78. this clone exhibited resistance to levofloxacin, erythromycin and high-level resistance to streptomycin and gentamicin. after receiving treatment with several broad sp ... | 2014 | 23987992 |
| characterization of hospital-associated lineages of ampicillin-resistant enterococcus faecium from clinical cases in dogs and humans. | ampicillin-resistant enterococcus faecium (are) has rapidly emerged worldwide and is one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. however, very few reports are available on are isolates from canine clinical cases. the objective of this study was to characterize are strains of canine clinical origin from a veterinary teaching hospital in canada and to compare them with human strains. ten are strains from dogs and humans were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (mlst), pulsed field gel ... | 2013 | 23986753 |
| daptomycin use in neutropenic patients with documented gram-positive infections. | the goal of this study was to describe the outcomes associated with daptomycin treatment of documented gram-positive infections in patients with neutropenia. | 2014 | 23975231 |
| [mlst types of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium strains isolated from blood cultures]. | enterococci, particularly vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre), are important nosocomial pathogens with limited treatment options. enterococci have low-level resistance to penicillins and aminoglycosides and are intrinsically resistant to cephalosporins. in addition, they can acquire high-level resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides. the aim of this study was to determine glycopeptide resistance mechanisms and genetic relationships of vancomycin-resistant e.fa ... | 2013 | 23971921 |
| emergence of epidemic multidrug-resistant enterococcus faecium from animal and commensal strains. | enterococcus faecium, natively a gut commensal organism, emerged as a leading cause of multidrug-resistant hospital-acquired infection in the 1980s. as the living record of its adaptation to changes in habitat, we sequenced the genomes of 51 strains, isolated from various ecological environments, to understand how e. faecium emerged as a leading hospital pathogen. because of the scale and diversity of the sampled strains, we were able to resolve the lineage responsible for epidemic, multidrug-re ... | 2013 | 23963180 |
| a laci-family regulator activates maltodextrin metabolism of enterococcus faecium. | enterococcus faecium is a gut commensal of humans and animals. in the intestinal tract, e. faecium will have access to a wide variety of carbohydrates, including maltodextrins and maltose, which are the sugars that result from the enzymatic digestion of starch by host-derived and microbial amylases. in this study, we identified the genetic determinants for maltodextrin utilization of e. faecium e1162. we generated a deletion mutant of the mdxabcd-pula gene cluster that is homologous to maltodext ... | 2013 | 23951303 |
| specificity of the neutralizers as the cause of errors in evaluating disinfectant efficacy: an assessment of triclosan. | one of the most commonly used methods for assessing disinfectants in vitro is the dilution-neutralization test. although it is known that using an effective neutralizer is essential for obtaining reliable results, in the case of disinfectants like triclosan, whose neutralization is more complicated, an adequate neutralizer is not always used. here, we compare the efficacy of different neutralizers described previously, and others that have been modified, against several antiseptic formulations o ... | 2013 | 23927454 |
| chemical shift perturbations induced by the acylation of enterococcus faecium l,d-transpeptidase catalytic cysteine with ertapenem. | penicillin-binding proteins were long considered as the only peptidoglycan cross-linking enzymes and one of the main targets of β-lactam antibiotics. a new class of transpeptidases, the l,d-transpeptidases, has emerged in the last decade. in most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, these enzymes generally have nonessential roles in peptidoglycan synthesis. in some clostridiae and mycobacteria, such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, they are nevertheless responsible for the major peptidoglycan ... | 2014 | 23907322 |
| the cell wall architecture of enterococcus faecium: from resistance to pathogenesis. | the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria functions as a surface organelle that continuously interacts with its environment through a plethora of cell wall-associated molecules. enterococcus faecium is a normal inhabitant of the gi tract of mammals, but has recently become an important etiological agent of hospital-acquired infections in debilitated patients. insights into the assembly and function of enterococcal cell wall components and their interactions with the host during colonization and in ... | 2013 | 23902146 |
| proteome changes in the intestinal mucosa of broiler (gallus gallus) activated by probiotic enterococcus faecium. | probiotics are supplemented to animal diet to support a well-balanced gut microbiota, finally contributing to improved health. the molecular mechanism of probiotics in animal intestine improvement is yet unclear. we investigated the production parameters, gut morphology and microbiota, and mucosal proteome of arbor acres broilers (gallus gallus) supplemented with enterococcus faecium by performing denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, quantitative real-time pcr, two-dimensional fluorescence d ... | 2013 | 23899589 |
| ability of lactic acid bacteria isolated from mink to remove cholesterol: in vitro and in vivo studies. | this study evaluated the cholesterol-lowering property of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from mink. two strains, enterococcus faecium mdf1104 and lactobacillus plantarum mdl1118, were shown to remove cholesterol from broths of natural hen egg yolk and skimmed milk. the cholesterol in hen egg yolk was reduced by 58.15% and 38% by l. plantarum and e. faecium, respectively. when the bacteria were used in combination, 48.95% (p < 0.01) of cholesterol was removed from skimmed milk. experimental ... | 2013 | 23895196 |
| effects of probiotic supplementation in different energy and nutrient density diets on performance, egg quality, excreta microflora, excreta noxious gas emission, and serum cholesterol concentrations in laying hens. | this 6-wk study was conducted to determine the effects of probiotic (enterococcus faecium dsm 7134) supplementation of different energy and nutrient density diets on performance, egg quality, excreta microflora, excreta noxious gas emission, and serum cholesterol concentrations in laying hens. a total of 432 hy-line brown layers (40 wk old) were allotted into 4 dietary treatments with 2 levels of probiotic supplementation (0 or 0.01%) and 2 levels of energy (2,700 or 2,800 kcal me/kg) and nutrie ... | 2013 | 23893973 |
| performance of viruses and bacteriophages for fecal source determination in a multi-laboratory, comparative study. | an inter-laboratory study of the accuracy of microbial source tracking (mst) methods was conducted using challenge fecal and sewage samples that were spiked into artificial freshwater and provided as unknowns (blind test samples) to the laboratories. the results of the source identification protocol project (sipp) are presented in a series of papers that cover 41 mst methods. this contribution details the results of the virus and bacteriophage methods targeting human fecal or sewage contaminatio ... | 2013 | 23886543 |
| recent recombination events in the core genome are associated with adaptive evolution in enterococcus faecium. | reasons for the rising clinical impact of the bacterium enterococcus faecium include the species' rapid acquisition of adaptive genetic elements. here, we focused on the impact of recombination on the evolution of e. faecium. we used the recently developed bratnextgen algorithm to detect recombinant regions in the core genome of 34 e. faecium strains, including three newly sequenced clinical strains. recombination was found to have a significant impact on the e. faecium genome: of the original 1 ... | 2013 | 23882129 |
| rare occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium among livestock animals in china. | | 2013 | 23873649 |
| draft genome sequence of enterococcus faecium strain crl 1879, isolated from a northwestern argentinian artisanal cheese. | we report the draft genome sequence of the bacteriocin producer enterococcus faecium strain crl 1879, isolated from a northwestern argentinian artisanal cheese. the draft genome sequence is composed of 73 contigs for 2,886,747 bp, with 3,140 protein-coding genes. six biosynthetic clusters for bacteriocin class ii production were found. typical virulence determinants, which have relevance in food safety, were not present. | 2013 | 23868133 |
| discovery of the first inhibitors of bacterial enzyme d-aspartate ligase from enterococcus faecium (aslfm). | the d-aspartate ligase of enterococcus faecium (aslfm) is an attractive target for the development of narrow-spectrum antibacterial agents that are active against multidrug-resistant e. faecium. although there is currently little available information regarding the structural characteristics of aslfm, we exploited the knowledge that this enzyme belongs to the atp-grasp superfamily to target its atp binding site. in the first design stage, we synthesized and screened a small library of known atp- ... | 2013 | 23867605 |
| kinetic features of l,d-transpeptidase inactivation critical for β-lactam antibacterial activity. | active-site serine d,d-transpeptidases belonging to the penicillin-binding protein family (pbps) have been considered for a long time as essential for peptidoglycan cross-linking in all bacteria. however, bypass of the pbps by an l,d-transpeptidase (ldt(fm)) conveys high-level resistance to β-lactams of the penam class in enterococcus faecium with a minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of ampicillin >2,000 µg/ml. unexpectedly, ldt(fm) does not confer resistance to β-lactams of the carbapenem c ... | 2013 | 23861815 |
| antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in escherichia coli and enterococci from red foxes (vulpes vulpes). | the aims of the study were to analyse the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the mechanisms implicated, as well as the virulence factors, in faecal escherichia coli and enterococcus spp. from red foxes. from 52 faecal samples, 22 e. coli (42.3%) and 50 enterococci (96.2%) isolates were recovered (one/sample). a high percentage of e. coli isolates exhibited resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or ampicillin (54-27%), and they harboured the aada, tet(a) a ... | 2013 | 23845583 |
| diversity of tn1546 in vana-positive enterococcus faecium clinical isolates with vana, vanb, and vand phenotypes and susceptibility to vancomycin. | to investigate diversity in the vana cluster in enterococcus faecium isolates from nontertiary hospitals. | 2013 | 23844821 |
| multiplex identification of gram-positive bacteria and resistance determinants directly from positive blood culture broths: evaluation of an automated microarray-based nucleic acid test. | a multicenter study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of the verigene gram-positive blood culture test (bc-gp) test to identify 12 gram-positive bacterial gene targets and three genetic resistance determinants directly from positive blood culture broths containing gram-positive bacteria. | 2013 | 23843749 |
| efficacy of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections in real-life clinical practice from five european observational studies. | tigecycline is an approved treatment for complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (csstis). the efficacy of tigecycline as monotherapy or in combination with other antibacterials in the treatment of cssti in routine practice is described. | 2013 | 23772042 |
| ultrasonicated enterococcus faecium sf68 enhances neutrophil free radical production and udder innate immunity of drying-off dairy cows. | proper dry cow management is critical not only for subsequent milk production and fertility but also for mastitis control. a phenomenon of immunosuppression was commonly observed in transition cows, an example being the high susceptibility of the mammary gland during early the dry period to new infectious agents. polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) play important defence roles in the mammary gland of newly dried cows. one of the bactericidal mechanisms of pmn is through producing reactive oxygen ... | 2013 | 23806218 |
| effect of in-feed paromomycin supplementation on antimicrobial resistance of enteric bacteria in turkeys. | histomoniasis in turkeys can be prevented by administering paromomycin sulfate, an aminoglycoside antimicrobial agent, in feed. the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of in-feed paromomycin sulfate supplementation on the antimicrobial resistance of intestinal bacteria in turkeys. twelve flocks of breeder turkeys were administered 100 ppm paromomycin sulfate from hatching to day 120; 12 flocks not supplemented with paromomycin were used as controls. faecal samples were collected monthly ... | 2013 | 23800604 |
| sample preparation methods for quantitative detection of dna by molecular assays and marine biosensors. | the need for quantitative molecular methods is growing in environmental, food, and medical fields but is hindered by low and variable dna extraction and by co-extraction of pcr inhibitors. dna extracts from enterococcus faecium, seawater, and seawater spiked with e. faecium and vibrio parahaemolyticus were tested by qpcr for target recovery and inhibition. conventional and novel methods were tested, including synchronous coefficient of drag alteration (scoda) and lysis and purification systems u ... | 2013 | 23790450 |
| combinatorial biosynthesis and antibacterial evaluation of glycosylated derivatives of 12-membered macrolide antibiotic yc-17. | expression plasmids carrying different deoxysugar biosynthetic gene cassettes and the gene encoding a substrate-flexible glycosyltransferase desvii were constructed and introduced into streptomyces venezuelae yj003 mutant strain bearing a deletion of a desosamine biosynthetic (des) gene cluster. the resulting recombinants produced macrolide antibiotic yc-17 analogs possessing unnatural sugars replacing native d-desosamine. these metabolites were isolated and further purified using chromatographi ... | 2013 | 23770075 |
| aerobic deterioration stimulates outgrowth of spore-forming paenibacillus in corn silage stored under oxygen-barrier or polyethylene films. | the occurrence of bacillus and paenibacillus spores in silage is of great concern to dairy producers because their spores can survive pasteurization and some strains are capable of subsequently germinating and growing under refrigerated conditions in pasteurized milk. the objectives of this study were to verify the role of aerobic deterioration of corn silage on the proliferation of paenibacillus spores and to evaluate the efficacy of oxygen-barrier films used to cover silage during fermentation ... | 2013 | 23769373 |
| activity of four antimicrobial cocktails for tissue allograft decontamination against bacteria and candida spp. of known susceptibility at different temperatures. | several antimicrobial cocktail solutions of differing composition and concentrations are widely used to decontaminate viable banked tissue allografts at different temperatures and times of exposure. we compared the efficiency of four cocktails comprising nine antimicrobials to kill suspensions of a panel of 27 strains of 13 bacterial species, and 3 candida spp. at 4, 22 and 37 °c for 24 h. all but one bacterial strains were susceptible to one or more of the agents tested individually at concentr ... | 2014 | 23765096 |
| proof of concept for eradication of vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecium from broiler farms. | vancomycin resistant enterococci (vre) in swedish broiler production has been shown to persist at farms between batches. the aim of this study was therefore to determine the possibility to eliminate vre by disinfection of compartments in broiler houses as a proof of concept. | 2013 | 23758849 |
| technological and safety properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from spanish dry-cured sausages. | technological and safety-related properties were analyzed in lactic acid bacteria isolated from spanish dry-cured sausages in order to select them as starter cultures. in relation to technological properties, all the strains showed significative nitrate reductase activity; lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus paracasei and 52% of the enterococcus faecium strains showed lipolytic activity and only lactobacillus sakei strains (43%) were able to form biofilms. related to safety aspects, e. faeciu ... | 2013 | 23743032 |
| the enterococcus faecium enterococcal biofilm regulator, ebrb, regulates the esp operon and is implicated in biofilm formation and intestinal colonization. | nowadays, enterococcus faecium is one of the leading nosocomial pathogens worldwide. strains causing clinical infections or hospital outbreaks are enriched in the enterococcal surface protein (esp) encoding iceefm1 mobile genetic element. previous studies showed that esp is involved in biofilm formation, endocarditis and urinary tract infections. in this study, we characterized the role of the putative arac type of regulator (locus tag efme1162_2351), which we renamed ebrb and which is, based on ... | 2013 | 23741484 |
| a novel type of peptidoglycan-binding domain highly specific for amidated d-asp cross-bridge, identified in lactobacillus casei bacteriophage endolysins. | peptidoglycan hydrolases (pghs) are responsible for bacterial cell lysis. most pghs have a modular structure comprising a catalytic domain and a cell wall-binding domain (cwbd). pghs of bacteriophage origin, called endolysins, are involved in bacterial lysis at the end of the infection cycle. we have characterized two endolysins, lc-lys and lc-lys-2, identified in prophages present in the genome of lactobacillus casei bl23. these two enzymes have different catalytic domains but similar putative ... | 2013 | 23733182 |
| enterocin tw21, a novel bacteriocin from dochi-isolated enterococcus faecium d081821. | purification and characterization of a novel bacteriocin produced by strain enterococcus faecium d081821. | 2013 | 23725102 |
| partial characterization of bacteriocins produced by two new enterococcus faecium isolated from human intestine. | this study aimed at characterizing two novel bacteriocin-producing enterococcal strains isolated from human intestine. a total of 200 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from a woman stool sample. two of them were selected for characterization due to their high antimicrobial activity against five strains of listeria monocytogenes. the selected bacteria were identified as two different strains of enterococcus faecium and designated mt 104 and mt 162. the bacteriocins produced by mt 104 and mt 162 ... | 2013 | 26782736 |
| characterization of different food-isolated enterococcus strains by maldi-tof mass fingerprinting. | enterococcus is a controversial genus due to its great variability; this genus includes pathogenic strains, spoilage strains, and apparently safe strains including some probiotic strains. previous studies focused on the characterization of strains of enterococcus spp. involved in nosocomial infections. however, little research has been conducted on enterococcus strains in foodstuffs. in the present work, 36 strains of different species of enterococcus have been characterized by means of maldi-to ... | 2013 | 23712773 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococcus outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit: epidemiology, molecular analysis and risk factors. | vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vre) may cause outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units (nicu). we describe a biphasic vre outbreak and identify risk factors for vre acquisition. | 2013 | 23669299 |
| identification of human and animal fecal contamination after rainfall in the han river, korea. | we investigated the effect of rainfall on the levels and sources of microbial contamination in the han river, korea. thirty-four samples were collected at two sampling sites located upstream and downstream in the river from july 2010 to february 2011. various fecal indicator microorganisms, including total coliform, fecal coliform, escherichia coli, enterococcus spp., somatic and male-specific (f+) coliphage, and four major enteric viruses were analyzed. rainfall was positively correlated with t ... | 2013 | 23666535 |
| occurrence of the transferable copper resistance gene tcrb among fecal enterococci of u.s. feedlot cattle fed copper-supplemented diets. | copper, an essential micronutrient, is supplemented in the diet at elevated levels to reduce morbidity and mortality and to promote growth in feedlot cattle. gut bacteria exposed to copper can acquire resistance, which among enterococci is conferred by a transferable copper resistance gene (tcrb) borne on a plasmid. the present study was undertaken to investigate whether the feeding of copper at levels sufficient to promote growth increases the prevalence of the tcrb gene among the fecal enteroc ... | 2013 | 23666328 |
| synthesis, anti-mrsa, and anti-vre activity of hemin conjugates with amino acids and branched peptides. | the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains has necessitated the synthesis of novel antibacterial agents. it was previously shown that naturally occurring metalloporphyrin hemin possesses dark antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. to improve hemin antibacterial activity, we synthesized a number of hemin conjugates with amino acids and branched peptides. arginine-containing hemin conjugates demonstrated high antibacterial activity against gram-positive bac ... | 2013 | 23663365 |
| functional genomic analysis of bile salt resistance in enterococcus faecium. | enterococcus faecium is a gram-positive commensal bacterium of the mammalian intestinal tract. in the last two decades it has also emerged as a multi-resistant nosocomial pathogen. in order to survive in and colonize the human intestinal tract e. faecium must resist the deleterious actions of bile. the molecular mechanisms exploited by this bacterium to tolerate bile are as yet unexplored. | 2013 | 23641968 |
| genomic analysis of teicoplanin resistance emerging during treatment of vanb vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium infections in solid organ transplant recipients including donor-derived cases. | we noted four cases of apparent in vivo emergence of teicoplanin resistance during failed therapy for initially teicoplanin-susceptible vanb vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vrefm) infections in solid organ transplant recipients at our institution over a 12 month period. we investigated if in vivo emergence of resistance had occurred, if transplant-related vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) infections had occurred and identified clinical predictors of resistance emergence. | 2013 | 23612571 |
| isolation, characterization, and effect of administration in vivo, a novel probiotic strain from pig feces. | from porcine rectal swabs or feces, we isolated lactic acid bacteria and used porcine peyer's patch cells to select them for inducibility of iga production as an indicator of probiotic effects. the strain selected as a new probiotic was named 'enterococcus faecium nhrd ihara'. to verify the probiotic effects of this strain in vivo, 536 piglets at age 25 days were assigned to either the trial group, which administrated the strain, or the control group. an increase in iga in the feces was observed ... | 2013 | 23607635 |
| spectrum of pathogens in acute cholangitis in patients with and without biliary endoprosthesis. | knowledge of bacterial spectrum for acute cholangitis is essential for adequate empiric antibiotic treatment. main focus of the study was to analyse the spectrum of pathogens in acute cholangitis with and without biliary endoprosthesis. | 2013 | 23603487 |
| enterococcus faecium biofilm formation: identification of major autolysin atlaefm, associated acm surface localization, and atlaefm-independent extracellular dna release. | enterococcus faecium is an important multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen causing biofilm-mediated infections in patients with medical devices. insight into e. faecium biofilm pathogenesis is pivotal for the development of new strategies to prevent and treat these infections. in several bacteria, a major autolysin is essential for extracellular dna (edna) release in the biofilm matrix, contributing to biofilm attachment and stability. in this study, we identified and functionally characterize ... | 2013 | 23592262 |
| efficacy of tigecycline alone and in combination with gentamicin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to linezolid-resistant enterococcus faecium. | we evaluated the efficacy of tigecycline in a rabbit model of experimental endocarditis caused by a linezolid-resistant clinical strain of enterococcus faecium. tigecycline-treated animals had a 2.8-log10-cfu/g reduction in microbial counts in excised vegetations compared with controls. addition of gentamicin caused a further arithmetical reduction in colony counts. the therapeutic effect was sustained 5 days after completion of treatment, as shown by relapse studies performed in treatment group ... | 2013 | 23587961 |
| evolution of high-level daptomycin resistance in enterococcus faecium during daptomycin therapy is associated with limited mutations in the bacterial genome. | | 2013 | 23580562 |
| structure of enterococcus faeciuml,d-transpeptidase acylated by ertapenem provides insight into the inactivation mechanism. | the maintenance of bacterial cell shape and integrity is largely attributed to peptidoglycan, a biopolymer highly cross-linked through d,d-transpeptidation. peptidoglycan cross-linking is catalyzed by penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) that are the essential target of β-lactam antibiotics. pbps are functionally replaced by l,d-transpeptidases (ldts) in ampicillin-resistant mutants of enterococcus faecium and in wild-type mycobacterium tuberculosis. ldts are inhibited in vivo by a single class of ... | 2013 | 23574509 |
| high abundance and diversity of antimicrobial resistance determinants among early vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in poland. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the clonal structure, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and their determinants among early vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vrem) isolates in poland. two hundred and eighty-one vrem isolates collected between 1997 and 2005 were studied. vrem isolates were characterised by multilocus sequence typing (mlst). the presence of antimicrobial resistance determinants, transposon-specific genes, is16 and esp efm was checked by polymerase chain reac ... | 2013 | 23558365 |
| cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the n-terminal domain of serine glutamate repeat a (sgra) protein from enterococcus faecium. | serine glutamate repeat a (sgra) protein is an lpxtg surface adhesin of enterococcus faecium and is the first bacterial nidogen-binding protein identified to date. it has been suggested that it binds to human nidogen, the extracellular matrix molecule of basal lamina, and plays a key role in the invasion and colonization of eukaryotic host cells. sgra(28-288), having both a putative ligand-binding a domain and repetitive b domain, was expressed in escherichia coli and purified using ni-affinity ... | 2013 | 23545655 |
| in vitro synergy of telavancin and rifampin against enterococcus faecium resistant to both linezolid and vancomycin. | an emerging pathogen is enterococcus faecium resistant to both linezolid and vancomycin (lrvre). antimicrobial combinations may be required for therapy and need to be evaluated. the combination of daptomycin and rifampin has demonstrated good in vitro activity against gram-positive bacteria, including e faecium. telavancin, a newer lipoglycopeptide, has shown in vitro activity against e faecium. we evaluated the combination of telavancin and rifampin and compared the results to the combination o ... | 2013 | 23532828 |
| influence of autochthonous adjunct cultures on ripening parameters of argentinean goat's milk cheeses. | argentinean semi-hard goat's cheeses manufactured with and without the addition of autochthonous adjunct cultures of lactobacillus plantarum etc17, lactobacillus rhamnosus etc14 and enterococcus faecium etc3 were analysed to evaluate the effect of these strains on ripening parameters. | 2013 | 23529871 |
| molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia: results from the canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program, 1999-2009. | vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) can be associated with serious bacteraemia. the focus of this study was to characterize the molecular epidemiology of vre from bacteraemia cases that were isolated from 1999 to 2009 as part of canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program (cnisp) surveillance activities. | 2013 | 23524466 |
| comparison of tnfα responses induced by toll-like receptor ligands and probiotic enterococcus faecium in whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy dogs. | the assessment of in vitro responses of blood-derived cells has traditionally been performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs). however, stimulation of whole blood (wb) has advantages: ease of experimental setup, avoidance of blood cell manipulation and lower assay cost and time. wb stimulation is widely used in human research, but only infrequently in small animals. the aim of this study was to compare the response generated in canine wb and pbmcs with toll-like receptor ligands a ... | 2013 | 23507437 |
| isolation and identification of bacteriocinogenic strain of lactobacillus plantarum with potential beneficial properties from donkey milk. | the goal of this study was to isolate and characterize a lactic acid bacteria (lab) from donkey milk with potential beneficial properties. | 2013 | 23489977 |
| identification of a genetic determinant in clinical enterococcus faecium strains that contributes to intestinal colonization during antibiotic treatment. | intestinal colonization by antibiotic-resistant enterococcus faecium is the first step in a process that can lead to infections in hospitalized patients. by comparative genome analysis and subsequent polymerase chain reaction screening, we identified a locus that encodes a putative phosphotransferase system (pts). the pts locus was widespread in isolates from hospital outbreaks of infection (84.2%) and nonoutbreak clinical infections (66.0%) but absent from human commensal isolates. deletion of ... | 2013 | 23447698 |
| could a phosphotransferase system provide the means to control outbreaks of enterococcus faecium infection? | | 2013 | 23447697 |
| highly specific culture-independent detection of ygngv motif-containing pediocin-producing strains. | a novel method based on (1) initial microbiological screening and (2) a highly specific pcr is described for selection of strains expressing ygngv motif-containing pediocin. initial screening is carried out using spot on the lawn assay for selection of acid-free, hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)-free and secreted heat-stable inhibitory activity producing strains. this is followed by highly specific pcr for amplification of 406-bp fragment using forward primer: 5'-tggccaatatcattggtggt-3' targeting signal ... | 2013 | 26782603 |
| characterization of enterococcus faecium with macrolide resistance and reduced susceptibility to quinupristin/dalfopristin in a japanese hospital: detection of extensive diversity in erm(b)-regulator regions. | cross-resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin b (mlsb) antibiotics is mainly mediated by the erm (erythromycin ribosome methylation) genes that encode 23s rrna methylases in enterococi, and various mechanisms are involved in the streptogramin b resistance. prevalence of mlsb resistance and its genetic mechanisms were analyzed for a total of 159 strains of enterococcus faecium isolated from clinical specimens in a university hospital in japan from 1997 to 2006. resistance to eryth ... | 2013 | 23442208 |
| clinical and microbiological characteristics of vancomycin-resistant enterococci with the vand phenotype and vana genotype. | vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) strains with the vand phenotype and vana genotype (vand-vana) have been reported in asian countries. the vand phenotype is characterized by low-level resistance to vancomycin and susceptibility or intermediate resistance to teicoplanin. we retrospectively determined the risk factors, clinical outcomes, and virulence factors for vand-vana vre (20 patients colonized with enterococcus faecium) compared to vana-vana vre (20 patients colonized with e. faecium). ... | 2013 | 23429076 |
| echinoderms from azores islands: an unexpected source of antibiotic resistant enterococcus spp. and escherichia coli isolates. | the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the implicated mechanisms of resistance were evaluated in enterococcus spp. and escherichia coli, isolated from a total of 250 faecal samples of echinoderms collected from azorean waters (portugal). a total of 144 enterococci (120 enterococcus faecium, 14 e. hirae, 8 e. faecalis, 2 e. gallinarum) and 10 e. coli were recovered. high percentages of resistance in enterococci were found for erythromycin, ampicillin, tetracyclin and ciprofloxacin. the erm(a ... | 2013 | 23419753 |
| severe sepsis caused by a linezolid-resistant enterococcus faecium in a 10-year-old girl after multiple trauma. | while infections caused by enterococcus faecium resistant to vancomycin (vre) are increasing, linezolid-resistant strains are still rare. we present the case of a 10-year-old girl with severe sepsis caused by a linezolid-resistant e. faecium (van-b vre) after multiple trauma and right-sided hemipelvectomy. the off-label use of a targeted antimicrobial therapy with daptomycin (350 mg/day; approximately 8 mg/kg) for 17 days resulted in rapid normalization of infection parameters and improved clini ... | 2013 | 23415582 |
| draft genome sequences of the enterococcus faecium strain lct-ef258. | the space environment has been shown to affect microbes by altering various features, including morphology, growth rate, metabolism, virulence, drug resistance, and gene expression and mutation. here we present the draft genome sequence of the enterococcus faecium strain lct-ef258, derived from the e. faecium strain cgmcc 1.1736, which was exposed to 17-day space flight. | 2013 | 23409254 |
| draft genome sequences and annotation of enterococcus faecium strain lct-ef20. | the space environment is reported to cause biological alterations in microorganisms, such as growth, drug resistance, and virulence. here, we present the model of enterococcus faecium to investigate the effects of space conditions on the microbe and on the whole-genome sequences of the strain lct-ef20 after being exposed to space flight. | 2013 | 23405294 |
| inter-batch contamination and potential sources of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium on broiler farms. | 1. vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vre(fm)) has recently spread among swedish broiler farms. the objectives were to investigate vre(fm) persistence within barns between flocks, and to determine whether day-old chicks, feed or forklift trucks used for loading crates could be identified as a means of transmission. 2. faeces were collected for selective culture from 12 farms (9 culture-positive, 3 culture-negative as determined by prior monitoring), and samples were collected from the ba ... | 2012 | 23398424 |
| [emergence of glycopeptide resistant enterococcus faecium in algeria: a case report]. | a glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus faecium (efrg) was isolated from a wound in a patient hospitalized in a university hospital in algiers. this strain was resistant to several antibiotics. this patient was carrying this strain in the digestive tract which may partly explain its origin. genotypic comparison of the two strains by pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed that it was the same strain. glycopeptide resistance was due to the presence of the vana gene. vigilance is required facing the ... | 2013 | 23396433 |
| diagnosis and management of bacterial infections in decompensated cirrhosis. | bacterial infections are one of the most frequent complications in cirrhosis and result in high mortality rates. patients with cirrhosis have altered and impaired immunity, which favours bacterial translocation. episodes of infections are more frequent in patients with decompensated cirrhosis than those with compensated liver disease. the most common and life-threatening infection in cirrhosis is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis followed by urinary tract infections, pneumonia, endocarditis and ... | 2013 | 23383362 |
| changes in enterococcal populations and related antibiotic resistance along a medical center-wastewater treatment plant-river continuum. | to determine if hospital effluent input has an ecological impact on downstream aquatic environment, antibiotic resistance in enterococcus spp. along a medical center-retirement home-wastewater treatment plant-river continuum in france was determined using a culture-based method. data on antibiotic consumption among hospitalized and general populations and levels of water contamination by antibiotics were collected. all isolated enterococci were genotypically identified to the species level, test ... | 2013 | 23377946 |
| characterization of the effects of enterococcus faecium on intestinal epithelial transport properties in piglets. | probiotics have been shown to have positive effects on growth performance traits and the health of farm animals. the objective of the study was to examine whether the probiotic strain enterococcus faecium ncimb 10415 (e. faecium) changes the absorptive and secretory transport and barrier properties of piglet jejunum in vitro and thereby to verify tendencies observed in a former feeding trial with e. faecium. further aims were to assess a potential mechanism of probiotics by testing effects of il ... | 2013 | 23345556 |
| [selective detection of viable pathogenic bacteria in water using reverse transcription quantitative pcr]. | a reverse transcription q quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) assay method was established, which can quantify the copy numbers of rna in pathogenic bacteria of e. coli and enterococcus faecium. the results showed that cdna was generated with the rt-pcr reagents, target gene was quantified with the qpcr, the copy numbers of rna were stable at about 1 copies x cfu(-1) for e. coli and 7.98 x 10(2) copies x cfu(-1) for enterococcus faecium respectively during the stationary grow phase for the both indicator ... | 2012 | 23323443 |
| intestinal microbiota containing barnesiella species cures vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium colonization. | bacteria causing infections in hospitalized patients are increasingly antibiotic resistant. classical infection control practices are only partially effective at preventing spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria within hospitals. because the density of intestinal colonization by the highly antibiotic-resistant bacterium vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) can exceed 10(9) organisms per gram of feces, even optimally implemented hygiene protocols often fail. decreasing the density of intestin ... | 2013 | 23319552 |
| inhibitory influence of enterococcus faecium on the propagation of swine influenza a virus in vitro. | the control of infectious diseases such as swine influenza viruses (swiv) plays an important role in food production both from the animal health and from the public health point of view. probiotic microorganisms and other health improving food supplements have been given increasing attention in recent years, but, no information on the effects of probiotics on swine influenza virus is available. here we address this question by assessing the inhibitory potential of the probiotic enterococcus faec ... | 2013 | 23308134 |
| synthesis and functional characterization of antibiofilm exopolysaccharide produced by enterococcus faecium mc13 isolated from the gut of fish. | the synthesis and functional characterization of an antibiofilm exopolysaccharide (eps) from a probiotic enterococcus faecium mc13 were investigated. the temperature of 35 °c, ph of 6.5, and salinity of 1-2% were found to be optimum for eps production. the sucrose (30 g l⁻¹) and yeast extract (20 g l⁻¹) acted as suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, which strongly influenced eps production with yield of 11.33 and 11.91 g l⁻¹. based on the thin layer chromatography, eps of e. faeciu ... | 2013 | 23296803 |
| distribution of pathogens in central line-associated bloodstream infections among patients with and without neutropenia following chemotherapy: evidence for a proposed modification to the current surveillance definition. | many bloodstream infections (bsis) occurring in patients with febrile neutropenia following cytotoxic chemotherapy are due to translocation of intestinal microbiota. however, these infections meet the national healthcare safety network (nhsn) definition of central line-associated bsis (clabsis). we sought to determine the differences in the microbiology of nhsn-defined clabsis in patients with and without neutropenia and, using these data, to propose a modification of the clabsi definition. | 2013 | 23295563 |
| comparison of lipase production by enterococcus faecium mtcc 5695 and pediococcus acidilactici mtcc 11361 using fish waste as substrate: optimization of culture conditions by response surface methodology. | a medium using fish waste as substrate was designed for production of lipase by enterococcus faecium mtcc 5695 and pediococcus acidilactici mtcc 11361. medium components and culture conditions (fish waste protein hydrolysate (fwph) concentration, fish waste oil (fwo) concentration, ph, temperature, and fermentation time) which affect lipase production were screened using factorial (5 factors ∗ 2 levels) design of which fwph concentration, fwo concentration, and fermentation time showed significa ... | 2013 | 25969788 |
| influence of different probiotic lactic acid bacteria on microbiota and metabolism of rats with dysbiosis. | lactic acid bacteria (lab) are often used for prevention and treatment of dysbiosis. however, the action of various strains of lab on metabolism and digestion under these conditions are poorly understood. the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of probiotic lab on metabolism, digestion and microbiota in animals with dysbiosis. after administration of ampicillin and metronidazole male wistar rats, were fed products containing enterococcus faecium l3 (e.f.), lactobacillus fermen ... | 2013 | 24936361 |
| combined administration of bacteriocin-producing, probiotic strain enterococcus faecium ccm7420 with eleutherococcus senticosus and their effect in rabbits. | the effect of enterococcus faecium ccm7420 (ef) - enterocin-producing and probiotic strain of rabbit origin, eleutherococcus senticosus extract (es) and their combination (es+ef) was determined on selected bacteria in faeces and caecum content, leukocytes phagocytosis, blood biochemistry and growth performance. ninety-six weaned rabbits were divided into 3 experimental (es, ef, es+ef) and control group (cg). the rabbits in the groups es and ef+es were fed commercial diet enriched with e. sentico ... | 2013 | 24597295 |
| fosfomycin synergy in vitro with amoxicillin, daptomycin, and linezolid against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium from renal transplant patients with infected urinary stents. | fosfomycin is a potential option for vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) infections despite limited in vitro and clinical data. in this study, 32 vre isolates from renal transplant patients with urinary stent infections were susceptible to fosfomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid and resistant to amoxicillin, minocycline, and nitrofurantoin based on their mic(50)s and mic(90)s. fosfomycin was bacteriostatic at 0.5 to 16× the mic (32 to 2,048 μg/ml); synergy occurred when fosfomycin was combined ... | 2013 | 23263002 |
| potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria of human origin induce antiproliferation of colon cancer cells via synergic actions in adhesion to cancer cells and short-chain fatty acid bioproduction. | the activities and modes of probiotic action of lactic acid bacteria isolated from infant feces were investigated for alternative application in the prevention and biotherapy of colon cancer. from a total of 81 isolates of gram-positive rod and cocci bacteria obtained from healthy infants, only 15 isolates had the probiotic criteria which included growth inhibition against eight food-borne pathogens, no blood hemolysis, and tolerance to gastrointestinal tract properties such as ph 2.5 and 0.3 % ... | 2013 | 23239414 |
| intraventricular daptomycin and intravenous linezolid for the treatment of external ventricular-drain-associated ventriculitis due to vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. | to report the successful treatment of external ventricular-drain (evd)-associated infection due to vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vre) with intraventricular daptomycin and intravenous linezolid. | 2012 | 23232018 |
| reduction of tyramine by addition of schizandra chinensis baillon in cheonggukjang. | this study was performed to examine the microorganisms responsible for the high tyramine content of cheonggukjang, a traditional korean fermented soy food, and to establish a technology for controlling the growth of these microorganisms. the tyramine content in 13 collected cheonggukjang samples averaged 604.9 mg/kg. since the tyramine content measured from most samples was sufficient to cause harm to the human body, it is necessary to control its production in food. enterococci were confirmed t ... | 2012 | 23216112 |
| enterococcus faecium al 41: its enterocin m and their beneficial use in rabbits husbandry. | enterococci are ubiquitous microbiota constituting a large proportion of autochthonous microflora in animals. some produce bacteriocins mostly enterocins; some of bacteriocin-producing strains also possess probiotic properties. enterococcus faecium al 41, ent m-producing strain was tested for beneficial effect in rabbits. five-week-old animals (72, hycole) were divided into experimental groups (e1, e2) and control (c); 24 animals in each. rabbits in e1 were administered al 41 (500 μl per animal/ ... | 2012 | 26782184 |
| antiviral effects of a probiotic enterococcus faecium strain against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. | the enteropathogenic coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) causes severe disease in young piglets. we have studied the protective effects of the probiotic enterococcus faecium ncimb 10415 (e. faecium), which is approved as a feed additive in the european union, against tgev infection. e. faecium was added to swine testicle (st) cells before, concomitantly with, or after tgev infection. viability assays revealed that e. faecium led to a dose-dependent rescue of viability of tgev- ... | 2013 | 23188495 |
| delayed-onset post-keratoplasty endophthalmitis caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. | vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) endophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty (pkp) is very rare, the management is a challenge due to both the pattern of antibiotic resistance and the aggressive nature of the infectious process. we report the first delayed-onset case of vre endophthalmitis after pkp. | 2012 | 23185179 |
| isolation and characterization of bacteriocin-producing bacteria from the intestinal microbiota of elderly irish subjects. | to isolate and characterize bacteriocins produced by predominant species of lactic acid bacteria from faeces of elderly subjects. | 2013 | 23181509 |
| application of anti-listerial bacteriocins: monitoring enterocin expression by multiplex relative reverse transcription-pcr. | listeriosis is a deadly food-borne disease, and its incidence may be limited through the biotechnological exploitation of a number of anti-listerial biocontrol agents. the most widely used of these agents are bacteriocins and the class ii enterocins are characterized by their activity against listeria. enterocins are primarily produced by enterococci, particularly enterococcus faecium and many strains have been described, often encoding multiple bacteriocins. the use of these strains in food wil ... | 2012 | 23176514 |