| insect cell entrapment, growth and recovering using a single-use fixed-bed bioreactor. scaling up and recombinant protein production. | insect cells are largely used for industrial production of vaccines, viral vectors and recombinant proteins as well as in research and development as an important tool for biology and bioprocess studies. they grow in suspension and are semi-adherent cells. among the cell culture systems enabling scalable bioprocess the single-use fixed-bed icellis(®) bioreactors offer great advantages. we have established the conditions for drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) and spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) ... | 2015 | 26481831 |
| a critical evaluation of drug delivery from ligand modified nanoparticles: confounding small molecule distribution and efficacy in the central nervous system. | in this work, we sought to test how surface modification of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (plga) nanoparticles with peptide ligand alters the brain specific delivery of encapsulated molecules. for biodistribution studies, nanoparticles modified with rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg29) were loaded with small molecule drug surrogates and administered to healthy mice by lateral tail vein injection. mice were perfused 2h after injection and major anatomical regions of the cns were dissected (striatum, ... | 2015 | 26471392 |
| [proteomic analyses of purified particles of the rabies virus]. | the rabies virus (rabv) is an enveloped rna virus. it mainly damages the central nervous system and causes anencephaly in mammals and humans. there is now compelling evidence that enveloped virions released from infected cells can carry many host proteins, some of which may play an important part in viral replication. several host proteins have been reported to be incorporated into rabv particles. however, a systematic study to reveal the proteomics of rabv particles has not been conducted. in t ... | 2015 | 26470524 |
| λ-carrageenan p32 is a potent inhibitor of rabies virus infection. | rabies, caused by rabies virus (rabv), is an acute, fatal encephalitic disease that affects many warm-blooded mammals. currently, post-exposure prophylaxis regimens are effective for most rabies cases, but once the clinical signs of the disease appear, current treatment options become ineffective. carrageenan has been reported as a potent inhibitor of many viruses. in this study, the λ-carrageenan (λ-cg) p32 was investigated for its potential role in inhibiting rabv infection. our results show t ... | 2015 | 26465753 |
| connectivity of mouse somatosensory and prefrontal cortex examined with trans-synaptic tracing. | information processing in neocortical circuits requires integrating inputs over a wide range of spatial scales, from local microcircuits to long-range cortical and subcortical connections. we used rabies virus-based trans-synaptic tracing to analyze the laminar distribution of local and long-range inputs to pyramidal neurons in the mouse barrel cortex and medial prefrontal cortex (mpfc). in barrel cortex, we found substantial inputs from layer 3 (l3) to l6, prevalent translaminar inhibitory inpu ... | 2015 | 26457553 |
| mapping neural circuits with clarity. | the use of whole-brain imaging has shed new light on the organization of the dopamine system. | 2015 | 26452201 |
| recombinant rabies virus expressing dog gm-csf is an efficacious oral rabies vaccine for dogs. | developing efficacious oral rabies vaccines is an important step to increase immunization coverage for stray dogs, which are not accessible for parenteral vaccination. our previous studies have demonstrated that recombinant rabies virus (rabv) expressing cytokines/chemokines induces robust protective immune responses after oral immunization in mice by recruiting and activating dendritic cells (dcs) and b cells. to develop an effective oral rabies vaccine for dogs, a recombinant attenuated rabv e ... | 2015 | 26436700 |
| phylogenetic analysis of indian rabies virus isolates targeting the complete glycoprotein gene. | rabies a fatal viral zoonosis is endemic in india. there is no report on phylogenetic study of indian rabies virus isolates based on the complete g gene. in the present study, a total of 25 rabies positive brain samples collected during 2001-2014 from north india (up, mp, delhi, rajasthan), south india (kerala and karnataka) and gujarat states belonging to six different host species were subjected to g gene amplification by rt-pcr as three overlapping fragments of 881 bp, 991 bp and 618 bp. phyl ... | 2015 | 26427850 |
| epidemiological profile of wild rabies in brazil (2002-2012). | rabies is one of the most important zoonosis in the world with high impact on public health. studies report the presence of lyssavirus in reservoirs of the wild cycle, highlighting the role of wild canines, marmosets, and vampire and non-vampire bats as potential vectors of the disease to domestic animals and human beings. therefore, the reintroduction of rabies in urban environments from reservoirs of the wild cycle is a matter of concern. this study describes the profile of rabies cases docume ... | 2017 | 26423323 |
| analysis of subcellular prefoldin 1 redistribution during rabies virus infection. | rabies virus (rabv) is one of the old deadly zoonotic viruses. it attacks the central nervous system and causes acute encephalitis in humans and animals. host factors are known to be essential for virus infection and replication in cells. the identification of the key host factors required for rabv infection may provide important information on rabv replication and may provide new potential targets for rabv drug discovery. | 2015 | 26421138 |
| t-bet is required for the rapid clearance of attenuated rabies virus from central nervous system tissue. | much of our understanding of cns immunity has been gained from models involving pathological inflammation. attenuated rabies viruses (rabv) are unique tools to study cns immunity in the absence of conventional inflammatory mechanisms, as they spread from the site of inoculation to the cns transaxonally, thereby bypassing the blood-brain barrier (bbb), and are cleared without neutrophil or monocyte infiltration. to better understand the role of cd4 t cell subsets in the clearance of the virus fro ... | 2015 | 26408670 |
| exogenous interferon prolongs survival of rabies infected mice. | rabies is an acute viral infection that causes encephalomyelitis in almost all warm blooded animals and is invariably fatal once the clinical signs appear. the present study was carried out to assess the effect of recombinant human interferon alpha (rhifn α-2a) treatment on the survival of rabies infected mice and its correlation with cytokines expression. the gene expression of tnf-α and il-6 was measured by sybr green real time pcr for two groups-"pre-exposure" (mice were inoculated with rhifn ... | 2015 | 26396983 |
| identification and genetic characterization of rabies virus from egyptian water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) bitten by a fox. | rabies is caused by negative strand rna-virus classified in the genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae of the order mononegavirales. the aim of the present study was to identify and analyze nucleotides sequence of nucleoprotein (n) gene of rabies virus (rabv) from two cases of water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) bitten by a fox in egypt, 2013. the diseased buffaloes showed nervous manifestations with fever. specimens from brains of the buffaloes with suspected rabies were collected. rabv in collec ... | 2015 | 26396980 |
| instructive even after a decade: complete results of initial virological diagnostics and re-evaluation of molecular data in the german rabies virus "outbreak" caused by transplantations. | in 2005, six patients in germany received solid organs and both corneas from a donor with an unrecognized rabies infection. initial virological diagnostics with the machinery available at the two national reference laboratories could quickly clarify the situation. rabies virus antigen was detected in the organ donor's brain. in two of the three recipients with neurological alterations, intra vitam diagnosis was achieved by conventional rt-pcrs. comparison of the phylogenetic relatedness of the d ... | 2015 | 26384867 |
| rewiring, forgetting and learning. commentary: a critical period for experience-dependent remodeling of adult-born neuron connectivity. | | 2015 | 26379485 |
| [bats and viruses: complex relationships]. | with more than 1 200 species, bats and flying foxes (order chiroptera) constitute the most important and diverse order of mammals after rodents. many species of bats are insectivorous while others are frugivorous and few of them are hematophagous. some of these animals fly during the night, others are crepuscular or diurnal. some fly long distances during seasonal migrations. many species are colonial cave-dwelling, living in a rather small home range while others are relatively solitary. howeve ... | 2015 | 26330152 |
| dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an anatomically distinct subclass. | combining rabies-virus tracing, optical clearing (clarity), and whole-brain light-sheet imaging, we mapped the monosynaptic inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to different targets (different parts of the striatum, cortex, amygdala, etc) in mice. we found that most populations of dopamine neurons receive a similar set of inputs rather than forming strong reciprocal connections with their target areas. a common feature among most populations of dopamine neurons was the existence of den ... | 2015 | 26322384 |
| local infiltration of rabies immunoglobulins without systemic intramuscular administration: an alternative cost effective approach for passive immunization against rabies. | presently the dose of rabies immunoglobulin (rig) which is an integral part of rabies post exposure prophylaxis (pep) is calculated based on body weight though the recommendation is to infiltrate the wound(s). this practice demands large quantities of rig which may be unaffordable to many patients. in this background, we conducted this study to know if the quantity and cost of rig can be reduced by restricting passive immunization to local infiltration alone and avoiding systemic intramuscular a ... | 2016 | 26317441 |
| fluorescent antibody test, quantitative polymerase chain reaction pattern and clinical aspects of rabies virus strains isolated from main reservoirs in brazil. | rabies virus (rabv) isolated from different mammals seems to have unique characteristics that influence the outcome of infection. rabv circulates in nature and is maintained by reservoirs that are responsible for the persistence of the disease for almost 4000 years. considering the different pattern of pathogenicity of rabv strains in naturally and experimentally infected animals, the aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of rabv variants isolated from the main brazilian reservoir ... | 2015 | 26303004 |
| [rabies vaccines: current status and prospects for development]. | rabies is an infectious disease among humans and animals that remains incurable, despite its longstanding research history. the only way to prevent the disease is prompt treatment, including vaccination as an obligatory component and administration of antirabies immunoglobulin as a supplement. since the first antirabies vaccination performed in the 19th century, a large number of different rabies vaccines have been developed. progress in molecular biology and biotechnology enabled the developmen ... | 2017 | 26299857 |
| assessment of 200 pediatric patients exposed to rabies risk. | rabies is still an important health problem particularly in underdeveloped or developing countries. in this study, the aim was to investigate demographic characteristics and vaccination schedules of cases suspected of having rabies and admitted to the pediatric emergency clinic of our hospital, which serves as one of the rabies vaccination centers in our province. | 2015 | 26294146 |
| spatio-temporal use of oral rabies vaccines in fox rabies elimination programmes in europe. | in europe, the elimination of wildlife rabies using oral rabies vaccination [orv] of foxes for more than 30 years has been a success story. since a comprehensive review on the scope of the different oral rabies vaccine baits distributed across europe has not been available yet, we evaluated the use of different vaccine baits over the entire period of orv [1978-2014]. our findings provide valuable insights into the complexity of orv programs in terms of vaccine related issues. more than 10 oral v ... | 2015 | 26280895 |
| a pathological study of the salivary glands of rabid dogs in the philippines. | rabies is a zoonotic disease caused by the rabies virus. while the salivary glands are important as exit and propagation sites for the rabies virus, the mechanisms of rabies excretion remain unclear. here, we investigated the histopathology of the salivary glands of rabid dogs and analyzed the mechanism of excretion into the oral cavity. mandibular and parotid glands of 22 rabid dogs and three control dogs were used. mild to moderate non-suppurative sialadenitis was observed in the mandibular gl ... | 2016 | 26278996 |
| awareness of rabies prevention and control measures among public health workers in northern vietnam. | to assess and compare rabies related knowledge and awareness of public health workers at provincial and district levels in the seven provinces with the highest number of deaths from human rabies in northern vietnam. | 2015 | 26278473 |
| rabies virus infection in ferret badgers (melogale moschata subaurantiaca) in taiwan: a retrospective study. | fifteen ferret badgers (melogale moschata subaurantiaca), collected 2010-13 and stored frozen, were submitted for rabies diagnosis by direct fluorescent antibody test and reverse transcription pcr. we detected seven positive animal samples, including some from 2010, which indicated that the ferret badger population in taiwan had been affected by rabies prior to 2010. | 2015 | 26267459 |
| [from the connectome to brain function: rabies virus tools for elucidating structure and function of neural circuits]. | | 2015 | 26256748 |
| rabies surveillance among bats in tennessee, usa, 1996-2010. | rabies virus (rabv) infects multiple bat species in the americas, and enzootic foci perpetuate in bats principally via intraspecific transmission. in recent years, bats have been implicated in over 90% of human rabies cases in the us. in tennessee, two human cases of rabies have occurred since 1960: one case in 1994 associated with a tricolored bat (perimyotis subflavus) rabv variant and another in 2002 associated with the tricolored/silver-haired bat (p. subflavus/lasionycteris noctivagans) rab ... | 2015 | 26251992 |
| exposure to rabies in small indian mongooses (herpestes auropunctatus) from two regions in puerto rico. | the small indian mongoose (herpestes auropunctatus) was introduced to several caribbean islands to control rat (rattus spp.) damage to sugarcane plantations. mongooses failed at suppressing rat populations and are now considered pests throughout most of their introduced range. importantly, mongooses are rabies reservoirs on several caribbean islands. in puerto rico, mongooses have been implicated in up to 70% of reported animal rabies cases. there is no rabies vaccination program for wildlife in ... | 2015 | 26251987 |
| itraq protein profile analysis of neuroblastoma (na) cells infected with the rabies viruses rhep-flury and hep-dg. | the rabies virus (rabv) glycoprotein (g) is the principal contributor to the pathogenicity and protective immunity of rabv. in a previous work, we reported that recombinant rabies virus hep-dg, which was generated by reverse genetics to carry two copies of the g-gene, showed lower virulence than the parental virus rhep-flury in suckling mice with a better immune protection effect. to better understand the mechanisms underlying rabies virus attenuation and the role of glycoprotein g, isobaric tag ... | 2015 | 26217322 |
| natural rabies infection in a domestic fowl (gallus domesticus): a report from india. | rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by viruses belonging to the genus lyssavirus of the family rhabdoviridae. it is a viral disease primarily affecting mammals, though all warm blooded animals are susceptible. experimental rabies virus infection in birds has been reported, but naturally occurring infection of birds has been documented very rarely. | 2015 | 26201090 |
| receptor-mediated increase in rabies virus axonal transport. | | 2015 | 26199597 |
| viral suppression function of intracellular antibody against c-terminal domain of rabies virus phosphoprotein. | rabies virus (rv) causes a fatal disease in both human and animals. the disease can be prevented by post-exposure prophylaxis in individuals exposed to rv. however, the neutralization effect is limited after the virus enters into the host cells. so, it is important to identify new targets for rabies therapy. in this study, a human antibody rv1a2 specific to rv phosphoprotein (rv-p) was generated from a human naïve immune antibody library. the antibody recognized all forms of the phosphoproteins ... | 2015 | 26188200 |
| [two cases of hydrophobia in the republic of tatarstan: in vivo and postmortem laboratory diagnosis]. | the results of rabies in vivo and postmortem laboratory detection in two cases registered in the republic of tatarstan are reported: a victim bitten by a wolf in 2002 and another one bitten by a stray dog on goa island, india, in 2013. in the patient bitten by a wolf cornea imprints studies using the method of fluorescent antibodies (mfa) showed rabies-positive result 6 days before the patient's death. the results were confirmed by postmortem examination of different parts of the brain and saliv ... | 2015 | 26182652 |
| comparison of automated quantitative reverse transcription-pcr and direct fluorescent-antibody detection for routine rabies diagnosis in the united states. | rabies virus found worldwide and prevalent throughout the united states continues to be a public health concern. direct-fluorescent antibody (dfa) detection remains the gold standard for rabies virus diagnostics. assessing the utility of a high-throughput molecular platform such as the qiasymphony sp/as, in conjunction with quantitative reverse transcription-pcr (qrt-pcr), to augment or potentially replace the dfa test, was the focus of this project. here we describe a triplex qrt-pcr assay, inc ... | 2015 | 26179300 |
| in vivo reprogramming of striatal ng2 glia into functional neurons that integrate into local host circuitry. | the possibility of directly converting non-neuronal cells into neurons in situ in the brain would open therapeutic avenues aimed at repairing the brain after injury or degenerative disease. we have developed an adeno-associated virus (aav)-based reporter system that allows selective gfp labeling of reprogrammed neurons. in this system, gfp is turned on only in reprogrammed neurons where it is stable and maintained for long time periods, allowing for histological and functional characterization o ... | 2015 | 26166567 |
| a dynein light chain 1 binding motif in rabies virus polymerase l protein plays a role in microtubule reorganization and viral primary transcription. | rabies virus (rabv) polymerase l together with phosphoprotein p forms the pl polymerase complex that is essential for replication and transcription. however, its exact mechanism of action, interactions with cellular factors, and intracellular distribution are yet to be understood. here by imaging a fluorescently tagged polymerase (mcherry-rabv-l), we show that l accumulates at acetylated and reorganized microtubules (mt). in silico analysis revealed a dynein light chain 1 (dlc1) binding motif in ... | 2015 | 26157129 |
| real-time imaging of rabies virus entry into living vero cells. | understanding the mechanism of rabies virus (rabv) infection is vital for prevention and therapy of virulent rabies. however, the infection mechanism remains largely uncharacterized due to the limited methods and viral models. herein, we utilized a powerful single-virus tracking technique to dynamically and globally visualize the infection process of the live attenuated rabies vaccine strain-srv9 in living vero cells. firstly, it was found that the actin-enriched filopodia is in favor of virus r ... | 2015 | 26148807 |
| a versatile in vitro elisa test for quantification and quality testing of infectious, inactivated and formulated rabies virus used in veterinary monovalent or combination vaccine. | regulatory potency test for rabies vaccines requires mice vaccination followed by challenge with a live virus via intracerebral route. an alternative in vitro test, consistent with the "3r's" (reduce, replace, refine) was designed to quantify active glycoprotein g using seroneutralizing monoclonal antibodies. this versatile elisa targets well conformed neutralizing epitopes. therefore, it quantifies only the trimeric pre-fusion form of glycoprotein g known to elicits the production of viral neut ... | 2015 | 26144898 |
| viral-genetic tracing of the input-output organization of a central noradrenaline circuit. | deciphering how neural circuits are anatomically organized with regard to input and output is instrumental in understanding how the brain processes information. for example, locus coeruleus noradrenaline (also known as norepinephrine) (lc-ne) neurons receive input from and send output to broad regions of the brain and spinal cord, and regulate diverse functions including arousal, attention, mood and sensory gating. however, it is unclear how lc-ne neurons divide up their brain-wide projection pa ... | 2015 | 26131933 |
| efficiency of live attenuated and inactivated rabies viruses in prophylactic and post exposure vaccination against the street virus strain. | rabies remains an enigmatic and widely discussed global infectious disease and causes an increasing number of deaths. the currently used highly effective prophylactic and post exposure (p.e.) vaccination depends solely upon inexpensive, effective and safe vaccines to counteract the spread of the disease. in this study, the potential of an attenuated chinese rabies vaccine (srv9) strain in prophylactic and p.e. vaccination against the street strain of rabies virus (rv) was evaluated in mice. prop ... | 2015 | 26104328 |
| genetically modified rabies virus era strain is safe and induces long-lasting protective immune response in dogs after oral vaccination. | oral immunization in free-roaming dogs is one of the most practical approaches to prevent rabies for developing countries. the safe, efficient and long-lasting protective oral rabies vaccine for dogs is highly sought. in this study, rabies virus (rabv) evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth (era) strain wild-type (rera) and a genetically modified type (rerag333e) containing a mutation from arginine to glutamic acid at residue 333 of glycoprotein (g333e) were generated by reverse genetic. the recombinant vir ... | 2015 | 26093157 |
| comparison of safety and immunogenicity of 2 who prequalified rabies vaccines administered by one week, 4 site intra dermal regimen (4-4-4-0-0) in animal bite cases. | the currently advocated rabies post-exposure prophylaxis regimens are of one month duration with reduced patient compliance. who recommended research on shortened vaccination regimens which have a practical and economic advantage over the existing regimens. hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the safety and immunogenicity of 2 who prequalified rabies vaccines administered by one week, 4 site intra dermal regimen (4-4-4-0-0) in animal bite cases. this study was a comparative, open l ... | 2015 | 26083005 |
| g gene-deficient single-round rabies viruses for neuronal circuit analysis. | rhabdoviruses like the neurotropic rabies virus are fully amenable to pseudotyping with homologous and heterologous membrane proteins, which is being harnessed for the study of viral envelope proteins, viral retargeting, or immunization purposes. particularly, pseudotyped delta g rabies viruses are emerging as safe and superb tools for mapping direct synaptic connections and analyzing neuronal circuits in the central and peripheral nervous system, which is a fundamental pillar of modern neurosci ... | 2016 | 26065596 |
| evaluation of rapid neutralizing antibody detection test against rabies virus in human sera. | rapid and easy determination of protective neutralization antibody (nab) against rabies in the field is very important for an early and effective response to rabies in both animal and human health sectors. the rapid neutralizing antibody detection test (rapina), first developed in 2009 and then improved in 2012, is a quick test allowing detection of 0.5 iu/ml antibodies in human and animal sera or plasma. this study aimed to assess the rapina test by comparison with rapid focus fluorescence inhi ... | 2015 | 26060424 |
| resampling method for applying density-dependent habitat selection theory to wildlife surveys. | isodar theory can be used to evaluate fitness consequences of density-dependent habitat selection by animals. a typical habitat isodar is a regression curve plotting competitor densities in two adjacent habitats when individual fitness is equal. despite the increasing use of habitat isodars, their application remains largely limited to areas composed of pairs of adjacent habitats that are defined a priori. we developed a resampling method that uses data from wildlife surveys to build isodars in ... | 2015 | 26042998 |
| cattle rabies vaccination--a longitudinal study of rabies antibody titres in an israeli dairy herd. | in contrast to many regions of the world where rabies is endemic in terrestrial wildlife species, wildlife rabies has been controlled in israel by oral rabies vaccination programs, but canine rabies is re-emerging in the northern area of the golan heights. from 2009 to 2014 there were 208 animal rabies cases in israel; 96 (46%) were considered introduced primary cases in dogs, triggering 112 secondary cases. one third (37/112) of the secondary cases were in cattle. rabies vaccination is voluntar ... | 2015 | 26032721 |
| effects of g-gene deletion and replacement on rabies virus vector gene expression. | the glycoprotein-gene (g gene) -deleted rabies virus (rv) vector is a powerful tool to examine the function and structure of neural circuits. we previously reported that the deletion of the g gene enhances the transgene expression level of the rv vector. however, the mechanism of this enhancement remains to be clarified. we presume that there are two possible factors for this enhancement. the first factor is the glycoprotein of rv, which shows cytotoxicity; thus, may cause a dysfunction in the t ... | 2015 | 26023771 |
| modeling the geographic spread of rabies in china. | in order to investigate how the movement of dogs affects the geographically inter-provincial spread of rabies in mainland china, we propose a multi-patch model to describe the transmission dynamics of rabies between dogs and humans, in which each province is regarded as a patch. in each patch the submodel consists of susceptible, exposed, infectious, and vaccinated subpopulations of both dogs and humans and describes the spread of rabies among dogs and from infectious dogs to humans. the existen ... | 2015 | 26020234 |
| segmental organization of vestibulospinal inputs to spinal interneurons mediating crossed activation of thoracolumbar motoneurons in the neonatal mouse. | vestibulospinal pathways activate contralateral motoneurons (mns) in the thoracolumbar spinal cord of the neonatal mouse exclusively via axons descending ipsilaterally from the vestibular nuclei via the lateral vestibulospinal tract (lvst; kasumacic et al., 2010). here we investigate how transmission from the lvst to contralateral mns is mediated by descending commissural interneurons (dcins) in different spinal segments. we test the polysynaptic nature of this crossed projection by assessing lv ... | 2015 | 26019332 |
| utility of forensic detection of rabies virus in decomposed exhumed dog carcasses. | this report describes four suspected rabies cases in domestic dogs that were involved inhuman exposures. in all these cases, the animals were buried for substantial times beforerabies testing was performed. animal rabies is endemic in south africa and domestic dogsare the main vector for transmission to humans. diagnosis of rabies in humans is complicated,and diagnosis in the animal vector can provide circumstantial evidence to support clinicaldiagnosis of rabies in humans. the gold standard dia ... | 2015 | 26016574 |
| monosynaptic tracing using modified rabies virus reveals early and extensive circuit integration of human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. | human embryonic stem cell (hesc)-derived dopamine neurons are currently moving toward clinical use for parkinson's disease (pd). however, the timing and extent at which stem cell-derived neurons functionally integrate into existing host neural circuitry after transplantation remain largely unknown. in this study, we use modified rabies virus to trace afferent and efferent connectivity of transplanted hesc-derived neurons in a rat model of pd and report that grafted human neurons integrate into t ... | 2015 | 26004633 |
| diabolical effects of rabies encephalitis. | rabies is an acute encephalomyelitis in humans and animals caused by rabies virus (rabv) infection. because the neuropathological changes are very mild in rabies, it has been assumed that neuronal dysfunction likely explains the severe clinical disease. recently, degenerative changes have been observed in neuronal processes (dendrites and axons) in experimental rabies. in vitro studies have shown evidence of oxidative stress that is caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. recent work has shown that ... | 2016 | 25994917 |
| reverse genetics of rabies virus: new strategies to attenuate virus virulence for vaccine development. | rabies is an ancient neurological disease that is almost invariably fatal once the clinical symptoms develop. currently, prompt wound cleansing after exposing to a potentially rabid animal and vaccination using rabies vaccine combined with administration of rabies immune globulin are the only effective methods for post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies. reverse genetic technique is a novel approach to investigate the function of a specific gene by analyzing the phenotypic effects through direc ... | 2015 | 25994916 |
| fluorescent-protein stabilization and high-resolution imaging of cleared, intact mouse brains. | in order to observe and quantify long-range neuronal connections in intact mouse brain by light microscopy, it is first necessary to clear the brain, thus suppressing refractive-index variations. here we describe a method that clears the brain and preserves the signal from proteinaceous fluorophores using a ph-adjusted non-aqueous index-matching medium. successful clearing is enabled through the use of either 1-propanol or tert-butanol during dehydration whilst maintaining a basic ph. we show th ... | 2015 | 25993380 |
| atypical rabies encephalitis in a six-year-old boy: clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings. | a 6-year-old boy from india developed an atypical form of rabies following a stray dog bite and as a consequence of not receiving the standard world health organization recommended post-exposure prophylaxis for category iii wounds. serial rising rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test helped confirm the diagnosis of rabies. the child has survived for 4 months since the onset of illness, albeit with neurological sequela ... | 2015 | 25975650 |
| deciphering the unconventional peptide binding to the pdz domain of mast2. | phosphatase and tensin homologue (pten) and microtubule-associated serine threonine kinase 2 (mast2) are key negative regulators of survival pathways in neuronal cells. the two proteins interact via the pdz (psd-95, dlg1, zo-1) domain of mast2 (mast2-pdz). during infection by rabies virus, the viral glycoprotein competes with pten for interaction with mast2-pdz and promotes neuronal survival. the c-terminal pdz-binding motifs (pbms) of the two proteins bind similarly to mast2-pdz through an unco ... | 2015 | 25942057 |
| differential organization of cortical inputs to striatal projection neurons of the matrix compartment in rats. | in prior studies, we described the differential organization of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal inputs to the spines of direct pathway (dspns) and indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (ispns) of the matrix compartment. in the present electron microscopic (em) analysis, we have refined understanding of the relative amounts of cortical axospinous vs. axodendritic input to the two types of spns. of note, we found that individual dspns receive about twice as many axospinous synaptic term ... | 2015 | 25926776 |
| first report on the efficiency of oral vaccination of foxes against rabies in serbia. | rabies is one of the oldest known zoonotic diseases that has significant impact on public health, but still remains neglected in serbia. rabies virus can infect humans and other mammals and causes inflammation of the brain associated with encephalomyelitis and neurological symptoms. in 2010, veterinary directorate (national competent authority for animal health in serbia) has started multi-annual project of oral rabies vaccination of foxes and other wild carnivores (e.g. jackals), as support of ... | 2015 | 25903646 |
| extracellular vesicle in vivo biodistribution is determined by cell source, route of administration and targeting. | extracellular vesicles (evs) have emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication in a diverse range of biological processes. for future therapeutic applications and for ev biology research in general, understanding the in vivo fate of evs is of utmost importance. here we studied biodistribution of evs in mice after systemic delivery. evs were isolated from 3 different mouse cell sources, including dendritic cells (dcs) derived from bone marrow, and labelled with a near-infrared li ... | 2015 | 25899407 |
| whole-brain mapping of the direct inputs and axonal projections of pomc and agrp neurons. | pro-opiomelanocortin (pomc) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (arc) of the hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarius (nts) of the brainstem play important roles in suppressing food intake and maintaining energy homeostasis. previous tract-tracing studies have revealed the axonal connection patterns of these two brain areas, but the intermingling of pomc neurons with other neuron types has made it challenging to precisely identify the inputs and outputs of pomc neurons. in this study, we used the ... | 2015 | 25870542 |
| immunogenic virus-like particles continuously expressed in mammalian cells as a veterinary rabies vaccine candidate. | rabies is one of the most lethal infectious diseases in the world, with a mortality approaching 100%. there are between 60,000 and 70,000 reported annual deaths, but this is probably an underestimation. despite the fact that there are vaccines available for rabies, there is a real need of developing more efficacious and cheaper vaccines. this is particularly true for veterinary vaccines because dogs are still the main vector for rabies transmission to human beings. in a previous work, we describ ... | 2015 | 25869890 |
| clinical management and humoral immune responses to rabies post-exposure prophylaxis among three patients who received solid organs from a donor with rabies. | the rabies virus causes a fatal encephalitis and can be transmitted through organ transplantation. in 2013, a man developed rabies 18 months after receiving a kidney from a donor with rabies, who was not known to have been infected when the organs were procured. three additional persons who received organs from the same donor (liver, kidney, heart), all of whom were not vaccinated for rabies before transplantation, received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) with rabies immune globulin and 5 ... | 2015 | 25851103 |
| a recombinant rabies virus expressing a phosphoprotein-egfp fusion is rescued and applied to the rapid virus neutralization antibody assay. | rabies remains a worldwide concern, and dogs are a major vector for rabies virus (rabv) transmission. vaccination is used in china to control the spread of rabies in dogs, a practice which necessitates effective, efficient, and high-throughput methods to confirm vaccination. the current rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) method to measure virus-neutralizing antibody titers in the serum involves multiple steps, and more efficient methods are needed to match the increasing demand for ... | 2015 | 25845623 |
| a comparative approach between heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy and dna vaccinations for rabies. | rabies is a widespread neurological zoonotic disease causing significant mortality rates, especially in developing countries. although a vaccine for rabies is available, its production and scheduling are costly in such countries. advances in recombinant dna technology have made it a good candidate for an affordable vaccine. among the proteins of rabies virus, the glycoprotein (rvg) has been the major target for new vaccine development which plays the principal role in providing complete protecti ... | 2015 | 25841942 |
| a new strategy for specific imaging of neural cells based on peptide-conjugated gold nanoclusters. | despite the significant progress in molecular imaging technologies that has been made in recent years, the specific detection of neural cells still remains challenging. here, we suggest the use of gold nanoclusters (auncs) modified with a brain-targeting peptide as a potential imaging candidate for detecting neural cells in vitro and in mice. auncs of less than 10 nm (dynamic light scattering analysis) were first prepared using the "green" synthetic approach, and then a targeting peptide, rabies ... | 2015 | 25834429 |
| lentiviral vectors for retrograde delivery of recombinases and transactivators. | lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the rabies virus (rv) envelope glycoprotein efficiently infect via axon terminals to stably deliver transgenes to distant neurons projecting to an injection site, but the resulting expression levels are too low and variable for most neuroscientific applications. if used to deliver recombinases or transactivators, however, lentiviral vectors are excellent means of targeting projection neurons when used in reporter mice or in combination with a second virus to e ... | 2015 | 25834255 |
| whole-brain mapping of inputs to projection neurons and cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum. | the dorsal striatum integrates inputs from multiple brain areas to coordinate voluntary movements, associative plasticity, and reinforcement learning. its projection neurons consist of the gabaergic medium spiny neurons (msns) that express dopamine receptor type 1 (d1) or dopamine receptor type 2 (d2). cholinergic interneurons account for a small portion of striatal neuron populations, but they play important roles in striatal functions by synapsing onto the msns and other local interneurons. by ... | 2015 | 25830919 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies viruses circulating in two rabies endemic provinces of laos, 2011-2012: regional diversity in southeast asia. | although rabies is endemic in laos, genetic characterization of the viruses in this country is limited. there are growing concerns that development in the region may have increased transport of dog through laos for regional dog meat consumption, and that this may cause spillover of the viruses from dogs brought here from other countries. this study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the current rabies situation and the genetic characteristics of rabies viruses currently circulating in laos. | 2015 | 25825907 |
| novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of rabies. | rabies is a highly lethal disease caused by the neurotropic rabies virus (rabv), and it remains an important public health problem globally. effective vaccines have been developed for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (pep). pep is only effective if it is initiated promptly after recognizing exposure. once neurological symptoms develop, however, it is widely accepted that there is no effective treatment available. recent studies indicate that the presence of rabv-specific immunity (i.e. virus n ... | 2015 | 27891529 |
| complete genomic sequence of rabies virus from an ethiopian wolf. | ethiopian wolves are the rarest canid in the world, with only 500 found in the ethiopian highlands. rabies poses the most immediate threat to their survival, causing epizootic cycles of mass mortality. the complete genome sequence of a rabies virus (rabv) derived from an ethiopian wolf during the most recent epizootic is reported here. | 2015 | 25814597 |
| rabies vaccine preserved by vaporization is thermostable and immunogenic. | a rabies vaccine that is thermostable over a range of ambient environmental temperatures would be highly advantageous, especially for tropical regions with challenging cold-chain storage where canine rabies remains enzootic resulting in preventable human mortality. live attenuated rabies virus (rabv) strain erag333 (r333e) was preserved by vaporization (pbv) in a dry, stable foam. rabv stabilized using this process remains viable for at least 23 months at 22°c, 15 months at 37°c, and 3h at 80°c. ... | 2015 | 25812841 |
| complex epidemiology of a zoonotic disease in a culturally diverse region: phylogeography of rabies virus in the middle east. | the middle east is a culturally and politically diverse region at the gateway between europe, africa and asia. spatial dynamics of the fatal zoonotic disease rabies among countries of the middle east and surrounding regions is poorly understood. an improved understanding of virus distribution is necessary to direct control methods. previous studies have suggested regular trans-boundary movement, but have been unable to infer direction. here we address these issues, by investigating the evolution ... | 2015 | 25811659 |
| animal-associated exposure to rabies virus among travelers, 1997-2012. | among travelers, rabies cases are rare, but animal bites are relatively common. to determine which travelers are at highest risk for rabies, we studied 2,697 travelers receiving care for animal-related exposures and requiring rabies postexposure prophylaxis at geosentinel clinics during 1997-2012. no specific demographic characteristics differentiated these travelers from other travelers seeking medical care, making it challenging to identify travelers who might benefit from reinforced pretravel ... | 2015 | 25811076 |
| chimeric rabies virus-like particles containing membrane-anchored gm-csf enhances the immune response against rabies virus. | rabies remains an important public health threat in most developing countries. to develop a more effective and safe vaccine against rabies, we have constructed a chimeric rabies virus-like particle (vlp), which containing glycoprotein (g) and matrix protein (m) of rabies virus (rabv) evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth (era) strain, and membrane-anchored granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf), and it was named of evlp-g. the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of evlp-g against rabv ... | 2015 | 25768031 |
| association between rabv g proteins transported from the perinuclear space to the cell surface membrane and n-glycosylation of the sequon asn(204). | in this study, g proteins of the rabies virus (rabv) kyoto strain were detected in the cytoplasm but not distributed at the cell membrane of mouse neuroblastoma (mna) cells. g proteins of cvs-26 were detected in both the cell membrane and perinuclear space of mna cells. we found that n-glycosylation of street rabv g protein by the insertion of the sequon asn(204) induced the transfer of rabv g proteins to the cell surface membrane. fixed rabv budding from the plasma membrane has been found to de ... | 2015 | 25766612 |
| high-throughput differentiation and screening of a library of mutant stem cell clones defines new host-based genes involved in rabies virus infection. | we used a genomic library of mutant murine embryonic stem cells (escs) and report the methodology required to simultaneously culture, differentiate, and screen more than 3,200 heterozygous mutant clones to identify host-based genes involved in both sensitivity and resistance to rabies virus infection. established neuronal differentiation protocols were miniaturized such that many clones could be handled simultaneously, and molecular markers were used to show that the resultant cultures were pan- ... | 2015 | 25752821 |
| strategies to interfere with pdz-mediated interactions in neurons: what we can learn from the rabies virus. | pdz (psd-95/dlg/zo-1) domains play a major role in neuronal homeostasis in which they act as scaffold domains regulating cellular trafficking, self-association and catalytic activity of essential proteins such as kinases and phosphatases. because of their central role in cell signaling, cellular pdz-containing proteins are preferential targets of viruses to hijack cellular function to their advantage. here, we describe how the viral g protein of the rabies virus specifically targets the pdz doma ... | 2015 | 25748547 |
| using rabies virus vaccine strain srv9 as viral vector to express exogenous gene. | rabies virus (rabv) can cause a fatal neurological disease in human and animals, and vaccines were generally applied for the immunoprophylaxis of rabies. here, a recombinant viral vector carrying the exogenous gene expression component between phosphoprotein (p) and matrix protein (m) genes of rabv was constructed based on the vaccine strain srv9 used in china. to develop a reverse genetic system, the full-length cdna plasmids of srv9 were constructed using the eukaryotic expression vector pci o ... | 2015 | 25724175 |
| synthesis and characterization of rabies virus glycoprotein-tagged amphiphilic cyclodextrins for sirna delivery in human glioblastoma cells: in vitro analysis. | in man brain cancer is an aggressive, malignant form of tumour, it is highly infiltrative in nature, is associated with cellular heterogeneity and affects cerebral hemispheres of the brain. current drug therapies are inadequate and an unmet clinical need exists to develop new improved therapeutics. the ability to silence genes associated with disease progression by using short interfering rna (sirna) presents the potential to develop safe and effective therapies. in this work, in order to protec ... | 2015 | 25703259 |
| transient expression of rabies virus g-glycoprotein using bhk-21 cells cultured in suspension. | to assess the expression of rabies virus g-glycoprotein (rvgp) expression using semliki forest virus as a vector in combination with bhk-21 cells cultured in suspension. | 2015 | 25700821 |
| rabies virus phosphoprotein interacts with mitochondrial complex i and induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. | our previous studies in an experimental model of rabies showed neuronal process degeneration in association with severe clinical disease. cultured adult rodent dorsal root ganglion neurons infected with challenge virus standard (cvs)-11 strain of rabies virus (rabv) showed axonal swellings and reduced axonal growth with evidence of oxidative stress. we have shown that cvs infection alters a variety of mitochondrial parameters and increases reactive oxygen species (ros) production and mitochondri ... | 2015 | 25698500 |
| comparative study on the immunogenicity and safety of a purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) administered according to two different simulated post exposure intramuscular regimens (zagreb versus essen). | despite availability of effective rabies vaccines, india has the highest global mortality rate for rabies. low socio-economic communities are most affected due to lack of awareness of the disease and poor compliance to post-exposure prophylactic regimens. currently, the only approved intramuscular regimen for post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) against rabies in india is the essen regimen, which consists of 5 injections administered over 5 separate days in a period of one month. the high number of d ... | 2015 | 25692792 |
| immunogenicity and safety of purified chick-embryo cell rabies vaccine under zagreb 2-1-1 or 5-dose essen regimen in chinese children 6 to 17 years old and adults over 50 years: a randomized open-label study. | the aim of this phase iiib, open-label, randomized study was to demonstrate the non-inferiority of immune responses and to assess the safety of a purified chick-embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) in healthy chinese children (6 to 17 years) and older adults (≥51 years) following 2 alternative intramuscular (im) simulated post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) regimens: 4-dose zagreb or 5-dose essen regimen. serum samples were collected prior to vaccination on days 1 and 15 and on day 43 to assess immune ... | 2015 | 25692350 |
| polyion complex micelles composed of pegylated polyasparthydrazide derivatives for sirna delivery to the brain. | in order to achieve efficient sirna delivery to the brain, we designed a novel polyion complex (pic) micelles composed of rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) peptide tagged pegylated polyasparthydrazide (pahy) derivatives. the synthesized derivatives were characterized using (1)h nmr. the pic micelles were formed by electrostatic attraction between the polymer and sirna. then the micelles were decorated with rvg using peg as a linker. the physiochemical properties of micelles, such as gel retardatio ... | 2015 | 25689522 |
| vesicular stomatitis virus enables gene transfer and transsynaptic tracing in a wide range of organisms. | current limitations in technology have prevented an extensive analysis of the connections among neurons, particularly within nonmammalian organisms. we developed a transsynaptic viral tracer originally for use in mice, and then tested its utility in a broader range of organisms. by engineering the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) to encode a fluorophore and either the rabies virus glycoprotein (rabv-g) or its own glycoprotein (vsv-g), we created viruses that can transsynaptically label neuronal ... | 2015 | 25688551 |
| gene order rearrangement of the m gene in the rabies virus leads to slower replication. | the matrix protein (m) is one of only five genes in the rv genome and is an important multifunctional protein. besides to allow for the release of newly replicated virions pairing with g, the m protein also functions in virus replication, pathogenicity, and host cell apoptosis. the goal of present study is to generate recombinant viruses with m gene rearranged, thus laying the foundation for further exploring what will happen when the gene for m is relocated on the rv single-strand rna. we used ... | 2014 | 25674605 |
| effect of corticosteroids on rvna production of a patient with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following rabies vaccination as well as administration of hrig. | it has not been reported that administration of combining rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin resulted in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem) yet. this report described that an old man acquired adem after being administrated with purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv) and human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig). then he was given intravenous and oral glucocorticoids. simultaneously, rabies vaccination was continued with purified chick embryo cell vaccines (pcecv) instead of pvrv. furthermore ... | 2014 | 25668669 |
| bat-borne rabies in latin america. | the situation of rabies in america is complex: rabies in dogs has decreased dramatically, but bats are increasingly recognized as natural reservoirs of other rabies variants. here, bat species known to be rabies-positive with different antigenic variants, are summarized in relation to bat conservation status across latin america. rabies virus is widespread in latin american bat species, 22.5%75 of bat species have been confirmed as rabies-positive. most bat species found rabies positive are clas ... | 2017 | 25651328 |
| cellular immune response following pre-exposure and postexposure rabies vaccination by intradermal and intramuscular routes. | immunization against rabies in humans induces protective neutralizing antibodies; however, the induction of type 1 or type 2 cytokine mediated cellular immune responses following rabies vaccination is not understood. hence, the present study investigated cellular cytokine responses in vaccinated individuals. | 2015 | 25649188 |
| establishing conditions for the storage and elution of rabies virus rna using fta(®) cards. | the flinders technology associates filter paper cards (fta(®) cards) can be used to store nucleic acid from various samples and are easily portable. however, rna is physicochemically unstable compared with dna, and appropriate methods have not been established for storage and extraction of rna from fta(®) cards. the present study investigated the optimum conditions for storage and elution of viral rna (vrna) using rabies virus (rabv) applied to fta(®) cards. when te buffer was used, the elution ... | 2015 | 25648208 |
| phylogeography of the current rabies viruses in indonesia. | rabies is a major fatal zoonotic disease in indonesia. this study was conducted to determine the recent dynamics of rabies virus (rabv) in various areas and animal species throughout indonesia. a total of 27 brain samples collected from rabid animals of various species in bali, sumatra, kalimantan, sulawesi, java, and flores in 2008 to 2010 were investigated. the cdna of the nucleoprotein gene from each sample was generated and amplified by one-step reverse transcription-pcr, after which the pro ... | 2015 | 25643792 |
| comparison of immunochromatographic diagnostic test with hheminested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of rabies virus from brain samples of various species. | detection of rabies is a cause of serious concern in developing countries, where dearth of highly equipped laboratories and trained personnel to handle sophisticated investigations is felt. the availability of a diagnostic kit, which can be used in the field, is essential for diagnosis and control programs as well as for epidemiological surveillance of the prevalence of the disease. this study was planned to evaluate anigen rabies ag test kit for its efficacy to be used for rapid diagnosis of ra ... | 2015 | 27047061 |
| use of uniform designs in combination with neural networks for viral infection process development. | this work aimed to compare the predictive capacity of empirical models, based on the uniform design utilization combined to artificial neural networks with respect to classical factorial designs in bioprocess, using as example the rabies virus replication in bhk-21 cells. the viral infection process parameters under study were temperature (34°c, 37°c), multiplicity of infection (0.04, 0.07, 0.1), times of infection, and harvest (24, 48, 72 hours) and the monitored output parameter was viral prod ... | 2015 | 25627917 |
| rabies surveillance in bats in northwestern state of são paulo. | introduction rabies is an important zoonosis that occurs in mammals, with bats acting as lyssavirus reservoirs in urban, rural and natural areas. rabies cases in bats have been recorded primarily in urban areas in northwestern state of são paulo since 1998. this study investigated the circulation of rabies virus by seeking to identify the virus in the brain in several species of bats in this region and by measuring rabies-virus neutralizing antibody levels in the hematophagous bat desmodus rotun ... | 2015 | 25626649 |
| characterization of a virulent dog-originated rabies virus affecting more than twenty fallow deer (dama dama) in inner mongolia, china. | rabies has emerged as a serious problem in the most recent years in northern china. a rabies virus (rabv) isolate, imdrv-13, was recovered from brain samples of dog-bitten rabid fallow deer (dama dama) in a farm in hohhot, inner mongolia. we tested the susceptibility of mouse neuroblastoma (mna) cells and bsr cells as well as that of adult mice to imdrv-13. the isolate was found to be a virulent isolate with an equivalent pathogenicity index (0.12) and a slight lower neurotropism index (1.07) co ... | 2015 | 25614955 |
| postgenomics biomarkers for rabies—the next decade of proteomics. | rabies is one of the oldest diseases known to mankind. the pathogenic mechanisms by which rabies virus infection leads to development of neurological disease and death are still poorly understood. analysis of rabies-infected proteomes may help identify novel biomarkers for antemortem diagnosis of the disease and target molecules for therapeutic intervention. this article offers a literature synthesis and critique of the differentially expressed proteins that have been previously reported from va ... | 2015 | 25611201 |
| knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding rabies and exposure to bats in two rural communities in guatemala. | rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by rabies virus, of the genus lyssavirus. the principal reservoir for rabies in latin america is the common vampire bat (desmodus rotundus), which feeds routinely on the blood of cattle, and when livestock are scarce, may prey on other mammals, including humans. although rabies is endemic in common vampire bat populations in guatemala, there is limited research on the extent of exposure to bats among human populations living near bat refuges. | 2015 | 25576098 |
| a preliminary study of recombinant human interferon-α-2a activity against rabies virus in murine model. | rabies remains an important public health problem in the world due to uncontrolled enzootic rabies. although rabies associated fatalities may be prevented with timely immunoprophylaxis, but till date a therapeutic molecule has remained elusive. we investigated the role of rhuifn α-2a in murine model challenged with rabies virus. titre of 10(4.25) ld50/0.03 ml of 10% w/v rv cvs stock suspension were obtained. based on 1ld50 titre, challenge dose of 50 ld 50 was administered along with rhuifn α-2a ... | 2015 | 25560017 |
| neuroepithelial circuit formed by innervation of sensory enteroendocrine cells. | satiety and other core physiological functions are modulated by sensory signals arising from the surface of the gut. luminal nutrients and bacteria stimulate epithelial biosensors called enteroendocrine cells. despite being electrically excitable, enteroendocrine cells are generally thought to communicate indirectly with nerves through hormone secretion and not through direct cell-nerve contact. however, we recently uncovered in intestinal enteroendocrine cells a cytoplasmic process that we name ... | 2015 | 25555217 |
| lymph node but not intradermal injection site macrophages are critical for germinal center formation and antibody responses to rabies vaccination. | replication-deficient rabies virus (rabv)-based vaccines induce rapid and potent antibody responses via t cell-independent and t cell-dependent mechanisms. to further investigate early events in vaccine-induced antibody responses against rabv infections, we studied the role of macrophages as mediators of rabv-based vaccine immunogenicity. in this report, we show that a recombinant matrix gene-deleted rabv-based vaccine (rrabv-δm) infects and activates primary murine macrophages in vitro. immuniz ... | 2015 | 25540370 |