| risk for british travellers of acquiring hepatitis a. | | 1995 | 7613453 |
| prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus among new immigrants in israel. | israel, located in a region endemic for hepatitis a virus (hav), recently absorbed a large population of immigrants who came from the former ussr. to assess the risk of high morbidity in this population a serosurvey of hav antibodies was undertaken. serum samples were collected from 965 new immigrants, of whom 664 came from the european, non-endemic region, and 301 from the asian and caucasian endemic regions of the former soviet union. they were compared to 240 israelis. each population was div ... | 1995 | 7623008 |
| [the efficacy of the prevaccination detection of anti-hav in hepatitis a vaccination programs]. | the convenience of carrying out prevaccination detection studies of hepatitis a virus (hav) markers depends on the relative costs of the detection and vaccination, as well as the prevalence of susceptible subjects in each population group to be vaccinated. the aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of the systematic prevaccination detection of anti-hav antibodies in catalonia, spain. | 1995 | 7630228 |
| hepatitis a viruses with deletions in the 2a gene are infectious in cultured cells and marmosets. | the 2a gene of hepatitis a virus (hav) bears no obvious similarity to the corresponding genes of other picornaviruses and has no known function. in a preliminary effort to gain information about the hav 2a gene product, we constructed several hav cdnas containing deletions of 30 or 45 nucleotides in the predicted central portion of the 2a gene. these deletions did not affect the sites of protein processing, although the rates or efficiencies of polyprotein cleavage at the surrounding cleavage ju ... | 1995 | 7637003 |
| hepatitis a vaccine gains marketing approval. | | 1995 | 7641029 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a antibody among disadvantaged gypsy children in northern spain. | the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (hav) in a group of socially and economically disadvantaged spanish gypsy children was compared to that of a group of non-gypsy middle-class children. the study included 438 children, 73 gypsies (38 girls and 35 boys, mean age 8.5 years, age range 2-16 years) and 365 non-gypsy controls, randomly selected by age. the presence of anti-hav was investigated using elisa. among the gypsy children, 82% had antibodies to hav compared with 9.3% of the child ... | 1995 | 7641829 |
| [analysis of the efficiency of the screening of anti-hva igg antibodies before active or passive immunization]. | the epidemiological patron of hepatitis a has changed in the last few years and a decrease of the anti-hepatitis a antibodies igg (anti-hva) have been observed at early ages, which will accompany in the future an increase of symptomatic hepatitis. the prevention of hepatitis a requires a strict application of the norms of personal and environmental hygiene and the administration of vaccines or immunoglobulins. in order to determine the convenience of immunization actively or passively with or wi ... | 1995 | 7644884 |
| antibody to hepatitis b core antigen in blood donors with a history of hepatitis. | sera and questionnaires from 3,230 prospective u.s. volunteer blood donors were obtained in an earlier study to determine the prevalence of serologic markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) among prospective blood donors with or without a history of either hepatitis or blood transfusion. these sera were reevaluated using a radioimmunoassay for antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc). anti-hbc in the absence of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) or its antibody (an ... | 1981 | 7233523 |
| a virologically studied epidemic of type a hepatitis in a school for the mentally retarded. | the occurrence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a small boarding school for mildly to moderately mentally retarded children in umka, yugoslavia, in the spring of 1979, six years after the last recognized occurrence, provided an opportunity to study the spread of the agent among 79 classroom and dormitory contacts. only 51% of those who had entered subsequent to the prior outbreak had detectable antibody (anti-hav) with immunoglobulin g predominance, and the proportion within the first six ... | 1981 | 7304561 |
| [study on the contamination of ruditapes philippinarum by hav in jiaozhou bay and its counter-measures]. | six surveillance spots were set up in jiaozhou bay to examine the contamination of ruditapes philippinarum (r. p) by hav. specimens were collected regularly every month. seventy-five specimens were collected in july 1991-aug 1992. the precursor rna of hav was detected by methods of pcr, rna dot-blot hybridization and hav isolation. it showed that r. p. had been contaminated by hav in some areas of the bay at times, but the virus was in a state of inactivity. epidemiologic investigation in the sa ... | 1995 | 7648635 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of a cytopathic hepatitis a virus strain isolated in italy. | the molecular basis of the cytopathic effect induced in cell culture by some hepatitis a virus (hav) strains and variants has not been determined. in order to assess the molecular mechanism(s) underlying this particular phenotype the genome of an italian cytopathic isolate (strain fg) was sequenced from cdnas obtained by rt-pcr. sequence analysis revealed the presence of mutations common to either adapted or cytopathic variants of hav. in particular, amino acid deletions in proteins vp1 and 3a w ... | 1995 | 7653108 |
| [a trial of a hepatitis a cultured inactivated vaccine on rhesus macaques]. | in this work experimental model of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in macaques rhesus was used. in 6 seronegative monkeys immunized with the inactivated vaccine (3 injections of 0.3 micrograms of viral protein each at an interval of 1 month) pronounced antibody response was observed. the dynamics and titers of anti-hav antibodies were similar to those in 5 rhesus macaques which received the active virus. but, in contrast to the latter, no igm antibodies were detected in the immunized animals. ... | 1995 | 7653138 |
| need for vaccination of sewer workers against leptospirosis and hepatitis a. | this study compared the prevalence of leptospira interrogans and hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies in serum samples from sewer workers and controls. | 1995 | 7663634 |
| risk factors and prevalence of hepatitis e in german immigrants from the former soviet union. | worldwide there is only limited information on the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) and its association with other hepatotropic viruses. endemic regions have been described in some asian countries, whereas in europe only sporadic cases have been reported. the prevalence of hev and a series of other viral hepatitis infections was investigated in a group of 1,025 individuals immigrating into germany from the former soviet union. serum samples were tested for anti-hev by a commercial enzyme ... | 1995 | 7666043 |
| temperature-sensitive hepatitis a virus mutants with deletions downstream of the first pyrimidine-rich tract of the 5' nontranslated rna are impaired in rna synthesis. | hepatitis a virus (hav) mutants containing large deletions within the first pyrimidine-rich tract (py1; nucleotides [nt] 99 to 138) of the 5' nontranslated rna (5'ntr) replicate well in cultured cells, while those with py1 deletions which extend in a 3' direction to include nt 140 to 144 (cuugu) have a temperature-sensitive (ts) replication phenotype (d.r. shaffer, e.a. brown, and s.m. lemon, j. virol. 68:5568-5578, 1994). to characterize this replication defect, the ts mutant delta 131-144 was ... | 1995 | 7666551 |
| a hepatitis a virus deletion mutant which lacks the first pyrimidine-rich tract of the 5' nontranslated rna remains virulent in primates after direct intrahepatic nucleic acid transfection. | cell culture-adapted variants of hepatitis a virus (hav) in which the first pyrimidine-rich tract (py1; nucleotides 99 to 138) of the 5' nontranslated region has been deleted (delta 96-137 or delta 96-139) replicate as well as parental virus in cultured cells (d.r. shaffer, e.a. brown, and s.m. lemon, j. virol. 68:5568-5578, 1994). to determine whether viruses with such large deletion mutations are able to replicate and to produce acute hepatitis in primates, we reconstructed the delta 96-137 de ... | 1995 | 7666566 |
| microbiological quality of drinking water and using water of a chao phya river community, bangkok. | safe water is essential for good health of humans. the contamination of water with infected fecal material is common in areas with poor standards of hygiene and sanitation. the determination of microbiological quality of water is essential. simple routine testing of the bacteriological quality of drinking water is designed to detect the presence of coliform bacteria and virological assessment is to detect the presence of enteric viruses, especially hepatitis a virus (hav). therefore, this study ... | 1994 | 7667704 |
| antigenic and immunogenic properties of recombinant hepatitis a virus 14s and 70s subviral particles. | hepatitis a virus (hav) has an immunodominant neutralization antigenic site. by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies targeted against the hav neutralization antigenic site, it was shown that three epitopes within this site are present on 14s subunits (pentamers of the structural unit). in contrast, two other epitopes within this site are formed upon assembly of 14s subunits into capsids. thus, the epitopes recognized by these two monoclonal antibodies are formed either by a conformational chan ... | 1993 | 7678298 |
| effect of terminal (dry) heat treatment on non-enveloped viruses in coagulation factor concentrates. | terminal dry heat treatment effectively inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) and canine parvovirus added to high-purity factor viii. after 24 h at 80 degrees c, hav infectivity was reduced by > or = 4.3 log10 tcid50, as measured in a newly developed infectivity assay. the same reduction in virus titer was achieved after 2 h and before 6 h at 90 degrees c. inactivation of hepatitis a virus was also seen in the freeze-drying step prior to heat treatment with an approximately 2.0 log10 reduction in ... | 1994 | 7701804 |
| clinical recurrence of hepatitis a following liver transplantation for acute liver failure. | this paper documents clinically significant recurrence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a 63-year-old man transplanted for hav-related acute liver failure. hav rna was documented in the explant and, following early clearance from the blood and graft, was again detected in post-operative biopsies at the time of an acute hepatic illness. although the clinical and biochemical abnormalities resolved completely, the patient had a second episode of graft dysfunction 6 months later and investiga ... | 1995 | 7714491 |
| 5' utr of hepatitis a virus rna: mutations in the 5'-most pyrimidine-rich tract reduce its ability to direct internal initiation of translation. | the 5'-terminal untranslated region (5' utr) of the uncapped hepatitis a virus (hav) rna contains two pyrimidine-rich sequences; one about 20 nucleotides (nt) in length in the vicinity of the aug initiation codon (nt 706-726), and a longer one (about 40 nt) encompassing nt 100 to 140. the latter includes a 13 nt 'core' sequence (positions 126-138 in the hm175 strain) which is 80% identical to the pyrimidine-rich tract of poliovirus type 1 rna (mahoney strain). representative cdnas of the entire ... | 1995 | 7730803 |
| analysis of immunoassays to detect antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) and anti-hav immunoglobulin m. | two newly developed anti-hav tests were assessed, using a total of 1835 sera. these two tests are being distributed under the trademarks enzymun-test anti-hav and enzymun-test igm anti-hav. the anti-hav test was compared to anti-hav tests from other manufacturers and featured a high sensitivity combined with a high level of reproducibility and specificity. in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity, the igm test proved to be comparable to other igm anti-hav tests used for the diagn ... | 1995 | 7738142 |
| viral safety of solvent/detergent-treated blood products. | laboratory research that began in 1982 led to the licensing in the usa of a solvent/detergent (sd)-treated factor viii concentrate in 1985. the licence was granted on the basis of several factors. first, studies had demonstrated the inactivation of several marker viruses (vesicular stomatitis virus, sindbis virus, sendai virus) and other viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and non-a, non-b hepatitis virus (nanbhv; now known principally to be hepatitis c v ... | 1994 | 7749045 |
| virus validation of plasma-derived products produced by pharmacia, with particular reference to immunoglobulins. | important factors to assure the safety of plasma-derived products manufactured on an industrial scale are initial screening of the source material and validation of the manufacturing process in accordance with issued eec guidelines and us [points to consider'. pharmacia's manufacturing process for immunoglobulins contains a specific virucidal step, in which lipid-enveloped viruses are effectively inactivated with a solvent/detergent (sd) combination consisting of 0.3% tri(n-butyl)phosphate and 1 ... | 1994 | 7749047 |
| hepatitis a vaccine. | | 1995 | 7760768 |
| comparison of immunological and molecular hybridization detection methods for the detection of hepatitis a virus in sewage. | immune electron microscopy (iem), radioimmunoassay (ria) and molecular hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled cdna probe were compared for the detection of wild-type human hepatitis a virus (hav) in raw and treated sewage. in the same experiments, classic tests for culturable enteroviruses were carried out. with the hybridization probes, hav was detected in three of the 13 affluent samples (23%) and in eight out of 13 effluent samples (61%). for four of the effluent samples, positivity reveal ... | 1993 | 7764091 |
| serologic markers for hepatitis b virus and hepatitis a virus in bushmen in west caprivi, namibia. | a community based sero-epidemiological study was undertaken to determine the age specific prevalence rates of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in a band of bushmen in the west caprivi, namibia. all children tested and all but two of the adults tested showed the presence of anti-hav antibodies. nineteen individuals (18%) were positive for hbsag and 65 (61%) individuals had serologic evidence of past exposure to hbv infection. | 1995 | 7781552 |
| [progress in hepatitis diagnosis]. | until today only five pathogens of viral hepatitis have been discovered: hepatitis virus a (hav), b (hbv), c (hcv), d (hdv) and e (hev). an update on the state of the art of actually established diagnostic procedures is briefly summarized. some recent topics and problems are covered more extensively; in the case of hbv the value of hbsag concentration as a prognostic marker, the finding 'anti-hbc only' the role of hbv mutants, the determination of circulating hbv genomic material, and modalities ... | 1995 | 7792463 |
| recombinant expression of hepatitis a virus protein 3a: interaction with membranes. | the function of hepatitis a virus (hav) protein 3a and its structural requirements were studied in vitro and in a bacterial expression system by comparing the polypeptide precursor 3ab derived from a cytopathogenic strain with that of an attenuated strain. although the precursor polypeptides 3ab of both hav strains bind to microsomal membranes after translation in vitro they differ in inducing membrane permeability when expression is induced in bacteria. intake and release of macromolecules was ... | 1995 | 7794278 |
| peptide aldehyde inhibitors of hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase. | picornaviral 3c proteinases are a group of closely related thiol proteinases responsible for processing of the viral polyprotein into its component proteins. these proteinases adopt a chymotrypsin-like fold [allaire et al. (1994) nature 369, 72-77; matthews et al. (1994) cell 77, 761-771] and a display an active-site configuration like those of the serine proteinases. peptide-aldehydes based on the preferred peptide substrates for hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c proteinase were synthesized by reducti ... | 1995 | 7794931 |
| saliva and serum as diagnostic media for antibody to hepatitis a virus in adults and in individuals who have received an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. | saliva was evaluated as a diagnostic fluid for screening individuals for evidence of previous hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and for evidence of seroconversion after vaccination with inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. a new and simple saliva collection method and an assay for detection of hav antibody were used; the assay used an antibody capture format. there was complete concordance between the results of saliva-based assays and those of serum-based assays, both of which were used for determi ... | 1995 | 7795087 |
| development and retrospective evaluation of hepaxpert-i: a routinely-used expert system for interpretive analysis of hepatitis a and b serologic findings. | hepaxpert-i is an expert system that interprets the results of routine serologic tests for infection with hepatitis a or b virus. the tests measure antibody to the hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), igm antibody to the hepatitis a virus (igm anti-hav), hepatitis a virus (hav) in the stool, hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and antibody (anti-hbs), antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc and igm anti-hbc), and hepatitis b envelope antigen (hbeag) and antibody (anti-hbe). the knowledge base of ... | 1995 | 7795713 |
| racial differences in the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus infection in natal/kwazulu, south africa. | the age- and race-specific seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was determined by radioimmunoassay (ria) in 786 subjects between the ages of 6 months to 60 years. more than 50% of african children were seropositive by the age of 5 years. in blood donors (17-60 years), 50% (93/187) of whites, 67% (110/163) of indians, 85% (117/137) of coloureds, and 91% (115/127) of africans were seropositive. there was a significant difference in the seroprevalence of hav infection between white b ... | 1994 | 7798891 |
| a prospective controlled crossover trial of a new heat-treated intravenous immunoglobulin. | twenty-one patients with primary immunoglobulin deficiency were enrolled in a crossover study to test the efficacy and safety of alphaglobin in comparison with the licensed preparations sandoglobulin and gamimune. there was no statistical difference in these parameters between alphaglobin and sandoglobulin/gamimune. the level of total serum igg and specific igg to pneumococcal polysaccharides was similar in individual patients when they were receiving alphaglobin or one of the other products. tr ... | 1995 | 7813100 |
| [water and viral hepatitis]. | the main agents responsible for acute viral hepatitis throughout the world are the hepatitis a virus (hav) and the hepatitis e virus (hev). both are transmitted by fecal-oral route and can provoke large epidemics, hav in developed countries and hev in developing countries. water is a major vehicle of spread. however, two different epidemiological patterns have to be distinguished: level of hav excretion is short but high. because of its resistance to physical and chemical agents, hav remains inf ... | 1993 | 7819806 |
| safety and effectiveness of the new inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine. | to examine the evidence concerning the safety and effectiveness of the inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine recently licensed for use in canada. | 1995 | 7828098 |
| has hepatitis a virus been transmitted by clotting factor concentrates among hemophiliacs in the united states? | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection occurred after administration of factor viii concentrate in europe associated with one manufacturing process. we determined if there was an excess prevalence of anti-hav among hemophiliacs in the united states, and whether any infections here were potentially concentrate-associated. we observed clotting disorder patients and household members for up to 7 years at 6-month intervals. selected specimens were titered for anti-hav-immunoglobulin g content to distingu ... | 1994 | 7831863 |
| the natural history of hepatitis a: the potential for transmission by transfusion of blood or blood products. | a study of the natral history and risk factors for hepatitis a can shed light on the potential for contamination of plasma concentrate with hepatitis a virus (hav). according to the long-term sentinel counties study conducted by alter and colleagues at the centers for disease control and prevention in atlanta, the most frequently reported risk factors for hav infection are living with a patient who has hepatitis, homosexual activity, and close contact with young children. international travel to ... | 1994 | 7831865 |
| virology of the hepatitis a epidemic in italy. | we studied the virologic aspects of a hepatitis a epidemic that occurred among hemophilia patients in italy between 1989 and 1992. twelve lots of factor viii concentrate manufactured by the solvent-detergent chromatographic technique and suspected of contamination by the hepatitis a virus (hav) were analyzed by a two-step, nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) procedure. pcr was applied to 1-ml samples of factor viii concentrate and 100-microliters serial serum samples available from 2 patients ... | 1994 | 7831866 |
| mimicry of the immunodominant conformation-dependent antigenic site of hepatitis a virus by motifs selected from synthetic peptide libraries. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a positive-strand rna virus with a genome length of approximately 7,480 nucleotides. although hav morphogenesis is thought to be similar to that of poliovirus, the prototype picornavirus, the complete characterization of the antigenic structure of this virus remains elusive. all the available evidences, however, support the existence, on hav virions and empty capsids, of an immunodominant neutralization antigenic site which is conformation dependent and whose structure ... | 1995 | 7543581 |
| increased risk for hepatitis a among female day nursery workers in belgium. | to assess the risk for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in an occupational group potentially at risk for faeco-oral contact with very young children, a prevalence study of total anti-hav antibodies (igg/igm) was conducted among 591 female employees in day nurseries in flanders, belgium, and in a reference group of 560 healthy female blood donors, matched for age. analysis was also performed on formally exposed persons (n = 413) versus blood donors (n = 560). the overall prevalence of hav marker ... | 1994 | 7841420 |
| [differential diagnosis of hepatitis a, b, c, d and e. clinical, biochemical and viral serologic criteria. 2: biochemical pathology--serology--hepatitis a]. | | 1994 | 7843685 |
| age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a and e viruses in pune, india, 1982 and 1992. | the age-specific seroprevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (hav) and antibody to hepatitis e virus (hev) were studied in persons in pune, india, where both viruses are endemic. the data showed that hav infected the majority of persons by age 3 years and virtually 100% by late childhood. in contrast, infection with hev was rare in children and did not reach peak prevalence (33%-40%) until early adulthood. the reason for the differences in infection rates between hav and hev is not known. ag ... | 1995 | 7844387 |
| is hepatitis a more severe in patients with chronic hepatitis b and other chronic liver diseases? | there are several published case series of acute hepatitis a, with coverage ranging from epidemics to case reports, that provide information regarding the clinical course and outcome of hepatitis a in patients with underlying chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection (1-12). only a few reports have addressed the outcome of hepatitis a in patients with other chronic liver diseases (2, 13). some, but not all, of these reports suggest that hepatitis a superimposed on chronic hepatitis b or other ch ... | 1995 | 7847285 |
| nephrotic syndrome and acute renal failure associated with hepatitis a virus infection. | acute renal failure has been documented in association with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. this report describes a temporal relationship between hav infection and immune complex mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with nephrotic syndrome. animal experimental data have already shown that this is indeed a histological lesion associated with hav infection. this case report is the first english documentation associating hav infection with immune complex mesangial proliferative ... | 1995 | 7847304 |
| cleavage specificity of purified recombinant hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase on natural substrates. | hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c proteinase expressed in escherichia coli was purified to homogeneity, and its cleavage specificity towards various parts of the viral polyprotein was analyzed. intermolecular cleavage of the p2-p3 domain of the hav polyprotein gave rise to proteins 2a, 2b, 2c, 3abc, and 3d, suggesting that in addition to the primary cleavage site, all secondary sites within p2 as well as the 3c/3d junction are cleaved by 3c. 3c-mediated processing of the p1-p2 precursor liberated 2a an ... | 1995 | 7853510 |
| hepatitis a vaccine. a new convenient single-dose schedule with booster when long-term immunization is warranted. | a total of 162 anti-hav-negative healthy adults were immunized with a single high dose (1440 elisa units = 1 ml) of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine and a booster was given at month 6. antibodies were measured after modification of a commercial elisa kit, enabling quantification of titres down to 6 miu ml-1. after 14 days, 96% of vaccinees had positive anti-hav titres (> 20 miu ml-1), and after 30 days all vaccinees had seroconverted. the geometric mean titres were 150 miu ml-1 and 380 miu ml-1 r ... | 1994 | 7856299 |
| hepatitis a. | | 1994 | 7863394 |
| an overview of the clinical development of hepatitis a vaccine. proceedings of a meeting. marco island, florida, 3-6 february 1994. | | 1995 | 7876640 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis a in the united states. | the seroepidemiology of hepatitis a depends on the biologic features of the agent. hepatitis a virus (hav) is shed in the stool, and infectivity titers are significantly higher for stool than for other body materials. as a consequence, the predominant mode of spread is through fecal-oral routes. common-source vectors include contaminated foods, water, and bivalve mollusks. risk factors include contact with a person with hepatitis a, attendance or employment at a day care center, recent internati ... | 1995 | 7876642 |
| history and epidemiology of hepatitis a virus. | hepatitis a was clearly recognized as an entity separate from other types of hepatitis during world war ii, but only later did studies provide convincing evidence of the prevalence and transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav). disease incidence varies over time and geography, with wide differences from country to country and even within cities. noted recently is a shift in prevalence in cases from childhood to adulthood. incidence figures are unreliable. epidemiology of the disease is best define ... | 1995 | 7876643 |
| hepatitis a in travelers: the european experience. | each year approximately 14 million europeans travel to developing countries in africa, asia, and latin american as well as to infrequently visited countries in eastern europe. without protection, travelers develop symptomatic hepatitis a at the rate of 3 cases per 1000 people per month of stay. those who eat and drink under poor hygienic conditions have an even higher risk, 20/1000/month. studies show that hepatitis a is the most frequent vaccine-preventable disease in travelers to developing co ... | 1995 | 7876644 |
| hepatitis a and the american traveler. | morbidity from hepatitis a in american travelers may be greater than currently recorded. risks for acquiring hepatitis a are widespread in developing countries, and a single lapse from appropriate hygiene for food or water is sufficient to cause infection. in peace corps personnel, a strictly regulated policy of immune serum globulin (isg) at 4-month intervals reduced the rate of hepatitis a to 0.1-0.3 cases (from 1.6-2.1 cases)/100 persons/year. data from united states foreign service personnel ... | 1995 | 7876645 |
| approaches to a vaccine against hepatitis a: development and manufacture of an inactivated vaccine. | the basis for the development of a vaccine against hepatitis a was laid in the 1970s, when virus was replicated in cell culture. adaptation to growth in cell culture resulted in attenuation and sufficient quantities of virus particles, allowing the development of both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines. testing of candidate vaccines in volunteers began in the early 1980s. recently, a formaldehyde-inactivated whole-virion hepatitis a vaccine, the first licensed vaccine against hepatitis a, ... | 1995 | 7876646 |
| efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in pre- and postexposure conditions in marmosets. | a two-part challenge study was done in marmoset monkeys to confirm the efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. in part 1 (preexposure), 7 marmosets received a single low dose of vaccine (360 elisa units [el.u.]) and were challenged orally with wild type hepatitis a virus (hav) either 1 or 6 months later. in part 2 (postexposure), 8 marmosets were challenged orally with hav and then half each were inoculated with a single dose of 360 or 1440 el.u. of vaccine 2 days later. the suboptimal i ... | 1995 | 7876647 |
| clinical experience with an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. | clinical trials of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine have encompassed 104 studies completed by december 1993 in 27 countries. studies involved 50,677 subjects and administration of > 120,000 vaccine doses. results show that the vaccine is safe, clinically well-tolerated, and highly immunogenic in all age groups. a seroconversion rate of 100% is achieved 1 month after primary vaccination. vaccine-induced antibody titers persist after a primary vaccination course for > or = 1 year with a single d ... | 1995 | 7876648 |
| inactivated hepatitis a vaccine: a safety and immunogenicity study in health professionals. | the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (hm175) were evaluated in 151 seronegative health professionals (age range, 21-65 years; mean, 30). a 720-elisa unit dose was administered to 78 vaccinees at 0, 1, and 6 months and to 73 vaccinees at 0, 1, and 12 months. seroconversion rates were 90% in both groups 1 month after the first inoculation and 99% and 100%, respectively, 1 month after the second inoculation. geometric mean antibody titers (gmts) 1 month after the thir ... | 1995 | 7876649 |
| administration of hepatitis a vaccine to a military population by needle and jet injector and with hepatitis b vaccine. | military personnel are an important target population for hepatitis a immunization. soldiers are often given vaccines by jet injector and may be required to receive multiple vaccines at one time. formalin-inactivated hepatitis a vaccine containing 360 elisa units of antigen was evaluated at fort campbell. volunteers received vaccine at 0, 1, and 6 months as follows: group 1, hepatitis a vaccine by needle; group 2, hepatitis a vaccine by jet injector; group 3, hepatitis b vaccine by needle; and g ... | 1995 | 7876650 |
| immunization of us soldiers with a two-dose primary series of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine: early immune response, persistence of antibody, and response to a third dose at 1 year. | to study the feasibility of using inactivated hepatitis a vaccine for rapid immunization of us soldiers, 276 randomized seronegative volunteers received one of four regimens: two injections, on day 0 or one each on day 0 and 14, day 0 and 30, or day 0 and 180. a third dose was given on day 380. among the 256 recipients of two doses, 99% responded with antibody (by elisa) with few symptoms. a higher percentage of recipients of both doses on day 0 had antibody at day 14 (68% vs. 52% of all others, ... | 1995 | 7876651 |
| safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in preschool children. | young children in day care centers are an important source of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hav vaccine was evaluated in 57 children in day care centers. nonimmune healthy children were given 0.5 ml of vaccine with subsequent doses: group a (28 children), second and third doses 1 and 2 months after the first; group b (29 children), second and third doses at 1 and 6 months. antibody to hav was measured before each dose and 8 months after the in ... | 1995 | 7876652 |
| discussion: who should receive hepatitis a vaccine? a strategy for controlling hepatitis a in the united states. | | 1995 | 7876653 |
| host immune response to hepatitis a virus. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. the virus crosses through the gastrointestinal tract by an uncharacterized mechanism and travels to the liver, where it replicates in hepatocytes. it is released into the bloodstream and is simultaneously present in the bile and shed in the feces. fecal shedding and viremia are maximal at the onset of liver function abnormalities and terminate about the time humoral immunity is detected, approximately 28 days after exposure. igm, ig ... | 1995 | 7876654 |
| hepatitis a vaccine set for 2-year-olds to adults. | | 1995 | 7884933 |
| persistence of inoculated hepatitis a virus in mixed human and animal wastes. | the persistence of hepatitis a virus (hav) was determined both in mixtures of septic tank effluent (ste) with dairy cattle manure slurry (dcms) and in mixtures of ste with swine manure slurry (sms). hav was consistently inactivated more rapidly in the two types of mixed wastes than in ste alone or in the control dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (pbs). at 5 degrees c, the d values (time, in days, for a 90% reduction of virus titer) were 34.6 for the mixed ste and dcms, 48.5 for the mixed ste ... | 1995 | 7887630 |
| travel prophylaxis. | | 1995 | 7888915 |
| hepatitis a antibodies in attenders of london travel clinics: cost-benefit of screening prior to hepatitis a immunisation. | the seroprevalence of hepatitis a antibodies in travellers attending london travel clinics increases with age and screening may eliminate the need for vaccination at present for approximately 40% of adults. the duration of protection by current hepatitis a vaccine(s) is still to be established. | 1994 | 7897370 |
| single dose inactivated hepatitis a vaccine: rationale and clinical assessment of the safety and immunogenicity. | in comparison with the classical immunisation schedules (0-1-6 or 0-1-12 months) for hepatitis a, a 0- and 12- or a 0- and 6-month schedule would have important advantages by reducing the number of injections and discomfort and increasing scheduling convenience and patient compliance. it would be convenient if a single dose with enough antigen could protect both rapidly and for at least 12 months, when the booster dose would be given. several clinical trials have been carried out with an inactiv ... | 1994 | 7897376 |
| thermostability of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine stored at 37 degrees c for one week. | | 1994 | 7897377 |
| immunogenicity and safety in adults of hepatitis a virus vaccine administered as a single dose with a booster 6 months later. | an inactivated vaccine against hepatitis a was administered as a single 1,440 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) units dose at month 0 with a booster at month 6 to 200 subjects divided into two age groups: group 1, 20-39 years (n = 134) and group ii, 40-62 years (n = 66). at day 15, the seropositivity rates were 90% and 77% in groups i and ii, respectively. at month 1 the seropositivity rate was 97% in both groups. at month 6 the seropositivity rates were 94% and 88% in groups i and ii, r ... | 1994 | 7897378 |
| inactivated hepatitis a vaccine: reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and long-term antibody persistence. | this trial evaluated the reactogenicity, kinetics of antibody induction, and long-term immunogenicity of a 720 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units (el.u.) antigen dose of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine (havrix, smithkline beecham biologicals, rixensart, belgium). one hundred six healthy adult volunteers were enrolled to receive vaccine intramuscularly according to a 0, 1, and 6-month schedule. the vaccine was well tolerated. the most frequently reported local symptom was soreness, observ ... | 1994 | 7897379 |
| clinical and immunological investigation of a new combined hepatitis a and hepatitis b vaccine. | as with hepatitis b vaccines, the recently developed hepatitis a vaccine is suitable not only for individual protection, but also for public health control measures. for introduction into routine immunisation programmes, however, hepatitis a vaccine should preferably be combined with other already established vaccines. in particular, a combination of hepatitis a and hepatitis b vaccines would be appropriate. we investigated a new combined hepatitis a/hepatitis b vaccine comparing its tolerabilit ... | 1994 | 7897380 |
| cost-effectiveness analysis of vaccination against hepatitis a in travellers. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is a substantial risk for travellers from low endemic countries to high endemic destinations. costs and effects of alternative options for prevention were compared using formal decision analysis. general indications for the optimal prevention of hepatitis a were derived from a cost-effectiveness analysis. various possible strategies for prevention of hepatitis a in travellers were compared to doing nothing: active immunisation using either the existing vaccine ( ... | 1994 | 7897383 |
| new developments in hepatitis a control. | an inactivated vaccine for hepatitis a was recently licensed in canada. this is the first important development in control of the disease in 50 years. this article presents new information about the vaccine and about the groups who might benefit from it. it also provides a review of the clinical and epidemiological aspects of hepatitis a. | 1995 | 7647625 |
| preventing hepatitis a infections. national advisory committee on immunization statement. laboratory centre for disease control. | | 1995 | 7647629 |
| absence of hepatitis a virus transmission by high-purity solvent detergent treated coagulation factor concentrates in scottish haemophiliacs. | recent reports of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in haemophiliacs receiving high-purity solvent detergent (hp.sd) treated factor viii concentrates have brought into question the efficacy of this virucidal method for inactivating hav. to assess whether hav may have been transmitted by hp.sd concentrates, we compared seroprevalence in haemophiliacs with different disease severity, sought evidence of seroconversion to hav since introduction of hp.sd products, and directly examined concentrates f ... | 1995 | 7833268 |
| hepatitis a vaccine: which dose is best? | | 1995 | 7897815 |
| changing seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection between two regions in taiwan differing in socioeconomic status. | in taiwan, hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is hyperendemic, and prior to the late 1970s more than 85% of the population was infected by 15 years of age. in this study, the prevalence of hav infection in two regions of taiwan with differing standards of living is evaluated. serum antibody to hav (anti-hav) was determined by enzyme immunoassay. a total of 4,218 subjects under the age of 16 years were enrolled. the first group of 1,581 subjects were residents of the prosperous western plain regio ... | 1993 | 7904864 |
| inactivated virosome hepatitis a vaccine. | immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (iriv) are efficient carrier systems for small virion particles such as hepatitis a virus (hav). we evaluated immunogenicity and tolerability of an iriv-hav vaccine and the effectiveness of a booster by immunising 104 healthy hav seronegative volunteers. a single dose was highly immunogenic, since 98% of volunteers had seroconverted after 2 weeks. anti-hav titres remained high, with 100% seroconversion rate 1 year later, when the booster was g ... | 1994 | 7905144 |
| propagation of hepatitis a virus in a renal cell line jtc-12.p3 of cynomolgus monkey origin. | human hepatitis a virus (hav) derived from 10% hav infected marmoset liver homogenate and faeces from acute hepatitis a was successfully propagated in vitro in a new cell line, jtc-12.p3. the cell line originated from the renal cortex of cynomolgus monkey which was adapted to growth in a serum free, protein free, chemically defined synthetic medium. replication of the virus was followed by solid phase ria, immunofluorescent staining, and immunoelectron microscopy. the propagation of hav occurred ... | 1993 | 7905235 |
| hepatitis a virus antibody levels in factor viii concentrates. | | 1994 | 7912803 |
| viral hepatitis serological markers among pregnant women in caracas, venezuela: implication for perinatal transmission of hepatitis b and c. | viral hepatitis serological markers were analyzed in two groups of pregnant women residing in caracas from: 1) a maternity unit at the moment of delivery (106 sera, low income population), and 2) a private clinic during the third trimester of pregnancy (105 sera, medium-high economic class population). a higher percent positivity was observed in the maternity unit compared to the private clinic for hepatitis a virus (hav) as measured by anti-hav activity (96% vs 48%; p < 0.01%), for hepatitis b ... | 1994 | 7926616 |
| effect of postexposure vaccination in a chimpanzee model of hepatitis a virus infection. | passive transfer of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav) in immune globulin (ig) effectively prevents hepatitis a when given after exposure, but does not provide lasting protection from infection. hepatitis a vaccines have been shown to generate quickly levels of antibody equivalent to those found after ig administration. the effect of hepatitis a vaccine in preventing infection following fecal-oral exposure was evaluated in a chimpanzee model of hav infection. two animals were vaccinated 1 and ... | 1994 | 7931186 |
| cytolytic activity of natural killer cells and lymphokine activated killer cells against hepatitis a virus infected fibroblasts. | the role of natural killer (nk) cells, lymphokine activated killer (lak) cells and the induction of cytokines in the hepatocellular injury of hepatitis a were studied in vitro using a 51cr release assay in hepatitis a virus (hav) infected mrc-5 cells (mrc-hav). when fresh peripheral mononuclear cells (pbmc) from healthy, anti-hav antibody (-) and (+) human donors, or patients with acute hepatitis a were used as effector cells, mrc-hav were lysed more extensively than uninfected cells. similarly, ... | 1993 | 7932628 |
| development of rt-semi-nested pcr for detection of hepatitis a virus in stool in epidemic conditions. | the purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of semi-nested pcr in detecting hepatitis a virus (hav) rna. during a 2-year period (1990-1991), hav rna was searched for in shellfish from the french brittany coasts using crna and vrna probes. in january 1992, at the time of a hepatitis a outbreak, 28 stool samples were collected from infected patients (18 adults, 10 children) with anti-hav igm. four samples from subjects with negative hav serology were used as negative controls. nuclei ... | 1994 | 7935509 |
| antibodies to hepatitis e and a viruses among patients with non-alcoholic chronic liver disease in taiwan. | the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in patients with non-alcoholic chronic liver disease (cld) was assessed. | 1994 | 7939403 |
| [viral hepatitis a to e--diagnosis, clinical aspects and therapy]. | viral causes of acute or chronic hepatitis are the hepatitis a virus [hav], the hepatitis b virus [hbv], the hepatitis c virus [hcv], the hepatitis delta virus [hdv], and the hepatitis e virus [hev]. these viruses haven been characterized in great detail and can be detected by specific and sensitive serological or molecular assays. while hav and hev cause only acute hepatitis, infection with hbv, hcv or hdv frequently takes a chronic course. with time chronic viral hepatitis can progress to live ... | 1994 | 7940409 |
| immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of varying doses and regimens of inactivated hepatitis a virus vaccine in navajo children. | the navajo are known to be at high risk for hepatitis a virus (hav) infection. this study investigated the safety and immunogenicity of an investigational, alum-adjuvanted, formalin-inactivated hav vaccine (vaqta) developed by merck research laboratories in navajo children. one hundred two of 212 children, ages 4 to 12 years, were hav-seronegative (< 10 miu/ml by an enhanced sensitivity modification of the havab; abbott). ninety of these children received the hav vaccine. study participants were ... | 1994 | 7970954 |
| the current epidemiology of hepatitis a infection in south africa: implications for vaccination. | testing stored sera from various categories of individuals has shown that among the black population hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is universal and most adult black subjects are immune. infection probably occurs early in life, consistent with the epidemiological pattern seen in the developing world. by contrast, seroprevalence of hav infection in adult white subjects increases with age, reflecting an epidemiological pattern seen in the developed world. white subjects working in a virological ... | 1994 | 7974662 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis a antibodies among residents of a centre for people with developmental disabilities. | in february 1993, 11 cases of hepatitis a virus (hav) were identified in permanent residents of a centre for young people with developmental disabilities. | 1994 | 7980231 |
| hepatitis in nursing homes. incidence and management strategies. | due to improved sanitation and prevention of parenterally transmitted diseases, a trend towards a decreasing incidence of acute viral hepatitis has been observed in several countries in the last years. these changes in epidemiology affect elderly people in different ways, especially if they are residents of homes for the aged. the decrease of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in childhood has resulted in less antibody protection during adulthood and old age. this in turn has led to an increased ... | 1994 | 7981488 |
| hemolysis and autoantibodies to triosephosphate isomerase in a patient with acute hepatitis a virus infection. | having returned from a holiday in southeast europe, a 30-year-old german woman developed acute hepatitis. hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was diagnosed serologically. during the course of the infection, hemolysis was found. igm antibodies against triosephosphate isomerase (igm anti-tpi) were detected in the patient's serum from the acute phase of the hav infection. affinity purified igm anti-tpi from the serum reduced the enzyme activity in vitro and caused an increased 51cr release from eryth ... | 1994 | 7984967 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus, rotavirus, and enterovirus in naturally contaminated shellfish and sediment by reverse transcription-seminested pcr. | a reverse transcription-pcr method was developed to detect enterovirus (ev), hepatitis a virus (hav), and rotavirus (rv) rnas in shellfish and sediment. the method was first tested under experimental conditions by using virus-spiked shellfish to evaluate assay sensitivity. the use of cc41 cellulose was found to be efficient for removing inhibitors of rv detection. for sediment samples, a sephadex column was used to allow the detection of ev and hav rnas. the specificity of amplified products was ... | 1994 | 7986041 |
| survival of enteric viruses on environmental fomites. | the survival of human enteric viruses on several porous (paper and cotton cloth) and nonporous (aluminum, china, glazed tile, latex, and polystyrene) environmental surfaces has been evaluated. viruses persisted for extended periods on several types of materials commonly found in institutions and domestic environments. the stability of the viruses was generally influenced by environmental factors such as relative humidity (rh), temperature, and the type of surface contaminated. overall, hepatitis ... | 1994 | 7986043 |
| [antiviral effect of recombinant interferon-alpha on hepatitis a virus replication in human liver cells]. | two recombinant interferons-alpha (ifns-alpha) were assayed for their antiviral effect on hepatitis a virus (hav) replication in the human hepatoma cell line plc/prf/5. ifn alpha-2a and ifn alpha-2b resulted in concentration-dependent inhibition of hav antigen expression and hav infectivity at non toxic concentrations. their selectivity indices, calculated as the ratio of the dose that reduced the number of viable cells to 50% (cd50) to the effective dose that inhibited 50% of viral antigen expr ... | 1994 | 7987698 |
| exposure to enteroviruses and hepatitis a virus among divers in environmental waters in france, first biological and serological survey of a controlled cohort. | an epidemiological study of hepatitis a and enteroviruses was conducted in a military diving training school, by evaluating the viral contamination of water using an ultrafiltration concentration technique, and assessing seroconversion and the presence of virus in stool specimens obtained from 109 divers and 48 controls. three of 29 water specimens were positive for enterovirus by cell culture and 9 by molecular hybridization. there was little or no risk of virus infection during the training co ... | 1994 | 7995363 |
| [seroepidemiologic survey of hepatitis a antibodies in the young adult spanish population. spanish study group on hepatitis a (1)]. | the aim of the present was to study the rate of exposure to the hepatitis a virus (hav) in the young adult spanish population. | 1994 | 7996891 |
| [the use of a biotinated probe for the detection of the genomic rna of the hepatitis a virus in clinical specimens]. | a detection technique for hepatitis a virus (hav) rna by means of molecular hybridization using ss-biotinated dna probe on the basis of m13 bacteriophage is described. the technique sensitivity reached 1-10 pg of control dna or 100-500 pg of hav. the experiments for detection of hav carriers among the patients and contacts from foci of hav outbreaks were carried out. a comparative analysis of the above technique and enzyme immunoassay and amplification technique was done and good coincidence of ... | 1994 | 7998390 |
| in situ hybridization studies of hepatitis a viral rna in patients with acute hepatitis a. | in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes has been used to localise hepatitis a virus rna genomic sequences in formalin-fixed and routinely processed human liver biopsies from three patients. using radiolabelled sulphur-35 antisense probes, viral genomic sequences were found in all three cases, but signal intensity was greatest in cases 1 and 2 with fulminant hepatitis, and was minimal in the third case of resolving hepatitis biopsied 2 months after acute illness. localisation showed the ... | 1994 | 8014450 |
| [experience in verifying hepatitis e in ukraine]. | an outbreak of viral hepatitis b at a sugar refinery in the ukraine was verified by the detection of hbs antigens and igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus in the radioimmunoassay. cases of hepatitis e among workers, employed mainly in heat-treatment departments, appeared due to mass contamination of water mains with sewage water from the residential zone in the presence of a few cases of the disease. | 1994 | 8017130 |
| development of an rna/rna hybridization assay for the detection of the hav cf53 strain. | a quick and sensitive dot-blot assay using non-radioactive labelled rna probes was developed for the detection of the cf53 strain of hepatitis a virus (hav) in cell culture. the cdna of the 5' end of the hm175 strain was inserted in a transcription vector pspt18 and was used to synthesize 32p- or digoxigenin-labelled rna probes. these rna probes specifically detected the rna of the cf53 strain and can be used to detect hav in plc/prf/5 cells. the sensitivity of non-radioactive tests was comparab ... | 1994 | 8023013 |