| the role of advanced generation macrolides in the prophylaxis and treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections. | since the start of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) epidemic, the role of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) as an opportunistic pathogen in advanced aids patients has become more and more clear. once identified in an advanced aids patient it is possible to find evidence that the mac organism and infection is not only present in the pulmonary tree, but has also disseminated to a wide variety of body organs. treatment of mac or disseminated mac (dmac) infections has historically been ... | 1997 | 9211081 |
| molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium complex isolated from patients with and without aids in brazil and england. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is ubiquitous throughout the world. it is an opportunistic pathogen in aids patients but the number of cases in hiv negative patients is also increasing. the aim of this study was to determine whether patients were being infected with different mac strains or whether one strain was dominant. dna obtained from isolates in brazil and england were compared using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge). strains from 22 brazilian patients clustered into 7 groups but ... | 1999 | 10459647 |
| efficacy and safety of an intravenous induction therapy for treatment of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in aids patients: a pilot study. | monotherapy with macrolides for the treatment of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteraemia leads to drug resistance and relapse of bacteraemia. gastrointestinal intolerance is a common reason for treatment withdrawal of multidrug regimens. we have assessed the efficacy and safety of initial parenteral therapy together with a macrolide, for disseminated mac infection, defined as two positive blood cultures, in aids patients. patients received a daily infusion of amikacin 15 mg/kg ... | 1999 | 10459822 |
| [current status in the prevention of mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with hiv infection]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections in aids are increasingly common and contribute to the mortality in severe immunocompromised patients. in this paper, we review the published studies on the prevention of the mac infections. rifabutin and the new macrolides (clarithromycin, azithromycin) are shown to be effective in the primary prevention. however, they can fail and are difficult to manage with the antiretroviral treatment, specially antiproteases and prevention of the other opportunis ... | 1997 | 9238443 |
| mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocyte dispositions of clarithromycin and azithromycin in aids patients requiring mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis. | the intracellular dispositions of clarithromycin and azithromycin in aids patients requiring mycobacterium avium complex (mac) prophylaxis were studied. the dispositions of both drugs in mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were markedly different. our data support the proven efficacy of these agents for mac prophylaxis since clarithromycin and azithromycin displayed sustained intracellular concentrations which exceeded their mics for mac throughout the dosing periods. | 1999 | 10471584 |
| [anti-mycobacterium avium complex activities of krm-1648, clarithromycin and levofloxacin in 7hsf medium at peak or average blood concentrations after their oral administration of clinical dosages]. | we evaluated the anti-mycobacterium avium complex (mac) activities of krm-1648 (krm), clarithromycin (cam) and levofloxacin (lvfx) in 7hsf medium at concentrations in human blood after their oral administration of clinical dosages. mac organisms were inoculated into tubes containing the medium with or without the addition of test drugs at either 1/10 cmax, cmax or c0-8h (average concentrations during the first 8 h) in the blood. krm at cmax or c0-8h showed strong bactericidal activity against ma ... | 1997 | 9259129 |
| [geographical distribution of mycobacterium avium complex in environment and serovars of mycobacterium avium complex isolates from patients with and without aids]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) organisms have been isolated from water and soil. it is now generally accepted that environmental sources, especially natural waters, are the reservoirs for most human infections caused by mac. previously, we reported that m. avium and m. intracellular were distributed predominantly in the eastern and western part of japan, respectively. to clarify the factor(s) of the difference, the following experiment was undertaken. mac was isolated from soil samples collec ... | 1998 | 9637823 |
| c-reactive protein levels in hiv complicated by opportunistic infections and infections with common bacterial pathogens. | in order to determine the pattern of c-reactive protein (crp) concentrations in hiv-infected patients with various other infections, we conducted a prospective study (for the period 1990-91) of all hiv-seropositive patients hospitalized with fever and a retrospective study (for the period 1990-95) of all patients infected with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). samples from blood, cerebrospinal fluid and sites with clinical signs of infection were obtaine ... | 1999 | 10482049 |
| inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha alters resistance to mycobacterium avium complex infection in mice. | increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) appears to play an important role in the progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease. one treatment strategy being explored is the use of tnf-alpha inhibitors. tnf-alpha also appears to be important in conferring resistance to infections, and the inhibition of this cytokine may exacerbate the emergence of opportunistic pathogens, such as mycobacterium avium complex (mac). the present study examines the possibility that inhib ... | 1998 | 9736559 |
| estimating the effect of treatment on quality of life in the presence of missing data due to drop-out and death. | quality of life was measured in a study of two multidrug regimens for mycobacterium avium complex mac bactaeremia using the mos-hiv questionnaire. the effect of treatment on quality of life was estimated at each follow-up time in three ways: (1) using only the observed data, (2) after assigning the worst possible quality of life scores for individuals who died, and (3) after imputing missing scores for patients who either died or dropped out of the study. the overall quality of life scores were ... | 1998 | 9737138 |
| prevalence of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection in thai aids patients. | infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), although rare in immuno-competent individuals, can potentially produce problems in immunocompromised patients such as those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). in this study, hemocultures for mycobacteria using radiometric bactec 13a media were taken from 334 patients with known human immunodeficiency virus infection admitted to four referral hospitals with fever of unknown site of infection and negative blood cultures for patho ... | 1999 | 10511764 |
| polyclonal mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with nodular bronchiectasis. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) isolates among patients with chronic lung disease were studied for their heterogeneity using genetic identification methods, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and seroagglutination. a mean of 7.3 cultures per patient were collected from 17 patients with nodular bronchiectasis who were elderly (mean age 66 yr), predominantly female (76%), had smoked a mean of only 5 pack-years, and had multifocal bronchiectasis. a mean of 7.7 cultures per patient were colle ... | 1998 | 9769287 |
| [effects of half-sized secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and chinese traditional medicines, yokuinin and mao-bushi-saishin-to, on therapeutic efficacies of benzoxazinorifamycin krm-1648 against mycobacterium avium complex infection induced in mice]. | we examined the effects of such drugs having anti-inflammatory activity as half-sized secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (1/2 slpi) and chinese traditional medicines, yokuinin (yok) and mao-bushi-saishin-to (mbst), on therapeutic efficacies of benzoxazinorifamycin krm-1648 against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection induced in mice, since it is possible that these agents inhibit the increase in tissue levels of immunosuppressive cytokines due to mac infection. first, zymosan a-induce ... | 1998 | 9780605 |
| effector molecules of the host defence mechanism against mycobacterium avium complex: the evidence showing that reactive oxygen intermediates, reactive nitrogen intermediates, and free fatty acids each alone are not decisive in expression of macrophage antimicrobial activity against the parasites. | in this study, we evaluated the roles of reactive oxygen intermediates (roi), reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni), and free fatty acids (ffa) as effectors of the macrophage-mediated host defence mechanism against mycobacterium avium complex (mac). first, m. avium (three strains) and m. intracellulare (two strains) were treated with the h2o2-fe2+-mediated halogenation system, acidified nano2-derived rni, or ffa (linolenic acid) in sodium acetate buffer ph 5.5, and then counted for the number of ... | 1997 | 9276519 |
| an extension of kendall's coefficient of concordance to bivariate interval censored data. | non-parametric tests of independence, as well as accompanying measures of association, are essential tools for the analysis of bivariate data. such tests and measures have been developed for uncensored and right censored failure time data, but have not been developed for interval censored failure time data. bivariate interval censored data arise in aids studies in which screening tests for early signs of viral and bacterial infection are done at clinic visits. because of missed clinic visits, th ... | 1999 | 10544309 |
| azithromycin as treatment for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex in aids patients. | this multicenter, randomized, dose-ranging study was performed to determine the safety and efficacy of two different doses of azithromycin for treating disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in patients with aids. eighty-eight aids patients with symptoms and blood cultures consistent with disseminated mac were treated with 600 or 1,200 mg of azithromycin daily for 6 weeks; 62 patients completed the entire 6 weeks of study. of note, this study was done prior to the time when combination a ... | 1999 | 10582873 |
| cost-effectiveness of azithromycin for preventing mycobacterium avium complex infection in hiv-positive patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. the swiss hiv cohort study. | we conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis to determine the clinical and economic consequences of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) prophylaxis in hiv-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in a health care system with access unrestricted by financial barriers. the analysis was performed from a health care perspective and compared azithromycin (1200 mg/week) with no prophylaxis over a period of 10 years based on data from the swiss hiv cohort study (shcs) an ... | 1999 | 10590283 |
| induction of in vivo persistent anti-mycobacterial activity by interferon-gamma-secreting fibroblasts. | to determine whether the paracrine secretion of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) can efficiently stimulate the resistance to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection, 3t3 fibroblasts were stably transduced to secrete ifn-gamma (500 units/10(6) cells/48 h) and their effects on mac infection were investigated in genetically susceptible balb/c mice, compared with that of free recombinant ifn-gamma (rifn-gamma). immunization with ifn-gamma-secreting fibroblasts (3t3-ifn-gamma) during intranasal infec ... | 2000 | 10590327 |
| extensive mediastinal lymphadenopathy in an adult immunocompetent woman caused by mycobacterium avium complex. | we report a case of extensive mediastinal lymphadenopathy in a 29-year-old immunocompetent woman, which was thought to be caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). chest radiographs showed deterioration while the patient was receiving antituberculous medication for 8 months. after isolation of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) from a lymph node aspiration biopsy and switch to a mac-specific therapeutic regimen, the lesion almost completely disappeared within 1 year. to our knowledge, this is t ... | 1999 | 10593812 |
| prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with aids: a cost-effectiveness analysis. | to determine the effectiveness and costs of prophylaxis for disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in patients with aids. | 1997 | 9292586 |
| mycobacterium avium complex causing endobronchial disease in aids patients after partial immune restoration. | to report the development of an unusual manifestation of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in two patients with the acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (aids) after the commencement of combination antiretroviral chemotherapy. | 1999 | 10599019 |
| potential interaction between itraconazole and clarithromycin. | three patients negative for human immunodeficiency virus infection were admitted for pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and aspergillosis infections. they were treated with different drug combinations, but all regimens included clarithromycin for mac and itraconazole for aspergillosis. all patients experienced an increase in clarithromycin concentrations and clarithromycin: 14-oh-clarithromycin ratio compared with expected range values. they had no clinical side effects. the time course ... | 1999 | 10600094 |
| granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments phagocytosis of mycobacterium avium complex by human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected monocytes/macrophages in vitro and in vivo. | the role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection on the ability of human monocytes/macrophages to phagocytose mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in vivo and in vitro and the effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) on this function were investigated. by use of a flow cytometric assay to quantify phagocytosis, hiv-1 infection was found to impair the ability of monocyte-derived macrophages to phagocytose mac in vitro, whereas gm-csf significantly improved ... | 2000 | 10608795 |
| synergistic antimycobacterial activity between ethambutol and the beta-lactam drug cefepime. | the activity of cefepime alone and in combination with ethambutol was assessed, using the bactec radiometric system, on 33 mycobacterial strains, 14 mycobacterium avium complex (mac), 6 isolates of m. malmoense, and 13 multidrug-resistant (mdr) isolates of m. tuberculosis. all tested mycobacteria were resistant to 8 mg/l cefepime. however, at a concentration of 32 mg/l cefepime was active on 7/13 (54%) mdr isolates of m. tuberculosis and 2/6 (33%) m. malmoense strains. all mac strains were also ... | 1997 | 9294701 |
| synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterium activity of n-alkyl-1, 2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides. preliminary toxicity and pharmacokinetic evaluation. | disseminated infections with mycobacterium tuberculosis (mt) and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) are increasingly opportunistic diseases in patients with advanced acquired human immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). a series of n-alkyl-1, 2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides has been synthesized, and mics for mt and mac strains, either standard or isolated from infected patients, have been determined. preliminary tests show a good activity and a very low toxicity for some derivatives. phar ... | 2000 | 10649975 |
| pathogenicity of mycobacterium avium complex serovar 9 isolated from painted quail (excalfactoria chinensis). | avian tuberculosis accompanied with many tubercular lesions in the liver and spleen was found in a painted quail at a zoological garden in japan. mycobacterium avium complex (mac) serovar 9 without insertion sequence of is901 was isolated from the liver (1.3 x 10(8) cfu/g), oviduct (9.4 x 10(7) cfu/g), and intestine (1.5 x 10(5) cfu/g). the isolates were inoculated intravenously to chickens. the inoculated chickens showed clinical symptoms of avian tuberculosis. birds are susceptible to mac sero ... | 1999 | 10651051 |
| species identification of mycobacterium avium complex isolates by a variety of molecular techniques. | organisms in the mycobacterium avium complex (mac; m. avium, m. intracellulare, and "nonspecific or x" mac) are emerging pathogens among individual organisms of which significant genetic variability is displayed. the objective of the present study was to evaluate various molecular methods for the rapid and definitive identification of mac species. isolates were obtained from both human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive patients and hiv-negative patients with and without known predisposing co ... | 2000 | 10655336 |
| early results (at 6 months) with intermittent clarithromycin-including regimens for lung disease due to mycobacterium avium complex. | we initiated a prospective noncomparative trial of treatment for lung disease due to mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients, with a regimen of clarithromycin (1000 mg), rifabutin (300-600 mg), and ethambutol (25 mg/kg) administered 3 times per week. fifty-nine patients were enrolled. twelve (20%) were lost to follow-up, and 6 (10%) developed clarithromycin intolerance. the remaining 41 patients (69%) completed the initial 6 months of therapy. the sput ... | 2000 | 10671330 |
| [effect of serotype specific glycopeptidolipid (gpl) isolated from mycobacterium avium complex (mac) on phagocytosis and phagosome-lysosome fusion of human peripheral blood monocytes]. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is a typical intracellular parasite similar to m. tuberculosis and is one of the most important pathogens that coinfects aids patients. attention has been focused on m. avium infection causing immunosuppression of hosts. specific serotype-subspecies such as 1, -4 or -8 serotypes can be isolated frequently in humans infected with hiv. furthermore, the prognosis after infection differs depending on the serotype. serotype-4 in general shows unfavourable prognosis, ... | 2000 | 10689813 |
| relationship between is901 in the mycobacterium avium complex strains isolated from birds, animals, humans, and the environment and virulence for poultry. | a total of 738 strains of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were examined in biological experiments on poultry by use of pcr methods with primers for detection of the insertion sequence is901. serotype strains of mac from all known 28 serotypes were examined. further strains were isolated from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-negative and hiv-positive patients, 6 animal species, 17 bird species, and the environment. of 165 strains virulent for poultry, characterized by generalized tuberculosis ... | 2000 | 10702495 |
| interaction of mycobacterium avium complex with human respiratory epithelial cells. | adherence of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) to human respiratory epithelial cells (hep-2) induced 2 distinct modes of internalization. in the first, mac induced ruffling of hep-2 cell membrane and formation of surface projections securing the bacilli on the surface, and concurrent membrane depressions, beneath the sites of attachment of bacilli, resulted in internalization of the organisms. the second mode involved formation of membrane folds wrapping around the bacilli, followed by internali ... | 2000 | 10720553 |
| clarithromycin or rifabutin alone or in combination for primary prophylaxis of mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with aids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. the aids clinical trials group 196/terry beirn community programs for clinical research on aids 009 protocol team. | the efficacy and safety of clarithromycin and rifabutin alone and in combination for prevention of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease were compared in 1178 patients with aids who had < or =100 cd4 t cells/microl in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. mac disease occurred in 9%, 15%, and 7% of those randomized to clarithromycin or rifabutin alone or in combination, respectively; time-adjusted event rates per 100 patient-years (95% confidence interval [ci]) were 6.3 (4.2-8 ... | 2000 | 10762562 |
| effects of mycobacterium avium complex-infection treatment on cytokine expression in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: results of aids clinical trials group protocol 853. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1-infected persons with newly diagnosed mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia were enrolled in an 8-week study to determine whether treatment of mac infection is associated with decreases in plasma tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha levels. blood specimens were obtained for quantitative mac cultures and to determine plasma levels of hiv rna, tnf-alpha, and other proinflammatory cytokines. mac levels decreased by 1.75 log at week 4 (p=.008) and by 2.4 ... | 2000 | 10762582 |
| clinical investigation of pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex infection in human t lymphotrophic virus type i carriers. | little is known about pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in human t lymphotrophic virus type i (htlv-i) carriers. a study was undertaken to investigate and clarify the characteristics of pulmonary mac infection in these subjects. | 2000 | 10770820 |
| symptomatic and health status outcomes in the canadian randomized mac treatment trial (ctn010). canadian hiv trials network protocol 010 study group. | our objective was to compare the effect of 2 regimens for treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteraemia in an hiv-positive population on symptoms and health status outcomes using a substudy of an open-label randomized controlled trial. the study was conducted in 24 hospital-based human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) clinics in 16 canadian cities. patients had hiv infection and mac bacteraemia and were given either rifampin 600 mg, ethambutol 15 mg/kg daily, clofazimine 100 mg daily an ... | 2000 | 10772083 |
| mycobacterium avium induces hiv upregulation through mechanisms independent of cytokine induction. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) can induce upregulation of hiv. to investigate the underlying mechanisms, the effect of mac-induced cytokines on hiv replication was first studied. semiquantitative rt-pcr, followed by northern blot analysis, revealed that mrna encoding il-6 and tnf-alpha was induced by mac. however, production of these cytokines was undetectable and the addition of anti-cytokine antibodies to coinfected cells could only minimally block the mac effect on hiv. infection of u38 ce ... | 2000 | 10772529 |
| haart and mycobacterium avium complex in an hiv infected patient with severe factor vii deficiency. | a clinical syndrome represented by the association of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection with initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has been recently described in patients with advanced hiv disease. haart-associated improvement of the immune status might convert a clinically silent mac infection into an active mycobacterial disease. a 40-year-old man with severe factor vii deficiency, advanced hiv-1 disease, a cd4 + lymphocyte count of 15 cells microl-1 (cdc stage a ... | 2000 | 10781200 |
| computed tomographic abnormalities in mycobacterium avium complex lung disease include the mosaic pattern of reduced lung attenuation. | to describe the range and frequency of abnormalities on computed tomographic (ct) scans in patients who met the american thoracic society (ats) case definition of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) lung disease. further, to report the effect of time and treatment on the progression of these abnormalities. | 2000 | 10786917 |
| trends in incidence of aids illnesses in australia from 1983 to 1994: the australian aids cohort. | to assess time trends in incidence of aids illnesses in australia, a retrospective cohort of people diagnosed with aids from january 1, 1983 to december 31, 1994 in three hiv medicine units in sydney, melbourne, and perth was established. data on initial and subsequent aids illnesses were available for 2580 aids cases, or 45% of australian aids notifications over the study period. males represented 97.2% of the cohort, and hiv exposure category was homosexual contact for 89.9%. subcohorts were f ... | 1997 | 9377123 |
| rifabutin prophylaxis against mycobacterium avium complex infections in hiv-infected patients: impact on the incidence of campylobacteriosis. | following the observation of the decreasing occurrence of campylobacteriosis in hiv-infected patients. this study examines the incidence of campylobacteriosis in patients who had received rifabutin prophylaxis against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection compared with the incidence observed among patients treated before the advent of rifabutin. a retrospective analysis (february 1992 to november 1995) was conducted in a hospital hiv inpatient unit. the study included two patient groups: 7 ... | 1999 | 10800525 |
| familial pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease. | we report two japanese families affected by pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease, involving an older brother and younger sister in one family and two brothers in the second family. we investigated whether defects in the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein gene (nramp1) underlay susceptibility to mac in these cases. all of the patients had computed tomographic findings of peripheral nodules and bronchiectasis. pulse-field gel electrophoresis patterns of mycobacterial g ... | 2000 | 10806169 |
| focal mycobacterial lymphadenitis following initiation of protease-inhibitor therapy in patients with advanced hiv-1 disease. | inhibitors of hiv-1 protease produce a rapid decrease in plasma hiv-1 rna, with concomitant increases in cd4 t-helper lymphocyte counts. the main side-effects of the protease inhibitors currently in use include gastrointestinal disturbances, paraesthesias, hyperbilirubinaemia, and nephrolithiasis. the increasing use of these agents in patients with advanced hiv-1 infection and cd4 counts of less than 50 cells/microl may be associated with unforeseen adverse effects not observed in earlier studie ... | 1998 | 9457095 |
| mycobacterium avium complex activates nuclear factor kappab via induction of inflammatory cytokines. | a variety of microorganisms has been reported to directly induce nf-kappab, a critical step in the regulation of genes involved in the cellular immune response. in this study, we demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha) produced upon activation by the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) preceed nf-kappab activity in u937, a human monocytoid cell line. mac induction of tnfalpha mrna expression was detected within 15 min after mac infection, whereas e ... | 1999 | 9973533 |
| evaluation of the accuracy and reproducibility of a practical pcr panel assay for rapid detection and differentiation of mycobacterium avium subspecies. | the mycobacterium avium subspecies (mas) include the closely related mas avium and mas paratuberculosis. this study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a pcr panel assay as a diagnostic tool to detect and differentiate mas avium and mas paratuberculosis infection. specific oligonucleotides primers derived from the 16 s rrna (mas) sequence, insertion elements is 901 (mas avium), is 1245 mycobacterium avium complex (mac), is 900 (mas paratuberculosis), and the hspx (mas paratuberculosis) ... | 2000 | 10860713 |
| the cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis for mycobacterium avium complex in aids. | to develop a simulation model to project costs, life expectancy, and cost-effectiveness in discounted dollars per quality-adjusted life-year (qaly) saved for clinical strategies to prevent mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in patients with aids. | 1999 | 10874380 |
| clinical prediction model for differentiation of disseminated histoplasma capsulatum and mycobacterium avium complex infections in febrile patients with aids. | disseminated infection with histoplasma capsulatum and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) in patients with aids are frequently difficult to distinguish clinically. | 2000 | 10877492 |
| successful treatment of mycobacterium avium osteomyelitis and arthritis in a non-immunocompromised child. | in non-immunocompromised children, infections with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) are rare, except for cervical lymphadenitis. we report here a 34-month-old boy who developed osteomyelitis and septic arthritis due to mac. no findings could be revealed for immunodeficiency. he was treated successfully for 12 months with combined therapy consisting of clarithromycin, rifabutin and protionamid. | 2000 | 10879611 |
| effects of the chinese traditional medicine mao-bushi-saishin-to on therapeutic efficacy of a new benzoxazinorifamycin, krm-1648, against mycobacterium avium infection in mice. | the chinese traditional medicine mao-bushi-saishin-to (mbst), which has anti-inflammatory effects and has been used to treat the common cold and nasal allergy in japan, was examined for its effects on the therapeutic activity of a new benzoxazinorifamycin, krm-1648 (krm), against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in mice. in addition, we examined the effects of mbst on the anti-mac activity of murine peritoneal macrophages (m phi s). first, mbst significantly increased the anti-mac the ... | 1999 | 10049260 |
| specific hla in pulmonary mac infection in a japanese population. | patients with pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection occasionally have neither past histories of pulmonary diseases nor underlying immunodeficiency conditions. therefore, we hypothesized that mac may be linked with a disease-susceptibility gene and determined human leukocyte-associated antigens (hla) in patients with pulmonary mac infection. hla phenotypes were tested in 59 patients with pulmonary mac infection, and diagnosed according to the criteria of the american thoracic soci ... | 2000 | 10903260 |
| risk for preventable opportunistic infections in persons with aids after antiretroviral therapy increases cd4+ t lymphocyte counts above prophylaxis thresholds. | to determine incidence and risk for preventable opportunistic infections (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia [pcp] and disseminated mycobacterium avium-complex [mac] infection) in persons whose cd4(+) t lymphocyte counts had increased by >/=100 cells/microl to exceed the threshold of risk and in persons whose cd4(+) counts had never dropped below the threshold of risk, we analyzed data collected during the period 1990-1998 in the adult/adolescent spectrum of hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) diseas ... | 2000 | 10915098 |
| competing risk adjustment reduces overestimation of opportunistic infection rates in aids. | to illustrate the importance of adjusting the estimates of cumulative incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) related illnesses for competing risk of other causes of death, we compared unadjusted and adjusted (for competing events) incidence estimates for four aids illnesses: pneumocystis cavinii pneumonia (pcp), mycobacterium avium complex (mac), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and esophageal candidiases. the study population was patients followed by the johns hopkins hospital aids servic ... | 2000 | 10942864 |
| [a study on the effect of combined chemotherapy on mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease]. | annual incidence of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary disease has been gradually increasing in the last 10 years in japan, however, the optimal therapeutic regimen for the disease has not yet established. we investigated the effect of our new regimen in twenty seven cases of pulmonary mac infection without hiv infection, diagnosed according to the american thoracic society criteria during the period from january 1996 to october 1997 at our hospital. these patients were treated with rif ... | 2000 | 10944891 |
| infections with mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium among hiv-infected patients after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. eurosida study group jd. | the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients on the incidences of mycobacterial infections has not been studied in detail. we assessed incidences of mycobacterial diseases among hiv- infected patients following the introduction of haart, using data from the eurosida study, a european, multicenter observational cohort of more than 7,000 patients. overall incidences of mycobacterium tuberculosis (tb) and mycobacterium avium c ... | 2000 | 10988097 |
| clarithromycin-resistant mycobacterium avium is still susceptible to treatment with clarithromycin and is virulent in mice. | resistance to clarithromycin in breakthrough mycobacterium avium complex (mac) isolates typically occurs 3 to 4 months after the initiation of monotherapy in bacteremic aids patients. it has been suggested that continuation of clarithromycin therapy still results in clinical and microbiological improvement. to study this paradox, c57bl/6 beige mice were infected with a clarithromycin-resistant (mic, > or =128 microg/ml) strain of mac 101 (cla-r mac 101) and treated with 200 mg of clarithromycin ... | 2000 | 10991834 |
| antimycobacterial activities of 2,4-diamino-5-deazapteridine derivatives and effects on mycobacterial dihydrofolate reductase. | development of new antimycobacterial agents for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infections is important particularly for persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. the objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro activity of 2, 4-diamino-5-methyl-5-deazapteridines (dmdps) against mac and to assess their activities against mac dihydrofolate reductase recombinant enzyme (rdhfr). seventy-seven dmdp derivatives were evaluated initially for in vitro activity against one to thre ... | 2000 | 10991861 |
| activity of abt-773 against mycobacterium avium complex in the beige mouse model. | abt-773, a new ketolide antimicrobial agent, was evaluated in comparison to clarithromycin (cla) in vitro against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and in a beige mouse model of disseminated mac infection. the mics at which 50 and 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited were 2 and 4 microg/ml, respectively, for cla and 8 and 16 microg/ml, respectively, for abt-773. eight cla-resistant isolates were found to be resistant to abt-773 (mics > 64 microg/ml). in the in vivo study mice were treated w ... | 2000 | 10991883 |
| drug-drug interactions of clinical significance in the treatment of patients with mycobacterium avium complex disease. | therapeutic and prophylactic regimens directed specifically against mycobacterium avium complex (mac) are increasingly being used in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). several of the drugs used in the management of mac have been associated with significant drug interactions involving the cytochrome p450 (cyp) enzyme system. this enzyme system is also highly influenced by other drugs used in the management of patients with hiv, particularly the protease inhibitors, non ... | 2000 | 11020135 |
| rifabutin-induced uveitis with inflammatory vitreous infiltrate. | to describe an ocular complication of rifabutin therapy in the treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in the absence of hiv infection or aids. | 2000 | 11026997 |
| opportunistic hepatic infections in aids patients with fever of unknown origin. | the clinical features and histopathologic manifestations of hepatic opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in taiwan remain unexplored. we report 28 aids patients (25 men, 3 women; mean age, 34 years) with fever of unknown origin who underwent 31 liver biopsies from december 1995 to may 1997. in most cases, the biochemical tests showed moderate to markedly elevated alkaline phosphatase concentrations, but normal or mildly elevated aminotransferase con ... | 1999 | 10063267 |
| effect of potent antiretroviral therapy on immune responses to mycobacterium avium in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. | to characterize the influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) on cell-mediated immunity (cmi) to mycobacterium avium complex (mac), we measured immune responses to m. avium in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals before and during haart, in subjects with a history of disseminated mac (dmac), and in hiv-uninfected control subjects. forty-seven percent of untreated hiv-infected patients and 78% of control subjects exhibited in vitro proliferative responses to m. ... | 2000 | 11069237 |
| the role of mycobacterium avium complex fibronectin attachment protein in adherence to the human respiratory mucosa. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) are opportunistic respiratory pathogens that infect non-immunocompromised patients with established lung disease, although they can also cause primary infections. the ability to bind fibronectin is conserved among many mycobacterial species. we have investigated the adherence of a sputum isolate of mac to the mucosa of organ cultures constructed with human tissue and the contribution of m. avium fibronectin attachment protein (fap) to the process. mac adhered to ... | 2000 | 11069663 |
| waterborne nosocomial infections. | waterborne pathogens cause infections in health-care facilities. despite guidelines addressing these pathogens, outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks continue to occur. we reviewed recent reports of infections caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa, stenotrophomonas maltophilia, chryseobacterium species, nontuberculous mycobacteria, and legionella species. mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in hiv patients has been linked to hospital water distribution systems; molecular subtyping showed that mac is ... | 2000 | 11095897 |
| heterodimer-loaded erythrocytes as bioreactors for slow delivery of the antiviral drug azidothymidine and the antimycobacterial drug ethambutol. | disseminated infection with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) remains the most common serious bacterial infection in patients with advanced aids. the organisms that make up this complex are found ubiquitously in the environment, yet rarely cause disseminated disease in nonimmunocompromised human patients; on the contrary, up to 50% of patients with aids may ultimately develop the pathology. hence, therapeutic strategies able to inhibit hiv and mycobacterium replication are needed. because of the ... | 1999 | 10082118 |
| [nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in a general hospital]. | annual incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) disease has been gradually increasing in the last 10 years in japan. it is likely to encounter this disease not only in hospitals specialized in mycobacterial diseases but also in general hospitals. ntm were isolated from 97 cases between january 1990 and june 1996 at our hospital. out of them, 41 patients were diagnosed as ntm disease. mycobacterium avium complex (mac) was the most frequent pathogens (68.3%) and m. kansasii (22%) was the ne ... | 1999 | 10191603 |
| il-10 in hiv infection: increasing serum il-10 levels with disease progression--down-regulatory effect of potent anti-retroviral therapy. | to examine the potential pathogenic role of il-10 in hiv infection, we measured serum il-10 levels in 51 hiv-infected patients and 23 healthy controls both on cross-sectional and longitudinal testing. all clinical groups (centers for disease control (cdc) categories) of hiv-infected patients had significantly higher circulating il-10 levels than controls, with the highest levels among the aids patients, particularly in patients with ongoing mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection. among 32 h ... | 1999 | 10209514 |
| [nontuberculous mycobacteriosis; the present status of epidemiology and clinical studies]. | in japan, the mycobacteriosis research group at the japanese national chest hospitals has continuously made the clinico-epidemiological study of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (ntm) since early 1970s. the prevalence rate was determined as 0.82, 0.91, 1.22, 1.74 and 2.43 per 100,000 population per year in 1971, 1975, 1980, 1985 and in 1990 respectively. the newest datum in 1997 was 3.52. these data indicates the prevalence rate has continuously increased and became 3.8 times than 25 years ago. wh ... | 1999 | 10355224 |
| mefloquine is active in vitro and in vivo against mycobacterium avium complex. | despite the development of several agents, new classes of antimicrobials with activity against the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) are needed. based on a broad screening of compounds, we found that mefloquine has mics of 8 to 16 microg/ml by the bactec system and 16 microg/ml by broth microdilution for five mac strains tested. an expansion of the screening with broth microdilution to 24 macrolide-susceptible strains and 6 macrolide-resistant strains determined that the mic for all strains was ... | 1999 | 10428905 |
| cytokine profiles in immunocompetent persons infected with mycobacterium avium complex. | to evaluate the immunologic factors that contribute to protection against mycobacterium avium complex (mac), cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from human immunodeficiency virus-negative persons with pulmonary mac (mac patients) and healthy control subjects with a delayed hypersensitivity skin test response to m. avium sensitin (mas-positive control subjects) was measured. in mac patients, mycobacterium-stimulated pbmc produced higher concentrations of interleukin ( ... | 2001 | 11133380 |
| serum interleukin-6 (il-6), il-10, tumor necrosis factor (tnf) alpha, soluble type ii tnf receptor, and transforming growth factor beta levels in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals with mycobacterium avium complex disease. | to characterize changes in serum cytokine levels in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected persons with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia, the levels of il-1alpha (interleukin-1alpha), il-6, il-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), soluble type ii tnf receptor (stnf-rii), and transforming growth factor beta (tgf-beta) in serum were measured in two cohorts of hiv-1-infected persons with mac bacteremia. the first cohort was part of a mac prophylaxis study. patients ... | 2001 | 11136787 |
| rifabutin but not clarithromycin prevents cryptosporidiosis in persons with advanced hiv infection. | macrolides have been reported to be effective for the prevention of cryptosporidiosis in persons with hiv infection. | 2000 | 11153670 |
| comparison of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) strains from pigs and humans in sweden by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) using standardized reagents. | infections with atypical mycobacteria belonging to the mycobacterium avium/intracellulare complex (mac) can cause infection in both animals and humans. using a standardized reagents commercial kit for random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis, 49 mac strains isolated from 32 slaughter pigs and 17 humans in sweden were identified and sorted out, yielding 6 rapd types. by combining the results of rapd primers 4 and 5 and the primer is1245a, we found that pigs and humans may be infected with ... | 2001 | 11165069 |
| significance of respiratory isolates of mycobacterium avium complex in hiv-positive and hiv-negative patients. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is isolated with increasing frequency from respiratory specimens. this study was an attempt to determine the significance of this in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive and hiv-negative patients. | 2000 | 11179916 |
| mhc haplotypes affect the expression of opportunistic infections in hiv patients. | this study explores whether mhc genes affect manifestations of opportunistic infections in hiv patients not treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) and immunopathologic responses to pre-existing infections in patients who achieved immune reconstitution following haart (i.e., "immune restoration diseases" or ird). hla-b27 and b17 were relatively rare in all hiv patients, but no hla-b alleles significantly affected cytomegalovirus (cmv) or mycobacterium avium complex (mac) diseas ... | 2001 | 11182226 |
| antimicrobial activities of levofloxacin, clarithromycin, and krm-1648 against mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complex replicating within mono mac 6 human macrophage and a-549 type ii alveolar cell lines. | the antimicrobial activities of levofloxacin, clarithromycin and krm-1648 against mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) and mycobacterium avium complex (mac) residing in mono mac 6 human macrophage-like cells (mm6-mphis) and a-549 human type ii alveolar epithelial cells (a-549 cells) were studied. we measured the antimicrobial activity of test drugs in terms of effects on the behaviour of intracellular organisms during a 7-day cultivation of mtb- or mac-infected cells in the medium containing the dru ... | 2000 | 11185410 |
| case report. diagnosis of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection by liver biopsy. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is a common complication of hiv/aids. signs and symptoms of this infection are nonspecific and include fever, weight loss, diarrhea, and abnormal levels of liver enzymes, especially elevated alkaline phosphatase levels. diagnosis can be achieved through several methods, but liver biopsy may be the most rapid and efficient. we present a case that illustrates the potential value of liver biopsy in diagnosing disseminated mac infection. | 2000 | 11186192 |
| [results of surgery in mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease]. | recently, several studies have revealed the usefulness of surgical therapy for nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) disease. we have encountered and taken many opportunities for surgical therapy in mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease. from april 1995 through march 1999, 14 patients with mac disease underwent 16 pulmonary resections. ntm was diagnosed at our hospital in all subjects according to the criteria of the american thoracic society. there were 8 women and 6 men, with a mean age of 54 ... | 2000 | 11186921 |
| a prospective randomized trial of four three-drug regimens in the treatment of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex disease in aids patients: excess mortality associated with high-dose clarithromycin. terry beirn community programs for clinical research on aids. | the optimal regimen for treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease has not been established. eighty-five aids patients with disseminated mac disease were randomized to receive a three-drug regimen of clarithromycin, rifabutin or clofazimine, and ethambutol. two dosages of clarithromycin, 500 or 1,000 mg twice daily (b.i.d.), were compared. the data and safety monitoring board recommended discontinuation of the clarithromycin dosage comparison and continuation of the rifabutin vs. clo ... | 1999 | 10433575 |
| cell-mediated immune response to tuberculosis antigens: comparison of skin testing and measurement of in vitro gamma interferon production in whole-blood culture. | although delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing with tuberculin purified protein derivative (ppd) is the standard for tuberculosis screening, its variability suggests the need for a more sensitive, noninvasive test. an in vitro whole-blood assay has been proposed as an alternative. using health care worker volunteers, we confirmed the correlation between ppd skin test (ppd-st) results (positive, induration of >15 mm) and a standardized gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) assay, quantiferon-tb (q-if ... | 2001 | 11238218 |
| spectrum of aids-defining illnesses in australia, 1992 to 1998: influence of country/region of birth. | to examine the influence of country/region of birth on spectrum of aids-defining illness. | 2001 | 11242202 |
| azithromycin: indications for the future? | the global challenge of optimally treating bacterial infections is continuously evolving. azithromycin, the first azalide antibiotic, presents pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics that allow for a simple dosing regimen with minimal side effects. current azithromycin uses include a variety of community-acquired respiratory tract, skin and soft tissue, and sexually transmitted disease infections. azithromycin has also demonstrated substantial activity against atypical organisms such as mycobacter ... | 2000 | 11249533 |
| in vitro activity of a novel antimycobacterial compound, n-octanesulfonylacetamide, and its effects on lipid and mycolic acid synthesis. | beta-sulfonyl carboxamides have been proposed to serve as transition-state analogues of the beta-ketoacyl synthase reaction involved in fatty acid elongation. we tested the efficacy of n-octanesulfonylacetamide (osa) as an inhibitor of fatty acid and mycolic acid biosynthesis in mycobacteria. using the bactec radiometric growth system, we observed that osa inhibits the growth of several species of slow-growing mycobacteria, including mycobacterium tuberculosis (h37rv and clinical isolates), the ... | 2001 | 11257028 |
| risk-benefit assessment of therapies for mycobacterium avium complex infections. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is an important pathogen that can cause chronic lung disease in immunocompetent patients and disseminated disease in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). treatment of mac with antituberculosis drugs was unsatisfactory, but the introduction of the newer macrolides, clarithromycin and azithromycin, and of rifabutin has greatly improved the outcome of treatment regimens for mac. however, these agents are also associated with many new treatme ... | 1999 | 10456381 |
| phagocytosis and killing of mycobacterium avium complex by human neutrophils. | organisms belonging to the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) cause life-threatening bacteremia in immunocompromised patients. monocytes and macrophages are thought to be responsible for ingestion and killing of mac. however, it has been suggested that neutrophils may play a role in the early immune response to mac infection. here, neutrophils in autologous plasma were incubated (at 0 and 37 degrees c) with m. avium labeled with auramine o, a potent fluorochrome. neutrophil phagocytosis was measu ... | 2001 | 11261786 |
| novel mycobacterium related to mycobacterium triplex as a cause of cervical lymphadenitis. | the mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is an important cause of cervical lymphadenitis in children, and its incidence appears to be increasing in the united states and elsewhere. in areas where mycobacterium tuberculosis is not prevalent, m. avium causes the vast majority of cases of mycobacterial lymphadenitis, although several other nontuberculous mycobacterial species have been reported as etiologic agents. this report describes the case of a child with cervical lymphadenitis caused by a nontu ... | 2001 | 11283032 |
| the esp culture system for drug susceptibilities of mycobacterium avium complex. | to validate the non-radiometric, broth-based esp system for determining mycobacterium avium complex (mac) susceptibilities. | 2000 | 11284923 |
| effect of oestrogen on mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary infection in mice. | the purpose of the present study was to elucidate the role of oestrogen in the pathogenesis of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary disease, which occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women. the study was carried out in a murine infectious model using ovariectomized dba/2 female mice. infection with mac was established by intratracheal administration of bacilli. in some experiments, ovariectomized mice were treated with exogenous 17 beta-estradiol (e2). the number of bacilli in the lu ... | 2001 | 11298130 |
| enhanced inhibition of lymphocyte activation by mycobacterium avium complex in human t lymphotrophic virus type i carriers. | we have previously reported that disseminated pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection is more common in human t lymphotrophic virus type i (htlv-i) carriers than in non-carriers. however, the reason for this remains unclear. it has been shown that glycopeptidelipid (gpl), one of the lipid components of the cell envelope of mac, is able to reduce the lymphocyte blastogenic response to mitogens. the purpose of this study was to clarify whether or not the inhibitory effect of gpl diff ... | 2001 | 11312409 |
| missense mutation of the interleukin-12 receptor beta1 chain-encoding gene is associated with impaired immunity against mycobacterium avium complex infection. | interleukin-12 (il-12) plays an important role in the production of interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) and is essential for protection against intracellular pathogens such as mycobacterium and salmonella. a 31-year-old man had disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection. the production of ifn-gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (pha-pbmcs) was found severely impaired (40.7 pg/ml compared with 833 +/- 289 pg/ml for the patient's and healthy subjec ... | 2001 | 11313259 |
| azithromycin-containing regimens for treatment of mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. | ninety-two patients were assessable in 3 consecutive, open, noncomparative, prospective, controlled, single-center trials of the use of multidrug regimens that contain azithromycin for treating pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease. azithromycin was provided at a dose of 300-600 mg per day with oral companion drugs administered daily (regimen a, 29 patients); 600 mg 3 times weekly (t.i.w.), with oral companion drugs administered daily (regimen b, 20 patients); and 600 mg (t.i.w.), ... | 2001 | 11340525 |
| systematic validation of disease models for pharmacoeconomic evaluations. swiss hiv cohort study. | pharmacoeconomic evaluations are often based on computer models which simulate the course of disease with and without medical interventions. the purpose of this study is to propose and illustrate a rigorous approach for validating such disease models. for illustrative purposes, we applied this approach to a computer-based model we developed to mimic the history of hiv-infected subjects at the greatest risk for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection in switzerland. the drugs included as a pr ... | 1999 | 10461580 |
| use of potassium tellurite for rapid-drug susceptibility testing of mycobacterium avium complex. | mycobacterium avium complex (mac) is a major cause of infection in immunocompromised patients. mac possesses an enzyme that reduces potassium tellurite in less than 3 days and results in formation of a black precipitate. the objective of this study was to determine whether reduction of potassium tellurite by mycobacteria can be used as a means of testing the susceptibility of mac to clarithromycin. | 2001 | 11352188 |
| effect of clarithromycin regimen for mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. | we have investigated the efficacy of a clarithromycin-containing four-drug regimen for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) pulmonary disease in 46 patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the patients were 14 males and 32 females with a mean age of 60.9 +/- 11.5 yr. patients received 10 mg/kg/d of clarithromycin plus ethambutol, rifampin, and initial kanamycin and subsequent quinolone for 24 mo. seven patients (15.2%) were dropped in the first 6 mo. among 39 patients who receive ... | 1999 | 10471610 |
| changing conditions and treatments in a dynamic cohort of ambulatory hiv patients: the hiv outpatient study (hops). | most hiv-infected persons are now treated as ambulatory patients. obtaining continually updated data about these patients' changing conditions, therapies, and reimbursement is essential to health care provision and planning. the systematic tracking of patient medical and laboratory information in an ongoing commercial data collection program (the health research network) allows clinicians to better understand health outcomes, practice patterns, and epidemiologic trends for their patients. | 1999 | 10475534 |
| advances in the diagnosis and treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) disease. | | 1994 | 11362136 |
| management of late-stage aids grows more complex. | the question of what to do for patients with late-stage aids becomes more complicated as new research reinforces the value of early treatment and prophylaxis for hiv patients. decisions ranging from cost and quality of life to toxicity and multiple drug interactions all must be taken into account. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) still is the most common adverse event in the last six months of life, with wasting syndrome being second, followed closely by mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and ... | 1995 | 11362247 |
| opportunistic infections studies update. | studies being conducted on opportunistic infections among people with hiv are presented in list form. the list includes new studies, those still in development, and those slated to begin in 1995. areas of interest include candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis/microsporidiosis, cytomegalovirus (cmv), mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis (tb). enrollment information can be obtained by calling 1-(800)-trials-a (tdd 1- 800-448-04 ... | 1995 | 11362449 |
| [usefulness of bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of atypical pulmonary mycobacteriosis]. | in 14 subjects whose chest radiographs showed abnormal shadows during the two years from january 1995 until december 1996, no definite diagnosis could be obtained because sputum, smears and cultures all gave negative results for mycobacteria. bronchoscopy was therefore performed, revealing atypical mycobacteria in cultures of the bronchial washing fluid for mycobacteria, and the significance of bronchoscopic examinations in cases diagnosed an atypical pulmonary mycobacteriosis was investigated. ... | 1999 | 10487017 |
| abbott files snda for mac prophylaxis. | clinical results suggest that clarithromycin may be effective in preventing the onset of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (mac). among 667 patients treated with clarithromycin, the incidence of disseminated mac was reduced 69 percent by using the antibiotic prophylactically. mortality from all causes over the 2-year period of the study was reduced by 28 percent among those receiving clarithromycin compared to those receiving placebo. the prophylactic regimen was well tolerated with the o ... | 1995 | 11362606 |
| [therapeutic effects of benzoxazinorifamycin krm-1648 administered alone or in combination with glycyrrhizin against mycobacterium avium complex infection in mice]. | we previously examined the effects of a chinese medicine "mao-bushi-saishin-to" (mbst) which has anti-inflammatory activity on the therapeutic efficacies of a benzoxazinorifamycin, krm-1648 (krm), against, mycobacterium avium complex (mac) infection induced in mice. mbst potentiated the therapeutic activity of krm against mac infection. in the present study, we examined the effects of another anti-inflammatory drug glycyrrhizin, which is effective for chronic hepatitis, on the therapeutic effica ... | 1999 | 10487030 |
| upregulation of p75 tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor in mycobacterium avium-infected mice: evidence for a functional role. | the bacterial growth and the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) and tnf receptors (tnf-rs) in the spleen and blood of balb/c mice challenged with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) were monitored. infection developed in two phases: the first, up to day 21, was associated with rapid mac multiplication in the spleen and a drop in the mycobacteremia, and the second was associated with control of the infection in both compartments. in the spleen, tnf-alpha and tnf-rii mrna levels p ... | 1999 | 10531226 |