| a new ecology for scrub typhus associated with a focus of antibiotic resistance in rice farmers in thailand. | following the documentation of chloramphenicol-resistant and doxycycline-resistant strains of orientia tsutsugamushi (hyashi) in northern thailand, we conducted ecological and epidemiological studies near the houses of patients hospitalized with antibiotic-resistant infections. new associations between chiggers, rodents, and o. tsutsugamushi in active rice agriculture areas, an ecological habitat not described previously, are reported. rattus rattus (l.) was the most common species (representing ... | 1998 | 9701943 |
| immunocytochemical methods to study the distribution of orientia tsutsugamushi in leptotrombidium (acari: trombiculidae) chiggers. | immunocytochemical methods were developed and tested for their ability to detect the distribution of orientia tsutsugamushi in paraffin sections of adult chiggers (leptotrombidium imphalum vercammen-grandjean & langston). rickettsial antigen was detected by application of a simple direct or amplified immunocytochemistry procedure and an indirect immunofluorescent procedure. in the direct procedure alkaline phosphatase conjugation to the mouse polyclonal antibody to the karp strain was followed b ... | 1998 | 9701944 |
| western blotting analysis of heat shock proteins of rickettsiales and other eubacteria. | heat shock proteins (hsp) of four rickettsia species, three bartonella species, two ehrlichia species, orientia tsutsugamushi and seventeen other eubacterial species were characterized by the enhanced chemiluminescence western blotting (wb) technique with antibodies raised against recombinant hsp from escherichia coli and purified groes from r. typhi. although e. coli dnak and groel have epitopes that are highly conserved among the homologous proteins found in rickettsia, ehrlichia, o. tsutsugam ... | 1998 | 9809424 |
| [studies on clinical epidemiology of tsutsugamushi disease of the autumn-winter type in the easten suburbs of jinan]. | this paper reported the epidemiological characteristics of 154 cases under investigation for tsutsugamushi disease of autumn-winter type in the eastern suburb of jinan. results showed that the characteristics differed greatly from those in the southern part of china. majority of patients had toxic symptoms due to infections but specific characteristics were less obvious. eschars and ulcers appeared only in 14.94% of the cases and occurred only in autumn-winter season. clinically mild cases const ... | 1997 | 9812527 |
| characterization of human immunoglobulin (ig) isotype and igg subclass response to bartonella henselae infection. | serologic parameters of cat scratch disease (csd) were evaluated by western blot analysis. sera from patients with serologically confirmed csd antigen were screened for immunoglobulin (ig) isotype-specific as well as igg subclass-specific reactivity against bartonella henselae whole-cell antigen. bartonella-negative control sera were used to determine baseline antibody activity. heterogeneous b. henselae-specific igg reactivity with numerous protein bands, ranging from >150 to <17 kda, was obser ... | 1998 | 9826373 |
| the role of tumor necrosis factor in host defense against scrub typhus rickettsiae. ii. differential induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by rickettsia tsutsugamushi and rickettsia conorii. | the present study was undertaken to investigate the ability of members of two different groups of rickettsia to stimulate macrophages or immune lymphocytes to produce tnf. it was found that r. conorii, a spotted fever group rickettsia, readily induced murine peritoneal macrophages or the macrophage-like cell line p388d1 to produce relatively high levels of tnf. the interaction of macrophages with viable organisms or heat-killed organisms resulted in tnf production. in contrast, viable or killed ... | 1994 | 7854212 |
| new orientia tsutsugamushi strain from scrub typhus in australia. | in a recent case of scrub typhus in australia, orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from the patient's blood was tested by sequence analysis of the 16s rdna gene. the sequence showed a strain of o. tsutsugamushi that was quite different from the classic karp, kato, and gilliam strains. the new strain has been designated litchfield. | 1998 | 9866742 |
| the role of tumor necrosis factor in host defense against scrub typhus rickettsiae. i. inhibition of growth of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, karp strain, in cultured murine embryonic cells and macrophages by recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha. | recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) inhibited intracellular growth of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, karp strain, in the mouse embryo cell line c3h/10t1/2 clone 8 at doses of 100 to 10 u/ml. the growth inhibitory effect of tnf-alpha was also evident when peritoneal exudate macrophages or bone marrow-derived macrophages were used as the host cell for rickettsial growth. interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), at doses up to 1,000 u/ml, did not affect the growth of this strain of rickettsi ... | 1994 | 7854211 |
| redescription of leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) imphalum (acari: trombiculidae), with observations on bionomics and medical importance in northern thailand. | leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) imphalum vercammen-grandjean & langston is redescribed and illustrated. specimens were collected from the rodents rattus rattus, rattus losea, and bandicota indica in chiangrai province, northern thailand. the species was found on hosts collected on dikes at the margins of rice fields and in adjacent fruit plantations and along irrigation canals, especially in areas covered with the grasses imperata cylindrica (lalang grass) and saccharum arudinaceum. the etiolo ... | 1999 | 10071498 |
| [classic type tsutsugamushi disease]. | | 1999 | 10201201 |
| [new type tsutsugamushi disease]. | | 1999 | 10201202 |
| antigenic relationship among the eight prototype and new serotype strains of orientia tsutsugamushi revealed by monoclonal antibodies. | orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agent of tsutsugamushi disease, exhibits great antigenic variation. three classical strains (karp, gilliam, and kato) and new antigenic types from thailand (ta686, ta678, ta716, ta763, and th1817) have been used as prototype strains of o. tsutsugamushi in many studies. in this study, monoclonal antibodies to the five thailand strains were produced, and their reactivity against prototype strains and newly identified isolates from korea and japan was tested. w ... | 1999 | 10338191 |
| rickettsia serosurvey in kimberley, western australia. | to determine if antibodies to rickettsiae (scrub typhus, spotted fever, and typhus group rickettsiae) occur among persons living in the kimberley (northern tropical) region of western australia, 920 sera collected in a non-random manner in 1996 from patients in kununurra, broome, fitzroy crossing, wyndham, derby, and halls creek were tested by micro-immunofluorescence for antibodies to a panel of rickettsial antigens. of 920 sera examined, 52 (5.6%) were positive for antibodies to one or more of ... | 1999 | 10344653 |
| seroepidemiologic survey of orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia typhi, and tt118 spotted fever group rickettsiae in rubber estate workers in malaysia. | the seroprevalence of orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia typhi, and tt118 spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae in 300 rubber estate workers in slim river, malaysia was determined in december 1996 and march 1997. in december, which was the wet season, 23.3%, 3.0%, and 57.3% of the population had antibodies detected against the three rickettsiae, respectively. the highest seropositive rate of 40% was detected for single infection with sfg rickettsiae, followed by a rate of 15.3% for both o. tsuts ... | 1999 | 10432060 |
| serological evidence of natural infection of wild rodents (rattus spp and tupaia glis) with rickettsiae in malaysia. | | 1998 | 10437957 |
| occurrence of orientia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) and small animals in an orchard near bangkok, thailand. | the ecology of orientia tsutsugamushi (hayashi) was studied in chiggers and small animals in an orchard near bangkok, thailand. small animals were trapped monthly between july and november 1992 and examined for the presence of o. tsutsugamushi and ectoparasitic chiggers. a total of 40 rattus rattus (l.) and 16 tupaia glis (diard) was trapped. o. tsutsugamushi was isolated from liver and spleen samples of 30.8% of r. rattus and 18.6% of t. glis. antibodies to o. tsutsugamushi were detected in 95% ... | 1999 | 10467771 |
| serious complications in scrub typhus. | scrub typhus, a mite-transmitted zoonosis caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is a disease endemic to taiwan. serious complications in scrub typhus were more common in the past 4 years than reported previously. between august 1993 and july 1997, 33 cases of scrub typhus were admitted at tri-service general hospital. symptoms and signs were: fever (100%), chills (39%), cough (24%), headache (21%), diarrhea (18%), dyspnea (18%), eschar (60%), adenopathy (33%), and rash (21%). nineteen percent (6/32) ... | 1998 | 10496165 |
| detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi specific dna from the lymphocyte of patients by polymerase chain reaction. | polymerase chain reaction was used to detect rickettsia tsutsugamushi specific dna from the lymphocytes of patients in the acute phase of the disease. the primers used in the pcr were based on the nucleotide sequences of gene encoding of the 56 kda antigen of the gilliam strain. the pcr product is a 78 bp fragment which can be hybridized by the 78 bp dna probe of the gilliam strain. comparison of the results obtained by polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescent assay and cell culture suggests ... | 1995 | 7770550 |
| homotypic and heterotypic antibody responses to a 56-kilodalton protein of orientia tsutsugamushi. | we analyzed homotypic and heterotypic antibody responses to a type-specific antigen (tsa), a 56-kda protein of orientia tsutsugamushi, by using sera from mice immunized with strains gilliam, karp, kato, and boryong. we generated a series of deletion constructs of the tsa gene and expressed them as male fusion proteins. variable domain i (vd i) showed strong responses to homotypic antibodies. antigenic domain ii (ad ii) from boryong and karp showed cross-reactivities to each other. vd iii showed ... | 1999 | 10531289 |
| azithromycin activities against orientia tsutsugamushi strains isolated in cases of scrub typhus in northern thailand. | azithromycin was given to mice and humans infected with strains of orientia tsutsugamushi from northern thailand, where drug-resistant scrub typhus occurs. azithromycin and doxycycline yielded comparable mouse survival rates (73 and 79%, respectively; p > 0.5). symptoms, signs, and fever in two pregnant women abated rapidly with azithromycin. prospective human trials are needed. | 1999 | 10543774 |
| eradication of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from patients' blood by chemotherapy, as assessed by the polymerase chain reaction. | the presence of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of eight patients with tsutsugamushi disease was determined by the polymerase chain reaction during antibiotic treatment with minocycline or doxycycline. rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna was detectable in all samples from these patients collected the day before treatment began. after the initiation of chemotherapy, all samples tested positive on the third or fourth day, and one sample tested positive on the eighth day ... | 1995 | 7741170 |
| phylogenetic analysis of orientia tsutsugamushi strains based on the sequence homologies of 56-kda type-specific antigen genes. | close and distant relationship among 31 strains of orientia tsutsugamushi (20, two, one and eight strains were isolated in japan, korea, china and southeast asia, respectively) were clarified using phylogenetic analyses based on homologies of 56-kda type-specific antigen genes. isolates in japan, korea and china were located in eight separate clusters in the phylogenetic tree, and each was designated as jg (japanese gilliam type), jp-1 and jp-2 (japanese karp 1 and 2 types), kato, kawasaki, kuro ... | 1999 | 10556707 |
| comparative epidemiological studies on vector/reservoir animals of tsutsugamushi disease between high and low endemic areas in korea. | comparative epidemiological studies on vector reservoir animals of tsutsugamushi disease were carried out in between south coast (the highest endemic) areas and east coast (low endemic) areas in october 1993. fauna of field rodents and their population densities were not different between two areas. antibody positive rate of apodemus agrarius sera was higher in east coast (43.2% in south coast and 63.6% in east coast). high correlation (r = 0.87) was shown between antibody positive rate of a. ag ... | 1995 | 7735783 |
| effectiveness of a dot-blot immunoassay of anti-rickettsia tsutsugamushi antibodies for serologic analysis of scrub typhus. | we compared a commercially available dot-blot immunoassay system with the indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) in tests of known negative and known positive sera from scrub typhus cases. using a panel of 100 sera from patients with various rickettsial and nonrickettsial infections, we observed that the ifa was 99% specific and the dipstick assay was 98% specific. in tests of 91 sera (30 negative and 61 positive for scrub typhus antibodies) from a study of febrile patients in malaysia, using t ... | 1995 | 7625532 |
| identification of serotypes of rickettsia tsutsugamushi by nested polymerase chain reaction. | nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was applied to identify the serotypes of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients. the primers used for pcr were based on the nucleotide sequences encoding a 56 kda antigen of rickettsiae. comparing to the conventional immunofluorescence assay (ifa), which displays a considerable degree of cross-reactivity among different species, the result obtained suggests that the polymerase chain reaction method is much more reliable than ifa. | 1996 | 10592793 |
| seasonal occurrence of leptotrombidium deliense (acari: trombiculidae) attached to sentinel rodents in an orchard near bangkok, thailand. | leptotrombidium deliense walch that attached to sentinel laboratory mice and the roof rat, rattus rattus (l.), placed in an orchard habitat near bangkok, thailand, were studied between april 1993 and april 1995. a single l. deliense larva was attached to only 1 of 51 laboratory mice placed in the study area between april and september 1993. overall, 89/202 (44.1%) r. rattus had 1 or more l. deliense larvae attached, and orientia tsutsugamushi (hayashi), the etiologic agent for scrub typhus, was ... | 1999 | 10593093 |
| [orientia tsutsugamushi]. | | 1999 | 10635814 |
| [epidemiological study of tsutsugamushi disease in gunma prefecture. a special field study and serotype]. | an epidemiologically investigated of invasion of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, inhabitant of mites and serum sample from patients with tsutsugamushi disease in gunma prefecture from 1984 to 1994 was made. our data clearly indicated that rickettsia tsutsugamushi was not located but widely spreaded throughout the prefecture. mites on rodents, were classified into 4 genus and 12 species and about 15% of them were leptotrombidium pallidum and leptotrombidium scuttellare, well known virulent vectors. the ... | 1995 | 7499914 |
| [microbiology of orientia tsutsugamushi]. | | 1999 | 10643299 |
| [analysis of prevalent orientia tsutsugamushi in aichi prefecture]. | orientia tsutsugamushi was isolated from one of 8 patients' sera in aichi prefecture, and was identified to have the same antigenicity with the kn-2 strain (kn-2 like) based on the reactivity with 13 types of strain-specific or cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies to karp, gilliam, and kato strains. four isolates from 4 unfed larvae and adult of leptotrombidium pallidum were also classified as the kn-3 like strains. using indirect immunofluorescence, sera from 20 patients with tsutsugamushi dise ... | 1999 | 10655679 |
| pericarditis due to tsutsugamushi disease. | tsutsugamushi disease is an acute febrile illness caused by rickettsia tsutsugamushi, which enters into the human bloodstream through the bite of leptotrombidium. it is characterized by eschar, fever and cutaneous rash. pericardial effusion in tsutsugamushi disease is not a common manifestation, although a high rate of effusion was reported in autopsy in those who had died of the disease. here, we report a case of tsutsugamushi pericarditis documented by indirect immunofluorescent test of perica ... | 2000 | 10716090 |
| [the use of polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in wild rodents]. | we studied the applicability of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for the detection of r. tsutsugamushi in wild rodents. the pcr method which amplified the gene coding for the group-specific antigen of r. tsutsugamushi was used in this study. specific pcr products (88 bp) were obtained with the dnas from three reference strains (gilliam, karp, and kato) and two cell culture adapted field isolates (kn-1 and gj-1). the minimum number detectable by the pcr method was estimated to be 1.3 copies ... | 1995 | 7499912 |
| cellular invasion of orientia tsutsugamushi requires initial interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate. | role of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans on invasion of orientia tsutsugamushi into host cells was investigated. pretreatment with heparan sulfate and heparin inhibited the infection of o. tsutsugamushi for l cell, mouse fibroblast, whereas other glycosaminoglycans had little effect. these same treatments were also shown to reduce the infection in a dose-dependent manner, and enzymatic treatment of cells with heparitinase, but not chondroitinase abc, inhibited the infection. in additi ... | 2000 | 10764614 |
| isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi from leptotrombidium fuji and its characterization. | in our attempts to isolate orientia tsutsugamushi from trombiculid mites, a strain was successfully isolated from leptotrombidium fuji collected in aichi prefecture, japan. this is the first case of isolation of o. tsutsugamushi from l. fuji. a phylogenetic analysis based on the base-sequence homology of the 56-kda type-specific antigen-gene indicated that the strain is a new type which is not closely related to any strains analyzed previously. three strains isolated from leptotrombidium pallidu ... | 2000 | 10789509 |
| antibiotics for treating scrub typhus. | scrub typhus is a cause of fever in regions of asia and the pacific. recently, resistance to antibiotics has been reported. | 2000 | 10796680 |
| occurrence of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi) in kanagawa prefecture and types of orientia tsutsugamushi involved. | | 2000 | 10871922 |
| transmission of orientia tsutsugamushi, the aetiological agent for scrub typhus, to co-feeding mites. | experiments were conducted to investigate the potential for transmission of orientia tsutsugamushi, the aetiological agent for scrub typhus, when naturally infected mite larvae were co-feeding with uninfected larvae. larvae from colonies of leptotrombidium deliense and l. imphalum infected with o. tsutsugamushi were used. transmission of o. tsutsugamushi to previously uninfected l. deliense and blankaartia acuscutellaris co-fed with infected l. deliense was shown to occur. the overall minimum ra ... | 2000 | 10874723 |
| serologic analysis of scrub typhus isolates from the pescadores and philippine islands. | | 1982 | 6819372 |
| scrub and murine typhus among dutch travellers. | | 1999 | 10885849 |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with scrub typhus: diffuse alveolar damage without pulmonary vasculitis. | pathologic findings of scrub typhus have been characterized by vasculitis of the microvasculature of the involved organ resulting from a direct invasion by orientia tsutsugamushi. we experienced a case of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) associated with scrub typhus. the case was proven by eschar and high titer of serum igm antibody (positive at 1:1280). open lung biopsy showed diffuse alveolar damage (dad) in the organizing stage without evidence of vasculitis. immunofluorescent antib ... | 2000 | 10895979 |
| multiple organ failure complicating probable scrub typhus. | this report describes a case of life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome with multiple organ failure complicating probable scrub typhus. favorable outcome was associated with fluoroquinolone therapy. scrub typhus should be suspected in travelers returning from southeast asia presenting with unexplained respiratory manifestations. | 2000 | 10913423 |
| neutralization epitopes on the antigenic domain ii of the orientia tsutsugamushi 56-kda protein revealed by monoclonal antibodies. | monoclonal antibodies (moabs) reactive with the authentic orientia tsutsugamushi 56-kda protein were generated. moab fs10 and fs15 showed in vitro, as well as, in vivo neutralizing activity upon o. tsutsugamushi infection. deletion mutants of the gene for 56-kda protein of o. tsutsugamushi boryong were expressed to map the binding region. fs10 and fs15 are bound to amino acids (aa) located in an antigenic domain ii, at residues 140-160 and 187-214, respectively. computer modeling indicated that ... | 2000 | 10924780 |
| annual incidence of tsutsugamushi disease caused by different serotypes of orientia tsutsugamushi in miyazaki prefecture in 1991-1999. | | 2000 | 10957711 |
| the effect of mouse age on the determination of rickettsia tsutsugamushi virulence. | the effect of age on the susceptibility of icr mice to lethal intraperitoneal (ip), rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections was tested with five virulent strains--karp, kato, gilliam, ta763, and th1817--and three strains of reduced virulence--ta678, ta686, and ta716. susceptibility differences were noted only in the icr mice inoculated with two of the strains of reduced virulence, ta716 and ta678. with both strains, mice in the 12-weeks and younger age groups had lower death rates than did mice in t ... | 1982 | 6819371 |
| aids research. the odd intersection of hiv and scrub typhus. | can contracting another disease help suppress hiv? researchers report intriguing new findings suggesting that a disease called scrub typhus may offer novel leads to developing anti-hiv treatments and vaccines. | 2000 | 10979849 |
| hiv-1 suppression during acute scrub-typhus infection. | in hiv-1-infected individuals, viral load has been reported to rise transiently if an acute infection with another organism occurs. our study was prompted by the unexpected finding that hiv-1 copy number fell during an acute infection with orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus. | 2000 | 10981892 |
| heat shock protein 60 sequence comparisons: duplications, lateral transfer, and mitochondrial evolution. | heat shock proteins 60 (groel) are highly expressed essential proteins in eubacterial genomes and in eukaryotic organelles. these chaperone proteins have been advanced as propitious marker sequences for tracing the evolution of mitochondrial (mt) genomes. similarities among hsp60 sequences based on significant segment pair alignment calculations are used to deduce associations of sequences taking into account groel functional/structural domain differences and to relate hsp60 duplications pervasi ... | 2000 | 11027334 |
| development and persistence of antibodies to orientia tsutsugamushi in the roof rat, rattus rattus and laboratory mice following attachment of naturally infected leptotrombidium deliense. | the development and persistence of antibodies to orientia tsutsugamushi in rattus rattus and laboratory mice following infection from the bite of naturally infected leptotrombidium deliense is reported. antibodies in r. rattus were first detected using an indirect immunoperoxidase method 2 weeks after attachment of an infected mite. the igm antibody response was mild, and was detected 2, 4 and 6 weeks after infection, while the igg response was stronger and was detected from 2 to 19 weeks after ... | 2000 | 11114390 |
| microtubule- and dynein-mediated movement of orientia tsutsugamushi to the microtubule organizing center. | the host cell microfilaments and microtubules (mts) are known to play a critical role in the life cycles of several pathogenic intracellular microbes by providing for successful invasion and promoting movement of the pathogen once inside the host cell cytoplasm. orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium, enters host cells by induced phagocytosis, escapes to the cytosol, and then replicates in the cytosol. ecv304 cells infected with o. tsutsugamushi revealed the colocalization o ... | 2001 | 11119542 |
| human anti-scrub typhus rickettsia and rabbit anti-proteus antibodies recognize similar epitope in the o-polysaccharide part of proteus mirabilis oxk lipopolysaccharide. | in the weil-felix test, sera from patients infected with orientia tsutsugamushi reacted with lipopolysaccharide (lps) from proteus mirabilis oxk strains. the o-polysaccharide of p. mirabilis oxk lps consisted of pentasaccharide repeating units, with amidically-linked lysine residues. the lysine, linked to galacturonic residues, which plays an important role in the reaction with rabbit anti-oxk antibodies, was revealed with the aid of synthetic antigens. using elisa, immunoglobulin m antibodies f ... | 2000 | 11131808 |
| psoralen photochemical inactivation of orientia tsutsugamushi in platelet concentrates. | the risk of transfusion transmission of disease has been reduced by the combination of predonation questions and improved transfusion-transmitted disease assays, but the risk is still present. this study was conducted to determine if psoralen photochemistry could inactivate an obligate intracellular bacterium, with documented potential for transfusion, in pcs to further improve safety. | 2000 | 11134571 |
| in vitro effectiveness of azithromycin against doxycycline-resistant and -susceptible strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, etiologic agent of scrub typhus. | in an effort to find a potential alternative treatment for scrub typhus, we evaluated the effectiveness of the standard drug doxycycline and the new macrolide azithromycin against a doxycycline-susceptible strain (karp) and a doxycycline-resistant strain (afsc-4) of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. the antibiotics were tested in an in vitro assay system in which infected mouse fibroblast cells (l929) were incubated for 3 days in various concentrations of the drugs. rickettsial growth was evaluated by d ... | 1995 | 8585717 |
| geographical distribution of vectors and sero-strains of tsutsugamushi disease at mid-south inland of korea. | studies of geographical distributions and relative population densities of the vector mites of tsutsugamushi disease were carried out in october 1996 at 12 locations of the mid-south inland of the korean peninsula, where chigger mites have been never studied. of 177 field rodents and insectivores collected, 154 (87.0%) were apodemus agrarius. total 25,707 chigger mites were collected and 14 species were identified, of which leptotrombidium pallidum was predominant (79.8%) and l. palpale the next ... | 1997 | 9335182 |
| short report: surveillance of rickettsial infections in indonesian military personnel during peace keeping operations in cambodia. | indonesian peacekeepers in cambodia provided a unique study population to estimate the threat of rickettsial exposure to rickettsia typhi (murine typhus), orientia tsutsugamushi, (scrub typhus), and r. conorii (spotted fever) for the region. prescreening prevalence measure showed a large proportion (36%) of soldiers with antibodies to r. typhi. predeployment prevalence for antibodies to o. tsutsugamushi was 8%, with no evidence of background r. conorii infections. actual seroconversions of r. ty ... | 1997 | 9392597 |
| orientia tsutsugamushi infection: overview and immune responses. | orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium, was isolated for the first time in 1930. infections by virulent strains are characterized by fever, rash, eschar, pneumonia, myocarditis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. here we review the general aspects of o. tsutsugamushi and immune responses in terms of inflammation, protective immune mechanisms, and immunogenic antigens. | 2001 | 11226850 |
| [sero-negative tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction]. | we report a case of sero-negative tsutsugamushi disease diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a 54-year-old man who worked in nagano prefecture presented with flu-like symptoms that did not respond to cephalosporin therapy. on admission to another hospital, chest roentgenography revealed abnormal shadows; liver dysfunction was also present. despite therapy, the patient's condition gradually worsened and he was transferred to our intensive care unit. erythema on all extremities and scabs ... | 1997 | 9567083 |
| why is chlamydia sensitive to penicillin in the absence of peptidoglycan? | most eubacteria are sensitive to penicillin because the antibiotic inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential constituent of their cell walls. a few eubacteria have no measurable peptidoglycan, and, with one exception, they are not susceptible to penicillin. the exception is the genus chlamydia whose members are just as sensitive to penicillin as peptidoglycan-containing bacteria. a numbers of ways to resolve this anomaly, penicillin sensitivity without peptidoglycan, are proposed. it is ... | 1993 | 8162358 |
| temporal changes in prevalence of scrub typhus rickettsia (orientia tsutsugamushi) infecting the eggs of leptotrombidium imphalum (acari: trombiculidae). | eggs from seven colony lines of the chigger mite leptotrombidium imphalum (vercammen-grandjean & langston) were examined for infection with orientia tsutsugamushi (hyashi), the etiologic agent of scrub typhus. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using primers otp 56.809 and otm 56.1221, which amplify a 291 bp region of the p56 gene of o. tsutsugamushi, was used to detect scrub typhus within single eggs. all seven chigger mite lines produced infected eggs with varying rates of infection (li1 = 8. ... | 2001 | 11268679 |
| vertical transmission of orientia tsutsugamushi in two lines of naturally infected leptotrombidium deliense (acari: trombiculidae). | vertical transmission of orientia tsutsugamushi (hayashi), the etiologic agent for scrub typhus, was studied in two lines of naturally infected leptotrombidium deliense walch. in one line of mites originating from a single adult (v3m), the rate of filial transmission was 100% for the first two laboratory generations, but declined to 86.6% in the third laboratory generation. the vertical infection rate in this line of mites was 100% for the parental generation, but declined to 95.6% for the f1 ge ... | 2001 | 11268685 |
| detection of orientia tsutsugamushi (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) in unengorged chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) from oita prefecture, japan, by nested polymerase chain reaction. | the current study surveyed the 56-kda type-specific antigen (tsa) gene dnas of orientia tsutsugamushi (hayashi) in approximately 4.000 unengorged chiggers obtained from the soil or ground surface in an endemic and a nonendemic area of the tsutsugamushi disease in oita prefecture, southwestern japan, by nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). serotypes of o. tsutsugamushi were identified by restriction fragment-length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. in the endemic area, 242 pools from five species ... | 2001 | 11296840 |
| [tsutsugamushi fever. rare rickettsiosis after a stay in the philippines]. | after returning to his native germany from a holiday in the philippines a 37-year-old man was admitted because of high fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis and conjunctivitis, transient skin rash, nausea and vomiting, leukocytosis with shift to the left, atypical lymphocytes, as well as increased transaminases, ldh and cholestasis-indicating enzymes. | 1998 | 9615696 |
| serological evidence for the continued presence of human rickettsioses in southern india. | rickettsiosis is generally believed to have disappeared from many parts of india. however, the serological testing of 37 residents of southern india who presented with fever of unknown aetiology in 1996-1998 confirmed that spotted fever, epidemic/endemic typhus and scrub typhus continue to occur in southern india. the epidemiology and magnitude of the problem need to be evaluated. | 2001 | 11454249 |
| evaluation of a newly developed dipstick test for the rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus in febrile patients. | scrub typhus is a potentially fatal, febrile disease prevalent in rural asia. the etiological agent, orientia tsutsugamushi, is transmitted to humans by the bite of a larval trombiculid mite. no current diagnostic test is sufficiently practical for use by physicians working in rural areas. a new dipstick test using a dot blot immunoassay format has been developed for the serodiagnosis of scrub typhus. we evaluated this test on 83 patients presenting with acute fever of unknown origin at maharaj ... | 2001 | 11485073 |
| expression and refolding of truncated recombinant major outer membrane protein antigen (r56) of orientia tsutsugamushi and its use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. | the variable 56-kda major outer membrane protein of orientia tsutsugamushi is the immunodominant antigen in human scrub typhus infections. the gene encoding this protein from karp strain was cloned into the expression vector pet11a. the recombinant protein (r56) was expressed as a truncated nonfusion protein (amino acids 80 to 456 of the open reading frame) which formed an inclusion body when expressed in escherichia coli bl21. refolded r56 was purified and compared to purified whole-cell lysate ... | 1998 | 9665960 |
| orientia tsutsugamushi suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by its own heat-stable component in murine macrophages. | orientia tsutsugamushi is a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium, which causes scrub typhus. to understand the pathogenesis of scrub typhus, we have investigated the induction of tumor necrosis alpha (tnf-alpha) and interleukin-6 (il-6) by o. tsutsugamushi in two murine macrophage cell lines. both live and heat-killed orientia stimulated the production of cytokines in j774a.1 cells. polymyxin b does not affect the secretion of cytokines. these together with the fact that the immature m ... | 2001 | 11500099 |
| prevalence of antibodies to rickettsiae in the human population of suburban bangkok. | following a report of three cases of scrub typhus in suburban bangkok, we performed a serosurvey in the patients' communities. both igg and igm antibodies were measured in an indirect immunoperoxidase assay, using separate spots of antigen from rickettsia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus), r. typhi (murine typhus), and tt-118 spotted fever group rickettsiae. of 215 people donating blood, antibody levels indicative of most recent exposure to r. tsutsugamushi were most prevalent (21%), followed by r. t ... | 1994 | 8074248 |
| laboratory evaluation of repellents against leptotrombidium deliense, vector of scrub typhus. | scrub typhus, a rickettsial disease transmitted by larvae of leptotrombidium deliense, is of special importance to the armed forces personnel, due to the heightened risk to this disease during movement in mite endemic areas during exercise/war. the disease is best prevented by the use of personal protective measures including repellents. studies were undertaken to determine the relative efficacy of repellents: diethyl toulamide (deet), dibutyl phthalate (dbp) with an indigenously developed repel ... | 2001 | 11525158 |
| [taxonomy and classification of rickettsiae]. | during the recent 20 years the improvement of the methodological research basis including the molecular and genetic analysis of microorganisms parasites of eukaryotic cells, led to considerable changes in the taxonomy and classification of rickettsiae. this problem was not discussed in the russian literature. at present the term "rickettsiae" conventionally embraces the group of microorganisms of the class proteobacteria, nominated as species belonging to the genera rickettsia, orientia, ehrlich ... | 2001 | 11548242 |
| mucin-related epitopes distinguish m cells and enterocytes in rabbit appendix and peyer's patches. | the biochemical composition of the apical membranes of epithelial m cells overlying the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (galt) is still largely unknown. we have prepared monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against carbonate-washed plasma membranes from epithelial cells detached with edta from rabbit appendix, a tissue particularly rich in galt. as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy, several mabs specifically recognized either m cells or enterocyte-like cells of the domes from rabbit a ... | 1999 | 9864237 |
| seroprevalence of scrub typhus infection in patients with pyrexia at some malaria clinics in three western provinces of thailand. | in thailand, the epidemiological data on scrub typhus infection represents only "the tip of an iceberg" especially in malaria clinics where patients come to seek attention because of other febrile illnesses that may have initial clinical signs that are indistinguishable from malaria. the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of antibody titers to orientia tsutsugamushi, and its various strains, among patients at some malaria clinics in three western provinces of thailand. the ... | 1998 | 9876950 |
| passive transfer of scrub typhus plasma to patients with aids: a descriptive clinical study. | we examined the hiv-inhibitory effects previously found to be associated with scrub typhus infection. individual 500 ml units of plasma from donors with mild scrub typhus were safety-tested, subjected to virucidal heat treatment, and administered to 10 hiv-1-infected recipients who were not receiving antiretroviral drugs. hiv-1 copy number fell three-fold or more in two recipients, and virus burden was reduced for 8 weeks in 70% (7/10) of recipients of a single plasma infusion, compared with the ... | 2001 | 11704689 |
| apoptosis of endothelial cell line ecv304 persistently infected with orientia tsutsugamushi. | endothelial cells are major targets of orientia tsutsugamushi. to examine the consequences of the infection of endothelial cells with o. tsutsugamushi, we used human endothelial cell line ecv304. persistent infection was established and infected cultures could be maintained for over seven months without the addition of normal cells. the heavily infected cells became round and floated in the culture medium, harboring large numbers of organisms inside them. some of the infected ecv304 cells showed ... | 1999 | 10524792 |
| orientia tsutsugamushi in peripheral white blood cells of patients with acute scrub typhus. | scrub typhus, caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is an acute illness that occurs in many parts of asia. clinical manifestations range from inapparent to organ failure. organisms disseminate from the skin to target organs, suggesting that they may enter the peripheral circulation. here, peripheral blood cell smears from patients with acute scrub typhus were obtained before treatment and for 2 days after treatment and reacted with antibodies specific for o. tsutsugamushi. white blood cells from 3 o ... | 2001 | 11791995 |
| [rickettsial diseases]. | | 2001 | 11808116 |
| [studies on three types of natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease in eastern part of china]. | in order to identify the types of natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease to provide basis for prevention, a series of studies were carried out in fujian, zhejiang and jiangsu provinces. | 2000 | 11860755 |
| [the recognition of the epidemic area of tsutsugamushi disease on nan peng lie island in china and the strategy of prevention]. | to investigate the region for the epidemic area of tsutsugamushi disease. | 2000 | 11860788 |
| [investigation on natural foci of autumn-winter type tsutsugamushi disease in shandong province]. | in order to provide basic data of tsutsugamushi disease in shandong province, for the control and prevention of this disease in residents and army-men. | 2000 | 11860801 |
| disassembly of focal adhesions during apoptosis of endothelial cell line ecv304 infected with orientia tsutsugamushi. | many bacterial pathogens induce apoptosis in their host cells. we observed the cellular effect of ecv304 cells infected with orientia tsutsugamushi. the infected cells became rounded and floated in culture supernatant. these floating cells as well as adherent cells exhibited typical features of apoptosis, such as dna fragmentation and tunel staining. as many cells detached from growth substrate, we examined the focal adhesion using the immunofluorescence assay method and observed decreased focal ... | 1999 | 10545254 |
| natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease in the nan peng lie islands in china. | to investigate natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease whose incidence has increased in the nan peng lie islands in china, an area where this disease has not been previously recorded. | 2002 | 11940347 |
| demonstration of the natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease in nan peng lie islands in china. | in recent years, the incidence of tsutsugamushi disease has increased in nan peng lie islands in china, and the disease has not been recorded in this region. the natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease were investigated in this paper. isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi and the study of preventive measures were also performed. the region was the island natural foci of south subtropical zone. the main host and vector were rattus norvegicus and leptotrombidium (l.) deliens respectively. the seasonal ... | 2001 | 11944714 |
| decreased prevalence of orientia tsutsugamushi in trombiculid mites and wild rodents in the primorye region, far east russia. | the isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi was attempted from 249 rodents and approximately 14,000 trombiculid mites captured in the primorye region, far east russia in 1993 and 1994, where high infection rates were recorded in both rodents and mites in the 1960s. however, no rickettsia was isolated from the samples. low antibody titers against o. tsutsugamushi were detected in 7.1% of the rodents. these results indicate that the prevalence of o. tsutsugamushi in the primorye region has decreased c ... | 1999 | 10585144 |
| isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi from patients in shikoku and finding of a strain which grows preferentially at low temperatures. | three strains of orientia tsutsugamushi were isolated from patients in anan city, tokushima prefecture. the strains were identified as karp type by analyses of reactivities with type-specific monoclonal antibodies. one strain, okazaki, was isolated in l cells cultivated at 31 c, but not in cells at 36 c or in mice. this strain showed better growth at 31 c than 36 c. this is the first report of an o. tsutsugamushi strain which grows preferentially at low temperatures. | 1999 | 10585145 |
| investigation of the role of blankaartia acuscutellaris (acari: trombiculidae) as a vector of scrub typhus in central thailand. | monthly collections of rodents were conducted in phitsanulok province, central thailand in 1993 to investigate the role of the mite blankaartia acuscurellaris as a vector of scrub typhus. overall, a total of 41 rodents were collected and examined for the presence of the red colored larvae of b. acuscutellaris and yellow larvae of leptotrombidium deliense and ascoshoengastia sp. a total of 787 b. acuscutellaris and 1390 yellow larvae were placed into pools, triturated and isolation of orientia ts ... | 2001 | 12041564 |
| successful diagnosis using scab for pcr specimen in tsutsugamushi disease. | we treated a case of tsutsugamushi disease diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using a scab specimen at the bite site of trombiculid mites. otherwise the diagnosis could not be confirmed by serum antibody test nor the pcr test of blood. the genome of rickettsia tsutsugamushi was detected and identified as the kawasaki serotype strain. an attempt to extract the genome from the scab has not been reported, thus our data suggest that the scab is a useful specimen to confirm the diagnosis of ... | 2002 | 12058894 |
| expression of chemokine genes in murine macrophages infected with orientia tsutsugamushi. | scrub typhus, caused by orientia tsutsugamushi infection, is characterized by local as well as systemic inflammatory manifestations. inflammation is initiated by o. tsutsugamushi-infected macrophages and endothelial cells in the dermis. we investigated the regulation of chemokine induction in macrophage cell line j774a.1 in response to o. tsutsugamushi infection. the mrnas for macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha/beta (mip-1alpha/beta), mip-2, and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 were ind ... | 2000 | 10639422 |
| orientia tsutsugamushi inhibits apoptosis of macrophages by retarding intracellular calcium release. | orientia tsutsugamushi shows both pro- and antiapoptotic activities in infected vertebrate cells. apoptosis of thp-1 cells induced by beauvericin was inhibited by o. tsutsugamushi infection. beauvericin-induced calcium redistribution was significantly reduced and retarded in cells infected with o. tsutsugamushi. antiapoptotic activities of o. tsutsugamushi in infected cells are most probably due to inhibition of the increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration. | 2002 | 12117985 |
| evidence of rickettsia typhi and the potential for murine typhus in jayapura, irian jaya, indonesia. | murine typhus (etiologic agent: rickettsia typhi) is endemic to indonesia, especially on the highly populated island of java. a survey of rodents from irian jaya, the eastern-most province of indonesia, indicated striking geographic variation in risk factors associated with murine typhus. murid rodents (n = 112) collected from two villages in the arso district of northeastern irian jaya, were found to be free of ectoparasites normally associated with transmission of r. typhi (i.e., xenopsylla ch ... | 2002 | 12164301 |
| genotypic identification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of dna amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. | we combined the nested polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) for genotypic identification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. four primers were selected from the dna sequence of the gene encoding a 56-kd serotype-specific antigen of the karp strain. nested pcr produced rickettsia-specific products of approximately 0.6 kb in the amplification of dna prepared from three reference strains (gilliam, karp, and kato) and two prototype strains (irie and hirano) prev ... | 1996 | 8686786 |
| elisa-based colorimetric detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from patient sera by nested polymerase chain reaction. | a rapid diagnostic system for scrub typhus was established using colorimetric detection of nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). this system relied on binding the amplified dna via a sequence in one of oligodeoxyribonucleotide to the dna-binding protein gcn4 coated on the well of a micotiter dish. the primer pairs used for the nested pcr were designed on the basis of the homologous nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes the 56 kda antigen of serovariants. with this colorimetric pcr, diag ... | 1996 | 9031416 |
| central nervous system involvement in patients with scrub typhus. | scrub typhus, which is caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is a systemic illness that causes generalized vasculitis. the central nervous system (cns) is the most crucial target in other rickettsial diseases; however, there have been several reports of encephalitis or meningitis without direct evidence of rickettsial invasion of the cns in cases of scrub typhus. to investigate cns involvement in cases of scrub typhus, we analyzed the csf profiles (cell count and levels of protein and glucose) and a ... | 1997 | 9114196 |
| fulminant japanese spotted fever definitively diagnosed by the polymerase chain reaction method. | a 72-year-old man was admitted to the emergency ward in our hospital on july 20, 2001, because of consciousness disturbance, fever, generalized skin eruption, and severe general weakness beginning 7 days previously. physical examination on admission revealed marked systemic cyanosis, erythema, and purpura. laboratory findings indicated disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) and multiorgan failure (platelet count, 0.9 x 10(4)/micro l; fibrin degradation product, 110 micro g/ml; c-reactive p ... | 2002 | 12373493 |
| [the pathogen of tsutsugamushi disease]. | | 2002 | 12451641 |
| [analysis of clinical severity of tsutsugamushi disease according to the serotype of pathogenic rickettsia]. | we compared the severity of clinical symptoms and laboratory test results of tsutsugamushi disease patients in oita prefecture according to the serotype of infected r. tsutsugamushi. of the 45 patients, except one with the karp-type, who were suffering in oita prefecture between 1992 and 1994, 20 were the irie-type and 24 were the hirano-type. there was no apparent difference with regard to clinical symptoms between the two groups of patients. laboratory tests showed that crp increased almost eq ... | 1997 | 9164083 |
| expression of recombinant proteins of orientia tsutsugamushi and their applications in the serodiagnosis of scrub typhus. | in this study, recombinant proteins that encompassed the ad i-ad iii regions of 56 kda immunodominant gene of 2 orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) serotypes; gilliam and ta763 were expressed in escherichia coli. both recombinant proteins exhibited serologic cross-reactivity with the rabbit antisera against various ot serotypes, as evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), but not against other rickettsial species, including rickettsia typhi, r. prowazekii and tt118 sfg rickettsiae. the fe ... | 2002 | 12458119 |
| comparative evaluation of selected diagnostic assays for the detection of igg and igm antibody to orientia tsutsugamushi in thailand. | we compared the performance of 2 commercially available dipstick assays, 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas), and an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) assay for the diagnosis of scrub typhus, using the indirect immunoperoxidase (iip) test as the reference standard. the dipstick assays were the integrated diagnostics (baltimore, md) dip-s-ticks scrub recombinant (r56) dipstick test (indx assay) and the panbio (brisbane, australia) scrub typhus igm and igg rapid immunochromatogra ... | 2002 | 12479551 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibody reacting exclusively against intracellular orientia tsutsugamushi. | intracellular bacteria often change the expression of their genes in order to adapt to new environmental conditions. here we describe a monoclonal antibody (mab) that reacts exclusively against intracellular orientia tsutsugamushi. although mab applied to the 56-kda protein, a major outer membrane protein, reacted against a large number of bacteria that had attached to host cells at the early stage of infection, m686-13 reacted against only a minor portion of the attached bacteria. in the later ... | 2002 | 12516769 |
| possible scrub typhus coinfections in thai agricultural workers hospitalized with leptospirosis. | possible coinfections with orientia tsutsugamushi the causative agent of scrub typhus, were prospectively evaluated in rice farmers hospitalized with leptospirosis in northeast thailand. of 22 adults with leptospirosis diagnosed by the microscopic agglutination test, 9 also had serologic evidence of scrub typhus. of 9 individuals with possible coinfections, 5 had signs or symptoms typical of scrub typhus and atypical of leptospirosis. patients who appeared to have mixed infections had significan ... | 2003 | 12556154 |
| evaluation of national tsutsugamushi disease surveillance--japan, 2000. | in japan, tsutsugamushi disease, which is caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is re-emerging with newly recognized strains and is now endemic in all prefectures except hokkaido and okinawa. we analyzed recent surveillance data to describe the epidemiology of tsutsugamushi disease and to evaluate the newly implemented national surveillance system according to the cdc guidelines for evaluating surveillance systems. in 2000, 756 cases of tsutsugamushi disease were reported from 37 of 47 prefectures; ... | 2002 | 12606829 |
| genotype identification of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from nan peng lie islands in china. | to identify genotype of eight strains of orientia tsutsugamushi (o. tsutsugamushi) isolated from nan peng lie islands in china and establish tsutsugamushi disease nature foci for this region. | 2002 | 12622944 |
| [tsutsugamushi disease found in the northern districts of awaji island--epidemiological study of the outbreak season temperature]. | ten cases of tsutsugamushi disease which were diagnosed and treated among the outpatients from 1987 through 1999 in a clinic of internal medicine locating at the northern districts of awaji island were investigated. the patients were consisted of 8 males and 2 females and their ages ranged from 6 to 69 years old. the infected areas were distributed in hilly districts extending over three towns. the outbreak season was from november through december. the following two facts seemed to be worthy of ... | 2003 | 12661080 |