| use of a constant rate infusion of insulin for the treatment of hyperglycemic, hypernatremic, hyperosmolar syndrome in an alpaca cria. | a 3-day-old 9.5-kg (21-lb) female alpaca cria was examined because of lethargy and anorexia. | 2010 | 20187822 |
| allometry of masticatory loading parameters in mammals. | considerable research on the scaling of loading patterns in mammalian locomotor systems has not been accompanied by a similarly comprehensive analysis of the interspecific scaling of loading regimes in the mammalian masticatory complex. to address this deficiency, we analyzed mandibular corpus bone strain in 11 mammalian taxa varying in body size by over 2.5 orders of magnitude, including goats, horses, alpacas, pigs, and seven primate taxa. during alert chewing and biting of hard/tough foods, b ... | 2010 | 20235312 |
| tuberculosis in alpacas (lama pacos) caused by mycobacterium bovis. | we report three cases of tuberculosis in alpacas from spain caused by mycobacterium bovis. the animals revealed two different lesional patterns. mycobacterial culture and pcr assay yielded positive results for m. bovis. molecular typing of the isolates identified spoligotype sb0295 and identical variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) allele sizes. | 2010 | 20237097 |
| a candidate gene for choanal atresia in alpaca. | choanal atresia (ca) is a common nasal craniofacial malformation in new world domestic camelids (alpaca and llama). ca results from abnormal development of the nasal passages and is especially debilitating to newborn crias. ca in camelids shares many of the clinical manifestations of a similar condition in humans (charge syndrome). herein we report on the regulatory gene chd7 of alpaca, whose homologue in humans is most frequently associated with charge. sequence of the chd7 coding region was ob ... | 2010 | 20237599 |
| sarcoptic mange in the alpaca, lama huanaco var. paca. | | 1947 | 20290649 |
| detection of an antigenic group 2 coronavirus in an adult alpaca with enteritis. | antigenic group 2 coronavirus was detected in a fecal sample of an adult alpaca by reverse transcription-pcr. the presence of alpaca coronavirus (apcov) in the small intestine was demonstrated by immune histochemistry with an antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibody that reacts with group 2 coronaviruses. other common causes of diarrhea in adult camelids were not detected. we conclude that nutritional stress may have predisposed the alpaca to severe apcov infection. | 2008 | 18716008 |
| effect of glycerol concentration, equex stm supplementation and liquid storage prior to freezing on the motility and acrosome integrity of frozen-thawed epididymal alpaca (vicugna pacos) sperm. | two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of glycerol concentration and equex stm paste on the post-thaw motility and acrosome integrity of epididymal alpaca sperm. in experiment 1, epididymal sperm were harvested from male alpacas, diluted, and cooled to 4 degrees c in a lactose cooling extender, and pellet-frozen in a lactose cryodiluent containing final glycerol concentrations of 2, 3, or 4%. in experiment 2, epididymal sperm were diluted in biladyl, cooled to 4 degrees c, store ... | 2010 | 20416935 |
| nitric oxide enhances the sensitivity of alpaca melanocytes to respond to alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone by up-regulating melanocortin-1 receptor. | nitric oxide (no) and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-msh) have been correlated with the synthesis of melanin. the no-dependent signaling of cellular response to activate the hypothalamopituitary proopiomelanocortin system, thereby enhances the hypophysial secretion of alpha-msh to stimulate alpha-msh-receptor responsive cells. in this study we investigated whether an no-induced pathway can enhance the ability of the melanocyte to respond to alpha-msh on melanogenesis in alpaca skin ... | 2010 | 20451493 |
| sudden death associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an alpaca (llama pacos). | a healthy, 3-year-old, intact male alpaca (llama pacos) died suddenly and unexpectedly and had an unusual pattern of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that was restricted to the interventricular septal and right ventricular myocardium. grossly pale areas in the affected myocardium corresponded histologically to thickened and disorganized myofibers with excessive branching and marked nuclear pleomorphism. mitoses were absent. inflammation and fibrosis were minimal. a few thickened muscular arteries wer ... | 2010 | 20453225 |
| urinary bladder agenesis in an alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria. | a 10-day-old female alpaca (vicugna pacos) cria with a history of urinary straining and dribbling was presented for evaluation. the animal had markedly elevated blood fibrinogen (800 mg/dl), mildly elevated phosphorus (9.3 mg/dl), and minimally elevated blood urea nitrogen (38 mg/dl) concentrations. the total protein (5.0 g/dl) concentration was mildly decreased. these findings were suggestive of mild renal disease. an abdominal ultrasound revealed bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter, and n ... | 2010 | 20453232 |
| laparoscopic cystotomy for removal of a large bladder polyp in a juvenile alpaca with polypoid cystitis. | to describe a method for laparoscopic cystotomy in an alpaca. | 2010 | 20459501 |
| ovulation-inducing factor: a protein component of llama seminal plasma. | previously, we documented the presence of ovulation-inducing factor (oif) in the seminal plasma of llamas and alpacas. the purpose of the study was to define the biochemical characteristics of the molecule(s) in seminal plasma responsible for inducing ovulation. | 2010 | 20462434 |
| efficacy of anthelmintics on south american camelid (llama and alpaca) farms in georgia. | the number of south american camelid (sac; llama and alpaca) farms is growing in the southeastern united states, and infection with gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) is a major health concern in this region. there is widespread resistance to anthelmintic remedies in small ruminants (sheep and goats), but a paucity of information on llamas and alpacas. anthelmintic resistance was evaluated on three sac farms (two llama; one alpaca) in georgia in the southern united states using fecal egg count red ... | 2010 | 20462700 |
| imaging diagnosis--dorsal mediastinal t-cell lymphoma in an alpaca. | a 14-year-old male alpaca had refractory pleural effusion. the cause of the effusion was not apparent either radiographically or sonographically, or following a pleural fluid cytologic examination. using computed tomographic (ct) examination, a dorsal paravertebral mass was identified and similar masses were found in the cranial mediastinum, retroperitoneal space, and adjacent to the hepatic entry of the portal vein. the histopathologic diagnosis was multicentric t-cell lymphoma. ct examination ... | 2010 | 20469554 |
| systemic candida albicans infection in two alpacas (lama pacos). | systemic candida albicans infection was diagnosed in two adult alpaca stallions originating from different herds. case 1 had a history of chronic dermatitis with unknown aetiology that had been treated long-term with glucocorticoids. case 2 had suffered from transient facial paralysis and psoroptic mange of the external ear. both animals died suddenly after recovering from their initial disorders. necropsy examination of case 1 revealed multifocal erosive dermatitis, thoracic and abdominal serof ... | 2008 | 18640683 |
| humoral response to 2 inactivated bluetongue virus serotype-8 vaccines in south american camelids. | bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv-8) has caused disease in domestic ruminants in several countries of northern europe since 2006. in 2008 a mass-vaccination program was launched in most affected countries using whole virus inactivated vaccines. | 2010 | 20492489 |
| dilated cardiomyopathy in an alpaca. | | 2010 | 20492491 |
| photodynamic chlorophyll a metabolites, including phytoporphyrin (phylloerythrin), in the blood of photosensitive livestock: overview and measurement. | to validate a spectrofluorometric method for measuring chlorophyll a metabolites, specifically phytoporphyrin (= phylloerythrin), as well as the chlorins, pheophorbide a and pyropheophorbide a, in the blood of photosensitive cattle and sheep. | 2010 | 20514089 |
| the complete mitochondrial dna sequence of the guanaco (lama guanicoe): comparative analysis with the vicuña (vicugna vicugna) genome. | south american camelids comprise the guanaco (lama guanicoe) and the vicuña (vicugna vicugna), which are wild species, and the domestic llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos). this paper presents the first complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the guanaco and the mt coding sequence of the vicuña. the guanaco mtdna is 16,649 nt long and its composition and organization are similar to the mitochondrial genome of other mammals. excluding the control region, comparison of the complete guanaco an ... | 2010 | 20524143 |
| multiple congenital anomalies in an alpaca cria (vicugna pacos). | | 2010 | 20543169 |
| diversity and abundance of the bacterial 16s rrna gene sequences in forestomach of alpacas (lama pacos) and sheep (ovis aries). | two bacterial 16s rrna gene clone libraries were constructed from the forestomach of alpacas and sheep fed alfalfa. after the amplification using the universal 16s rrna gene primers, equal quantities of pcr products from the same species were mixed and used to construct the two libraries. sequence analysis showed that the 60 clones from alpacas were divided into 27 phylotypes with 25% clones affiliated with eubacterium sp. f1. the 60 clones from sheep were divided into 21 phylotypes with 7 phylo ... | 2010 | 20558310 |
| surgical treatment of osteomyelitis and sequestration of the ilium by a cranial partial hemipelvectomy in an alpaca cria. | a 12-week-old female alpaca cria weighing 10 kg presented with a 2-month history of left hindlimb lameness associated with osteomyelitis and sequestration of the shaft and wing of the left ilium. the affected segment of the ilium was surgically removed. bacteriological culture revealed a small number of mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. the cria recovered well, was discharged from the hospital 8 days after surgery and was paddock sound without complications 8 months later. osteomyelitis and ... | 2010 | 20579037 |
| camelid single domain antibodies (vhhs) as neuronal cell intrabody binding agents and inhibitors of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (bont) proteases. | botulinum neurotoxins (bonts) function by delivering a protease to neuronal cells that cleave snare proteins and inactivate neurotransmitter exocytosis. small (14 kda) binding domains specific for the protease of bont serotypes a or b were selected from libraries of heavy chain only antibody domains (vhhs or nanobodies) cloned from immunized alpacas. several vhhs bind the bont proteases with high affinity (k(d) near 1 nm) and include potent inhibitors of bont/a protease activity (k(i) near 1 nm) ... | 2010 | 20637220 |
| fleece variation in alpaca (vicugna pacos): a two-locus model for the suri/huacaya phenotype. | genetic improvement of fibre-producing animal species has often induced transition from double coated to single coated fleece, accompanied by dramatic changes in skin follicles and hair composition, likely implying variation at multiple loci. huacaya, the more common fleece phenotype in alpaca (vicugna pacos), is characterized by a thick dense coat growing perpendicularly from the body, whereas the alternative rare and more prized single-coated suri phenotype is distinguished by long silky fibre ... | 2010 | 20646304 |
| pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (pag) family localized in chorionic cells within the epitheliochorial/diffuse placenta of the alpaca (lama pacos). | pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (pags) are abundant embryo-originated products expressed in the pre-placental trophoblast and later in the post-implantational chorionic epithelium of some ungulate species. this paper describes the cellular immunolocalization of the chorionic pag family in the epitheliochorial placenta type of the alpaca (lama pacos-lp), in which the pags were named 'lppags'. placental lp sections (5μm) of different females near mid-pregnancy (150 days post coitum; dpc), advan ... | 2011 | 20656339 |
| infection of llamas with stored eimeria macusaniensis oocysts obtained from guanaco and alpaca feces. | oocysts obtained from a guanaco and an alpaca with natural infections were identified as eimeria macusaniensis and evaluated for host specificity and infectivity over time. in 3 separate trials conducted over 4 yr, 4 adult llamas were fed 500-5,000 sporulated oocysts obtained from guanaco feces stored under laboratory conditions for 41-84 mo. infections with prepatent periods of 36-41 days and patent periods of 38-55 days developed in 4/4 llamas. in a fourth trial, 3 adult llamas and 1 alpaca we ... | 2008 | 18576765 |
| esophageal dysfunction in four alpaca crias and a llama cria with vascular ring anomalies. | 3 alpaca crias and cadavers of an alpaca cria and a llama cria were evaluated for evidence of esophageal dysfunction. | 2010 | 20673113 |
| the microanatomy of healthy skin from alpacas (vicugna pacos). | the microanatomy of healthy skin from 12 different body sites was investigated in 14 alpacas (vicugna pacos). the microanatomy of alpaca skin is typical of domestic animal skin in general, and closely resembles that from llamas. | 2010 | 20807926 |
| prevalence of mycoplasma haemolamae infection in peruvian and chilean llamas and alpacas. | mycoplasma haemolamae is a hemotropic mycoplasma that affects red blood cells of llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). it is variably associated with anemia, and most infections are subclinical. development of a polymerase chain reaction assay has facilitated detection of this infection in llamas and alpacas in the united states and other countries. whether the infection occurs in camelids in south america has previously been unknown. the current study documents a 15.8% infection rate am ... | 2010 | 20807939 |
| skin diseases in the alpaca (vicugna pacos): a literature review and retrospective analysis of 68 cases (cornell university 1997-2006). | this retrospective study describes 68 alpacas with skin diseases investigated from 1997 through 2006 at cornell university. during this time period, 40 of 715 (5.6%) alpacas presented to the university hospital had dermatological diseases. in addition, skin-biopsy specimens accounted for 86 of 353 (24.4%) of alpaca biopsy specimens submitted to the diagnostic laboratory, and of these 86 specimens, follow-up was available for 28 cases. the following diseases were most common: bacterial infections ... | 2011 | 20825592 |
| campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus abortion in alpacas (vicugna pacos). | | 2010 | 20862815 |
| ovarian function in south american camelids (alpacas, llamas, vicunas, guanacos). | ultrasound technology and hormone assays have provided a better understanding of folliculogenesis and ovulation in south american camelids in the last two decades. females exhibit waves of ovarian follicular growth and are induced ovulators and therefore do not exhibit oestrous cycles in the manner of spontaneously ovulating species such as sheep and cattle. there is much variation in inter-wave interval among camelid species (alpaca/llama 10-22 days, vicuna 4-11 days), within species and within ... | 2010 | 20875933 |
| demodex spp. infestation and suspected demodicosis of alpacas ( vicugna pacos ) in new zealand. | | 2008 | 18536775 |
| quantification of the dna difference, and separation of x- and y-bearing sperm in alpacas (vicugna pacos). | sperm sexing is an emerging reproductive technology which has been successfully used to produce offspring of a pre-determined sex in domestic and wildlife species but has yet to be applied to new world camelids. the aims of the present study were to (i) optimize the hoescht 33342 (h33342) staining concentration for the flow cytometric separation of x and y chromosome-bearing alpaca (vicugna pacos) sperm nuclei, (ii) separate alpaca sperm nuclei into high purity (>90%) populations bearing the x- ... | 2008 | 18484960 |
| partial carpal arthrodesis in a 2-year-old alpaca. | a 2-year-old alpaca was presented for acute onset right forelimb lameness. clinical findings included bilateral carpal valgus (more severe in the affected forelimb) and medial instability of the right radio-carpal joint. surgical treatment consisted of radio-carpal joint arthrodesis, which is presented as a therapeutic option for severe carpal instability secondary to injury to the supporting ligamentous structures of the carpus. | 2010 | 21037890 |
| mapping of tyrosine hydroxylase in the alpaca (lama pacos) brainstem and colocalization with cgrp. | the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (th) in the brainstem of alpaca (lama pacos) has been analysed using immunohistochemical methods. the following catecholaminergic cell nuclei have been detected: a1, c1, a2, c2 and area postrema in the medulla oblongata; a5, a6d, a7sc and a7d in the pons; as have several mesencephalic groups: a8, a9l, a9m, a9v, a9pc, a10, a10c, a10d and a10dc. this nuclear parcellation differs from that found in rodents, but agrees with the results reported in other membe ... | 2010 | 21050884 |
| scapulohumeral joint luxation in alpacas: 10 cases (2003-2009). | to describe the clinical findings, treatments, and outcome in alpacas treated for scapulohumeral joint luxation (shjl). | 2010 | 21073391 |
| from alpaca to zebrafish: hammerhead ribozymes wherever you look. | the hammerhead ribozyme was originally discovered in subviral plant pathogens and was subsequently also found in a few other genomic locations. using a secondary structure-based descriptor, we have searched publicly accessible sequence databases for new examples of type iii hammerhead ribozymes. the more than 60,000 entries fulfilling the descriptor were filtered with respect to folding and stability parameters that were experimentally validated. this resulted in a set of 284 unique motifs, of w ... | 2010 | 21081661 |
| chronic myositis in an australian alpaca (llama pacos) associated with sarcocystis spp. | an alpaca (llama pacos), born and raised in australia, was presented with multiple subcutaneous abscesses. histological findings indicated a severe necrotizing and histiocytic myositis and cellulitis associated with central caseation and multiple sarcocysts. ultrastructural examination supported the diagnosis; however, cyst wall characteristics were not consistent with the 2 known species found in alpacas. while seroconversion in camelids is reported to be near ubiquitous, myositis is rare, and ... | 2010 | 21088185 |
| development and application of a real-time taqman(®) qpcr assay for detection and quantification of 'candidatus mycoplasma haemolamae' in south american camelids. | two alpacas from a herd in southwest switzerland died for unknown reasons. necropsy revealed chronic weight loss and pale mucous membranes. infection with hemotropic mycoplasmas was suspected and subsequently confirmed by molecular methods. in order to investigate the epidemiological situation in this herd, a real-time taqman(®) qpcr assay for the specific detection and quantification of hemoplasma infection in south american camelids was developed. this assay was based on the 16s rrna gene and ... | 2010 | 21095509 |
| novel hemotrophic mycoplasma identified in naturally infected california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | the hemoplasmas are the trivial name for a group of erythrocyte-parasitizing, non-cultivable in vitro bacteria of the genus mycoplasma that have been described in several mammalian hosts worldwide. this study is the first report of hemoplasmas in marine mammals. edta anticoagulated whole blood samples from 137 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and 20 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) admitted to the marine mammal center (sausalito, ca; www.marinemammalcenter.org) or l ... | 2010 | 21111543 |
| multiple follicular cysts in four alpacas (vicugna pacos). | follicular cysts are non-neoplastic skin lesions lined by follicular epithelium. the pathogenesis of these lesions is unclear. multiple follicular cysts occur sporadically in dogs, horses and humans and are common in sheep. here we report multiple follicular cysts in four aged alpacas (vicugna pacos). based on their histological features, they are most consistent with hybrid cysts. this is the first report of multiple follicular cysts in alpacas. | 2010 | 21129052 |
| comparison of methods to detect gastrointestinal parasites in llamas and alpacas. | to compare relative sensitivity and overall yields of various methods of fecal examination for gastrointestinal parasites in llamas and alpacas. | 2008 | 18312182 |
| [testing for btv, bvdv and bhv-1 in blood samples of new world camelids kept in middle germany]. | the susceptibility of camelids for infectious agents which may result in severe economic losses or which are strictly regulated for epidemiological reasons in farm animals potentially causes a mutual risk of transmission. this study aimed to investigate the presence of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bluetongue virus (btv) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) as well as the presence of pestivirus antigen in new world camelids in central germany. therefore 107 serum samples fr ... | 2010 | 21141278 |
| cryopreservation of epididymal alpaca (vicugna pacos) sperm: a comparison of citrate-, tris- and lactose-based diluents and pellets and straws. | epididymal spermatozoa were harvested from male alpacas and frozen after extension and cooling to 4 degrees c in citrate-, tris- and lactose-based diluents (experiment 1) and as pellets in 0.25- and 0.5-ml straws on either dry ice or over liquid nitrogen vapour (experiment 2) to determine the effects diluents and packaging on their motility and acrosome integrity. in experiment 1, sperm motility was higher after cooling to 4 degrees c and after freeze-thawing (0 but not 3 h post-thaw) for sperma ... | 2007 | 17897581 |
| bilateral epidiymal cysts in an alpaca male used for breeding. | a 4-year-old alpaca stud was presented for examination of his reproductive tract. ultrasonographic examination of the gonads revealed 2 cystic structures associated with the head of each epididymis. biopsies of each testicle evidenced mild testicular degeneration. histopathologic examination of the gonads revealed cystic efferent ductules in the head of each epididymis. | 2007 | 17824161 |
| inadvertent transvaginal administration of sodium phosphate enemas in 2 alpaca crias. | objective: to describe the clinical presentation and resultant metabolic disturbances following retroperitoneal administration of hyperphosphate enemas in alpaca crias. case or series summary: two crias presented to the colorado state university veterinary teaching hospital after inadvertent transvaginal retroperitoneal hyperphosphate enema administration. the first cria developed an acute onset of neurologic signs, severe hypernatremia, and died soon after presentation. the second cria develope ... | 2010 | 21166985 |
| comparison of fixation methods for treatment of long bone fractures in llamas and alpacas. | to determine outcome after repair of long bone fractures in llamas and alpacas. | 2010 | 21175689 |
| congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in an alpaca. | an adult alpaca was presented because of abdominal pain and was diagnosed with an intestinal obstruction. the putative diagnosis at surgery was an intestinal obstruction caused by peritonitis and intra-abdominal adhesions. the cause of the inflammation was not determined at that time. the alpaca died soon after surgery from post-surgical complications and a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia that was not diagnosed until necropsy. | 2011 | 21250957 |
| neurological causes of diaphragmatic paralysis in 11 alpacas (vicugna pacos). | diaphragmatic paralysis is a relatively uncommon medical condition in animals not reported in alpacas. | 2011 | 21281346 |
| alpaca (lama pacos) as a convenient source of recombinant camelid heavy chain antibodies (vhhs). | recombinant single domain antibody fragments (vhhs) that derive from the unusual camelid heavy chain only igg class (hcabs) have many favourable properties compared with single-chain antibodies prepared from conventional igg. as a result, vhhs have become widely used as binding reagents and are beginning to show potential as therapeutic agents. to date, the source of vhh genetic material has been camels and llamas despite their large size and limited availability. here we demonstrate that the sm ... | 2007 | 17568607 |
| ecg of the month. pericardial effusion in an alpaca cria. | | 2011 | 21355796 |
| comparison of viral replication and ifn response in alpaca and bovine cells following bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. | alpacas develop diminished disease following bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection compared to cattle. we hypothesized that alpaca and bovine cells have differential permissiveness and responses to bvdv infection. to characterize alpaca testicular (at) and bovine turbinate (bt) cells bvdv infection permissiveness, viral replication and interferon (ifn) synthesis was evaluated. bvdv replicated 3-4 logs lower in at cells with diminished antigen deposition compared to bt cells. bvdv infectio ... | 2011 | 21356540 |
| current knowledge and future challenges in camelid reproduction. | reproductive biology research on camelids offers some interesting peculiarities and challenges to scientists and animal production specialists. the objective of this paper is to review camelid reproduction, advances in reproductive physiology and reproductive biotechnologies in camelids and discuss some areas for further research. in the female, the focus has been on understanding follicular dynamics. this has allowed development of synchronization and superovulation strategies to support embryo ... | 2007 | 17491155 |
| urogenital leiomyosarcoma in an alpaca. | a mass in the pelvic canal of a 4-year-old pregnant alpaca hembra diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma of the urogenital tract was confirmed by biopsy. following a tube cystotomy, the alpaca was presented 33 d later, 2 d after the tube cystotomy had been dislodged. a dead cria was delivered by caesarean section. | 2010 | 21358933 |
| toggle-pin technique for management of coxofemoral luxation in an alpaca. | to report repair of a coxofemoral joint luxation in an alpaca using a toggle-pin technique. | 2011 | 21361992 |
| masticatory motor patterns in ungulates: a quantitative assessment of jaw-muscle coordination in goats, alpacas and horses. | we investigated patterns of jaw-muscle coordination during rhythmic mastication in three species of ungulates displaying the marked transverse jaw movements typical of many large mammalian herbivores. in order to quantify consistent motor patterns during chewing, electromyograms were recorded from the superficial masseter, deep masseter, posterior temporalis and medial pterygoid muscles of goats, alpacas and horses. timing differences between muscle pairs were evaluated in the context of an evol ... | 2007 | 17436331 |
| nitric oxide enhances melanogenesis of alpaca skin melanocytes in vitro by activating the mitf phosphorylation. | ultraviolet (uv) b radiation can cause skin-tanning via the synthesis of melanin which is synthesized by specific tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related enzymes expressed in melanocytes. it is reported that several melanogenic factors are released from keratinocytes and other cells surrounding melanocytes in the skin following uv radiation. some of them are reported to up-regulate tyrosinase gene expression through a different pathway, but most regulate tyrosinase via microphthalmia-associated transc ... | 2011 | 21431368 |
| long-term clinicopathological characteristics of alpacas naturally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus type ib. | background: substantial bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-related production losses in north american alpaca herds have been associated with bvdv type ib infection. objectives: to classify and differentiate the long-term clinicopathological characteristics of bvdv type ib infection of alpaca crias, after natural virus exposure. we hypothesized that persistently infected (pi) alpacas specifically demonstrate growth retardation, clinicopathological evidence of opportunistic infections, and early ... | 2011 | 21488962 |
| successful treatment of atlantooccipital luxation in an alpaca (lama pacos). | a 7-mo-old male alpaca (lama pacos) presented with an abnormal lowered posture of the head and neck and reluctance to walk. cervical radiographs demonstrated atlantooccipital luxation. successful manual closed reduction was achieved while the animal was anesthetized, resulting in complete return to normal gait and posture. | 2006 | 17312819 |
| cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to cladophialophora bantiana in a huacaya alpaca (vicugnapacos). | cerebral phaeohyphomycosis, caused by cladophialophora bantiana, was diagnosed in a huacaya alpaca (vicugna pacos). an 8-year-old, intact male huacaya alpaca from a farm in indiana was found dead at pasture and submitted to the animal disease diagnostic laboratory at purdue university for necropsy examination. gross lesions were limited to the cerebrum, which had a 2×2.5×5cm, well-demarcated, firm, mottled, pale grey to brown-red mass with a granular texture, centered on the left and right cingu ... | 2011 | 21511274 |
| expression and localization of nerve growth factor (ngf) in the testis of alpaca (llama pacos). | during alpaca testis development and spermatogenesis, nerve growth factor (ngf) may play an important role. the main aim of this study was to determine the expression and localization of ngf in the alpaca testis, and to discuss the important role of ngf in alpaca reproductive characteristics. immunohistochemical staining technique and real-time pcr were used. the expression of ngf in the same cells one-month old (newborn) alpacas 12-month, and 24-month old alpacas showed significant differences ... | 2011 | 21526490 |
| characterization of the microanatomy and histopathology of placentas from aborted, stillborn, and normally delivered alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama). | from 2002 to 2007, 101 camelid abortions and stillbirths were submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory at oregon state university (84 alpacas [vicugna pacos], 13 llamas [lama glama], 4 unknown). for most cases (n = 67), a cause was not determined by routine testing. eighty-five submissions included placenta for microscopic examination, of which 55 were from abortions to unknown causes (idiopathic). microscopic features of placentas from abortion/stillbirth were compared with those from ... | 2011 | 21551426 |
| hyperandrogenism from an ovarian interstitial-cell tumor in an alpaca. | an 8-year-old intact female huacaya alpaca (lama pacos) was presented for recent development of male behavior. serum testosterone concentration was determined to be 969.1 pg/ml by using radioimmunoassay, while the range in 33 healthy female adult intact alpacas was 11.7-62.1 pg/ml. an ovarian mass was suspected, and an exploratory laparotomy was performed. a tan mass was present on the left ovary. histologically, the mass was composed of closely packed, plump, polygonal cells with central round ... | 2006 | 17121093 |
| cerebral hirano-like bodies in an alpaca (vicugna pacos): histologic and ultrastructural characterization. | a 14-year-old female alpaca (vicugna pacos) was presented with a 1-week history of lethargy and anorexia and a 2-day history of recumbency, trembling, and hypothermia. there were no significant gross findings on postmortem examination. hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of brain demonstrated the presence of intracytoplasmic crystalline eosinophilic rod-shaped inclusions, mainly in the hippocampal pyramidal cells. immunohistochemical staining for synuclein, tau protein, ubiquitin, and smooth ... | 2011 | 21555525 |
| the effects of exposure of susceptible alpacas to alpacas persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. | reports of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections in alpacas have been increasing in recent years but much is still unknown about the mechanisms of disease in this species. this report characterizes the transmission of bvdv from persistently infected (pi) alpacas to bvdv naïve alpacas, documents shedding patterns, and characterizes the disease effects in both pi and transiently infected alpacas. two pi alpacas shed bvdv type 1b virus in most body fluids, and commonly available diagnostic ... | 2011 | 21629418 |
| diagnosis of tuberculosis in camelids: old problems, current solutions and future challenges. | in spite of great efforts for its control and eradication, tuberculosis remains one of the most important zoonosis worldwide. its causative agents, the members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, have a wide host range that complicates the epidemiology of this disease. among susceptible species to these pathogens, camelids from the new world (llama, alpaca and vicuña) and old world (bactrian camel and dromedary) are acquiring an increasing importance in several european countries because ... | 2011 | 21635699 |
| gastrointestinal and blood parasite determination in the guanaco (lama guanicoe) under semi-captivity conditions. | the breeding of wild animals for commercial purposes is becoming more frequent nowadays. this situation has led to an increase in contact rates between wild and domestic animals, with subsequent reciprocal transmission of parasites. in this study, we characterized the gastrointestinal and blood parasites of a group of 15 semi-captive guanacos (lama guanicoe). we characterized gastrointestinal parasites by analyzing fecal samples through the sedimentation-flotation technique and hemoparasites by ... | 2011 | 21643663 |
| evidence for the conservation of biological activity of ovulation-inducing factor in seminal plasma. | an ovulation-inducing factor (oif) in the seminal plasma of llamas and alpacas (induced ovulators) and cattle (spontaneous ovulators) suggests that oif is a conserved constituent of seminal plasma among mammals. in this study, three experiments were designed to determine the biological effects of oif in different species. in experiment 1, superstimulated prepubertal female cd-1 mice (n=36 per group) were given a single 0.1 ml i.p. dose of 1) phosphate-buffered saline (pbs), 2) 5 μg gonadotropin- ... | 2011 | 21652637 |
| prevalence and significance of gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa in south american camelids in switzerland. | a cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and significance of endoparasitic infections in south american camelids (sac) in switzerland. qualitative and quantitative coproscopic examinations were performed in 38 farms during the grazing period. management practices with possible interference with parasitic infections were analyzed. on the farm level prevalences of endoparasitic infections were: trichostrongyles 87%; trichuris sp. 74%; capillaria sp. 68%; nematodirus battus ... | 2006 | 17009711 |
| bilateral cystic rete testis in an alpaca (lama pacos). | a 9-year-old intact male alpaca (lama pacos) was examined because of marked enlargement of the left scrotum. ultrasound examination revealed a thin-walled anechoic structure in the area of the left testis. aspirated fluid contained spermatozoa, many of which had abnormal morphology. castration was performed and the left testis was markedly enlarged with a clear fluid-filled cyst. the cyst was lined by a single layer of squamous to cuboidal epithelial cells consistent with those originating from ... | 2006 | 16789724 |
| treatment of a periradicular lesion in an alpaca (vicugna pacos). | this case report describes the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a cyst-like periradicular lesion in an alpaca. | 2011 | 21696124 |
| florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. | holmes, k., bedenice, d., papich, m. g. florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. j. vet. pharmacol. therap. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01323.x. a single dose of florfenicol (nuflor(-«) ) was administered to eight healthy adult alpacas at 20ôçâmg/kg intramuscular (i.m.) and 40ôçâmg/kg subcutaneous (s.c.) using a randomized, cross-over design, and 28-day washout period. subsequently, 40ôçâmg/kg florfenicol was injected s.c. every othe ... | 2011 | 21736588 |
| alpaca semen characteristics under free and directed mounts during a mating period. | most studies in alpaca reproductive biology have been focused on female physiology. only recent research is being conducted in order to increase the knowledge on males. semen characteristics during breeding periods will contribute to understanding the poor fertility rates in alpaca. ten adult male alpacas were distributed randomly into two groups and submitted alternatively to two regimens of semen collection of 12 days duration (day 1, initial day of semen collection). semen samples were collec ... | 2005 | 16298277 |
| phenotypic characterisation and 16s rrna sequence analysis of veterinary isolates of streptococcus pluranimalium. | forty-two isolates of streptococcus pluranimalium were identified from cattle (n=38), sheep (n=2), an alpaca (n=1) and a pheasant (n=1) in the united kingdom. the isolates were confirmed as s.pluranimalium by 16s rrna sequence analysis but could not be differentiated reliably from streptococcus acidominimus by phenotypic characterisation using commercial kits routinely used in veterinary laboratories. the alanyl-phenylalanyl-proline arylamidase reaction could be used to differentiate s. pluranim ... | 2011 | 21703886 |
| mapping of somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca diencephalon. | using an immunocytochemical technique, we report for the first time the distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers containing somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca diencephalon. somatostatin-28 (1-12)-immunoreactive cell bodies were only observed in the hypothalamus (lateral hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus). however, immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed throughout the thalamus and hypothalamus. a high density of such fibers was observed ... | 2011 | 21729751 |
| a behaviour study on the potential for direct transmission of tuberculosis from possums (trichosurus vulpecula) to alpacas (lama pacos), and the converse from alpacas to possums. | to evaluate the potential for the direct transmission of tuberculosis from possums to alpacas, and vice versa. | 1999 | 16032104 |
| assessment of cooked alpaca and llama meats from the statistical analysis of data collected using an 'electronic nose'. | as part of an eu-funded project to assist in developing the production chain of meat from camelids in south america we have investigated the possibility of using an electronic nose to distinguish between the different types of meat of commercial interest. on-site monitoring of freshly cooked camelid meat using a bloodhound electronic nose has been carried out in peru and bolivia. sampling was carried out using inert, collapsible plastic bags. linear discriminant analysis of data generated by the ... | 2001 | 22061919 |
| Measurement of cardiac troponin I utilizing a point of care analyzer in healthy alpacas. | Myocardial disease in camelids is poorly characterized. Nutritional (selenium deficiency) and toxic (ionophore toxicity) myocardial disease have been reported in camelids. Diagnosis and management of these and other myocardial diseases might be enhanced by evaluating cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations. No information about cTnI reference intervals in camelids is currently available. | 2011 | 22030292 |
| rickets in alpacas (lama pacos) in new zealand. | abstract rickets was diagnosed in two weaner alpacas showing ill thrift and lameness during the winter of 1992, from a flock at agresearch flock house. affected alpacas had abnormally shaped ribs with occasional healing fractures, irregular thickening of growth plates and metaphyseal haemorrhages. the mean serum phosphorus concentrations of the alpacas fell during june and july, even though lambs grazing the same pasture had normal serum phosphorus concentrations and the phosphorus concentrati ... | 1994 | 22133157 |
| mycobacterium bovis mastitis in an alpaca and its implications. | | 2011 | 21856673 |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome in an alpaca cria. | a 7-hour-old alpaca was presented for lethargy and depression. the cria responded favorably to initial treatment but developed acute-onset dyspnea 48 hours later. acute respiratory distress syndrome was diagnosed by thoracic imaging and blood gas analysis. the cria was successfully treated with corticosteroids and discharged from the hospital. | 2011 | 22210945 |
| reference intervals for hematologic and coagulation tests in adult alpacas (vicugna pacos). | species-specific reference intervals are needed for interpretation of laboratory tests. reference interval studies of alpacas have been limited by low numbers and use of outdated methods. | 2011 | 22092869 |
| variation in bluetongue virus real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay results in blood samples of sheep, cattle, and alpaca. | bluetongue is a vector-borne viral disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. the epidemiology of this disease has recently changed, with occurrence in new geographic areas. various real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time qrt-pcr) assays are used to detect bluetongue virus (btv); however, the impact of biologic differences between new world camelids and domestic ruminant samples on pcr efficiency, for which the btv real-time qrt-pcr was initially ... | 2011 | 21908318 |
| a broad set of different llama antibodies specific for a 16 kda heat shock protein of mycobacterium tuberculosis. | recombinant antibodies are powerful tools in engineering of novel diagnostics. due to the small size and stable nature of llama antibody domains selected antibodies can serve as a detection reagent in multiplexed and sensitive assays for m. tuberculosis. | 2011 | 22046343 |
| evaluation of the in vitro activity of gallium nitrate against mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. | to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of various field isolates of mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (map) to gallium nitrate. | 2011 | 21879983 |
| modified ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy for management of otitis media in an alpaca. | objective: to report surgical treatment of severe otitis media in an alpaca by a modification of a subtotal ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy technique used in dogs. study design: case report. animals: an 11-week-old female alpaca cria. methods: the cria had a 2-week history of right otitis media, nonresponsive to medical treatment, as well as right facial nerve paralysis, and a melting corneal ulcer of the right eye. otitis media was confirmed by computed tomography. right subtotal ... | 2011 | 22091736 |
| south american camelid illegal traffic detection by means of molecular markers. | south american camelids comprise the wild species guanaco and vicuña and their respective domestic relatives llama and alpaca. the aim of the present study was to determine by dna analysis to which of these species belong a herd of camelids confiscated from a llama breeder but alleged to be alpacas by the prosecution, and to evaluate the usefulness of mitochondrial and autosomal dna markers to solve judicial cases involving camelid taxa. cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase i mitochondrial genes ... | 2011 | 21982877 |
| My holistic workplace: alpacas & therapy. | | 2011 | 21905559 |
| rickets in alpacas (lama pacos) in new zealand. | rickets was diagnosed in two weaner alpacas from a flock showing ill thrift and lameness during the winter of 1992. both animals had abnormally shaped ribs with occasional healing fractures, irregular thickening of growth plates and metaphyseal haemorrhages. the mean serum phosphorus concentrations of the alpacas fell during june and july, even though lambs grazing the same pasture had normal serum phosphorus concentrations and the phosphorus concentration of the pasture was considered adequate. ... | 1994 | 16031788 |
| Conjunctivitis and ulcerative keratitis secondary to conjunctival plant foreign bodies in a herd of alpacas (Lama Pacos). | Purpose To describe six cases of conjunctivitis and ulcerative keratitis secondary to plant foreign bodies from weed-contaminated grass hay which were lodged within the temporal conjunctival fornix in a herd of alpacas. Methods A total of 21 alpacas from the same farm developed blepharospasm and mucopurulent ocular discharge. Six of the 21 were evaluated at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine within a 2-week period. The six animals evaluated received an ophthalmic examin ... | 2011 | 22050866 |
| changes in liveweight and behaviour of alpaca dams and offspring following weaning. | the effects of offspring sex, weight, age, and level of interaction with the dam on responses to weaning were examined to assist in the development of a weaning protocol for alpacas. in the first study, preand post-weaning activities, and weight change over days -12-0,0-7 and 7-16 with respect to weaning, were recorded for 20 dam-offspring (hembra-cria) pairs aged 81-200 days. pre-weaning changes in dam and offspring weights were positively related (p<0.05). although heavier crias tended to be f ... | 1993 | 16031722 |
| Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Melanocortin 1 Receptor gene are linked with lightness of fibre colour in Peruvian Alpaca (Vicugna pacos). | Melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) (MC1R) is a gene-controlling melanogenesis in mammals. However, it is not well characterized in alpacas and its association with colour is not known. The aim of this study was to look for polymorphisms in the MC1R gene in Peruvian Huacaya alpacas and to analyse the relationship between MC1R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the variations in the instrumental measurement of colour of alpaca fibre. Sixty alpaca fibre ... | 2011 | 22035014 |
| Experimental infection of South American camelids with bluetongue virus serotype 8. | Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, non-contagious disease of wild and domestic ruminants. It is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Since 1998, BT has been emerging throughout Europe, threatening not only the naïve ruminant population. Historically, South American camelids (SAC) were considered to be resistant to BT disease. However, recent fatalities related to BTV in captive SAC have raised questions about their role in BTV epidemiology. Data on the sus ... | 2012 | 21862245 |
| identification of a novel coronavirus possibly associated with acute respiratory syndrome in alpacas (vicugna pacos) in california, 2007. | alpaca respiratory syndrome (ars) was first recognized in california in october 2007. this syndrome is characterized by acute respiratory signs, high fever, and occasional sudden death, and has mostly been observed in pregnant alpacas (vicugna pacos), although all signalments have been affected. a similarity in clinical signs to cases located on the east coast of the united states was observed; however, a causative agent had not been identified. preliminary diagnostic submissions to the californ ... | 2010 | 20093692 |
| Doramectin resistance in Haemonchus contortus on an alpaca farm in Belgium. | Parasitism by gastrointestinal nematodes is a health concern in New World Camelids (NWC) worldwide, and anthelmintic treatment is often needed for parasite control. Although anthelmintic resistance has been reported in ruminants worldwide, data in NWC are only scarce. In the present study, a case of suspected doramectin resistance in alpacas was examined. A field efficacy study was conducted for the evaluation of two different dosages of doramectin using a faecal egg count reduction test. A grou ... | 2011 | 22035850 |
| tenderness evaluation and mineral levels of llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos) meat. | tenderness and mineral levels were determined in the longissimus thoracis taken from 20 llama and 30 alpaca males reared in peru and slaughtered at 25 months of age. mineral contents were determined using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. tenderness evaluation was determined two and seven days post slaughter using a warner-bratzler shear force device. potassium is the mineral with the highest content, with a significant difference (p<0.05) between the two species of camelids. ... | 2007 | 22061947 |
| the pseudoautosomal region and sex chromosome aneuploidies in domestic species. | the pseudoautosomal region (par) is a unique and specialized segment on the mammalian sex chromosomes with known functions in male meiosis and fertility. detailed molecular studies of the region in human and mouse show dramatic differences between the 2 pars. recent mapping efforts in horse, dog/cat, cattle/ruminants, pig and alpaca indicate that the par also varies in size and gene content between other species. given that par genes escape x inactivation, these differences might critically affe ... | 2011 | 21876343 |
| meat and carcass quality from peruvian llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos). | an experiment based on 20 llama males and 40 alpaca males reared in peru has been carried out with the aim to evaluate the live growth performances, carcass quality, the nutritional characteristics of meat from animals slaughtered at 25 months of age, and to determine the physical and chemical parameters of meat obtained from these animals. the live body weights registered during the 25 months of the experiment were significantly lower in alpaca compared with llama. in llama carcasses were signi ... | 2004 | 22060868 |
| radiographic appearance of the thorax of clinically normal alpaca crias. | to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the radiographic appearance of the thorax of clinically normal alpaca crias. | 2011 | 22023121 |