| necrotic pharyngitis associated with mycoplasma bovis infections in american bison (bison bison). | mycoplasma bovis has emerged as a significant and costly infectious disease problem in bison, generally presenting as severe, caseonecrotic pneumonia. three diagnostic cases in which m. bovis is associated with necrotic pharyngitis in bison are described in the current study. the bacterium was isolated from lesions of the pharynx or lung of 3 american bison (bison bison), at 2 different locations in the upper midwestern united states, with severe, necrotic pharyngeal abscesses. chronic caseonecr ... | 2013 | 23512925 |
| superovulation in wood bison (bison bison athabascae): effects of progesterone, treatment protocol and gonadotropin preparations for the induction of ovulation. | experiments were done to determine the ovarian response and embryo production following superstimulation of wood bison. in experiment 1 (anovulatory season), the efficacy of plh vs. hcg for inducing ovulation was compared in wood bison superstimulated with a single dose of pfsh in 0.5% hyaluronan and the effect of exogenous progesterone (prid) on superovulatory response and embryo quality was examined. in experiment 2 (ovulatory season), the efficacy of plh vs. hcg for the induction of ovulation ... | 2016 | 26898393 |
| fibroblasts express ovhv-2 capsid protein in vasculitis lesions of american bison (bison bison) with experimental sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. | american bison (bison bison) are particularly susceptible to developing fatal sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) caused by ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2), a γ-herpesvirus in the macavirus genus. this generally fatal disease is characterized by lymphoproliferation, vasculitis, and mucosal ulceration in american bison, domestic cattle (bos taurus), and other clinically susceptible species which are considered non-adapted, dead-end hosts. the pathogenesis and cellular tropism of ovhv ... | 2013 | 23953727 |
| ovine herpesvirus 2 infection in american bison: virus and host dynamics in the development of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. | ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is a gammaherpesvirus that causes sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), a frequently fatal disease mainly of ruminants. this study was designed to define virus-host dynamics following experimental ovhv-2 infection in bison. a transient peak in viral dna accompanied by the presence of ovhv-2 orf25, orf50 and orf73 transcripts was observed in lungs only from 9 to 12 days post-inoculation (dpi), suggesting occurrence of viral replication. this initial vir ... | 2012 | 22592216 |
| sarcocystis cruzi infection in wood bison (bison bison athabascae). | endangered wood bison (bison bison athabascae) is the largest terrestrial mammal in the american continent. animal health is an important issue in their conservation, and sarcocystis cruzi may be a cause of clinical disease in bovidae. hearts of eight wood bison from alaska, usa were examined for sarcocysts by histology, transmission electron microscopy, pepsin digestion, and molecularly. sarcocystis bradyzoites were found in pepsin digests of all eight and sarcocysts were found in histologic se ... | 2015 | 25868849 |
| the first report of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-living european bison (bison bonasus bonasus linnaeus). | toxoplasma gondii nicolle et manceaux, 1908 is an apicomplexan parasite with a worldwide distribution. it is of great medical and veterinary importance because it may cause abortion or congenital disease in its intermediate hosts, including man. the european bison, the largest herbivorous animal in europe, is a species that has been saved from extinction. twenty-four of 95 examined sera of the european bison (bison bonasus bonasus) from the białowieza forest, poland collected from 2008 to 2011 w ... | 2014 | 24684049 |
| relationships between antimicrobial resistance, distribution of virulence factor genes and the origin of trueperella pyogenes isolated from domestic animals and european bison (bison bonasus). | trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen causing suppurative infections in livestock and wild animals. although this bacterium is known for a long time, our knowledge about its pathogenicity is still insufficient. in this study the relationships between antimicrobial resistance profiles, distribution of virulence factor genes and the origin of t. pyogenes isolates were investigated. isolates (n = 97) from various infections in domestic animals and european bison were studied. minimal in ... | 2016 | 27154538 |
| phenotypic characteristics and virulence genotypes of trueperella (arcanobacterium) pyogenes strains isolated from european bison (bison bonasus). | trueperella (arcanobacterium) pyogenes is an opportunistic animal pathogen, which in european bison is associated with different suppurative infections mainly of the urogenital tract. little is known about the virulence of this bacterium and about the pathogenesis of infections. the main objective of this study was to determine phenotypic properties and virulence genotypes of the twenty-five t. pyogenes strains isolated from lesions in various tissues of free-living european bison. classical bac ... | 2012 | 22658663 |
| trypanosoma vivax in water buffalo of the venezuelan llanos: an unusual outbreak of wasting disease in an endemic area of typically asymptomatic infections. | trypanosoma vivax has been associated with asymptomatic infections in african and south american buffalo. in this study, t. vivax was analyzed in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) from venezuela in a molecular survey involving 293 blood samples collected from 2006 to 2015 across the llanos region. results demonstrated constant infections (average 23%) during the years analyzed. in general, animals were healthy carriers of t. vivax with low levels of parasitemia and were diagnosed exclusively by tv ... | 2016 | 27884441 |
| first detection of schmallenberg virus in elk (alces alces) indicating infection of wildlife in białowieża national park in poland. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) rna was detected in the serum of an elk (alces alces) calf captured on the outskirts of białowieża national park (bnp) in december 2012, and shortly afterwards the calf died of acute bronchopneumonia. serum samples from 169 animals, including bison, red and fallow deer, originating from eight locations situated in four polish provinces, were tested for the presence of sbv-specific antibodies between 2011 and 2013. although no antibodies were found in samples collected u ... | 2013 | 24021421 |
| recovering aspen follow changing elk dynamics in yellowstone: evidence of a trophic cascade? | to investigate the extent and causes of recent quaking aspen (populus tremuloides) recruitment in northern yellowstone national park, we measured browsing intensity and height of young aspen in 87 randomly selected aspen stands in 2012, and compared our results to similar data collected in 1997-1998. we also examined the relationship between aspen recovery and the distribution of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) on the yellowstone northern ungulate winter range, using ... | 2015 | 26236910 |
| colonization of bison (bison bison) wallows in a tallgrass prairie by culicoides spp (diptera: ceratopogonidae). | | 2015 | 26047201 |
| to follow or not? how animals in fusion-fission societies handle conflicting information during group decision-making. | when group members possess differing information about the environment, they may disagree on the best movement decision. such conflicts result in group break-ups, and are therefore a fundamental driver of fusion-fission group dynamics. yet, a paucity of empirical work hampers our understanding of how adaptive evolution has shaped plasticity in collective behaviours that promote and maintain fusion-fission dynamics. using movement data from gps-collared bison, we found that individuals constantly ... | 2015 | 26013202 |
| the association between continual, year-round hunting and bellowing rate of bison bulls during the rut. | the impact of hunting (selective harvest, trophy hunting) on the demography of mammals is well documented. however, despite continual year-round hunting of bison in some populations, little is known about how the behavior of survivors may be altered. therefore, in this initial study, we used focal-animal observations in adjacent populations of continually hunted and protected plains bison (bison bison bison) in western south dakota, to examine the potential impact of hunting on bellowing rate-an ... | 2017 | 28396826 |
| effects of ecg and progesterone on superovulation and embryo production in wood bison (bison bison athabascae). | experiments were done to determine if inclusion of ecg and progesterone in the superstimulation protocol will increase the ovarian response and embryo production in wood bison, and to provide preliminary information regarding the effect of season. in experiment 1 (anovulatory season), bison (n=26) were synchronized by follicular ablation (day -1) and given fsh on days 0 and 2, and assigned to 3 groups: progesterone (days 0-4), ecg (day 3), or progesterone+ecg. on day 5, bison were given hcg and ... | 2017 | 28389047 |
| a preliminary assessment of the effects of reproductive seasonality on seminal plasma characteristics in north american bison (bison bison). | the two subspecies of the north american bison, plains ( bison bison bison) and wood ( bison bison athabascae) bison, are seasonal breeders. the objective of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the effects of season on semen. to test the hypothesis that there are seasonal effects on seminal plasma, protein profiles of seminal plasma from plains and wood bison (n = 2 of each subspecies) were compared between breeding and nonbreeding seasons. using two-dimensional gel electr ... | 2017 | 28363057 |
| complex variation in habitat selection strategies among individuals driven by extrinsic factors. | understanding behavioral strategies employed by animals to maximize fitness in the face of environmental heterogeneity, variability, and uncertainty is a central aim of animal ecology. flexibility in behavior may be key to how animals respond to climate and environmental change. using a mechanistic modeling framework for simultaneously quantifying the effects of habitat preference and intrinsic movement on space use at the landscape scale, we investigate how movement and habitat selection vary a ... | 2017 | 28331589 |
| pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin after subcutaneous injection in north american bison (bison bison). | tulathromycin is approved for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle and swine. it is intended for long-acting, single-dose injection therapy (draxxin), making it particularly desirable for use in bison due to the difficulty in handling and ease of creating stress in these animals. the pharmacokinetic properties of tulathromycin in bison were investigated. ten wood bison received a single 2.5 mg/kg subcutaneous injection of draxxin. serum concentrations were measured by liquid chromatogr ... | 2015 | 25772094 |
| fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in north america. | the arrival of bison in north america marks one of the most successful large-mammal dispersals from asia within the last million years, yet the timing and nature of this event remain poorly determined. here, we used a combined paleontological and paleogenomic approach to provide a robust timeline for the entry and subsequent evolution of bison within north america. we characterized two fossil-rich localities in canada's yukon and identified the oldest well-constrained bison fossil in north ameri ... | 2017 | 28289222 |
| in vitro-production of embryos using immature oocytes collected transvaginally from superstimulated wood bison (bison bison athabascae). | two experiments were done to test the hypothesis that morphologic characteristics of wood bison cumulus-oocyte complexes (coc) are reflective of the ability of the oocyte to develop to an advanced embryonic stage after in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture, and to determine the effect of prolonging the interval from the end of superstimulation treatment to oocyte collection (fsh starvation period). experiments were done during the anovulatory season. in experiment 1, ovarian superstimul ... | 2017 | 28237324 |
| broad-scale lake expansion and flooding inundates essential wood bison habitat. | understanding the interaction between the response of a complex ecosystem to climate change and the protection of vulnerable wildlife species is essential for conservation efforts. in the northwest territories (canada), the recent movement of the mackenzie wood bison herd (bison bison athabascae) out of their designated territory has been postulated as a response to the loss of essential habitat following regional lake expansion. we show that the proportion of this landscape occupied by water do ... | 2017 | 28230049 |
| the efficacy of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone in immobilizing american bison (bison bison). | we evaluated a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone (nalmed-a) in 12 american bison ( bison bison ) during 13 sedation handling events. the mean (se) dosage was 0.4 (0.02) mg/kg nalbuphine, 0.08 (0.003) mg/kg medetomidine, and 0.08 (0.003) mg/kg azaperone contained in an average delivery volume of 0.8 ml/100 kg. two animals required a supplemental dose for safe handling (additive dose used in calculating means) and a third animal was not adequately sedated despite a supplementa ... | 2017 | 28051569 |
| influence of group size on the success of wolves hunting bison. | an intriguing aspect of social foraging behaviour is that large groups are often no better at capturing prey than are small groups, a pattern that has been attributed to diminished cooperation (i.e., free riding) in large groups. although this suggests the formation of large groups is unrelated to prey capture, little is known about cooperation in large groups that hunt hard-to-catch prey. here, we used direct observations of yellowstone wolves (canis lupus) hunting their most formidable prey, b ... | 2014 | 25389760 |
| bison grazing increases arthropod abundance and diversity in a tallgrass prairie. | how grazing-induced ecosystem changes by ungulates indirectly affect other consumers is a question of great interest. i investigated the effect of grazing by american bison (bos bison l.) on an arthropod community in tallgrass prairie. grazing increased the abundance of arthropods, an increase that was present in both herbivorous and carnivorous assemblages, but not in detritivores. the increase in herbivores and reduction in plant biomass from grazing resulted in an arthropod herbivore load alm ... | 2014 | 25198902 |
| in vitro embryo production in wood bison (bison bison athabascae) using in vivo matured cumulus-oocyte complexes. | experiments were conducted in wood bison to determine the effect of additional maturation time on embryo development of in vivo matured oocytes. in experiment 1, cumulus-oocyte complexes (coc) were collected 30 hours after hcg treatment in superstimulated wood bison, and expanded coc were fertilized immediately or after 4 hours of additional in vitro maturation. embryo development was assessed on days 3, 7, and 8 (day 0 = day of fertilization). no difference in cleavage rate was detected (55.3% ... | 2017 | 28043342 |
| collective decision-making promotes fitness loss in a fusion-fission society. | while collective decision-making is recognised as a significant contributor to fitness in social species, the opposite outcome is also logically possible. we show that collective movement decisions guided by individual bison sharing faulty information about habitat quality promoted the use of ecological traps. the frequent, but short-lived, associations of bison with different spatial knowledge led to a population-wide shift from avoidance to selection of agricultural patches over 9 years in and ... | 2017 | 27873440 |
| risk assessment and management of brucellosis in the southern greater yellowstone area (i): a citizen-science based risk model for bovine brucellosis transmission from elk to cattle. | livestock producers and state wildlife agencies have used multiple management strategies to control bovine brucellosis in the greater yellowstone area (gya). however, spillover from elk to domestic bison and cattle herds continues to occur. although knowledge is increasing about the location and behavior of elk in the sgya, predicting spatiotemporal overlap between elk and cattle requires locations of livestock operations and observations of elk contact by producers. we queried all producers in ... | 2016 | 27664451 |
| in vivo and in vitro maturation of oocytes collected from superstimulated wood bison (bison bison athabascae) during the anovulatory and ovulatory seasons. | experiments were done to compare the in vivo and in vitro maturational characteristics of cumulus-oocyte complexes (coc) collected from live wood bison. in experiment 1 (anovulatory season), follicular ablation was done to synchronize follicle wave emergence among bison on day -1, and fsh was given on days 0 and 2. bison were then assigned to 5 groups (n=5/group) in which coc were collected by transvaginal follicle aspiration on day 4 and either fixed immediately with no maturation (control), ma ... | 2016 | 27601321 |
| molecular survey of trichostrongyle nematodes in a bison bison herd experiencing clinical parasitism, and effects of avermectin treatment. | north american bison (bison bison) producers face many challenges, including the potential clinical and economics problems caused by trichostrongyle nematodes within their herds. little is known about the prevalence, intensity, geographical distribution and clinical significance of these parasites in commercial bison herds, even from regions where bison production has become popular. this study involved a large herd of bison from eastern south dakota that was experiencing clinical parasitism due ... | 2016 | 27523937 |
| the morphology of the adrenal gland in the european bison (bison bonasus). | the anatomy of the adrenal glands has been widely studied in many species of domestic and wild mammals. however, there are no available literature reports describing the morphology and morphometry of the adrenal glands of the european bison (bison bonasus). | 2016 | 27487830 |
| new data on the internal organs of a frozen yukagir bison mummy (bison priscus bojanus, 1827), yakutia, russia. | the paper presents the first morphological description of the internal organs of a frozen corpse of the steppe bison bison priscus (bojanus, 1827) from the holocene of northern yakutia. necropsy revealed that most of the internal organs, including the brain, heart with the main vessels, and reproductive system were well preserved. it demonstrated that the anatomy of this bison was close to that of the genera bos and bison. trauma or pathological changes in the organs were not detected. the cause ... | 2016 | 27193884 |
| assessing potential habitat and carrying capacity for reintroduction of plains bison (bison bison bison) in banff national park. | interest in bison (bison bison, b. bonasus) conservation and restoration continues to grow globally. in canada, plains bison (b. b. bison) are threatened, occupying less than 0.5% of their former range. the largest threat to their recovery is the lack of habitat in which they are considered compatible with current land uses. fences and direct management make range expansion by most bison impossible. reintroduction of bison into previously occupied areas that remain suitable, therefore, is critic ... | 2016 | 26910226 |
| space use and movement patterns in a semi-free-ranging herd of european bison (bison bonasus). | the successful reintroduction and restocking of the european bison demands a reliable knowledge of the biology of this species. yet little is known to date about the european bison, and empirical data remains insufficient to set up a reliable plan ensuring the reintroduction, maintenance and survival of populations in habitats that have been largely modified by human activity. studies of the ecology, social behaviour and management of bison are therefore crucial to the conservation of this speci ... | 2016 | 26841107 |
| 147 the developmental characteristics of in vitro-produced cattle-wisent (bos taurus-bison bonasus) hybrid embryos. | interspecies hybrids are important resources for research and agriculture. therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate development, quality, and viability of embryos produced in vitro using cattle (bos taurus) oocytes and european bison (bison bonasus) epididymal sperm. the epididymes were obtained following a forced slaughter of one bull aged 7 years. the sperm was collected by scraping the inner surface of the epididymes, diluted with the cryopreservation medium, and equilibrated for 4h a ... | 2016 | 28278944 |
| the arteries of brain base in species of bovini tribe. | studies were conducted on 78 preparations of head and brain arteries in four species of bos genus, that is in domestic cattle (n = 59), including 22 foetuses (crl 36.5-78.5 cm), in banteng (bos javanicus, n = 3), yak (bos mutus f. grunniens, n = 2), american bison (bison bison, n = 4), and european bison (bison bonasus, n = 10). the comparative analysis permitted to demonstrate a similar pattern of brain base arteries in the studied animals. in the studied species, blood vessels of the arterial ... | 2013 | 24106047 |
| spatial heterogeneity in the strength of plant-herbivore interactions under predation risk: the tale of bison foraging in wolf country. | spatial heterogeneity in the strength of trophic interactions is a fundamental property of food web spatial dynamics. the feeding effort of herbivores should reflect adaptive decisions that only become rewarding when foraging gains exceed 1) the metabolic costs, 2) the missed opportunity costs of not foraging elsewhere, and 3) the foraging costs of anti-predator behaviour. two aspects of these costs remain largely unexplored: the link between the strength of plant-herbivore interactions and the ... | 2013 | 24039909 |
| genetic analysis of the henry mountains bison herd. | wild american plains bison (bison bison) populations virtually disappeared in the late 1800s, with some remnant animals retained in what would become yellowstone national park and on private ranches. some of these private bison were intentionally crossbred with cattle for commercial purposes. this forced hybridization resulted in both mitochondrial and nuclear introgression of cattle genes into some of the extant bison genome. as the private populations grew, excess animals, along with their his ... | 2015 | 26673758 |
| coronary arteries of the european bison (bison bonasus). | the european bison (bison bonasus) is an endangered species. more information on its anatomy is needed as only few studies have been published. this study is the first report on the morphology of the coronary vessels. given the anatomical similarity between the european bison and other ruminants, the results of this study can be applied to other species, including endangered ones. | 2015 | 26608615 |
| estimation of male gene flow from measures of nuclear and female genetic differentiation. | an approach is provided to estimate male gene flow and the ratio of male to female gene flow, given that there are estimates of diploid, nuclear gene flow and haploid, female gene flow. this approach can be applied to estimates of differentiation (f st ) from biparentally and maternally inherited markers, assuming the equilibrium island model and equal effective numbers of males and females. corrections to formulas used previously for california sea lions (gonzález-suárez m, flatz r, aurioles-ga ... | 2013 | 23894193 |
| superstimulatory response and oocyte collection in north american bison during the non-breeding season. | a 2×2 design was used to compare the ovarian response and oocyte collection characteristics in bison given a superstimulatory dose of ecg or fsh, with or without a follow-up dose of lh. follicular wave emergence was synchronized by follicle ablation (day -1) and bison were assigned randomly to two superstimulatory treatment groups (n=10 per group): (i) a single intramuscular dose of 2500iu of ecg given on day 0, or (ii) two subcutaneous doses of 200mg of fsh given on days 0 and 2. on day 4, 200m ... | 2013 | 23849853 |
| bovine brucellosis in wildlife: using adaptive management to improve understanding, technology and suppression. | eradication of brucellosis from bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus) populations in the greater yellowstone area is not possible with current technology. there are considerable uncertainties regarding the effectiveness of management techniques and unintended effects on wildlife behaviour and demography. however, adaptive management provides a framework for learning about the disease, improving suppression techniques, and lowering brucellosis transmission among wildlife and to cattle. sin ... | 2013 | 23837383 |
| climatic warming and the future of bison as grazers. | climatic warming is likely to exacerbate nutritional stress and reduce weight gain in large mammalian herbivores by reducing plant nutritional quality. yet accurate predictions of the effects of climatic warming on herbivores are limited by a poor understanding of how herbivore diet varies along climate gradients. we utilized dna metabarcoding to reconstruct seasonal variation in the diet of north american bison (bison bison) in two grasslands that differ in mean annual temperature by 6 °c. here ... | 2015 | 26567987 |
| inducing ovulation in wood bison (bison bison athabascae) during the anovulatory season. | as part of the development of a germplasm biobank to preserve the genetic diversity of threatened wood bison (bison bison athabascae), a 2 × 2 factorial study was designed to determine the effects of ovulation induction agent and follicle maturity on the ovulatory response in wood bison during the anovulatory season. bison (n=32) were assigned randomly to four groups (n=8/group) and treated with either plh or hcg when a growing dominant follicle was either 8-9 mm or ≥10 mm. the ovaries were exam ... | 2015 | 26490189 |
| bilateral pneumothoraces following biv icd placement: a case of buffalo chest syndrome. | contralateral pneumothorax following device implantation on the left side has been reported in a few cases. the majority of contralateral pneumothoraces showed evidence of atrial perforation on computed tomography (ct), echocardiography, or chest x-rays and required lead revision. to the best of our knowledge there is only 1 other reported case of contralateral pneumothorax without evidence of macro-displacement of the atrial lead. in that case the patient experienced a right-sided pneumothorax ... | 2015 | 26431396 |
| genetic variation and differentiation of bison (bison bison) subspecies and cattle (bos taurus) breeds and subspecies. | the genetic relationship of american plains bison (bison bison bison) and wood bison (bison bison athabascae) was quantified and compared with that among breeds and subspecies of cattle. plains bison from 9 herds (n = 136), wood bison from 3 herds (n = 65), taurine cattle (bos taurus taurus) from 14 breeds (n = 244), and indicine cattle (bos taurus indicus) from 2 breeds (n = 53) were genotyped for 29 polymorphic microsatellite loci. bayesian cluster analyses indicate 3 groups, 2 of which are pl ... | 2013 | 23667052 |
| disentangling herbivore impacts on populus tremuloides: a comparison of native ungulates and cattle in canada's aspen parkland. | ungulates impact woody species' growth and abundance but little is understood about the comparative impacts of different ungulate species on forest expansion in savanna environments. replacement of native herbivore guilds with livestock [i.e., beef cattle (bos taurus)] has been hypothesized as a factor facilitating trembling aspen (populus tremuloides michx.) encroachment into grasslands of the northern great plains. we used a controlled herbivory study in the parklands of western canada to comp ... | 2013 | 23649757 |
| bison distribution under conflicting foraging strategies: site fidelity vs. energy maximization. | foraging strategies based on site fidelity and maximization of energy intake rate are two adaptive forces shaping animal behavior. whereas these strategies can both be evolutionarily stable, they predict conflicting optimal behaviors when population abundance is in decline. in such a case, foragers employing an energy-maximizing strategy should reduce their use of low-quality patches as interference competition becomes less intense for high-quality patches. foragers using a site fidelity strateg ... | 2015 | 26378302 |
| conservation implications of native and introduced ungulates in a changing climate. | in many grasslands, grazing by large native or introduced ungulates drives ecosystem structure and function. the behavior of these animals is important as it directs the spatial effects of grazing. to the degree that temperature drives spatial components of foraging, understanding how changes in climate alter grazing behavior will provide guidance for the conservation of ecosystem goods and services. we determined the behavioral response of native bison (bison bison) and introduced cattle (bos t ... | 2013 | 23505266 |
| tuberculosis and brucellosis in wood bison (bison bison athabascae) in northern canada: a renewed need to develop options for future management. | effective, long-term strategies to manage the threat of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis spillback from northern, diseased bison to the canadian cattle herd and adjacent disease-free wood bison (bison bison athabascae) herds have eluded policy makers in recent decades. a controversial plan to depopulate infected herds and repopulate them with disease-free wood bison was rejected in 1990 because of significant public concern. since then, technical advances in vaccine technology, genetic salvag ... | 2015 | 25973624 |
| competition on the range: science vs. perception in a bison-cattle conflict in the western usa. | 1. competition between livestock and wild ungulates is commonly perceived to occur on shared rangelands. in the henry mountains (hm) of utah, a free-ranging population of bison bison bison has raised concerns among ranchers holding grazing permits on these public lands. bison are the most conspicuous potential competitors with cattle, but lagomorphs (mainly jackrabbits lepus californicus) are also abundant in this area. the local ranching community is applying political pressure on state and fed ... | 2015 | 25960573 |
| equivalence between step selection functions and biased correlated random walks for statistical inference on animal movement. | animal movement has a fundamental impact on population and community structure and dynamics. biased correlated random walks (bcrw) and step selection functions (ssf) are commonly used to study movements. because no studies have contrasted the parameters and the statistical properties of their estimators for models constructed under these two lagrangian approaches, it remains unclear whether or not they allow for similar inference. first, we used the weak law of large numbers to demonstrate that ... | 2015 | 25898019 |
| [isolation of a divergent strain of candida saitoana from the anyui mummy of a steppe bison (bison priscus)]. | | 2015 | 25844447 |
| phenotypic effects of cattle mitochondrial dna in american bison. | hybridization between endangered species and more common species is a significant problem in conservation biology because it may result in extinction or loss of adaptation. the historical reduction in abundance and geographic distribution of the american plains bison (bison bison bison) and their recovery over the last 125 years is well documented. however, introgression from domestic cattle (bos taurus) into the few remaining bison populations that existed in the late 1800s has now been identif ... | 2012 | 22862781 |
| magnesium concentrations in the tissues of free-ranging european bison. | the european bison (bison bonasus) is the only living species of the bison genus in the old world. it is the largest, wild, herbivorous mammal living in europe. as a result of the efforts of biologists, the european bison has been saved as a species. in poland, they were reintroduced into the natural conditions of the bialowieza forest. by 2011, this herd of free-living bison comprised more than 700 animals. the aim of the present work was to determine tissue levels of magnesium in free-living b ... | 2012 | 22728583 |
| integrating multiple lines of evidence into historical biogeography hypothesis testing: a bison bison case study. | one of the grand goals of historical biogeography is to understand how and why species' population sizes and distributions change over time. multiple types of data drawn from disparate fields, combined into a single modelling framework, are necessary to document changes in a species's demography and distribution, and to determine the drivers responsible for change. yet truly integrated approaches are challenging and rarely performed. here, we discuss a modelling framework that integrates spatio- ... | 2014 | 24403338 |
| movements of european bison (bison bonasus) beyond the białowieża forest (ne poland): range expansion or partial migrations? | the european bison is the largest terrestrial mammal in europe. after extinction in the wild at the beginning of the twentieth century, it was re-introduced to białowieża forest and other woodlands in eastern europe. in this paper, we analysed the movements of european bison beyond the continuous woodlands of the białowieża forest (ne poland) between 1964 and 2010. in total, 1,117 direct observations of bison were collected. the number of males moving out of the forest fluctuated during the stud ... | 2013 | 24244043 |
| ovarian superstimulation and oocyte collection in wood bison (bison bison athabascae) during the ovulatory season. | the objective of the study was to establish an effective ovarian superstimulatory protocol and subsequently obtain oocytes from bison by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration. two experiments involving 22 wood bison were done during the breeding season (september to december). in experiment 1, the bison were given a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin (day 0) and underwent follicular ablation (day 8) to induce ovarian synchrony. synchronized bison were then assigned randomly to two g ... | 2014 | 24182739 |
| the first finding of a frozen holocene bison (bison priscus bojanus, 1827) carcass in chukotka. | | 2013 | 24150651 |
| preliminary analyses of the frozen mummies of mammoth (mammuthus primigenius), bison (bison priscus) and horse (equus sp.) from the yana-indigirka lowland, yakutia, russia. | the frozen bodies of a young woolly mammoth (mammuthus primigenius), a wild horse (equus sp.) and a steppe bison (bison priscus) were recently found in the northern yakutia (northeastern siberia). all specimens have preserved bones, skin and soft tissues. whereas the woolly mammoth and the pleistocene horse were represented by partial frozen bodies, the steppe bison body was recovered in an absolutely complete state. all specimens were found frozen in the permafrost, with some of the tissues mum ... | 2014 | 24148659 |
| co-expression pattern of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dβh) and neuropeptide y (npy) within sympathetic innervation of ovary and umbilical cord of the european bison (bison bonasus l.). | co-expression of dopamine β-hydroxylase (dβh) and neuropeptide y (npy) has never been examined in ovary (ov) and umbilical cord (uc) of the european bison (eb), the endangered wild species. the ov and uc samples were harvested from seasonally eliminated eb females (45-120 days post coitum). frozen histological sections were examined by double fluorescent immunohistochemistry (df-ihc), using the primary mouse anti-dβh monoclonals and rabbit anti-npy polyclonals and then the immunocomplexes were v ... | 2013 | 23928217 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in domestic bison herds in northwestern alberta. | a fecal survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth eggs found in 431 domestic bison from 22 herds. eggs detected (percent of herds affected in parentheses) were: strongyle-type (100%), capillaria sp. (63.6%), moniezia sp. (54.6%), nematodirus sp. (50%), trichuris sp. (40.9%), and strongyloides sp. (9.1%). | 2001 | 11326634 |
| evidence for the promotion of aboveground grassland production by native large herbivores in yellowstone national park. | we examined the effect of native large herbivores on aboveground primary production of nonforested habitat in yellowstone national park, wyoming. productivity of vegetation grazed by elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) was compared with that of ungrazed (permanently fenced) vegetation at four sites. two methods were used that, we believed, would provide the most accurate measurements under the different grazing regimes encountered in the study. production of ungrazed vegetation in perma ... | 1993 | 28313410 |
| trade-offs between growth and reproduction in female bison. | the extent to which (a) larger females produce more or larger offspring, (b) reproduction imposes costs, and (c) the benefits of early reproduction outweigh the costs was examined for female bison (bison bison) with data from an 8-year period. description of ontogenetic patterns indicated that reproductive performance reached a plateau near the end of the growth period; changes with age in fecundity were little related to those of body weight during the typical reproductive lifespan (age 3-18 ye ... | 1991 | 28313333 |
| the effect of chilled conditioning at 4°c on selected water and lipid-soluble flavor precursors in bison bison longissimus dorsi muscle and their impact on sensory characteristics. | water and lipid-soluble flavor precursors were monitored using chromatography methods in the longissimus dorsi (ld) muscle of six grain-fed bison bison, stored at 4°c for 2, 4, 8, 15 and 21 days in order to investigate their potential impact on sensory attributes of cooked bison meat. while ph and lipid-soluble compounds remained mostly unchanged, several changes in water-soluble compounds were observed. the breakdown of inosine-5'-monophosphate (imp) led to increases in inosine, hypoxanthine an ... | 2014 | 23896147 |
| superovulation and embryo transfer in wood bison (bison bison athabascae). | two experiments were done to develop an effective superovulatory treatment protocol in wood bison for the purpose of embryo collection and transfer. in experiment 1, donor bison were assigned randomly to four treatment groups (n = 5 per group) to examine the effects of method of synchronization (follicular ablation vs. estradiol-progesterone treatment) and ovarian follicular superstimulation (single slow-release vs. split dose of fsh). recipient bison were synchronized with donor bison by either ... | 2013 | 23831114 |
| serial ovarian ultrasonography in wild-caught wood bison (bison bison athabascae). | the objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of daily examination of wild-caught wood bison and to characterize the ovarian function using serial transrectal ultrasonography and blood hormone analysis. ten 2-year-old wood bison heifers obtained from elk island national park were placed in a corral adjacent to a handling system designed for restraining bison. the handling system was left open to the corral allowing the bison to explore it freely for 2 months. active acclimation ... | 2013 | 23816285 |
| the efficacy and safety of alphacypermethrin as a pour-on treatment for water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) infested with haematopinus tuberculatus (phthiraptera: haematopinidae). | the sucking louse haematopinus tuberculatus (burmeister 1839) is an ectoparasite of buffaloes, cattle, camels, and american bison. alphacypermethrin (acyp) is a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used to control arthropods of veterinary and public health interest. therapeutics, such as antiparasitic compounds, is often administered to buffaloes based on dosage and intervals recommended for cattle because very few drugs have buffalo-specific label indications. a trial was conducted on 20 louse-infes ... | 2013 | 23733232 |
| ovarian synchronisation in wood bison (bison bison athabascae) during the anovulatory season. | two experiments were performed in wood bison during the anovulatory season to establish an effective protocol for ovarian synchronisation. in an untreated control phase, bison cows (n=19) were examined daily to establish the interval to new follicular wave emergence (4.9±0.7 days) for the purposes of comparison with the experimental treatments. in experiment 1, bison were treated by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular ablation (n=9) or with 2mg, i.m., 17β-oestradiol (n=10). in experiment 2 ... | 2014 | 23595420 |
| developmental competence of 8?16-cell stage bison embryos produced by interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer. | altered communication between nuclear and cytoplasmic components has been linked to impaired development in interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt) embryos as a result of genetic divergence between the two species. this study investigated the developmental potential and mitochondrial function of cattle (bos taurus), plains bison (bison bison bison) and wood bison (bison bison athabascae) embryos produced by iscnt using domestic cattle oocytes as cytoplasts. embryos in all groups were ... | 2015 | 25763855 |
| interrelationships of dictyocaulus spp. in wild ruminants with morphological description of dictyocaulus cervi n. sp. (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) from red deer, cervus elaphus. | lungworms from the genus dictyocaulus cause parasitic bronchitis (dictyocaulosis) characterized by coughing and severe lung pathology in both domestic and wild ruminants. in this study we investigated the interrelationships of dictyocaulus spp. from european bison (bison bonasus l.), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) by nucleotide sequence analysis spanning the 18s rna gene (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) regions of the ribosomal gene array as well as th ... | 2017 | 28585897 |
| genome-wide association study for posthitis in the free-living population of european bison (bison bonasus). | about 5-6% of the european bison (bison bonasus) males are affected by posthitis (necrotic inflammation of the prepuce) and die in the wild forest. despite many years of study, pathogenesis of this disease has not yet been determined. the main aim of the study was to find snp markers significantly associated with the incidence of posthitis and mine the genome for candidate genes potentially involved in the development of the disease. | 2015 | 25585689 |
| seroprevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in exotic ruminants and camelids in the czech republic. | neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are the protozoan parasites with definitive hosts from order carnivora. due to vertical transmission, both parasites can cause abortions and neonatal mortality that lead to significant productive and economic losses in the domestic ruminants. the aim of this study was to describe n. caninum and t. gondii seroprevalence in the group of frequently farmed captive exotic ruminants (n = 184) including bovidae (barbary sheep, bezoar goat, common eland, american b ... | 2017 | 28497227 |
| effect of reproductive seasonality on gamete quality in the north american bison (bison bison bison). | the objective was to investigate the effects of reproductive seasonality on gamete quality in plains bison (bison bison bison). epididymal sperm (n = 61 per season), collected during the breeding season (july-september), had significantly higher post-thaw total motility (36.76 ± 14.18 vs 31.24 ± 12.74%), and lower linearity (0.36 ± 0.06 vs 0.39 ± 0.04) and wobbliness (0.49 ± 0.04 vs 0.51 ± 0.03; mean ± sd) compared to non-breeding season (january-march) samples. representative samples (n = 4) fr ... | 2015 | 25529116 |
| the impact of rewilding, species introductions and climate change on the structure and function of the yukon boreal forest ecosystem. | community and ecosystem changes are happening in the pristine boreal forest ecosystem of the yukon for two reasons. first, climate change is affecting the abiotic environment (temperature, rainfall, growing season) and driving changes in plant productivity and predator-prey interactions. secondly, simultaneously change is occurring because of mammal species reintroductions and rewilding. the key ecological question is the impact these faunal changes will have on trophic dynamics. primary product ... | 2017 | 29168615 |
| persistent müllerian duct syndrome (pmds) in the polish free-ranged bull populations of the european bison (bison bonasus l.). | this study describes the diversity of vestigial male uteri of the european bison (eb) examined for: (1) morphology, (2) glycoprotein localization, (3) total protein and glycoprotein profiles, (4) steroid concentrations, and (5) pmds based on the mutation of amh and amhr2 genes. uteri of adult bulls (5-12 years old) were compared to a uterus of a juvenile female (6 months old). male uterine proteins were analyzed in parallel to secretory endometrial proteins of pseudo-pregnant pig (psend) and bsa ... | 2015 | 25498147 |
| the parasitic fauna of the european bison (bison bonasus) (linnaeus, 1758) and their impact on the conservation. part 2. the structure and changes over time. | during the last century the recorded parasite fauna of bison bonasus includes 88 species. these are 22 species of protozoa, 4 trematode species, 4 cestode species, 43 nematode species, 7 mites, 4 ixodidae ticks, 1 mallophaga species, 1 anoplura, and 2 hippoboscidae flies. there are few monoxenous parasites, the majority of parasites are typical for other bovidae and cervidae species and many are newly acquired from cervidae. this is an evident increased trend in the parasite species richness, in ... | 2014 | 25119349 |
| bovine tuberculosis in a wild boar (sus scrofa) in poland. | poland is officially tuberculosis free and bovine tuberculosis (btb) cases are rarely found except in bovids. we found btb in a wild boar (sus scrofa) in the bieszczady mountains, southeastern poland. studies suggest possible transmission of infection between free-living european bison (bison bonasus caucasicus) and wild boar in this area. | 2014 | 25075538 |
| the fecal microbiota of semi-free-ranging wood bison (bison bison athabascae). | the intestinal tract harbours a complex and diverse microbial population that is important for health, yet has been poorly described in many species. this study explored the fecal microbiota of semi-free-ranging wood bison (bison bison athabascae). | 2014 | 24884592 |
| a memory-based foraging tactic reveals an adaptive mechanism for restricted space use. | the restricted area of space used by most mobile animals is thought to result from fitness-rewarding decisions derived from gaining information about the environment. yet, assessments of how animals deal with uncertainty using memory have been largely theoretical, and an empirically derived mechanism explaining restricted space use in animals is still lacking. using a patch-to-patch movement analysis, we investigated predictions of how free-ranging bison (bison bison) living in a meadow-forest m ... | 2014 | 24811575 |
| romance without responsibilities: the use of the immunocontraceptive porcine zona pellucida to manage free-ranging bison (bison bison) on catalina island, california, usa. | prior to 2010, the introduced population of american bison (bison bison) on santa catalina island, california, was managed through the shipment of surplus bison to private ranches, native american reservations, and livestock auctions on the mainland. in response to escalating costs, transport-induced stress to the animals, and ecologic impacts associated with high bison numbers on-island between shipments, the use of the immunocontraceptive vaccine porcine zona pellucida (pzp) as a fertility con ... | 2013 | 24437092 |
| effects of pipothiazine palmitate on handling stress and on the characteristics of semen collected by electroejaculation in bison (bison bison) bulls. | handling north american bison can pose risk to the handler and evoke stress in the animal. moreover, this induced stress might affect qualities of semen collected by electroejaculation. the objective of this study was to investigate if a long acting neuroleptic tranquilizer (lan) would reduce the stress of bison and thereby improve the quality of electroejaculated semen. eight experimental replicates were conducted between may and november. in each replicate, the same six bison bulls were random ... | 2013 | 23474277 |
| effect of chilling duration on post-thaw characteristics of sperm from the north american bison (bison bison). | the objective of this study was to determine the duration for which sperm from the north american bison (bison bison) could be chilled prior to being cryopreserved, without compromising post- thaw sperm quality. this would permit transport of samples collected remotely, to the laboratory (at 4°c) for cryopreservation. epididymal sperm from plains bison (n = 11) and ejaculated sperm from wood bison (n = 3) were collected, extended and held at 4°c for extended periods of time. at intervals, an ali ... | 2013 | 23279606 |
| morphometric measurements of the seminiferous tubules of the testes in 2-year-old and 3-year-old european bison males with or without spermiogenesis. | the area, perimeter and diameter of the seminiferous tubules in the european bison bison bonasus (l.) were statistically higher in the animals with than in those without spermiogenesis, both among 2-year-old and 3-year-old males (p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001). | 2012 | 23214382 |
| genetic variation and mating success in managed american plains bison. | the american plains bison (bison bison) was pushed to the brink of extinction in the late 1800s but has since rebounded. less than 5% of animals currently exist in conservation herds that are critical for maintaining genetic variability. here, we use 25 microsatellite loci to assess genetic diversity and patterns of mating success over a 3-year period in a managed conservation herd at konza prairie biological station, kansas (total number of individuals genotyped = 587). heterozygosity was compa ... | 2013 | 23203599 |
| validation of the biopryn enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of pregnancy-specific protein-b (pspb) and diagnosis of pregnancy in american bison (bison bison). | this study assessed the accuracy of the commercial biopryn® elisa for the detection of pregnancy-specific protein-b (pspb) using a single blood sample to determine pregnancy status in american bison (bison bison). a total of 49 bison cows were used in the study, and sampled at two time-points during the gestation period, fall and spring, correlating with early- to mid-term gestation (average 62.9 days post-mating) and mid- to late-term gestation (average 229.2 days post-mating), respectively. se ... | 2017 | 28406529 |
| shapes of differential pulse voltammograms and level of metallothionein at different animal species. | metallothioneins play a key role in maintaining homeostasis of essential metalsand in protecting of cells against metal toxicity as well as oxidative damaging. exceptinghumans, blood levels of metallothionein have not yet been reported from any animalspecies. blood plasma samples of 9 animal species were analysed by the adsorptive transferstripping technique to obtain species specific voltammograms. quite distinct records wereobtained from the takin (budorcas taxicolor), while other interesting ... | 2007 | 28903235 |
| polymorphism and haplotype structure in river buffalo (bubalus bubalis) toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) coding sequence. | most of the 160 million river buffalo in the world are in asia where they are used extensively, both as a food source and for draught power. only recently have investigations begun exploring the buffalo genome for variation that might influence health and productivity of these economically important animals. this paper describes the sequence variability of the toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) gene, which recognizes bacterial flagellin and is a key player in the immune system. tlr5 is comprised of a s ... | 2012 | 22537062 |
| multiple innate antibacterial immune defense elements are correlated in diverse ungulate species. | in this study, we aimed to evaluate to what extent different assays of innate immunity reveal similar patterns of variation across ungulate species. we compared several measures of innate antibacterial immune function across seven different ungulate species using blood samples obtained from captive animals maintained in a zoological park. we measured mrna expression of two receptors involved in innate pathogen detection, toll-like receptors 2 and 5 (tlr2 and 5), the bactericidal capacity of plas ... | 2019 | 31774834 |
| a novel usp9y polymorphism allowing a rapid and unambiguous classification of bos taurus y chromosomes into haplogroups. | a new sequence-tagged site (sts) was identified within intron 26 of the bovine usp9y gene, showing an 81-base pair insertion (g.76439_76440ins81 in sequence with genbank accession fj195366) able to distinguish y2 and y3 bos y haplogroups from y1. moreover, four y3-specific sequence variants allow a distinction from haplogroup y2. the typing of a bison bison y chromosome indicates that the ancestral allele for the usp9y 81-bp insertion is the short y1 version. the results from typing the new sts ... | 2012 | 22497446 |
| estimating survival rates with time series of standing age-structure data. | it has long been recognized that age-structure data contain useful information for assessing the status and dynamics of wildlife populations. for example, age-specific survival rates can be estimated with just a single sample from the age distribution of a stable, stationary population. for a population that is not stable, age-specific survival rates can be estimated using techniques such as inverse methods that combine time series of age-structure data with other demographic data. however, esti ... | 2012 | 22690623 |
| low major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc i) variation in the european bison (bison bonasus). | variation in the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i of the european bison was characterized in a sample of 99 individuals using both classical cloning/sanger sequencing and 454 pyrosequencing. three common (frequencies: 0.348, 0.328, and 0.283) haplotypes contain 1-3 classical class i loci. a variable and difficult to estimate precisely number of nonclassical transcribed loci, pseudogenes, and/or gene fragments were also found. the presence of additional 2 rare haplotypes (frequency ... | 2012 | 22496313 |
| a mobile laboratory for ancient dna analysis. | mobile devices for on-field dna analysis have been used for medical diagnostics at the point-of-care, forensic investigations and environmental surveys, but still have to be validated for ancient dna studies. we report here on a mobile laboratory that we setup using commercially available devices, including a compact real-time pcr machine, and describe procedures to perform dna extraction and analysis from a variety of archeological samples within 4 hours. the process is carried out on 50 mg sam ... | 2020 | 32187203 |
| detection of mitochondrial dna from domestic cattle in european bison (bison bonasus) from the altai republic in russia. | | 2012 | 22486514 |
| antioxidant enzyme activity and mrna expression in reproductive tract of adult male european bison (bison bonasus, linnaeus 1758). | antioxidants in the male reproductive tract are the main defence factors against oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species production, which compromises sperm function and male fertility. this study was designed to determine the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx), in the testicular and epididymidal tissues of adult male european bison (bison bonasus). the reproductive tract tissues were subjected to real-t ... | 2013 | 22458932 |
| plant-herbivore interactions in a north american mixed-grass prairie : ii. responses of bison to modification of vegetation by prairie dogs. | studies were conducted during the 1979 growing season to examine how north american bison (bison bison) use prairie dog (cynomys ludovicianus) colonies in wind cave national park, south dakota. objectives included (1) determining whether bison selected for prairie dog towns parkwide; (2) characterizing in greater detail bison use patterns of a 36-ha colony in pringle valley as a function of time since prairie dog colonization; and (3) relating these bison use patterns to measured changes in stru ... | 1983 | 28310763 |
| examination of north american bison saliva for potential plant growth regulators. | a series of laboratory bioassays were utilized to test for the presence of potential plant growth factors in saliva from a large native ungulate, the north american bison (bison bison l.). whole saliva enhancedavena coleoptile growth at high ph, whether alone or in combination with indoleacetic acid (iaa). however, this enhancement was a result of salts in the saliva (primarily nahco3) rather than of other compounds acting hormonally, enhancing iaa activity, or inhibiting iaa oxidase activity as ... | 1981 | 24420469 |
| plant-herbivore interactions: examination of potential effects of bison saliva on regrowth of bouteloua gracilis (h.b.k.) lag. | laboratory experiments were performed to determine whether regrowth of blue grama was affected by potential growth-promoting substances in saliva of north american bison. we observed no statistically significant effects of foliar application of whole bison saliva on net photosynthesis (pn), root respiration (rr), allocation patterns of photosynthetically fixed (14)c, or regrowth rates over a 10-day period following clipping to various heights. in a 10-week experiment, there were no significant e ... | 1980 | 28310932 |
| haemoglobin and transferrin types in the american buffalo. | | 1963 | 14014858 |
| elk resource selection and implications for anthrax management in montana. | anthrax, caused by the spore-forming bacterium bacillus anthracis, is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and animals throughout the world. in north america, anthrax outbreaks occur in livestock and wildlife species. vaccine administration in wildlife is untenable; the most effective form of management is surveillance and decontamination of carcasses. successful management is critical because untreated carcasses can create infectious zones increasing risk for other susceptible hosts. we studi ... | 2016 | 29887642 |
| chronic stress and body condition of wolf-killed prey in prince albert national park, saskatchewan. | chronic stress and poor body condition can cause adverse physiological and behavioural responses and may make animals more vulnerable to predation. we examined hair cortisol concentration (hcc) and marrow lipid content, as bioindicators of chronic stress and body condition, respectively, of bison (bison bison bison), moose (alces alces) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) killed by wolves (canis lupus) in prince albert national park (panp), saskatchewan, canada. the sturgeon river pla ... | 2019 | 31308948 |