| increases in residential and energy development are associated with reductions in recruitment for a large ungulate. | land-use change due to anthropogenic development is pervasive across the globe and commonly associated with negative consequences for biodiversity. while land-use change has been linked to shifts in the behavior and habitat-use patterns of wildlife species, little is known about its influence on animal population dynamics, despite the relevance of such information for conservation. we conducted the first broad-scale investigation correlating temporal patterns of land-use change with the demograp ... | 2017 | 27428886 |
| evaluating apparent competition in limiting the recovery of an endangered ungulate. | predation can disproportionately affect endangered prey populations when generalist predators are numerically linked to more abundant primary prey. apparent competition, the term for this phenomenon, has been increasingly implicated in the declines of endangered prey populations. we examined the potential for apparent competition to limit the recovery of sierra nevada bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis sierrae), an endangered subspecies under the us endangered species act. using a combination of loc ... | 2013 | 22791131 |
| a common parvovirus in deer from california, usa. | we characterize the genome of the first reported deer parvovirus, ungulate tetraparvovirus 5, which we detected by pcr in multiple tissues from 2/9 california mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus californicus) with hair loss syndrome (hls) and in 4/12 deer without hls, suggesting this common infection does not cause hls. | 2016 | 27479898 |
| movement reveals scale dependence in habitat selection of a large ungulate. | ecological processes operate across temporal and spatial scales. anthropogenic disturbances impact these processes, but examinations of scale dependence in impacts are infrequent. such examinations can provide important insight to wildlife-human interactions and guide management efforts to reduce impacts. we assessed spatiotemporal scale dependence in habitat selection of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in the piceance basin of colorado, usa, an area of ongoing natural gas development. we employ ... | 2016 | 27859842 |
| quantifying spatial habitat loss from hydrocarbon development through assessing habitat selection patterns of mule deer. | extraction of oil and natural gas (hydrocarbons) from shale is increasing rapidly in north america, with documented impacts to native species and ecosystems. with shale oil and gas resources on nearly every continent, this development is set to become a major driver of global land-use change. it is increasingly critical to quantify spatial habitat loss driven by this development to implement effective mitigation strategies and develop habitat offsets. habitat selection is a fundamental ecologica ... | 2015 | 26264447 |
| capture of free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) with a combination of medetomidine, azaperone, and alfaxalone. | the combination of medetomidine, azaperone, and alfaxalone has been successfully used to anesthetize captive white-tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ). this same combination was utilized to immobilize free-ranging female mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ; md) in urban and nonurban environments (14 urban md, 14 nonurban md) in british columbia, canada. physiologic data were collected to assess the safety and reliability of this drug combination under field conditions. each deer received estimat ... | 2017 | 28151080 |
| detection of a novel gammaherpesvirus (genus rhadinovirus) in wild muntjac deer in northern ireland. | this study represents the initial part of an investigation into the potential for non-native, wild, free-living muntjac deer (muntiacus reevesi) to carry viruses that could be a threat to livestock. a degenerate pcr assay was used to screen a range of tissues from muntjac deer culled in northern ireland for the presence of herpesviral nucleic acids. this was followed by sequencing of pcr amplicons and phylogenetic analysis. we report the detection of a novel gammaherpesvirus most closely related ... | 2017 | 28204896 |
| mule deer and energy development-long-term trends of habituation and abundance. | as the extent and intensity of energy development in north america increases, so do disturbances to wildlife and the habitats they rely upon. impacts to mule deer are of particular concern because some of the largest gas fields in the usa overlap critical winter ranges. short-term studies of 2-3 years have shown that mule deer and other ungulates avoid energy infrastructure; however, there remains a common perception that ungulates habituate to energy development, and thus, the potential for a d ... | 2017 | 28375581 |
| induction and characterization of a replication competent cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus (crerv) from mule deer cells. | endogenous retroviruses (ervs) were acquired during evolution of their host organisms after infection and mendelian inheritance in the germline by their exogenous counterparts. the ervs can spread in the host genome and in some cases they affect the host phenotype. the cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus (crerv) is one of only a few well-defined examples of evolutionarily recent invasion of mammalian genome by retroviruses. thousands of insertionally polymorphic crerv integration sites have been d ... | 2015 | 26218214 |
| behavioral response races, predator-prey shell games, ecology of fear, and patch use of pumas and their ungulate prey. | the predator-prey shell game predicts random movement of prey across the landscape, whereas the behavioral response race and landscape of fear models predict that there should be a negative relationship between the spatial distribution of a predator and its behaviorally active prey. additionally, prey have imperfect information on the whereabouts of their predator, which the predator should incorporate in its patch use strategy. i used a one-predator-one-prey system, puma (puma concolor)-mule de ... | 2010 | 21058559 |
| asynchronous vegetation phenology enhances winter body condition of a large mobile herbivore. | understanding how spatial and temporal heterogeneity influence ecological processes forms a central challenge in ecology. individual responses to heterogeneity shape population dynamics, therefore understanding these responses is central to sustainable population management. emerging evidence has shown that herbivores track heterogeneity in nutritional quality of vegetation by responding to phenological differences in plants. we quantified the benefits mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) accrue from ... | 2015 | 26009244 |
| comparison of trace mineral concentrations in tail hair, body hair, blood, and liver of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in california. | measuring trace mineral concentrations can be an important component of assessing the health of free-ranging deer. trace mineral concentrations in liver most accurately reflect the trace mineral status of an individual, but, in live animals, whole blood or serum are the most commonly used sample types. trace minerals measured in serum, such as copper, zinc, and iron, do not always accurately correlate to liver concentrations, and supplementary samples for evaluating the trace mineral status in l ... | 2015 | 25862714 |
| species-wide phylogeography of north american mule deer (odocoileus hemionus): cryptic glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization. | quaternary climatic oscillations greatly influenced the present-day population genetic structure of animals and plants. for species with high dispersal and reproductive potential, phylogeographic patterns resulting from historical processes can be cryptic, overshadowed by contemporary processes. here we report a study of the phylogeography of odocoileus hemionus, a large, vagile ungulate common throughout western north america. we examined sequence variation of mitochondrial dna (control region ... | 2009 | 19302464 |
| fine-scale genetic correlates to condition and migration in a wild cervid. | the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypic traits is fundamental to the study and management of natural populations. such relationships often are investigated by assessing correlations between phenotypic traits and heterozygosity or genetic differentiation. using an extensive data set compiled from free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), we combined genetic and ecological data to (i) examine correlations between genetic differentiation and migration timing, (ii) screen for m ... | 2014 | 25469172 |
| recommended survey designs for occupancy modelling using motion-activated cameras: insights from empirical wildlife data. | motion-activated cameras are a versatile tool that wildlife biologists can use for sampling wild animal populations to estimate species occurrence. occupancy modelling provides a flexible framework for the analysis of these data; explicitly recognizing that given a species occupies an area the probability of detecting it is often less than one. despite the number of studies using camera data in an occupancy framework, there is only limited guidance from the scientific literature about survey des ... | 2014 | 25210658 |
| herbivore body condition response in altered environments: mule deer and habitat management. | the relationships between habitat, body condition, life history characteristics, and fitness components of ungulates are interwoven and of interest to researchers as they strive to understand the impacts of a changing environment. with the increased availability of portable ultrasound machines and the refinement of hormonal assays, assessment of ungulate body condition has become an accessible monitoring strategy. we employed body condition scoring, estimation of % ingesta-free body fat (%ifbf), ... | 2014 | 25184410 |
| a piecewise linear modeling approach for testing competing theories of habitat selection: an example with mule deer in northern winter ranges. | habitat selection fundamentally drives the distribution of organisms across landscapes; density-dependent habitat selection (ddhs) is considered a central component of ecological theories explaining habitat use and population regulation. a preponderance of ddhs theories is based on ideal distributions, such that organisms select habitat according to either the ideal free, despotic, or pre-emptive distributions. models that can be used to simultaneously test competing ddhs theories are desirable ... | 2013 | 23203509 |
| summer watering patterns of mule deer in the great basin desert, usa: implications of differential use by individuals and the sexes for management of water resources. | changes in the abundance and distribution of free water can negatively influence wildlife in arid regions. free water is considered a limiting factor for mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in the great basin desert. consequently, a better understanding of differential use of water by individuals and the sexes could influence the conservation and management of mule deer and water resources in their habitats. we deployed remote cameras at all known water sources (13 wildlife water developments and 4 ... | 2012 | 23125557 |
| fundamental frequency is key to response of female deer to juvenile distress calls. | considerable attention is currently devoted to understanding acoustic mechanisms underlying animal responses to heterospecific vocalizations. a further complication ensues when the response of two species is asymmetrical. for example, white-tailed deer females approach a speaker only when it plays distress calls of conspecific fawns. mule deer females approach when hearing distress calls of either white-tailed deer or mule deer. we hypothesized that selective species such as white-tailed deer re ... | 2013 | 23022571 |
| survival patterns in white-tailed and mule deer after oral inoculation with a standardized, conspecific prion dose. | we orally inoculated white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) with a standardized, conspecific prion dose and collected biologic samples throughout the disease course. mule deer (prnp genotype 225ss) and prnp genotype 96gg white-tailed deer succumbed along similar trajectories, but 96gs- and 96ss-genotype individuals tended to survive longer. | 2012 | 22493138 |
| behavioral traits and airport type affect mammal incidents with u.s. civil aircraft. | wildlife incidents with aircraft cost the united states (u.s.) civil aviation industry >us$1.4 billion in estimated damages and loss of revenue from 1990 to 2009. although terrestrial mammals represented only 2.3 % of wildlife incidents, damage to aircraft occurred in 59 % of mammal incidents. we examined mammal incidents (excluding bats) at all airports in the federal aviation administration (faa) national wildlife strike database from 1990 to 2010 to characterize these incidents by airport typ ... | 2014 | 25082299 |
| histocompositional organization and toughening mechanisms in antler. | mechanical testing studies by krauss et al. (2009) and gupta et al. (2013) suggest that the extraordinary toughness of antler bone is primarily achieved by intrinsic/nanostructural mechanisms instead of extrinsic/microstructural mechanisms. however, this conclusion is based on data from extremely small specimens from one antler loaded only in tension, which impedes discernment of the relative importance of intrinsic vs. extrinsic mechanisms. in the present study we conducted analyses into the mi ... | 2014 | 24981169 |
| modeling and remodeling in a developing artiodactyl calcaneus: a model for evaluating frost's mechanostat hypothesis and its corollaries. | the artiodactyl (mule deer) calcaneus was examined for structural and material features that represent regional differences in cortical bone modeling and remodeling activities. cortical thickness, resorption and formation surfaces, mineral content (percent ash), and microstructure were quantified between and within skeletally immature and mature bones. these features were examined to see if they are consistent with predictions of frost's mechanostat paradigm of mechanically induced bone adaptati ... | 2001 | 11360234 |
| mathematical conservation ecology: a one-predator-two-prey system as case study. | a method is presented to analyse the long-term stochastic dynamics of a biological population that is at risk of extinction. from the full ecosystem the method extracts the minimal information to describe the long-term dynamics of that population by a stochastic logistic system. the method is applied to a one-predator-two-prey model. the choice of this example is motivated by a study on the near-extinction of a porcupine population by mountain lions whose presence is facilitated by mule deer tak ... | 2001 | 11276526 |
| range-wide analysis of genetic structure in a widespread, highly mobile species (odocoileus hemionus) reveals the importance of historical biogeography. | highly mobile species that thrive in a wide range of habitats are expected to show little genetic differentiation across their range. a limited but growing number of studies have revealed that patterns of broad-scale genetic differentiation can and do emerge in vagile, continuously distributed species. however, these patterns are complex and often shaped by both historical and ecological factors. comprehensive surveys of genetic variation at a broad scale and at high resolution are useful for de ... | 2014 | 24863151 |
| coyotes, deer, and wildflowers: diverse evidence points to a trophic cascade. | spatial gradients in human activity, coyote activity, deer activity, and deer herbivory provide an unusual type of evidence for a trophic cascade. activity of coyotes, which eat young mule deer (fawns), decreased with proximity to a remote biological field station, indicating that these predators avoided an area of high human activity. in contrast, activity of adult female deer (does) and intensity of herbivory on palatable plant species both increased with proximity to the station and were posi ... | 2014 | 24728614 |
| the population history of endogenous retroviruses in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). | mobile elements are powerful agents of genomic evolution and can be exceptionally informative markers for investigating species and population-level evolutionary history. while several studies have utilized retrotransposon-based insertional polymorphisms to resolve phylogenies, few population studies exist outside of humans. endogenous retroviruses are ltr-retrotransposons derived from retroviruses that have become stably integrated in the host genome during past infections and transmitted verti ... | 2017 | 24336966 |
| practical guidance on characterizing availability in resource selection functions under a use-availability design. | habitat selection is a fundamental aspect of animal ecology, the understanding of which is critical to management and conservation. global positioning system data from animals allow fine-scale assessments of habitat selection and typically are analyzed in a use availability framework, whereby animal locations are contrasted with random locations (the availability sample). although most use-availability methods are in fact spatial point process models, they often are fit using logistic regression ... | 2013 | 23951705 |
| the use of on-animal acoustical recording devices for studying animal behavior. | audio recordings made from free-ranging animals can be used to investigate aspects of physiology, behavior, and ecology through acoustic signal processing. on-animal acoustical monitoring applications allow continuous remote data collection, and can serve to address questions across temporal and spatial scales. we report on the design of an inexpensive collar-mounted recording device and present data on the activity budget of wild mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) derived from these devices applie ... | 2013 | 23919149 |
| migrating mule deer: effects of anthropogenically altered landscapes. | migration is an adaptive strategy that enables animals to enhance resource availability and reduce risk of predation at a broad geographic scale. ungulate migrations generally occur along traditional routes, many of which have been disrupted by anthropogenic disturbances. spring migration in ungulates is of particular importance for conservation planning, because it is closely coupled with timing of parturition. the degree to which oil and gas development affects migratory patterns, and whether ... | 2013 | 23691246 |
| risk-sensitive allocation in seasonal dynamics of fat and protein reserves in a long-lived mammal. | body reserves of numerous taxa follow seasonal rhythms that are a function of temporal patterns in food availability and life-history events; however, tests of the theory underlying the allocation of somatic reserves for long-lived organisms are rare, especially for free-ranging mammals. we evaluated the hypothesis that allocation of somatic reserves to survival (i.e., metabolic processes) and reproduction should be sensitive to current nutritional state relative to seasonal thresholds in those ... | 2013 | 23379674 |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist: a new approach to reversible contraception in female deer. | fertility control offers a potential alternative for controlling an abundance of wild ungulate populations where lethal methods are infeasible or unacceptable. a promising nonsteroidal, nonimmunologic approach to reversible contraception consists of agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh). we evaluated the effects of the gnrh agonist, leuprolide, on reproduction, the suppression of luteinizing hormone (lh) and progesterone, blood parameters, and reproductive behavior in captive female m ... | 2004 | 15650089 |
| do regional modifications in tissue mineral content and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity adapt trabecular bone tracts for habitual bending? analysis in the context of trabecular architecture of deer calcanei. | calcanei of mature mule deer have the largest mineral content (percent ash) difference between their dorsal 'compression' and plantar 'tension' cortices of any bone that has been studied. the opposing trabecular tracts, which are contiguous with the cortices, might also show important mineral content differences and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity (reflecting increased hemi-osteonal renewal) that optimize mechanical behaviors in tension vs. compression. support for these hypotheses coul ... | 2012 | 22220639 |
| hybrid swarm between divergent lineages of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). | studies of hybrid zones have revealed an array of evolutionary outcomes, yet the underlying structure is typically characterized as one of three types: a hybrid zone, a hybrid swarm or a hybrid taxon. our primary objective was to determine which of these three structures best characterizes a zone of hybridization between two divergent lineages of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), mule deer and black-tailed deer. these lineages are morphologically, ecologically and genetically distinct, yet hybrid ... | 2011 | 22066874 |
| soil clay content underlies prion infection odds. | environmental factors-especially soil properties-have been suggested as potentially important in the transmission of infectious prion diseases. because binding to montmorillonite (an aluminosilicate clay mineral) or clay-enriched soils had been shown to enhance experimental prion transmissibility, we hypothesized that prion transmission among mule deer might also be enhanced in ranges with relatively high soil clay content. in this study, we report apparent influences of soil clay content on the ... | 2011 | 21326232 |
| effects of starch and fibre in pelleted diets on nutritional status of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns. | to compare the effects of a low-starch, high-fibre diet [lshf; 51.6% neutral detergent fibre (ndf), 3.0% starch, 14.8% crude protein (cp)] and a high-starch, low-fibre diet (hslf; 33.3% ndf, 20.0% starch, 19.6% cp) on the nutritional status of captive exotic ruminants, 16 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were fed one of these two diets ad libitum with ≤25% alfalfa hay cubes from 10 days to 68 weeks of age. during five sampling periods beginning in november and spaced 6-12 weeks apart thereafter, ... | 2011 | 21091543 |
| identifying and prioritizing ungulate migration routes for landscape-level conservation. | as habitat loss and fragmentation increase across ungulate ranges, identifying and prioritizing migration routes for conservation has taken on new urgency. here we present a general framework using the brownian bridge movement model (bbmm) that: (1) provides a probabilistic estimate of the migration routes of a sampled population, (2) distinguishes between route segments that function as stopover sites vs. those used primarily as movement corridors, and (3) prioritizes routes for conservation ba ... | 2009 | 20014575 |
| estimating habitat selection when gps fix success is less than 100%. | inferences about habitat selection by animals derived from sequences of relocations obtained with global positioning system (gps) collars can be influenced by gps fix success. environmental factors such as dense canopy cover or rugged terrain can reduce gps fix success, making subsequent modeling problematic if fix success depends on the selected habitat. ignoring failed fix attempts may affect estimates of model coefficients and lead to incorrect conclusions about habitat selection. here, we pr ... | 2009 | 19886504 |
| hepatic minerals of white-tailed and mule deer in the southern black hills, south dakota. | because there is a paucity of information on the mineral requirements of free-ranging deer, data are needed from clinically healthy deer to provide a basis for the diagnosis of mineral deficiencies. to our knowledge, no reports are available on baseline hepatic mineral concentrations from sympatric white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) using different habitats in the northern great plains. we assessed variation in hepatic minerals of female white-tailed d ... | 2008 | 18436666 |
| immobilization of mule deer with thiafentanil (a-3080) or thiafentanil plus xylazine. | we evaluated thiafentanil oxalate (a-3080) for the immobilization of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) under laboratory and field conditions. in a crossover experiment comparing recommended (0.1 mg/kg) and 2x recommended thiafentanil doses in captive deer, both produced rapid induction and immobilization. mean induction was shorter (p = 0.013) for the 2x group (1.9 vs. 3 min); mean reversals for both groups were rapid (recommended = 0.9 min after naltrexone injection; 2x = 1 min) and did not diffe ... | 2004 | 15362828 |
| relationships of loading history and structural and material characteristics of bone: development of the mule deer calcaneus. | if a bone's morphologic organization exhibits the accumulated effects of its strain history, then the relative contributions of a given strain stimulus to a bone's development may be inferred from a bone's hierarchical organization. the artiodactyl calcaneus is a short cantilever, loaded habitually in bending, with prevalent compression in the cranial (cr) cortex, tension in the caudal (cd) cortex, and shear in the medial and lateral cortices (i.e., neutral axis). artiodactyl calcanei demonstrat ... | 2004 | 14994328 |
| regional differences in cortical bone organization and microdamage prevalence in rocky mountain mule deer. | the limb bones of cursorial mammals may exhibit regional structural/material variations for local mechanical requirements. for example, it has been hypothesized that mineral content (%ash) and secondary osteon population density (opd) progressively change from proximal (e.g., humerus) to distal (e.g., phalanx), in accordance with corresponding progressive changes in stress and mechanical/metabolic cost of functional use (both greatest in the distal limb). we tested this hypothesis in wild-shot r ... | 2003 | 12923894 |
| stopover ecology of a migratory ungulate. | 1. birds that migrate long distances use stopover sites to optimize fuel loads and complete migration as quickly as possible. stopover use has been predicted to facilitate a time-minimization strategy in land migrants as well, but empirical tests have been lacking, and alternative migration strategies have not been considered. 2. we used fine-scale movement data to evaluate the ecological role of stopovers in migratory mule deer odocoileus hemionus- a land migrant whose fitness is strongly influ ... | 2011 | 21545586 |
| tolazoline-induced apnea in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). | eighteen mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and six columbia black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) were held in pens and repeatedly anesthetized from april 2004 through june 2005 as part of an external parasite study. deer were anesthetized using a combination of telazol and xylazine hydrochloride (hcl) administered intramuscularly. tolazoline hcl was slowly administered at 4 mg/kg intravenously to reverse the effects of xylazine with good results. for 17 of the 19 mule deer anesthesi ... | 2011 | 22946377 |
| landscape genetics of california mule deer (odocoileus hemionus): the roles of ecological and historical factors in generating differentiation. | landscape genetics is an emerging discipline that utilizes environmental and historical data to understand geographic patterns of genetic diversity. niche modelling has added a new dimension to such efforts by allowing species-environmental associations to be projected into the past so that hypotheses about historical vicariance can be generated and tested independently with genetic data. however, previous approaches have primarily utilized dna sequence data to test inferences about historical i ... | 2009 | 19302356 |
| dna typing in populations of mule deer for forensic use in the province of alberta. | the present study involves the development of forensic dna typing tests and databases for mule deer in the province of alberta. two multiplex pcr reactions interrogating 10 loci were used to analyze samples from three populations of mule deer. additionally, an amelogenin based sex-typing marker was used to determine the gender of samples. results show that the tests and databases are appropriate for use in forensic applications. additionally, the results indicate that there is little population ... | 2008 | 19083820 |
| survey on 'lumpy jaw' on deer farms in western canada: prevalence and distribution, and identification of associated factors. | to investigate the prevalence and geographical distribution of 'lumpy jaw' (lj) in a population of white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (md; odocoileus hemionus) farms from the western canadian provinces of saskatchewan and alberta, and to identify factors associated with its occurrence. | 2007 | 17339914 |
| fight or flight? antipredator behavior and the escalation of coyote encounters with deer. | it is well known that prey of different size and morphology often use different antipredator strategies. the prevailing notion is that this occurs because size, morphology and weaponry determine the relative effectiveness of alternative strategies, and nowhere is this assumption more entrenched than in our view of the basic decision to stay, fight or flee. here, we use observations of coyote (canis latrans) packs hunting deer in winter to show that two ungulates of similar size and morphology, w ... | 2002 | 28547505 |
| comparative cardiopulmonary effects of carfentanil-xylazine and medetomidine-ketamine used for immobilization of mule deer and mule deer/white-tailed deer hybrids. | three mule deer and 4 mule deer/white-tailed deer hybrids were immobilized in a crossover study with carfentanil (10 microg/kg) + xylazine (0.3 mg/kg) (cx), and medetomidine (100 microg/kg) + ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) (mk). the deer were maintained in left lateral recumbency for 1 h with each combination. deer were immobilized with mk in 230+/-68 s (mean +/- sd) and with cx in 282+/-83 seconds. systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressure were significantly higher with mk. heart rate, pao2, paco2, ... | 2000 | 10680659 |
| introgressive hybridization and nonconcordant evolutionary history of maternal and paternal lineages in north american deer. | introgressive hybridization between mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (o. virginianus) was studied using sequence analysis of the paternally inherited, y-linked, zfy gene. the distribution of zfy genotypes indicate that male white-tailed deer disperse into the range of mule deer and successfully breed with mule deer does. in western texas, f1 hybrids are rare, but a relatively high proportion of backcross individuals was observed. phylogenetic analysis of zfy among white-tail ... | 1998 | 28565226 |
| robust estimates of wildlife location using telemetry data. | the location of wildlife is frequently determined using telemetry data gathered at short intervals. if radio transmissions are reflected, as often occurs in mountainous regions, then existing location estimation techniques re unreliable. we explore the effects of gross observation errors upon current analyses and suggest an alternative analysis based on robust state-space time-series modeling. we determine location estimates and their precisions, both for simulated and real mule-deer data, using ... | 1994 | 8068841 |
| iodine-129 in mule deer thyroids in the rocky mountain west. | thyroids from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were collected in new mexico, colorado, wyoming and idaho and 129i/127i atom ratios were determined. iodine-129/127 atom ratios were significantly (p less than 0.005) different among states. ratios in wyoming and idaho control thyroids were significantly (p less than 0.05) larger than ratios in new mexico and colorado. fallout from past atmospheric nuclear tests at the nevada test site is suggested as a possible explanation for the differences in rat ... | 1983 | 6874350 |
| characterization of papillomaviruses isolated from cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed deer and mule deer. | | 1982 | 6293191 |
| baseline levels of selected trace elements in colorado oil shale region animals. | baseline levels of boron, fluorine, molybdenum, and copper are described for 18 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and for 45 composite samples of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) from the piceance creek basin, rio blanco county, colorado. these data were collected before oil shale mining took place, and can be used to compare with levels found after mining is initiated. the data can thus be used to monitor changes in levels in animal tissues and as a basis for mitigating possible harmful effects ... | 1980 | 7431515 |
| metals in soft tissues of mule deer and antelope. | | 1979 | 486787 |
| evaluation of stress and its effects on the immune system of hand-reared mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus). | | 1978 | 739592 |
| modifications of a cholinesterase method for determination of erythrocyte cholinesterase activity in wild mammals. | a method to determine erythrocyte cholinesterase (che) activity was modified for use in wild mammals. erythrocyte che of california voles (microtus californicus) was primarily acetylcholinesterase (ache), which was similar to the brain and unlike plasma which was primarily butyrylcholinesterase (bche). triplicate erythrocyte ache analyses from individual animals of several species of wild rodents revealed a mean coefficient of variation of 8.7% (sd = 4.3%). erythrocyte che activity of several wi ... | 1994 | 8028108 |
| spatial heterogeneity of mitochondrial dna and allozymes among populations of white-tailed deer and mule deer. | a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) population in northeastern minnesota and a mule deer (o. hemionus) population in the bridger mountains montana, have previously been shown to be spatially subdivided into contiguous subpopulations. we assessed the degree of genetic differentiation among subpopulations and tested the hypothesis that differentiation will be greater for mitochondrial dna (mtdna) than for nuclear-encoded allozymes. differentiation of the white-tailed deer subpopulations w ... | 2007 | 1849522 |
| urinary cortisol and urea nitrogen responses in irreversibly undernourished mule deer fawns. | we examined the concentration of urinary cortisol and urea nitrogen of five hand-reared mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns that failed to recover from winter starvation, and compared them to levels found in fawns that recovered. the fawns wintered in fenced pastures stocked with wild deer, and were put back on supplemental feed after losing 15% of their body mass. the five fawns that died began receiving supplemental feed up to 3 wk before death. all continued to lose weight, and were consequ ... | 1991 | 2023326 |
| experimental adenovirus hemorrhagic disease in yearling black-tailed deer. | an apparently novel adenovirus was associated with an epizootic of hemorrhagic disease that is believed to have killed thousands of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in california (usa) during 1993-1994. a systemic vasculitis with pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic enteropathy or a localized vasculitis associated with necrotizing stomatitis/pharyngitis/glossitis or osteomyelitis of the jaw were common necropsy findings in animals that died during this epizootic. six black-tailed yearling deer (o. hem ... | 1997 | 9391965 |
| alberta. polioencephalomalacia in a wild mule deer. | | 1993 | 17424259 |
| allozyme and mitochondrial dna analysis of a hybrid zone between white-tailed deer and mule deer (odocoileus) in west texas. | thirty allozyme loci and 35 mitochondrial dna (mtdna) restriction sites were examined in 24 white-tailed deer and 46 mule deer from a hybrid zone in west texas. a common mtdna genotype is shared by all of the mule deer with 67% of the white-tailed deer. at the albumin locus, 13% of the white-tailed deer and 24% of the mule deer are heterozygous, sharing alleles that are otherwise species-specific in allopatric populations; 7% of the mule deer are homozygous for the allele that is characteristic ... | 1992 | 1325774 |
| fertility in an f1 male hybrid of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) x mule deer (o. hemionus). | the fecundity of an f1 male hybrid deer, from a cross between a male odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) and a female o. hemionus (mule deer), was assessed by cytogenetic and flow cytometric techniques. analysis of chromosome morphology, nucleolus organizer expression, meiotic chromosome pairing, sperm production, and nuclear gene inheritance revealed no genetic anomalies that could potentially impair normal fertility. these observations are discussed in relation to recent reports of hybr ... | 1991 | 1920279 |
| blood and urinary profiles of free-ranging desert mule deer in arizona. | as a corollary to a more comprehensive study on their ecology, we documented blood and urinary profiles for 10 free-ranging desert mule deer (odocoileus hemionus crooki) (five males, five females) captured by net-gun shot from a helicopter during february 1988 in saguaro national monument, arizona. pursuit with the helicopter for netting deer ranged from 3 to 15 min. blood profiles included seven hematological characteristics and 12 serum chemistries, electrolytes, hormones and enzymes. urine sa ... | 1990 | 2304204 |
| bot fly larvae (cephenemyia spp., oestridae) in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from utah. | ninety-nine mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from four utah counties (cache, utah, sanpete and sevier) were examined for larvae of cephenemyia spp. in 1985 and 1986. numbers of first, second and third stage bot fly instars were related to age, sex, year and geographic location of the mule deer. fawns and adult deer greater than or equal to 5.5 yr had a significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) higher intensity (means = 37 and means = 68, respectively) of infection than the 1.5- and 2.5-yr-old ... | 1989 | 2810568 |
| prevalence and ultrastructure of three types of sarcocystis in mule deer, odocoileus hemionus (rafinesque), in montana. | infection with sarcocystis (protozoa: sarcocystidae) was diagnosed in 130 of 153 (85%) samples of muscle from mule deer around bozeman, montana. three structurally distinct mature and microscopic sarcocysts with characteristic cyst walls were found. cyst walls of type i sarcocysts were about 2 microns thick and had characteristic inverted tee-shaped villar projections; these cysts were considered to be s. hemionilatrantis hudkins and kistner, 1976. cyst walls in type ii sarcocysts were thick-wal ... | 1985 | 3928909 |
| iodine in terrestrial wildlife on the u.s. department of energy's hanford site in southcentral washington. | iodine-129 in controlled amounts has been released into the air from the operating chemical separations facilities on the hanford site. small amounts of (129)i have accumulated in surface soils especially at locations near the chemical separations facilities. enriched levels of (129)i also occur in the thyroid glands of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) residing on the hanford site.stable iodine is present in low concentrations in hanford site soils and it is not avidly accumulated by wild plants. ... | 1984 | 24257864 |
| radionuclide concentrations in mule deer with reference to waste-management ponds on the hanford site. | a comparison was made between the amount of time 17 radio-collared mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) spent near low-level waste-management ponds on the hanford site and the levels of radionuclides found in samples of their muscle, liver, bone and rumen contents. all deer had low, but detectable, amounts of 137cs in their muscle, liver and rumen contents and 90sr in their bone. several other radionuclides were detected in the rumen samples, but were apparently not incorporated into the muscle and l ... | 1984 | 6511418 |
| dermatophilosis in a mule deer, odocoileus hemionus (rafinesque), from wyoming. | | 1984 | 6492327 |
| epizootiology of sarcocystis infections in mule deer fawns in oregon. | from 1974 to 1977, 62 wild mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns from steens mountain, ore were euthanatized in autumn (23 deer), winter (21 deer), and spring (18 deer). the number of sarcocysts of sarcocystis spp was counted in histologic sections of various muscular organs. sarcocysts were seen in the muscle specimens of 14 of the 23 deer euthanatized in autumn (september to november) and in specimens from all 39 deer euthanatized in winter (december and january) and spring (march and april). ... | 1985 | 3935614 |
| light and electron microscopic comparisons of cutaneous fibromas in white-tailed and mule deer. | cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), when compared with normal skin of the same species, had a thinner basement membrane; thickened stratum spinosum with numerous melanocytes, desmosomes, polyribosomes, and tonofilaments; focal hyperplasia of the stratum granulosum containing numerous large, electron-dense keratohyalin granules with irregular borders and containing occasional cells with diffuse intranuclear virus particles; and a moderately thickened stratum corneum ... | 1985 | 4062029 |
| reversal by tolazoline hydrochloride of xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride immobilizations in free-ranging desert mule deer. | we captured 10 free-ranging desert mule deer (odocoileus hemionus crooki) (five males and five females) by net-gun from a helicopter and immobilized them with xylazine hydrochloride (hcl) (100 mg) and ketamine hcl (300 to 400 mg) injected intramuscularly. arousal and ambulation times were 13.9 +/- 4.2 and 14.3 +/- 4.2 min in eight deer injected intravenously with tolazoline hcl (3.0 mg/kg). we observed a curvilinear relationship (r = 0.50, p less than 0.01) between rectal temperature and time af ... | 1989 | 2761006 |
| spontaneous poxviral dermatitis and keratoconjunctivitis in free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in wyoming. | | 1985 | 3001374 |
| trypanosomes from mule deer, odocoileus hemionus in wyoming. | examination of mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, from wyoming in spring, 1974 (8) and in winter of 1974-75 (8) revealed trypanosomes in all 16 deer. spring samples showed dividing epimastigotes as well as normal bloodstream forms. winter samples showed only normal blood stream forms. these differences are considered to be seasonally related. | 1975 | 1195494 |
| behavior associated with parturition in captive rocky mountain mule deer. | | 1975 | 1141780 |
| immobilization of mule deer with ketamine and xylazine, and reversal of immobilization with yohimbine. | | 1983 | 6643267 |
| metabolism of low oral doses of ddt and dde by tame mule deer fawns. | | 1975 | 1125459 |
| methoxyflurane anesthesia in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns. | methoxyflurane inhalation was used a total of 58 times to anesthetize 23 hand-reared mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) fawns ranging from 25 to 85 days of age. induction, maintenance, and recovery times were recorded for 28 anesthetizations. induction time was unrelated to age and averaged 3 +/- 1 min (x +/- sd). recovery time was longest in the youngest fawns and varied with the depth but not with the length of anesthesia. induction and recovery were smooth, the depth of anesthesia was easily con ... | 1978 | 739591 |
| ketamine-xylazine immobilization of a mule deer. | | 1977 | 924885 |
| use of predator odors as repellents to reduce feeding damage by herbivores : ii. black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). | the effectiveness of predator odors (fecal and urine) in suppressing feeding damage by black-tailed deer was investigated in pen bioassays at the university of british columbia research forest, maple ridge, british columbia, canada. a total of eight bioassay trials tested the effects of these odors on deer consumption of salal leaves and coniferous seedlings. cougar, coyote,and wolf feces as well as coyote, wolf, fox, wolverine, lynx, and bobcat urines provided the most effective suppression of ... | 1985 | 24310276 |
| the impact of rewilding, species introductions and climate change on the structure and function of the yukon boreal forest ecosystem. | community and ecosystem changes are happening in the pristine boreal forest ecosystem of the yukon for two reasons. first, climate change is affecting the abiotic environment (temperature, rainfall, growing season) and driving changes in plant productivity and predator-prey interactions. secondly, simultaneously change is occurring because of mammal species reintroductions and rewilding. the key ecological question is the impact these faunal changes will have on trophic dynamics. primary product ... | 2017 | 29168615 |
| trypanosomes from mule deer in new mexico and colorado. | | 1972 | 4673718 |
| trophic level effect on the accumulation of cesium-137 in cougars feeding on mule deer. | | 1964 | 14236313 |
| cyclic variation in the mule deer thymus. | | 1956 | 13370609 |
| ante-mortem detection of chronic wasting disease in recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues from elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) using real-time quaking-induced conversion (rt-quic) assay: a blinded collaborative study. | prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) characterized by fatal, progressive neurologic diseases with prolonged incubation periods and an accumulation of infectious misfolded prion proteins. antemortem diagnosis is often difficult due to a long asymptomatic incubation period, differences in the pathogenesis of different prions, and the presence of very low levels of infectious prion in easily accessible samples. chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a tse affecting both wil ... | 2017 | 29098931 |
| endemic chronic wasting disease causes mule deer population decline in wyoming. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), and moose (alces alces shirasi) in north america. in southeastern wyoming average annual cwd prevalence in mule deer exceeds 20% and appears to contribute to regional population declines. we determined the effect of cwd on mule deer demography using age-specific, female-only, cwd transi ... | 2017 | 29049389 |
| the influence of periodic increases of human activity on crepuscular and nocturnal mammals: testing the weekend effect. | human recreation can negatively affect wildlife, particularly on weekends when human activity is highest (i.e., the weekend effect). much of what we understand about the weekend effect is based on research conducted on diurnal species, which have greater temporal overlap with humans. because nocturnal species generally avoid times when humans are active, they are likely less affected by anthropogenic activity on weekends. our objective was to test the weekend effect in relation to the degree of ... | 2018 | 29122640 |
| applying network theory to animal movements to identify properties of landscape space use. | network (graph) theory is a popular analytical framework to characterize the structure and dynamics among discrete objects, particularly effective at identifying critical hubs and patterns of connectivity. the identification of such attributes is a fundamental objective of animal movement research, yet network theory has rarely been applied directly to animal relocation data. we develop an approach that allows the analysis of movement data using network theory by defining occupied pixels as node ... | 2018 | 29420867 |
| blood serum electrolytes in a colorado mule deer population. | | 1972 | 5021007 |
| rumen microbial ecology in mule deer. | mule deer rumen microbial populations from animals in the natural habitat in utah and from captive deer fed various rations were studied. the microorganisms were characterized on the basis of morphology and gram reaction. rumen samples contained 13 identifiable types of bacteria and one genus of ciliate protozoa (entodinium). highest rumen bacterial populations were produced on rations containing barley. no differences in proportions of ruminal bacteria in the various morphological groups could ... | 1969 | 4978925 |
| phenylketonuria in a mule deer(odocoileus hemionus). | | 1968 | 5693840 |
| tissue distribution of radiocesium in the mule deer. | | 1971 | 5212289 |
| strontium-90 in california mule deer. | | 1968 | 5652044 |
| factors influencing the accumulation of fallout 137-cs in colorado mule deer. | | 1965 | 5894390 |
| the contribution of various tissues and organs to total body mass in the mule deer. | | 1971 | 5570758 |
| bilateral testicular degeneration in a wild mule deer (odocroileus hemionus). | | 1971 | 5167770 |
| wave-like patterns of plant phenology determine ungulate movement tactics. | animals exhibit a diversity of movement tactics [1]. tracking resources that change across space and time is predicted to be a fundamental driver of animal movement [2]. for example, some migratory ungulates (i.e., hooved mammals) closely track the progression of highly nutritious plant green-up, a phenomenon called "green-wave surfing" [3-5]. yet general principles describing how the dynamic nature of resources determine movement tactics are lacking [6]. we tested an emerging theory that predic ... | 2020 | 32619482 |
| cellular distribution of the prion protein in palatine tonsils of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) that affects members of the cervidae family, including deer (odocoileus spp.), elk (cervus canadensis spp.), and moose (alces alces spp.). while cwd is a neurodegenerative disease, lymphoid accumulation of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein (prpsc) is detectable early in the course of infection. it has been shown that a large portion of the prpsc lymphoid accumulation in infected mule deer takes place on the ... | 2019 | 31548473 |
| cattle ( bos taurus) resist chronic wasting disease following oral inoculation challenge or ten years' natural exposure in contaminated environments. | we conducted a 10-yr study to establish whether chronic wasting disease (cwd) was readily transmissible to domestic cattle ( bos taurus) following oral inoculation or by cohousing cattle with captive cervids in outdoor research facilities where cwd was enzootic. calves ( n=12) were challenged orally on one occasion using brain homogenate derived from cwd-infected mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus). five uninoculated cattle served as unchallenged controls. two other groups of cattle ( n=10-11/group ... | 2018 | 29715064 |
| a urine-collection device for male mule deer. | | 1969 | 5388170 |