| analysis of transtracheal aspirates and pleural fluid from clinically healthy llamas (llama glama). | seventeen clinically healthy adult llamas were used to study the characteristics of transtracheal aspirates (tta) and pleural fluid samples. results of complete blood counts, fibrinogen determination and thoracic radiographs were within normal limits prior to sampling. cytologic evaluation of tta revealed the majority of cells were vacuolated macrophages (60-100%), with 0-40% neutrophils, and fewer lymphocytes (0-1%), eosinophils (0-3%), and ciliated respiratory epithelial cells (0-10%). in tta ... | 1999 | 12075534 |
| use of a parainguinal approach for cryptorchidectomy in alpacas. | cryptorchidism is an uncommon condition in llamas and alpacas, and there are no reports detailing surgical management of this condition in llamas or alpacas; however, flank or ventral midline approaches have been mentioned. cryptorchid castration was performed by use of a parainguinal approach in 2 alpacas. the retained testicle of each alpaca was found on the ventral aspect of the abdomen, just caudal to the incision in 1 alpaca and at the cranial edge of the incision in the other. the testicle ... | 2002 | 12092959 |
| solution structure of a llama single-domain antibody with hydrophobic residues typical of the vh/vl interface. | the three-dimensional structure of a llama single-domain antibody brucd4-4 was established by use of solution nmr spectroscopy. brucd4-4 has val, gly, leu, and trp residues at positions 37, 44, 45, and 47, which are considered to be a hallmark to distinguish llama vh from v(h)h fragments at the germline level. in contrast to the murine and human vhs, brucd4-4 has sufficient solubility, is monomeric in solution, and displays high-quality nmr spectra characteristic of well-structured proteins. ami ... | 2002 | 12093273 |
| preventing phage lysis of lactococcus lactis in cheese production using a neutralizing heavy-chain antibody fragment from llama. | bacteriophage infection is still a persistent problem in large dairy processes despite extensive studies over the last decades. consequently, new methods are constantly sought to prevent phage infection. in this paper, we show that phage neutralizing heavy-chain antibody fragments, obtained from camelidae and produced at a large scale in the generally regarded as safe microorganism saccharomyces cerevisiae, can effectively be used to impede phage induced lysis during a cheese process. the growth ... | 2002 | 12146467 |
| metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma in a llama (lama glama). | an adult female llama with a comminuted fracture of the left femoral head was necropsied. a firm multinodular mass infiltrated skeletal muscle adjacent to the fracture. multiple, firm, white nodules were in the pulmonary parenchyma and pleura. a single nodule was in the liver. microscopically, transition from nonneoplastic bronchiolar epithelium to neoplastic epithelium that formed acinar structures was evident at bronchioloalveolar junctions. a diagnosis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma was made. si ... | 2002 | 12152814 |
| cryptococcosis in a llama (lama glama). | cryptococcosis was diagnosed in a 17-year-old male llama that had been euthanatized following an acute onset of neurologic disease. tissues affected included the brain, spinal cord, lung, and kidney. the character of the leukocytic response varied from minimal to pyogranulomatous. cryptococcosis has not been previously reported in a llama, although the infection has been described in 2 other species of new world camelids. the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis is briefly reviewed. | 2002 | 12152817 |
| [determination of clotting factor viii activity in mammals using the one-stage clotting and the chromogenic methods]. | two different laboratory assays exist for the determination of clotting factor viii activities in human plasma. one method is based on the one-stage clotting principle, the other one on the chromogenic principle. to evaluate the suitability for veterinary medicine human plasma and plasma of ten mammalian species (pig, cattle, dog, cat, zebra, llama, snow leopard, greater kudu, horse-like antelope, mink) were examined with each method. factor viii activities in human plasma determined using both ... | 2002 | 12174728 |
| bilateral patella ligament rupture in a llama. | | 2002 | 12180669 |
| successful transfer of vitrified ilama (lama glama) embryos. | the exploitation of the domestic animals species of south american camelids is of great social importance for the native people living in the high andes. the reproductive physiology of these species is a unique challenge in the development of advanced breeding techniques. at present, the cryopreservation of embryos has not been developed and very few investigations have been conducted. the objective of the present work was to evaluate the in vivo survival of vitrified llama embryos after transfe ... | 2002 | 12220823 |
| evaluation of the safety and efficacy of testicular biopsies in llamas. | evaluation of the reproductive function of lama glama is generally considered to be a challenging task due to the difficulty of obtaining representative semen samples. one method that has been proposed for evaluation of testicular function in these animals is histologic examination of testicular needle biopsies. this study was undertaken to examine the safety and efficacy of using needle biopsies to assess testicular function in this species. one randomly selected testicle from each of 16 sexual ... | 2002 | 12240915 |
| diaphragmatic paralysis due to phrenic nerve degeneration in a llama. | | 2002 | 12322714 |
| nitric oxide plays a role in the regulation of adrenal blood flow and adrenocorticomedullary functions in the llama fetus. | the hypothesis that nitric oxide plays a key role in the regulation of adrenal blood flow and plasma concentrations of cortisol and catecholamines under basal and hypoxaemic conditions in the llama fetus was tested. at 0.6-0.8 of gestation, 11 llama fetuses were surgically prepared for long-term recording under anaesthesia with vascular and amniotic catheters. following recovery all fetuses underwent an experimental protocol based on 1 h of normoxaemia, 1 h of hypoxaemia and 1 h of recovery. in ... | 2002 | 12356897 |
| use of fetal biometry to determine fetal age in late pregnancy in llamas. | sixty-three pregnant llamas of known breeding date were used in this study. forty-six of them were submitted to surgery between 186 and 320 days of gestation (52-91% of average gestation period, respectively). under general anesthesia their fetuses were exteriorized and fetal weight (w), biparietal diameter (bpd) and femoral (f), tarsus-hoof (t-h), tibial (t)) and fronto-occipital (f-o) length were determined. additionally, the same variables were determined on 16 newborn llamas. the weight was ... | 2002 | 12379379 |
| stimulation of chymosin secretion by simultaneous expression with chymosin-binding llama single-domain antibody fragments in yeast. | we studied the effect of coexpression of chymosin and chymosin-binding llama single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs) on the secretion of chymosin by saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. a vhh expression library containing chymosin-specific vhhs was obtained by immunization of a llama and coexpressed with chymosin in yeast. from this library, we obtained two vhh clones that stimulated chymosin secretion by screening colonies for the level of chymosin secreted. these vhhs bound biotinylated chymosin in ... | 2002 | 12466886 |
| hybrid monte carlo with multidimensional replica exchanges: conformational equilibria of the hypervariable regions of a llama vhh antibody domain. | since the structural repertoire of the hypervariable regions of human antibodies is known to be more restricted than what is implied by sequence variability, a common approach to structural prediction is to use a knowledge-based (kb) method, such as the canonical structure model (c. chothia and a. m. lesk, journal of molecular biology, 1987, vol. 196, pp. 901-917). however, this model is less successful when applied to camelid heavy chain antibodies. in this study, molecular simulations were use ... | 2003 | 12548621 |
| camelid mucoutaneous fibropapillomas: clinicopathologic findings and association with papillomavirus. | five camelid mucocutaneous fibropapillomas with histologic features similar to equine sarcoids were diagnosed. they were characterized by a dermal fibroblastic proliferation and overlying, often ulcerated hyperplastic epidermis with thin rete pegs extending down into the dermis. two of the tumors came from llamas and three from alpacas. four of the animals were 6-year-old females. the fifth was a 6-year-old castrated male. the fibropapillomas were located on the nose, lip, and cheeks. one of the ... | 2003 | 12627721 |
| eperythrozoonisis in a one-day-old llama. | | 1996 | 12660969 |
| microvascular anatomy of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. | to characterize the vascular anatomy of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. | 2003 | 12661876 |
| what is your diagnosis? cerebrospinal fluid from a llama. | | 1994 | 12666025 |
| what is your diagnosis? peripheral blood from a llama. | | 1990 | 12684952 |
| evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of cytologic examination: 269 cases (1999-2000). | to determine sensitivity and specificity of cytologic examination used in a clinical setting. | 2003 | 12685787 |
| pathoecology of chiribaya parasitism. | the excavations of chiribaya culture sites in the osmore drainage of southern peru focused on the recovery of information about prehistoric disease, including parasitism. the archaeologists excavated human, dog, guinea pig, and llama mummies. these mummies were analyzed for internal and external parasites. the results of the analysis and reconstruction of prehistoric life from the excavations allows us to interpret the pathoecology of the chiribaya culture. | 2003 | 12687782 |
| disposition of sulfadimethoxine in male llamas (llama glama) after single intravenous and oral administrations. | this study determined the disposition of sulfadimethoxine in six, healthy, adult, gelded male llamas (llama glama) by using a nonrandomized crossover design with i.v. dosing (58.8 +/- 3.0 mg/kg based on metabolic scaling) followed by oral dosing (59.3 mg/kg +/- 8.3). blood samples were collected intermittently for a 72-hr period, and serum sulfadimethoxine concentrations were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. serum sulfadimethoxine concentrations across time were subjected ... | 2003 | 12723795 |
| nodular hyperplasia and cysts in thyroid glands of llamas (lama glama) from north-west usa. | | 2003 | 12733562 |
| the fetal llama versus the fetal sheep: different strategies to withstand hypoxia. | the pregnant llama (lama glama) has walked for millions of years through the thin oxygen trail of the andean altiplano. we hypothesize that a pool of genes has been selected in the llama that express efficient mechanisms to withstand this low-oxygen milieu. the llama fetus responds to acute hypoxia with an intense peripheral vasoconstriction that is not affected by bilateral section of the carotid sinus nerves. moreover, the increase in fetal plasma concentrations of vasoconstrictor hormones, su ... | 2003 | 12855051 |
| evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in new world camelids. | to determine the effect of experimental infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) on llamas and their fetuses, evaluate seroprevalence of bvdv in llamas and alpacas, and genetically characterize bvdv isolates from llamas. | 2003 | 12875452 |
| llama-derived phage display antibodies in the dissection of the human disease oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. | functional analysis of the estimated 30,000 genes of the human genome requires fast and reliable high-throughput methods to study spatio-temporal protein dynamics. to explore the suitability of heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs) for studying mechanisms underlying human disease, we used oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (opmd) as a paradigm for the expanding group of protein aggregation disorders that is characterized by subcellular dislocalization and aggregation of mutant protein. opmd is caused b ... | 2003 | 12969556 |
| macrococcus brunensis sp. nov., macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. and macrococcus lamae sp. nov., from the skin of llamas. | eight strains of gram-positive, catalase- and oxidase-positive cocci were isolated from the skin of llamas (lama glama l.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. these strains were assigned to the genus macrococcus on the basis of their phenotypic properties (resistance to bacitracin and sensitivity to furazolidone) and dna base content (40-42 mol% g+c). phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rdna confirmed that the strains are members of the genus macrococcus: they differed from all hithert ... | 2003 | 13130064 |
| a case of suspected johne's disease in a llama (l. glama). | | 1954 | 13130719 |
| renal function and electrolytes in the llama. | | 1955 | 13268682 |
| fracture of the metacarpal bones in a llama. | | 1956 | 13345700 |
| [attempted determination of the rate of passage of gastrointestinal contents in wild ruminating animals; cervus elaphus l., dama dama l. and lama glama l]. | | 1957 | 13532794 |
| observations on the full-term foetal membranes of three members of the camelidae (camelus dromedarius l., camelus bactrianus l. and lama glama l.). | | 1961 | 13772976 |
| respiratory functions of blood of the yak, llama, camel, dybowski deer, and african elephant. | | 1963 | 14058111 |
| [llama huanachus molina and llama glama linneus, new hosts of moniezia expansa (rud., 1810) (cestoda, anoplocephalidae)]. | | 1963 | 14060697 |
| usefulness of aerobic microbial culture and cytologic evaluation of corneal specimens in the diagnosis of infectious ulcerative keratitis in animals. | to determine the diagnostic value of aerobic microbial culture and cytologic evaluation of corneal specimens in the diagnosis of infectious ulcerative keratitis (iuk). | 1999 | 14567433 |
| systematic study of the internal iliac artery in llama (lama glama). | the aim of this research was to determine the origins of the parietal and visceral branches of the internal iliac artery of the llama and to match those with the known types and classifications in the human being and domestic animals. the internal iliac artery divides at the level of the third sacral vertebra into the caudal gluteal and internal pudendal arteries corresponding to an intermediate long iliac type. it gives off the following collateral branches: umbilical, cranial gluteal, obturato ... | 2003 | 14575273 |
| selection of hapten-specific single-domain antibodies from a non-immunized llama ribosome display library. | picloram-specific variable fragments (v(hh)s) of heavy chain antibodies (hcabs) were selected from a nai;ve-llama library using ribosome display technology. a cdna library of v(hh)s was constructed from lymphocytes of a non-immunized llama and engineered to allow in vitro transcription and translation. with no stop codons present on the transcripts, trimeric complexes of ribosomes, mrnas and nascent peptides were produced for affinity selection, i.e. panning. after three cycles of panning, seven ... | 2003 | 14580890 |
| intracellularly expressed single-domain antibody against p15 matrix protein prevents the production of porcine retroviruses. | the presence of porcine endogenous retroviruses presents a potential risk of transmission of infectious diseases (xenozoonosis) if tissues and organs from genetically modified pigs are to be used in xenotransplantation. here, we report that intracellular expression of a llama single-domain antibody against p15, the matrix domain protein of the porcine endogenous retrovirus gag polyprotein, blocks retrovirus production, providing the possibility of eliminating the risk of infection in xenotranspl ... | 2003 | 14581550 |
| gross and microscopic lesions of polioencephalomalacia in a llama (lama glama). | a 14-wk-old female llama (lama glama) developed progressive neurologic disease characterized by stiff gait, circling, decreased mentation, and seizures. at necropsy, lesions were limited to the brain and consisted of bilateral necrosis of the cortical gray matter of the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex. the primary microscopic alteration was bilateral laminar cerebrocortical necrosis, affecting mainly the deep laminae. clinical disease, and gross and microscopic lesions were consistent wit ... | 2003 | 14582798 |
| production of nuclear transfer llama (lama glama) embryos from in vitro matured llama oocytes. | to date, there have been no reports of somatic cell nuclear transfer in llamas. the application of this methodology to the camelid industry could be helpful in the propagation of genetically valuable animals. the objective of this study was to produce nuclear transfer llama embryos comparing the development of these llama embryos cultured in either cr1aa medium (treatment a) or g1.2 medium (treatment b) medium. llamas were superstimulated by double dominant follicle reduction 12 days apart, foll ... | 2003 | 14588137 |
| ameloblastic odontoma in the mandible of a llama. | a 4-year-old llama had an aggressive, multiloculated, expansile bone lesion involving the rostral mandible. the mandibular lesion was imaged using radiography and computed tomography. antemortem diagnosis of an ossifying fibroma was made histologically. postmortem findings showed the lesion to be limited to the mandible. final diagnosis was ameloblastic odontoma. | 2003 | 14601679 |
| beneficial properties of single-domain antibody fragments for application in immunoaffinity purification and immuno-perfusion chromatography. | we explored the possibility to apply single-domain antibodies from camelidae for immunoaffinity purification of the ice structuring protein (isp) from lolium perenne, which modifies ice crystal growth and therefore has potential application in medicine, biotechnology, agriculture and (frozen) foods. using phage display together with an appropriate selection method, a group of candidate fragments was isolated from a llama-derived immune library. affinity chromatography using a purposely selected ... | 2003 | 14642809 |
| [suckling behavior of llamas (lama glama)]. | in the present study the suckling behaviour of six ilama crias was analysed. a total of 3398 suckling bouts were observed and evaluated. the crias mostly suckled in a reverse parallel position with no side preference. the cria initiated suckling in most suckling bouts whereas the dams usually ended them. the total number of suckling bouts could be divided into two types: suckling bouts of short duration and suckling bouts of long duration. there were no significant differences in duration per su ... | 2003 | 14650736 |
| colocolic intussusception in a 12-year-old llama. | | 2003 | 14658736 |
| pentamerization of single-domain antibodies from phage libraries: a novel strategy for the rapid generation of high-avidity antibody reagents. | we describe a novel type of molecule in which single-domain antibodies (sdabs) isolated from a nai;ve llama single domain antibody library are linked to an oligomerization domain to generate high-avidity, antigen-binding reagents. an sdab is fused to the b-subunit of escherichia coli verotoxin, or shiga-like toxin, which self-assembles to form a homopentamer and results in simultaneous sdab pentamerization and introduction of avidity. molecular modeling indicated that this fusion protein (pdb: 1 ... | 2004 | 14659739 |
| characterizing gene sets with funcassociate. | summary: funcassociate is a web-based tool to help researchers use gene ontology attributes to characterize large sets of genes derived from experiment. distinguishing features of funcassociate include the ability to handle ranked input lists, and a monte carlo simulation approach that is more appropriate to determine significance than other methods, such as bonferroni or idák p-value correction. funcassociate currently supports 10 organisms (vibrio cholerae, shewanella oneidensis, saccharomyces ... | 2003 | 14668247 |
| potential pathogens in feces from unweaned llamas and alpacas with diarrhea. | to identify potential pathogens in feces from llama and alpaca crias with diarrhea. | 2003 | 14690211 |
| the eosinophil cell as seen in the llama. | | 1951 | 14910670 |
| keratinizing ameloblastoma in a 9-month-old llama (lama glama). | a 9-month-old male llama (lama glama) was presented because of a rapidly growing mass on the right side of the face. radiographs revealed a marked expansion of the right caudal face region with bone lysis involving the maxilla and the nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, and palatine bones. cytologically, the mass consisted of atypical round to polygonal cells with round nuclei and basophilic cytoplasms that formed acini and rows. histologically, the mass consisted of anastomosing cords and sheets of neo ... | 2004 | 14974855 |
| a comparison of two intramuscular doses of xylazine-ketamine combination and tolazoline reversal in llamas. | to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of two doses of intramuscular xylazine/ketamine in llamas, and to determine if an intramuscular injection of tolazoline would shorten the anesthesia recovery time. | 2004 | 15053746 |
| generalized tuberculosis in llamas (lama glama) due to mycobacterium microti. | necropsy of two llamas revealed numerous caseous nodules containing abundant acid-fast bacilli (afb) in various organs. the afb were identified by spoligotyping as mycobacterium microti, vole type. infection caused by m. microti should be considered in the differential diagnosis of debilitating diseases in new world camelids. | 2004 | 15071059 |
| domain swapping of a llama vhh domain builds a crystal-wide beta-sheet structure. | among mammals, camelids have a unique immunological system since they produce functional antibodies devoid of light chains and ch1 domains. to bind antigens, whether they are proteins or haptens, camelids use the single domain vh from their heavy chain (vhh). we report here on such a llama vhh domain (vhh-r9) which was raised against a hapten, the rr6 red dye. this vhh possesses the shortest complementarity determining region 3 (cdr3) among all the known vhh sequences and nevertheless binds rr6 ... | 2004 | 15094039 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of llama cytokines related to cell-mediated immunity. | in order to characterize the t helper 1 (th1) cytokines of llama, we have cloned several llama cytokine genes and compared them to those of other mammalian species. the cdnas encoding for interleukin (il)-2, interferon (ifn)gamma, il-12p35 and il-12p40 were amplified using specific primers designed from reported sequences of bovine cytokine genes. the cdnas for llama il-2, ifn-gamma, il-12 p35 and il-12p40 were found to be 465, 501, 669 or 993 bp in length, with open reading frames encoding 154, ... | 2004 | 15113649 |
| melanins and melanosomes from llama (lama glama l.). | analysis of melanins and melanosomes in eight hair and skin samples taken of adult pigmented argentine llamas (lama glama l.) has been carried out. in each sample, eumelanins, pheomelanins and alkali-soluble melanins were identified. the total amount of melanins and the amount of eumelanins both decreased from black to reddish brown colour, while pheomelanins were found to be present in small quantities in each sample. eumelanosomes were round and oval-shaped, displaying transverse striations cl ... | 2004 | 15140078 |
| silver helps assign peptides to tandem mass spectra using intensity-based scoring. | tandem mass spectrometry is commonly used to identify peptides (and thereby proteins) that are present in complex mixtures. peptide identification from tandem mass spectra is partially automated, but still requires human curation to resolve "borderline" peptide-spectrum matches (psms). silver is web-based software that assists manual curation of tandem mass spectra, using a recently developed intensity-based machine-learning approach to scoring psms, elias et al. in this method, a large training ... | 2004 | 15144981 |
| the pharmacokinetics of topical doramectin in llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). | | 2004 | 15189305 |
| foot-and-mouth disease in camelids: a review. | foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in south american camelids, in dromedaries and bactrians is reviewed. recent well-executed experimental studies in new world camels indicate that, although the llama and alpaca can be infected with fmd virus (fmdv) by direct contact, they are not very susceptible and do not pose a risk in transmitting fmd to susceptible animal species. they do not become fmdv carriers. reports on fmd in dromedaries are, however, conflicting. serological investigations in africa and t ... | 2004 | 15301761 |
| a pentavalent single-domain antibody approach to tumor antigen discovery and the development of novel proteomics reagents. | proteomics research has delivered many novel tumor targets. however, due to key limitations, it does not specifically identify targets that are most accessible for drug delivery, such as cell-surface antigens. a novel tumor antigen discovery platform based on screening a single domain antibody (sdab) library against tumor cells and subsequently identifying the corresponding antigens of the isolated antibodies is described. an sdab, afai, specific for non-small cell lung carcinoma (a549 cell line ... | 2004 | 15312770 |
| bactericidal effects of a fusion protein of llama heavy-chain antibodies coupled to glucose oxidase on oral bacteria. | enzymes such as lactoperoxidase and glucose oxidase (gox) are used as antimicrobial agents in oral care products. their low specificities and substantiveness can be reduced by covalent coupling of antimicrobial molecules to antibodies. variable domains (v(hh)) derived from llama heavy-chain antibodies are particularly suited for such an approach. the antibodies are composed solely of heavy-chain dimers; therefore, production of active fusion proteins by using molecular biology-based techniques i ... | 2004 | 15328101 |
| pulmonary neoplasia in two llamas (lama glama). | two llamas with pulmonary tumors were examined. llama no. 1 had multiple nodules throughout the lung that consisted histologically of solid clusters of polygonal to spindle cells with rare glandular differentiation. intravascular emboli were common. similar neoplastic masses were present in the kidney, heart, and liver. immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells were positive for broad-spectrum cytokeratins (cks), high-molecular weight cks, cks 5/6, and vimentin. the diagnosis was pulmonary carcino ... | 2004 | 15347827 |
| first report of neospora caninum infection in adult alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama). | neospora caninum is a cyst-forming coccidian that mainly affects bovines, although neospora infection has also been described in other domestic and wild ruminant species. serum samples from 78 alpacas (vicugna pacos) and 73 llamas (lama glama) at a unique dilution of 1:50 tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) were further analyzed serologically by ifat and western blot in both ruminant species to avoid cross-reactions with closely related coccidian parasites and to confirm the exis ... | 2004 | 15357084 |
| neuromuscular partitioning, architectural design, and myosin fiber types of the m. vastus lateralis of the llama (lama glama). | the llama (lama glama) is one of the few mammals of relatively large body size in which three fast myosin heavy chain isoforms (i.e., iia, iix, iib) are extensively expressed in their locomotory muscles. this study was designed to gain insight into the morphological and functional organization of skeletal musculature in this peculiar animal model. the neuromuscular partitioning, architectural design, and myosin fiber types were systematically studied in the m. vastus lateralis of adult llamas (n ... | 2004 | 15376272 |
| expression and production of llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragments (v(hh)s) by aspergillus awamori. | we report the expression and production of llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragments (v(hh)s) by aspergillus awamori. fragments encoding v(hh)s were cloned in a suitable aspergillus expression vector and transformants secreting v(hh) fragments were analysed for integrated gene copy-numbers, mrna levels and protein production. functional v(hh)s were detected in the culture medium, indicating the feasibility of producing this type of protein in a fungal expression system. secreted v(hh)s were ... | 2005 | 15378291 |
| the epidemiology and economic impact of llama parasites. | camelids are distributed over vast areas of south america, ranging from south ecuador to north chile, with high concentrations in peru and bolivia. guillermo leguio discusses the effects that parasitic infections have on the health and productivity of these animals. | 1991 | 15463422 |
| west nile virus infection in two alpacas. | a male alpaca acutely developed signs of anorexia and fever. within 2 days, neurologic signs (head tremors and asymmetric ataxia) developed. west nile virus (wnv) infection was considered a primary differential diagnosis on the basis of 6 previous cases on nearby alpaca farms on which animals had similar clinical signs. four days after the male alpaca became ill, a female alpaca from the same farm developed similar neurologic signs. in addition to anti-inflammatory and supportive treatments, bot ... | 2004 | 15485054 |
| first isolation of mycobacterium microti (llama-type) from a dog. | we report the first isolation of mycobacterium microti from a dog with lesions of acute peritonitis. the isolate was demonstrated to be m. microti of llama-type by spoligotyping. epidemiological implications of the isolation of this possibly zoonotic agent from a dog are discussed. | 2004 | 15504596 |
| plasma evaluation for ivermectin in llamas (lama glama) after standard subcutaneous dosing. | plasma levels of the parasiticide ivermectin were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography in five llamas (lama glama) after single 200 microg/kg s.c. injections. ivermectin levels were undetectable in plasma samples drawn up to 4 wk after injection, suggesting that the dosage used was insufficient to reach therapeutic concentrations in this species. | 2004 | 15526897 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of llama cytokines related to cell-mediated immunity. | in order to characterize the t helper 1 (th1) cytokines of llama, we have cloned several llama cytokine genes and compared them to those of other mammalian species. the cdnas encoding for interleukin (il)-2, interferon (ifn), il-12p35 and il-12p40 were amplified using specific primers designed from reported sequences of bovine cytokine genes. the cdnas for llama il-2, ifn-, il-12 p35 and il-12p40 were found to be 465, 501, 669 or 993 bp in length, with open reading frames encoding 154, 166, 222 ... | 2004 | 15570698 |
| renal teratoma in a llama. | teratomas are neoplasms of embryonal origin in domestic animals and are generally associated with reproductive organs. we report a case of teratoma involving the right kidney in a young llama that presented clinically with signs of mild colic and constipation. | 2004 | 15600160 |
| neospora species-associated abortion in alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (llama glama). | | 2004 | 15623090 |
| tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in a llama with a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. | a 3-year-old 155-kg (342-lb) castrated male llama was examined because of left hind limb lameness of acute onset. a diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament rupture was made, and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy was recommended. the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy procedure was performed as described for dogs, except that 2 orthopedic plates were used to stabilize the osteotomy because of the size of the llama. the medial collateral ligament was sutured and reinfo ... | 2004 | 15626226 |
| isolation of llama antibody fragments for prevention of dandruff by phage display in shampoo. | as part of research exploring the feasibility of using antibody fragments to inhibit the growth of organisms implicated in dandruff, we isolated antibody fragments that bind to a cell surface protein of malassezia furfur in the presence of shampoo. we found that phage display of llama single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs) can be extended to very harsh conditions, such as the presence of shampoo containing nonionic and anionic surfactants. we selected several vhhs that bind to the cell wall pro ... | 2005 | 15640220 |
| cutaneous melanocytoma in a llama (lama glama). | | 2005 | 15730137 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of llama (lama glama) th2 (il-4, il-10 and il-13) cytokines. | this paper describes the cloning and sequence analysis of the cdnas encoding the t helper (th) 2 cytokines of llama including interleukin-4 (il-4), il-10 and il-13. the cdnas encoding for il-4, il-10 and il-13 were amplified using specific primers designed from reported sequences of bovine cytokine genes. the cdnas for llama il-4, il-10 and il-13 were found to be 402, 537 and 411 bp in length, with open reading frames encoding 133, 178 or 136 amino acids, respectively. homology analyses of nucle ... | 2005 | 15734535 |
| quantification of llama inflammatory cytokine mrnas by real-time rt-pcr. | we have developed a method by which llama cytokine mrnas can be quantified using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). total rna was extracted from lipopolysaccharide (lps)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) of llama, reverse transcribed to cdna, and cytokine profiles for interleukin (il)-1alpha, il-1beta, il-6 and tumor necrosis factor (tnf) alpha were quantified by real-time pcr. the expressions of mrnas of inflammatory cytokines il-1alpha, il-1 ... | 2005 | 15750318 |
| application of monoclonal antibodies in functional and comparative investigations of heavy-chain immunoglobulins in new world camelids. | of the three immunoglobulin g (igg) isotypes described to occur in camelids, igg2 and igg3 are distinct in that they do not incorporate light chains. these heavy-chain antibodies (hcabs) constitute approximately 50% of the igg in llama serum and as much as 75% of the igg in camel serum. we have produced isotype-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) in order to investigate the roles of hcabs in camelid immunity. seventeen stable hybridomas were cloned, and three mabs that were specific for ... | 2005 | 15753251 |
| affinity maturation of a v(h)h by mutational hotspot randomization. | v(h)hs from naive libraries have dissociation constants (k(d)s) in the low micromolar range and thus, for most antibody applications, their intrinsic affinities need to be improved significantly. non-targeted in vitro affinity maturation approaches based on indiscriminate randomization of complementarity-determining region (cdr) residues or random mutagenesis of conventional antibody variable domains have been shown to improve the affinity of recombinant antibodies by 450- to over 6000-fold. a d ... | 2005 | 15777944 |
| induced refolding of a temperature denatured llama heavy-chain antibody fragment by its antigen. | in a previous study we have shown that llama vhh antibody fragments are able to bind their antigen after a heat shock of 90 degrees c, in contrast to the murine monoclonal antibodies. however, the molecular mechanism by which antibody:antigen interaction occurs under these extreme conditions remains unclear. to examine in more detail the structural and thermodynamic aspects of the binding mechanism, an extensive cd, itc, and nmr study was initiated. in this study the interaction between the llam ... | 2005 | 15778955 |
| louping ill in llamas (lama glama) in the hebrides. | | 2005 | 15816198 |
| protein studies in dysferlinopathy patients using llama-derived antibody fragments selected by phage display. | mutations in dysferlin, a member of the fer1-like protein family that plays a role in membrane integrity and repair, can give rise to a spectrum of neuromuscular disorders with phenotypic variability including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2b, myoshi myopathy and distal anterior compartment myopathy. to improve the tools available for understanding the pathogenesis of the dysferlinopathies, we have established a large source of highly specific antibody reagents against dysferlin by selection of ... | 2005 | 15827562 |
| cellular quality control screening to identify amino acid pairs for substituting the disulfide bonds in immunoglobulin fold domains. | we are interested in determining which amino acid pairs can be substituted for the disulfide (s-s) bonds in proteins without disrupting their native structures under physiological conditions. in this study, we focused on the intradomain s-s bonds in ig fold domains and aimed to determine a simple rule for replacement of their s-s bonds. the cysteines of four different ig fold domains were mutated randomly, and the amino acid pairs substituted for the s-s bonds were screened by the method utilizi ... | 2005 | 15870065 |
| ovulation-inducing factor in the seminal plasma of alpacas and llamas. | studies were conducted to document the existence of an ovulation-inducing factor in the seminal plasma of alpacas (experiment 1) and llamas (experiment 2) and to determine if the effect is mediated via the pituitary (experiment 3). in experiment 1, female alpacas (n = 14 per group) were given alpaca seminal plasma or saline intramuscularly or by intrauterine infusion. only alpacas that were given seminal plasma i.m. ovulated (13/ 14, 93%; p < 0.01). in experiment 2, ovulation was detected in 9/1 ... | 2005 | 15888733 |
| llama single domain antibodies as a tool for molecular mimicry. | in camelids, a subset of the immunoglobulins consists of heavy-chain homodimers devoid of light chains, and are thus called heavy-chain iggs (hciggs). their variable region (vhh) is the smallest antigen-binding fragment possible, and being just one polypeptide chain it is especially suitable for engineering. in particular, camelid single domain antibodies might be very useful for molecular mimicry and anti-idiotypic vaccination. in the present work, we show that llamas immunized with an anti-dna ... | 2005 | 15890359 |
| detection of specific antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected alpacas (lama pacos), llamas (lama glama) and vicunas (lama vicugna) from peru and germany. | sera of an experimentally neospora caninum infected llama and a non-infected control llama were used to establish an immunoblot, an elisa and an ifat to detect antibodies against n. caninum tachyzoites. subsequently, serum samples collected from a total of 871 south american camelids (sac: lama glama, lama pacos, lama vicugna) of two farms in peru and from 32 sac of a farm in central germany were examined for antibodies against n. caninum and toxoplasma gondii. based on the recognition of specif ... | 2005 | 15893073 |
| toxoplasma gondii infection in adult llamas (lama glama) and vicunas (vicugnavicugna) in the peruvian andean region. | the present study was designed to investigate toxoplasma gondii infection in adult llamas (lama glama) and vicunas (vicugna vicugna) in the peruvian andean region, for which to date no information has been available. serum samples from 43 llamas (l. glama) and 200 vicunas were tested by ifat detecting titres of 1:50 or higher in 55.8% (33.9-70.9%) and 5.5% (2.8-9.6%), respectively. ifat titres ranged from 1:50 to 1:6400. in order to avoid cross reactions with closely related coccidian parasites ... | 2005 | 15893075 |
| vasodilator tone in the llama fetus: the role of nitric oxide during normoxemia and hypoxemia. | the fetal llama responds to hypoxemia, with a marked peripheral vasoconstriction but, unlike the sheep, with little or no increase in cerebral blood flow. we tested the hypothesis that the role of nitric oxide (no) may be increased during hypoxemia in this species, to counterbalance a strong vasoconstrictor effect. ten fetal llamas were operated under general anesthesia. mean arterial pressure (map), heart rate, cardiac output, total vascular resistance, blood flows, and vascular resistances in ... | 2005 | 15905225 |
| in vitro and in vivo maturation of llama oocytes. | cumulus-oocyte complexes (coc) were collected from abbatoir-derived llama ovaries and cultured in vitro for 28, 30, or 36 h at 39 degrees c in 5% co2 to determine the time required for maturation. the majority of coc (n=298, 87%) were classified as categories 1 and 2 (coc with > or =5 layers or 2-4 compact layers of cumulus cells, respectively) and homogeneous ooplasm, and the proportion that underwent nuclear maturation (mii) was 78, 81 and 80%, after 28, 30 and 36 h, respectively (p=0.65). to ... | 2005 | 15910925 |
| assessment of serum concentrations and sedative effects of fentanyl after transdermal administration at three dosages in healthy llamas. | to determine the serum concentrations and sedative effects of fentanyl after transdermal administration at 3 dosages in llamas. | 2005 | 15934620 |
| llama antibodies against a lactococcal protein located at the tip of the phage tail prevent phage infection. | bacteriophage p2 belongs to the most prevalent lactococcal phage group (936) responsible for considerable losses in industrial production of cheese. immunization of a llama with bacteriophage p2 led to higher titers of neutralizing heavy-chain antibodies (i.e., devoid of light chains) than of the classical type of immunoglobulins. a panel of p2-specific single-domain antibody fragments was obtained using phage display technology, from which a group of potent neutralizing antibodies were identifi ... | 2005 | 15968064 |
| specific production rate of vhh antibody fragments by saccharomyces cerevisiae is correlated with growth rate, independent of nutrient limitation. | saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying a multicopy integrated expression vector containing the gene encoding a llama antibody fragment, has been cultivated in continuous cultures both under carbon and nitrogen limiting conditions with galactose as the sole carbon source. vhh-r2 expression was under control of the inducible gal7 promoter. induction however, was independent of the galactose consumption rate and maximal at all growth rates. vhh-r2 was secreted with 70% efficiency at all growth rates and ... | 2005 | 15979755 |
| prolonged in vivo residence times of llama single-domain antibody fragments in pigs by binding to porcine immunoglobulins. | the therapeutic parenteral application of llama single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs) is hampered by their small size, resulting in a fast elimination from the body. here we describe a method to increase the serum half-life of vhhs in pigs by fusion to another vhh binding to porcine immunoglobulin g (pigg). we isolated 19 pigg-binding vhhs from an immunized llama using phage display. six vhhs were genetically fused to model vhh k 609 that binds to escherichia coli f4 fimbriae. all six yeast-pr ... | 2005 | 15992972 |
| evaluation of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in ilama crias. | to investigate glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in llama crias. | 2005 | 16008225 |
| retinoblastoma in the eye of a llama (llama glama). | a 6-year-old, pregnant female llama experienced a 6-month history of epiphora, buphthalmos, and acute loss of vision in the left eye. the condition was unresponsive to topical antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapy and progressed to corneal rupture. | 2005 | 16008711 |
| a novel nanobody that detects the gain-of-function phenotype of von willebrand factor in adamts13 deficiency and von willebrand disease type 2b. | von willebrand factor (vwf) is unable to interact spontaneously with platelets because this interaction requires a conversion of the vwf a1 domain into a glycoprotein ibalpha (gpibalpha) binding conformation. here, we discuss a llama-derived antibody fragment (au/vwfa-11) that specifically recognizes the gpibalpha-binding conformation. au/vwfa-11 is unable to bind vwf in solution, but efficiently interacts with ristocetin- or botrocetin-activated vwf, vwf comprising type 2b mutation r1306q, or i ... | 2005 | 16014562 |
| [ethnographic study of neurological and mental diseases among the uru-chipaya peoples of the andean altiplano]. | the uru-chipaya people are an ethnic group of about 2,500 people, descendants of primitive andean cultures. their isolation (they live at an altitude of 4,000 metres in southern bolivia), their non-written language (chipaya-puquina) and their traditional way of life, clothing and customs, which are similar to those used for thousands of years, make this an unusual culture. the aim of our work was to carry out an ethnographic study of the neurological diseases experienced by these people, the way ... | 2005 | 16028191 |
| pestivirus infection in a llama (llama glama). | | 1992 | 16031677 |
| treatment of long bone fractures in south american camelids: 5 cases. | an adult llama and four alpacas were referred with long bone fractures. the llama presented with a closed, comminuted fracture of the right metatarsal bones. two of the alpacas presented with comminuted fractures of the proximal radius. one fracture was closed and one was open. one alpaca had a closed, comminuted fracture of the distal radius, and the final alpaca had a closed, oblique fracture of the metatarsus. a diagnosis was made in each animal on the basis of clinical examination and radiog ... | 2005 | 16035181 |
| fetal brain hypometabolism during prolonged hypoxaemia in the llama. | in this study we looked for additional evidence to support the hypothesis that fetal llama reacts to hypoxaemia with adaptive brain hypometabolism. we determined fetal llama brain temperature, na(+) and k(+) channel density and na(+)-k(+)-atpase activity. additionally, we looked to see whether there were signs of cell death in the brain cortex of llama fetuses submitted to prolonged hypoxaemia. ten fetal llamas were instrumented under general anaesthesia to measure ph, arterial blood gases, mean ... | 2005 | 16037083 |
| [mass appearance of actinomycosis in a llama herd in switzerland]. | this work describes the symptoms of actinomycosis (actinomyces bovis) in several llamas in a herd raised in switzerland as well as their therapy. in 5 llamas a hematological and chemical blood examination was made where low calcium, partially low iron and copper levels were found. various reasons are discussed which influence the bone metabolism and lead to a higher susceptibility of bone infection. | 2005 | 16128440 |