| assessment of ultrasound imaging as a noninvasive measure of blubber thickness in pinnipeds. | portable ultrasound imaging was examined as a noninvasive measure of skin including blubber thickness in captive subadult steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) and adult harbor seals (phoca vitulina). this method was validated through comparison with blubber biopsy. ultrasound images provided depth measurements that were accurate to 99.8% of the actual. this method allowed clear images of the epidermis, dermis, and blubber layer to be rapidly obtained, with minimal animal restraint, and allowed ... | 2004 | 15193087 |
| plasma angiotensin ii, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide in free ranging and captive seals and sea lions. | we used radioimmunoassay methods to quantify arginine vasopressin (avp), atrial natriuretic peptide (anp), and angiotensin ii (ang ii) in plasma samples from harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsii), weddell seals (leptonychotes weddellii), northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), ringed seals (phoca hispida), california sea lions (zalophus californianus), and steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). plasma concentrations of avp, anp, and ang ii in these pinniped species were within the ... | 1998 | 9568367 |
| plasma haptoglobin levels in threatened alaskan pinniped populations. | we evaluated the plasma concentration of the acute phase protein haptoglobin (hp) from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) and harbor seals (phoca vitulina) in regions of alaska (usa) where the populations of these pinnipeds were declining and compared the values with concentrations of hp from the same species in areas where the populations were stable. samples were collected from 1992 through 1994 at sites in southeast alaska, prince william sound, the gulf of alaska, and the aleutian island ... | 1997 | 9027692 |
| brominated flame retardants in north-east atlantic marine ecosystems. | concentrations of brominated flame retardants (bfrs) are reported to increase in marine ecosystems. | 2007 | 18174948 |
| factors influencing activities of biotransformation enzymes, concentrations and compositional patterns of organochlorine contaminants in members of a marine food web. | the accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs; 34 congeners), sigmaddt (p,p'-ddt, o,p'-ddt, p,p'-ddd, o,p'-ddd and p,p'-dde), chlordanes (sigmachl; trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor and oxychlordane), hexachlorocyclohexanes (sigmahch; alpha-, beta- and gamma-isomers), hexachlorobenzene (hcb) and mirex was investigated in members of a marine food web from the hvaler and torbjørnskaer archipelago, south-eastern norway. the species studied were bullrout (myoxoceph ... | 2002 | 12297372 |
| perfluoroalkyl compounds (pfcs) in wildlife from an urban estuary. | previous research has documented the bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl compounds (pfcs) in apex predators in remote locations but few studies have evaluated urban estuaries. to assess the importance of pfcs in san francisco bay, two apex predators in the san francisco bay, double-crested cormorants (phalacrocorax auritus) and pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardii), were sampled. prey fish (atherinops affinis and menidia audens) were also evaluated to better understand potential sources ... | 2012 | 22134832 |
| electrostatic stabilization in sperm whale and harbor seal myoglobins. identification of groups primarily responsible for changes in anchoring of the a helix. | the compact, largely helical structure of sperm whale and harbor seal myoglobins undergoes an abrupt one-step transition between ph 4.5 and 3.5 as monitored by changes in either the heme soret band absorbance or circular dichroism probes of secondary structure, for which a modified tanford-kirkwood theory provides identification of certain dominant electrostatic interactions responsible for the loss of stability. a similar treatment permits identification of the electrostatic interactions primar ... | 1980 | 7248465 |
| use of cellulose filter paper to quantify whole-blood mercury in two marine mammals: validation study. | whole blood (wb) is commonly used to assess mercury (hg) exposure in mammals, but handling and shipping samples collected in remote areas can be difficult. we describe and validate use of cellulose filter paper (fp) for quantifying wb total hg concentration. advantec nobuto® fp was soaked with bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus) or harbor seal (phoca vitulina) wb (collected between march and july 2012), then air dried. untreated blood-soaked fps were analyzed or were eluted with phosphate-bu ... | 2014 | 24484499 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies against seal influenza a(h10n7) virus in harbor seals and gray seals from the netherlands. | in the spring and summer 2014, an outbreak of seal influenza a(h10n7) virus infection occurred among harbor seals (phoca vitulina) off the coasts of sweden and denmark. this virus subsequently spread to harbor seals off the coasts of germany and the netherlands. while thousands of seals were reported dead in sweden, denmark and germany, only a limited number of seals were found dead in the netherlands. to determine the extent of exposure of seals in the netherlands to influenza a/h10n7 virus, we ... | 2015 | 26658347 |
| natural selection on marine carnivores elaborated a diverse family of classical mhc class i genes exhibiting haplotypic gene content variation and allelic polymorphism. | pinnipeds, marine carnivores, diverged from terrestrial carnivores ~45 million years ago, before their adaptation to marine environments. this lifestyle change exposed pinnipeds to different microbiota and pathogens, with probable impact on their mhc class i genes. investigating this question, genomic sequences were determined for 71 mhc class i variants: 27 from harbor seal and 44 from gray seal. these variants form three mhc class i gene lineages, one comprising a pseudogene. the second, a can ... | 2012 | 23001684 |
| udp-glucuronosyltransferase (ugt) 2b subfamily interspecies differences in carnivores. | udp-glucuronosyltransferases (ugts) are among the most important xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that conjugate a wide range of chemicals. previous studies showed that felidae and pinnipedia species have very low ugt activities toward some phenolic compounds because of the ugt1a6 pseudogene and small numbers of ugt1a isozymes. in addition to the ugt1as, ugt2bs isozymes also conjugate various endogenous (e.g., estrogens, androgens, and bile acids) and exogenous compounds (opioids, nsaids, and env ... | 2017 | 28453659 |
| chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in milk of high arctic harbour seal (phoca vitulina vitulina). | carbohydrates were extracted from high arctic harbour seal milk, phoca vitulina vitulina (family phocidae). free neutral oligosaccharides were separated by gel filtration and preparative thin layer chromatography, while free sialyl oligosaccharides were separated by gel filtration and then purified by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and high performance liquid chromatography. oligosaccharide structures were determined by 1h-nmr spectroscopy. the structures of the neutral oligosacchar ... | 2003 | 12890545 |
| organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and butyltin compounds in blubber and livers of stranded california sea lions, elephant seals, and harbor seals from coastal california, usa. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts (p,p'-dde, p,p'-ddd, p,p'-ddt), chlordanes (chls; cis-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, and oxychlordane), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (hchs), hexachlorobenzene (hcb), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh), and mono- (mbt), di-(dbt), and tri-butyltin (tbt) were determined in blubber and livers of 15 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 6 northern elephant seals (mirounga augustirost ... | 2001 | 11385594 |
| seals and sea lions are what they eat, plus what? determination of trophic discrimination factors for seven pinniped species. | mixing models are a common method for quantifying the contribution of prey sources to the diet of an individual using stable isotope analysis; however, these models rely upon a known trophic discrimination factor (hereafter, tdf) that results from fractionation between prey and animal tissues. quantifying tdfs in captive animals is ideal, because diet is controlled and the proportional contributions and isotopic values of all prey items are known. | 2016 | 27060839 |
| development of an animal-borne blood sample collection device and its deployment for the determination of cardiovascular and stress hormones in phocid seals. | an animal-borne blood sampler with data-logging functions was developed for phocid seals, which collected two blood samples for the comparison of endocrinological/biochemical parameters under two different conditions. the sampler can be triggered by preset hydrostatic pressure, acceleration (descending or ascending), temperature, and time, and also manually by light. the sampling was reliable with 39/50 (78%) successful attempts to collect blood samples. contamination of fluids in the tubing to ... | 2016 | 27581813 |
| surgical treatment of osteoarthritis in harbor seals (phoca vitulina). | in 2012, 543 harbor seals (phoca vitulina) and 124 grey seals (halichoerus grypus) were admitted to the seal rehabilitation and research centre in pieterburen, the netherlands. in 19 seals (3%), signs of infection in a hind flipper were observed. initial treatment consisting of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs resolved the symptoms in 15 animals. in four harbor seals, estimated to be 3 to 4 mo old, a necrotizing infection developed that resulted in osteoarthritis of the tarsus or tibiotar ... | 2015 | 26352960 |
| trends in stranding and by-catch rates of gray and harbor seals along the northeastern coast of the united states: evidence of divergence in the abundance of two sympatric phocid species? | harbor seals and gray seals are sympatric phocid pinnipeds found in coastal waters of the temperate and sub-arctic north atlantic. in the northwest atlantic, both species were depleted through a combination of subsistence hunts and government supported bounties, and are now re-occupying substantial portions of their original ranges. while both species appear to have recovered during the past 2 decades, our understanding of their population dynamics in us waters is incomplete. here we describe tr ... | 2015 | 26200461 |
| identification of dna sequences that imply a novel gammaherpesvirus in seals. | various herpesviruses have been discovered in marine mammals and are associated with a wide spectrum of disease. in the present study we describe the detection and phylogenetic analysis of a novel gammaherpesvirus, tentatively called phocine herpesvirus 7 (phhv-7), which was detected in samples collected during an outbreak of ulcerative gingivitis and glossitis from juvenile harbour seals (phoca vitulina) at the seal rehabilitation and research centre, the netherlands. the presence of this novel ... | 2015 | 25524165 |
| validation of a commercial canine assay kit to measure pinniped cytokines. | the present study was conducted to assess and validate the cross-reactivity of commercially available multiplex human and canine cytokine kits coupled with the bio-plex 200 platform to measure cytokines in three pinniped species, harbor seals (phoca vitulina), gray seals (halichoerus grypus), and harp seals (pagophilus groenlandicus). cytokines are important small proteins that help direct a proper immune response to pathogens. the human cytokine kit allowed the detection of cytokines in the sup ... | 2014 | 24845148 |
| validation of an enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) for plasma oxytocin in a novel mammal species reveals potential errors induced by sampling procedure. | the neuropeptide oxytocin is increasingly the focus of many studies investigating human and animal social behaviours and diseases. however, interpretation and comparison of results is made difficult by a lack of consistent methodological approaches towards analysing this hormone. | 2014 | 24485867 |
| likely effects of construction of scroby sands offshore wind farm on a mixed population of harbour phoca vitulina and grey halichoerus grypus seals. | scroby sands offshore wind farm was built close to a haul-out and breeding site for harbour seal, a species of conservation concern. an aerial survey programme conducted during a five-year period spanning wind farm construction, revealed a significant post-construction decline in haul-out counts. multivariate model selection suggested that the decline was not related to the environmental factors considered, nor did it mirror wider population trends. although cause and effect could not be unequiv ... | 2012 | 22333892 |
| identification, characterisation, and measurement of immunoglobulin concentrations in grey (haliocherus grypus) and common (phoca vitulina) seals. | concentrations of macroglobulin, total gammaglobulin, and a gammaglobulin subclass were measured in grey and common seals. in pups, immunoglobulin m (igm) was found to rise rapidly, concentrations reaching adult values by approximately 14 days postpartum. total igg concentrations increased more slowly, only approaching 50% of juvenile and adult male values by 30 days after birth. concentrations of the igg subclass did not change significantly postpartum. total igg concentrations measured in adul ... | 2006 | 7535255 |
| developmental changes in cardiorespiratory patterns associated with terrestrial apnoeas in harbour seal pups. | during the nursing period seals undergo several physiological and behavioural changes. a key component of development is increased cardiorespiratory control, fundamental for breath-holding and thus diving. this study focused on the ontogenetic changes in cardiac responses to respiration in quietly resting, pre-weaned harbour seal pups (phoca vitulina). during periods of quiet rest, breathing became episodic, eupnoea interspersed with periods of apnoea. little change was observed in respiration ( ... | 2004 | 15472020 |
| pressure-volume characteristics of aortas of harbor and weddell seals. | the mechanical properties of the radially enlarged proximal segment of the aorta of diving marine mammals was studied on 15 excised aortas of harbor seals and five aortas of weddell seals. this was done by recording static pressure-volume relationships for the whole thoracic aorta, the aortic bulb, and the descending thoracic aorta and passive length-tension measurements of aortic strips. aortic bulb volume distensibility was found to be much greater than that of the descending thoracic aorta or ... | 1986 | 3728706 |
| characterization of trpc2, an essential genetic component of vns chemoreception, provides insights into the evolution of pheromonal olfaction in secondary-adapted marine mammals. | pheromones are chemical cues released and sensed by individuals of the same species, which are of major importance in regulating reproductive and social behaviors of mammals. generally, they are detected by the vomeronasal system (vns). here, we first investigated and compared an essential genetic component of vomeronasal chemoreception, that is, trpc2 gene, of four marine mammals varying the degree of aquatic specialization and related terrestrial species in order to provide insights into the e ... | 2010 | 20142439 |
| wisepair: a computer program for individual matching in genetic tracking studies. | individual-based data sets tracking organisms over space and time are fundamental to answering broad questions in ecology and evolution. a 'permanent' genetic tag circumvents a need to invasively mark or tag animals, especially if there are little phenotypic differences among individuals. however, genetic tracking of individuals does not come without its limits; correctly matching genotypes and error rates associated with laboratory work can make it difficult to parse out matched individuals. in ... | 2017 | 27488501 |
| female distribution, genetic relatedness, and fostering behaviour in harbour seals, phoca vitulina. | although harbour seals may not recognize their relatives, relatives could be chosen preferentially for fostering (i.e. kin selection) if harbour seals display natal philopatry coupled with breeding site fidelity, and thus kin are clustered within the colony. we used behavioural and genetic data to investigate population structure within the sable island breeding colony and to test whether harbour seals tend to foster related pups. adult females on sable island showed a high level of breeding-col ... | 1999 | 10049483 |
| the energetics of male reproduction in an aquatically mating pinniped, the harbour seal. | the energy expenditure of breeding male harbour seals, phoca vitulina, on sable island, nova scotia, was investigated by measuring changes in body mass, body composition, and water flux using isotope dilution. seals lost 0.47% +/- 0.04% (n = 34) of their initial mass per day during the breeding season (4 wk), and fat, water, and protein accounted for 64.3% +/- 4.8%, 27.8% +/- 3.3%, and 6.9% +/- 1.4% of this mass loss, respectively (n = 31). total energy expenditure was estimated as 33.3 +/- 1.9 ... | 2006 | 9678499 |
| male mating success in an aquatically mating pinniped, the harbour seal (phoca vitulina), assessed by microsatellite dna markers. | similar to many other pinniped species, harbour seals (phoca vitulina) mate exclusively at sea. here we present the first attempt to measure male mating success in an aquatically mating pinniped. male mating success was estimated by paternity analysis in two cohorts of pups born at sable island, nova scotia, canada, using microsatellite dna markers. the genotypes of 275 pups born in 1994 and 1995 were compared to those of 90 candidate males at six microsatellite loci using a likelihood approach ... | 1998 | 9633104 |
| immune function in free-ranging harbor seal (phoca vitulina) mothers and their pups during lactation. | immune function in harbor seal mothers and their pups during lactation was studied on sable island, nova scotia, canada, during the springs of 1989 and 1990. methods included total white blood cell and differential counts, a protein a enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for total immunoglobulin g (igg) quantification, and functionality testing of lymphocytes in vitro using the t-cell mitogen concanavalin a (cona). lymphocyte functionality and total igg levels were reduced in the mothers at ... | 1993 | 8445787 |
| mixed function oxidase activity in the harbour seal (phoca vitulina) from sable is., n.s. | one adult male, eight pups (including two full term foetuses) and nine adult female harbour seals (phoca vitulina) were analysed for indices of mixed function oxidase (mfo) activity. mfo activity was present in liver samples, but was at or below detection limits in samples of kidney, lung and pancreas. hepatic ethoxyresorufin o-de-ethylase and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activities were similar to those reported in other seals and in other mammals. cytochromes p-450 and b5 concentrations were sli ... | 1986 | 2877778 |
| evaluation of viruses and their association with ocular lesions in pinnipeds in rehabilitation. | to assess whether corneal lesions in stranded pinnipeds were associated with viral infections, and to identify the potential pathogen(s) associated with the lesions. | 2015 | 25400019 |
| are vibrissae viable sensory structures for prey capture in northern elephant seals, mirounga angustirostris? | little is known about the tactics northern elephant seals (nes) use to capture prey due to the difficulties in observing these animals underwater. nes forage on vertically migrating prey at depths >500 m during day and at night where light levels are negligible. although nes have increased visual sensitivity in deep water, vision is likely a limited sensory modality. still images of nes foraging show that the mystacial vibrissae are protracted before prey capture. as a representative phocid, har ... | 2015 | 25331439 |
| effect of angle on flow-induced vibrations of pinniped vibrissae. | two types of vibrissal surface structures, undulated and smooth, exist among pinnipeds. most phocidae have vibrissae with undulated surfaces, while otariidae, odobenidae, and a few phocid species possess vibrissae with smooth surfaces. variations in cross-sectional profile and orientation of the vibrissae also exist between pinniped species. these factors may influence the way that the vibrissae behave when exposed to water flow. this study investigated the effect that vibrissal surface structur ... | 2013 | 23922834 |
| comparative assessment of amphibious hearing in pinnipeds. | auditory sensitivity in pinnipeds is influenced by the need to balance efficient sound detection in two vastly different physical environments. previous comparisons between aerial and underwater hearing capabilities have considered media-dependent differences relative to auditory anatomy, acoustic communication, ecology, and amphibious life history. new data for several species, including recently published audiograms and previously unreported measurements obtained in quiet conditions, necessita ... | 2013 | 23563644 |
| skin histology and its role in heat dissipation in three pinniped species. | pinnipeds have a thick blubber layer and may have difficulty maintaining their body temperature during hot weather when on land. the skin is the main thermoregulatory conduit which emits excessive body heat. | 2012 | 22889205 |
| polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern california coast. | little to no information exists for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in marine mammals frequenting the highly urbanized southern california (usa) coast. fourteen pbde congeners were determined by gc-ecni-ms in blubber of pinnipeds stranded locally between 1994 and 2006. total pbde concentrations (sigmapbde) in california sea lion (n = 63) ranged from 0.04 to 33.7 microg/g wet weight (mean: 5.24 microg/g). to our knowledge, these are the highest reported pbde levels in marine mammals to dat ... | 2009 | 19487060 |
| contaminants still high in top-level carnivores in the southern california bight: levels of ddt and pcbs in resident and transient pinnipeds. | highly industrialized areas, such as the southern california bight, often have high levels of contaminants in marine sediments, which can cause chronic exposure to organisms long after their use has ceased. tddt and tpcb were analyzed in the blubber of 145 stranded pinnipeds that died at local marine mammal centers between 1994 and 2006. resident species (california sea lion and pacific harbor seal) had significantly higher concentrations of tddt and tpcb than the transient species (northern ele ... | 2008 | 18835609 |
| distribution of tissue enzymes in three species of pinnipeds. | in domestic animal medicine, changes in serum enzyme levels are routinely used as diagnostic tools to detect liver disease. hepatic disease occurs in pinnipeds, but limited data are available on the tissue distribution of serum enzymes in marine mammals. the objectives of this study were to determine the tissue distribution of seven serum enzymes in three pinniped species. enzymes evaluated were alanine aminotransferase (alt), aspartate aminotransferase (ast), sorbitol dehydrogenase (sdh), lacta ... | 2008 | 18432090 |
| assessing performance of bayesian state-space models fit to argos satellite telemetry locations processed with kalman filtering. | argos recently implemented a new algorithm to calculate locations of satellite-tracked animals that uses a kalman filter (kf). the kf algorithm is reported to increase the number and accuracy of estimated positions over the traditional least squares (ls) algorithm, with potential advantages to the application of state-space methods to model animal movement data. we tested the performance of two bayesian state-space models (ssms) fitted to satellite tracking data processed with kf algorithm. trac ... | 2014 | 24651252 |
| a comparison of blood nitric oxide metabolites and hemoglobin functional properties among diving mammals. | the ability of marine mammals to hunt prey at depth is known to rely on enhanced oxygen stores and on selective distribution of blood flow, but the molecular mechanisms regulating blood flow and oxygen transport remain unresolved. to investigate the molecular mechanisms that may be important in regulating blood flow, we measured concentration of nitrite and s-nitrosothiols (sno), two metabolites of the vasodilator nitric oxide (no), in the blood of 5 species of marine mammals differing in their ... | 2017 | 27993597 |
| organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in california sea lions. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts, chlordanes, hchs, hexachlorobenzene (hcb), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh) were measured in the blubber of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) collected in 2000. ddts were the most predominant contaminants, followed by pcbs, chlordanes, tcpme, hchs, tcpmoh, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide. concentrations of pcbs and ddts varied from a few microg/g to s ... | 2004 | 15261406 |
| mycotic dermatitis in an atlantic white-sided dolphin, a pygmy sperm whale, and two harbor seals. | an atlantic white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus acutus), a pygmy sperm whale (kogia breviceps), 2 harbor seals (phoca vitulina) developed raised, firm, erythematous, cutaneous nodules that were most prominent on their heads, trunks, and on the caudal portions of their bodies. prior to the onset of the condition, all 4 animals may have been stressed by factors such as being stranded on a beach, being transported long distances, or being relocated locally. microbial culturing of the lesions on mul ... | 1996 | 8617632 |
| pfas profiles in three north sea top predators: metabolic differences among species? | profiles of seven compounds of perfluoro-alkyl substances (pfass) were compared among three species of top predators from the danish north sea: the white-beaked dolphin (lagenorhynchus albirostris), the harbor porpoise (phocoena phocoena), and the harbor seal (phoca vitulina). the seals had higher total burdens (757.8 ng g(-1) ww) than the dolphins (439.9 ng g(-1) ww) and the porpoises (355.8 ng g(-1) ww), probably a reflection of feeding closer to the shore and thus contamination sources. the m ... | 2013 | 23532533 |
| heptachlor epoxide in marine mammals. | the presence of heptachlor epoxide in harbour seals (phoca vitulina) and white-beaked dolphins (lagenorhynchus albirostris) has been confirmed by chemical derivatization and mass spectrometric analyses. an unknown compound at a retention time close to half of heptachlor epoxide interfered in the determination by electron capture detector-gas chromatography. on a wcot cp-sil 7 column programmed from 85 to 175 degree c two poorly separated peaks could be detected. heptachlor epoxide contents up to ... | 1981 | 6791283 |
| comparison of carboxymethylation patterns of harbor seal and sperm whale myoglobins. | | 1973 | 4702882 |
| haul-out behavior of harbor seals (phoca vitulina) in hood canal, washington. | the goal of this study was to model haul-out behavior of harbor seals (phoca vitulina) in the hood canal region of washington state with respect to changes in physiological, environmental, and temporal covariates. previous research has provided a solid understanding of seal haul-out behavior. here, we expand on that work using a generalized linear mixed model (glmm) with temporal autocorrelation and a large dataset. our dataset included behavioral haul-out records from archival and vhf radio tag ... | 2012 | 22723851 |
| comparison of myoglobins from harbor seal, porpoise, and sperm whale. vii. mechanism and catalysis for addition of cyanide to myoglobins. | | 1971 | 5102925 |
| comparison of myoglobins from harbor seal, porpoise. and sperm whale. vi. renaturation of copper(ii)-denatured ferrimyoglobins. | | 1971 | 5542015 |
| comparison of myoglobins from harbor seal, porpoise, and sperm whale. v. the complete amino acid sequences of harbon seal and porpoise myoglobins. | | 1969 | 5782005 |
| comparison of myoglobins from harbor seal, porpoise, and sperm whale. iv. isolation and characterization of the tryptic peptides of porpoise myoglobin. | | 1969 | 5782004 |
| comparison of myoglobins from harbor seal, porpoise, and sperm whale. 3. isolation and characterization of the tryptic peptides of harbor seal myoglobin. | | 1969 | 5782003 |
| non-polar halogenated natural products bioaccumulated in marine samples. i. 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (q1). | this presentation adds new spectroscopic and analytical data on the natural product q1 that was recently identified by synthesis as 2,3,3('),4,4('),5,5(')-heptachloro-1(')-methyl-1,2(')-bipyrrole. solid state magic angle spinning 13c nmr data of q1 is presented as an option for structural proof. furthermore, the uv spectrum of neat q1 (absorption maximum at 223 nm) was recorded and, with nmr spectroscopic data, confirmed a twisted bipyrrole ring system. a quantitative standard of q1 was prepared ... | 2003 | 12738264 |
| comparison of myoglobins from harbor seal, porpoise, and sperm whale. i. preparation and characterization. | | 1968 | 5638583 |
| unfolding simulations of holomyoglobin from four mammals: identification of intermediates and β-sheet formation from partially unfolded states. | myoglobin (mb) is a centrally important, widely studied mammalian protein. while much work has investigated multi-step unfolding of apomb using acid or denaturant, holomyoglobin unfolding is poorly understood despite its biological relevance. we present here the first systematic unfolding simulations of holomb and the first comparative study of unfolding of protein orthologs from different species (sperm whale, pig, horse, and harbor seal). we also provide new interpretations of experimental mea ... | 2013 | 24386077 |
| selective habituation shapes acoustic predator recognition in harbour seals. | predation is a major force in shaping the behaviour of animals, so that precise identification of predators will confer substantial selective advantages on animals that serve as food to others. because experience with a predator can be lethal, early researchers studying birds suggested that predator recognition does not require learning. however, a predator image that can be modified by learning and experience will be advantageous in situations where cues associated with the predator are highly ... | 2002 | 12432391 |
| marine debris in harbour porpoises and seals from german waters. | records of marine debris in and attached to stranded harbour porpoises (phocoena phocoena), harbour seals (phoca vitulina) and grey seals (halichoerus grypus) were studied comprising information on 6587 carcasses collected along the german coast between 1990 and 2014, the decomposition state allowed for necropsy in 1622 cases. marine debris items were recorded in 31 carcasses including 14 entanglements (5 harbour porpoises, 6 harbour seals, 3 grey seals) and 17 cases of ingestion (4 harbour porp ... | 2017 | 28735731 |
| nuclear reprocessing-related radiocarbon ((14)c) uptake into uk marine mammals. | to evaluate the transfer of sellafield-derived radiocarbon ((14)c) to top predators in the uk marine environment, (14)c activities were examined in stranded marine mammals. all samples of harbour porpoise (phocoena phocoena) obtained from the irish sea showed (14)c enrichment above background. mammal samples obtained from the west of scotland, including harbour porpoise, grey seals (halichoerus grypus) and harbour seals (phoca vitulina) showed (14)c enrichment but to a lesser extent. this study ... | 2017 | 28693808 |
| comparative temporary threshold shifts in a harbor porpoise and harbor seal, and severe shift in a seal. | anthropogenic noise may cause temporary hearing threshold shifts (ttss) in marine mammals. tests with identical methods show that harbor porpoises are more susceptible to tts induced by octave-band white noise (obn) centered around 4 khz than harbor seals, although their unmasked (basic) hearing thresholds for that frequency are similar. a harbor seal was exposed for 1 h to an obn with a very high sound pressure level (spl), 22-30 db above levels causing tts onset. this elicited 44 db tts; heari ... | 2013 | 23862780 |
| underwater noise from three types of offshore wind turbines: estimation of impact zones for harbor porpoises and harbor seals. | underwater noise was recorded from three different types of wind turbines in denmark and sweden (middelgrunden, vindeby, and bockstigen-valar) during normal operation. wind turbine noise was only measurable above ambient noise at frequencies below 500 hz. total sound pressure level was in the range 109-127 db re 1 micropa rms, measured at distances between 14 and 20 m from the foundations. the 1/3-octave noise levels were compared with audiograms of harbor seals and harbor porpoises. maximum 1/3 ... | 2009 | 19507958 |
| inter-species differences for polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine top predators from the southern north sea: part 1. accumulation patterns in harbour seals and harbour porpoises. | harbour porpoises (phocoena phocoena) and harbour seals (phoca vitulina) are two representative top predator species of the north sea ecosystem. the median values of sum of 21 polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) congeners and sum of 10 polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde) congeners were 23.1 microg/g lipid weight (lw) and 0.33 microg/g lw in blubber of harbour seals (n=28) and 12.4 microg/g lw and 0.76 microg/g lw in blubber of harbour porpoises (n=35), respectively. for both species, the highest pcb ... | 2009 | 18954926 |
| inter-species differences for polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine top predators from the southern north sea: part 2. biomagnification in harbour seals and harbour porpoises. | harbour porpoises (phocoena phocoena) and harbour seals (phoca vitulina) were found to differ in the ability to metabolize polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes). biomagnification factors (bmfs), calculated between both predators and their prey (sole--solea solea and whiting--merlangius merlangus), had a large range of variation (between 0.5 and 91 for pcbs and between 0.6 and 53 for pbdes). for the higher chlorinated pcbs and the highest brominated pbdes, th ... | 2009 | 18951669 |
| comparison of myoglobins from harbor seal, porpoise, and sperm whale. ii. reactivity toward hydrogen ion and cupric ion. | | 1968 | 5638584 |
| restoration of parafilaroides (dougherty, 1946) (nematoda: metastrongyloidea) with description of two new species from pinnipeds of eastern central pacific. | the lungs of a northern elephant seal, mirounga angustirostris (gill, 1866), and pacific harbor seal, phoca vitulina richardii (gray, 1864), from the eastern central pacific, central california coast, were examined for parasites. this represents the first thorough description and identification of parafilaroides species from northern elephant seals and pacific harbor seals on the west coast of north america. from this study, 2 new species of filaroides (parafilaroides) are described, illustrated ... | 2006 | 16884003 |
| localization of aerial pure tones by pinnipeds. | in this study, minimum audible angles (maas) of aerial pure tones were measured in and compared between a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). testing was conducted between 0.8 and 16 khz in the elephant seal and 0.8 and 20 khz in the harbor seal and sea lion in a hemi-anechoic chamber using a left/right psychophysical procedure. performance for the same frequencies was also quantified for discrete s ... | 2005 | 16419834 |
| underwater temporary threshold shift in pinnipeds: effects of noise level and duration. | behavioral psychophysical techniques were used to evaluate the residual effects of underwater noise on the hearing sensitivity of three pinnipeds: a california sea lion (zalophus californianus), a harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris). temporary threshold shift (tts), defined as the difference between auditory thresholds obtained before and after noise exposure, was assessed. the subjects were exposed to octave-band noise centered at 2500 hz at two ... | 2005 | 16334695 |
| auditory masking in three pinnipeds: aerial critical ratios and direct critical bandwidth measurements. | this study expands the limited understanding of pinniped aerial auditory masking and includes measurements at some of the relatively low frequencies predominant in many pinniped vocalizations. behavioral techniques were used to obtain aerial critical ratios (crs) within a hemianechoic chamber for a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). simultaneous, octave-band noise maskers centered at seven test fre ... | 2003 | 14514219 |
| amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in harbor seals (phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) following single dose intravenous administration: implications for interspecific dose scaling. | the pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin after a single intravenous dose of 20 mg/kg were determined in ten harbor seals (phoca vitulina) and ten northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris). the seals ranged in age from 1 to 6 months and the mean weights were 11.7 kg (range, 9.5-18.5 kg) for harbor seals and 47.1 kg (range, 39.5-61.4 kg) for elephant seals. the median half-life of amoxicillin (quartiles) in harbor seals, 1.5 (1.0-3.1) h. was not statistically different from that of eleph ... | 2000 | 11126323 |
| masking in three pinnipeds: underwater, low-frequency critical ratios. | behavioral techniques were used to determine underwater masked hearing thresholds for a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). octave-band white noise maskers were centered at five test frequencies ranging from 200 to 2500 hz; a slightly wider noise band was used for testing at 100 hz. critical ratios were calculated at one masking noise level for each test frequency. above 200 hz, critical ratios incr ... | 2000 | 11008832 |
| first findings of cryptosporidium and giardia in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | we report the detection and identification of cryptosporidium and giardia from 1 of 3 species of pinnipeds. fecal samples were collected from pacific harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardsi), northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) in the northern california coastal area. by means of fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies, cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 3 samples from california sea lions, 1 of which also contained giardia c ... | 2000 | 10864244 |
| underwater temporary threshold shift induced by octave-band noise in three species of pinniped. | pure-tone sound detection thresholds were obtained in water for one harbor seal (phoca vitulina), two california sea lions (zalophus californianus), and one northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) before and immediately following exposure to octave-band noise. additional thresholds were obtained following a 24-h recovery period. test frequencies ranged from 100 hz to 2000 hz and octave-band exposure levels were approximately 60-75 db sl (sensation level at center frequency). each subjec ... | 1999 | 10462817 |
| characterization of oligosaccharides in milk of a mink, mustela vison. | carbohydrates were extracted from a sample of milk from a mink, mustela vison (family mustelidae). free neutral and acidic oligosaccharides were isolated from the carbohydrate fraction and their chemical structures were compared with those of white-nosed coati (nasua narica, procyonidae) and harbour seal (phoca vitulina, phocidae) that we had studied previously. the ratio of free lactose to milk oligosaccharides was similar to that in milk of the white-nosed coati; in both species, this ratio wa ... | 2005 | 16289988 |
| risk factors associated with cataracts and lens luxations in captive pinnipeds in the united states and the bahamas. | to determine risk factors for lens luxation and cataracts in captive pinnipeds in the united states and the bahamas. | 2010 | 20707754 |
| detection of complex sounds in quiet conditions by seals and sea lions. | to test how accurately baseline audiometric data predict detection of complex stimuli, absolute detection thresholds for frequency-modulated (fm), amplitude-modulated (am), and harmonic stimuli were obtained for one phoca vitulina (harbor seal) and one zalophus californianus (california sea lion) at frequencies spanning the functional range of hearing. these thresholds were then compared with a priori predictions based on the tonal audiograms of these subjects. predicted thresholds were accurate ... | 2016 | 26610958 |
| high-frequency hearing in seals and sea lions. | existing evidence suggests that some pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses) can detect underwater sound at frequencies well above the traditional high-frequency hearing limits for their species. this phenomenon, however, is not well studied: sensitivity patterns at frequencies beyond traditional high-frequency limits are poorly resolved, and the nature of the auditory mechanism mediating hearing at these frequencies is unknown. in the first portion of this study, auditory sensitivity pattern ... | 2016 | 26519092 |
| california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardii) bites and contact abrasions in open-water swimmers: a series of 11 cases. | to review cases of bites and contact abrasions in open-water swimmers from california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardii). | 2015 | 26507612 |
| endocrine and immunological responses to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (acth) administration in juvenile harbor seals (phoca vitulina) during winter and summer. | there is increasing interest in measuring endocrine and immune parameters in free-ranging seals and sea lions, but there is a lack of understanding in how an acute stress response, often associated with capture and handling, influences these parameters of interest. the main objective of this study was to assess the impact of a simulated stressor on both endocrine and immune parameters. during two seasons, exogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (acth) was administered to seven female juvenile har ... | 2015 | 26086360 |
| auditory sensitivity of seals and sea lions in complex listening scenarios. | standard audiometric data, such as audiograms and critical ratios, are often used to inform marine mammal noise-exposure criteria. however, these measurements are obtained using simple, artificial stimuli-i.e., pure tones and flat-spectrum noise-while natural sounds typically have more complex structure. in this study, detection thresholds for complex signals were measured in (i) quiet and (ii) masked conditions for one california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and one harbor seal (phoca vitu ... | 2014 | 25480085 |
| coronary blood flow and myocardial segment dimensions during simulated dives in seals. | three harbor seals phoca vitulina richardsi and five spotted seals phoca vitulina largha were used in studies of acute episodes of local myocardial ischemia in open-chest, anesthetized animals and of coronary blood flow and regional function as indicated by left ventricular segment dimensions during experimentally simulated dives of conscious, instrumented animals. we observed that seal myocardium, in which there are few coronary anastomoses, responded to brief local occlusion with prompt local ... | 1985 | 4073282 |
| characterization of seal whisker morphology: implications for whisker-inspired flow control applications. | seals with beaded whiskers, that is the majority of true seals (phocids), are able to trace even minute disturbance caused by prey fish in the ambient flow using only sensory input from their whiskers. the unique three-dimensional undulating morphology of seal whiskers has been associated with their capability of suppressing vortex-induced vibration and reducing drag. the exceptional hydrodynamic traits of seal whiskers are of great interest in renovating the design of aero-propulsion flow ... | 2017 | 28840853 |
| epitheliotropic intestinal t-cell lymphoma in a harbor seal (phoca vitulina). | a 14-yr- old, male harbor seal ( phoca vitulina ) presented with depression, anorexia, and weight loss. clinical examination revealed no specific abnormalities. diagnostic imaging displayed an enlarged mass in the dorso-cranial abdomen. the animal was euthanized due to progressive worsening of symptoms. grossly, severe emaciation and a massive enlargement of one mesenteric lymph node were found. microscopically, a neoplastic round cell population with morphologic characteristics of mature lympho ... | 2017 | 28749269 |
| hydrodynamic sensory threshold in harbour seals (phoca vitulina) for artificial flatfish breathing currents. | harbour seals have the ability to detect benthic fish such as flatfish using the water currents these fish emit through their gills (breathing currents). we investigated the sensory threshold in harbour seals for this specific hydrodynamic stimulus under conditions which are realistic for seals hunting in the wild. we used an experimental platform where an artificial breathing current was emitted through one of eight different nozzles. two seals were trained to search for the active nozzle. each ... | 2017 | 28679792 |
| intraperitoneal implantation of life-long telemetry transmitters in three rehabilitated harbor seal pups. | pinnipeds, including many phocid species of concern, are inaccessible and difficult to monitor for extended periods using conventional, externally attached telemetry devices that are shed during the annual molt. archival satellite transmitters were implanted intraperitoneally into three stranded pacific harbor seal pups (phoca vitulina richardii) that completed rehabilitation, to evaluate the viability of this surgical technique for the deployment of life long telemetry devices in phocids. the l ... | 2017 | 28545460 |
| polychlorinated biphenyl-related alterations of the expression of essential genes in harbour seals (phoca vitulina) from coastal sites in canada and the united states. | as long-lived marine mammals found throughout the temperate coastal waters of the north pacific and atlantic oceans, harbour seals (phoca vitulina) have become an invaluable sentinel of food-web contamination. their relatively high trophic position predisposes harbour seals to the accumulation of harmful levels of persistent organic pollutants (pops). we obtained skin/blubber biopsy samples from live-captured young harbour seals from various sites in the northeastern pacific (british columbia, c ... | 2017 | 28528409 |
| source levels and call parameters of harbor seal breeding vocalizations near a terrestrial haulout site in glacier bay national park and preserve. | source levels of harbor seal breeding vocalizations were estimated using a three-element planar hydrophone array near the beardslee islands in glacier bay national park and preserve, alaska. the average source level for these calls was 144 dbrms re 1 μpa at 1 m in the 40-500 hz frequency band. source level estimates ranged from 129 to 149 dbrms re 1 μpa. four call parameters, including minimum frequency, peak frequency, total duration, and pulse duration, were also measured. these measurements i ... | 2017 | 28372144 |
| temporal and spatial variation in harbor seal (phoca vitulina l.) roar calls from southern scandinavia. | male harbor seals gather around breeding sites for competitive mating displays. here, they produce underwater vocalizations possibly to attract females and/or scare off other males. these calls offer prospects for passive acoustic monitoring. acoustic monitoring requires a good understanding of natural variation in calling behavior both temporally and among geographically separate sites. such variation in call structure and calling patterns were studied in harbor seal vocalizations recorded at t ... | 2017 | 28372059 |
| immunotoxic effects of single and combined pharmaceuticals exposure on a harbor seal (phoca vitulina) b lymphoma cell line. | the potential risk of pharmaceuticals in the environment to top-predators is still largely unknown. in this study, we assessed the immunotoxic effects of ten pharmaceuticals individually and as mixtures on a harbor seal (phoca vitulina) b lymphoma cell line. a significant reduction in lymphocyte transformation was observed following an exposure to 12,500μg/l 17α-ethinyl estradiol and 25,000μg/l naproxen. exposure to 12,500μg/l 17α-ethinyl estradiol decreased the percentage of cell in the g0/g1 p ... | 2017 | 28262249 |
| saccadic movement strategy in a semiaquatic species - the harbour seal (phoca vitulina). | moving animals can estimate the distance of visual objects from image shift on their retina (optic flow) created during translational, but not rotational movements. to facilitate this distance estimation, many terrestrial and flying animals perform saccadic movements, thereby temporally separating translational and rotational movements, keeping rotation times short. in this study, we analysed whether a semiaquatic mammal, the harbour seal, also adopts a saccadic movement strategy. we recorded th ... | 2017 | 28167803 |
| from sediment to top predators: broad exposure of polyhalogenated carbazoles in san francisco bay (u.s.a.). | the present study provides the first comprehensive investigation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (phczs) contamination in an aquatic ecosystem. phczs have been found in soil and aquatic sediment from several different regions, but knowledge of their bioaccumulation and trophodynamics is extremely scarce. this work investigated a suite of 11 phcz congeners in san francisco bay (united states) sediment and organisms, including bivalves (n = 6 composites), sport fish (n = 12 composites), harbor seal ... | 2017 | 28112952 |
| saccadic movement strategy in common cuttlefish (sepia officinalis). | most moving animals segregate their locomotion trajectories in short burst like rotations and prolonged translations, to enhance distance information from optic flow, as only translational, but not rotational optic flow holds distance information. underwater, optic flow is a valuable source of information as it is in the terrestrial habitat, however, so far, it has gained only little attention. to extend the knowledge on underwater optic flow perception and use, we filmed the movement pattern of ... | 2016 | 28105017 |
| hydrodynamic detection and localization of artificial flatfish breathing currents by harbour seals (phoca vitulina). | harbour seals are known to be opportunistic feeders, whose diet consists mainly of pelagic and benthic fish, such as flatfish. as flatfish are often cryptic and do not produce noise, we hypothesized that harbour seals are able to detect and localize flatfish using their hydrodynamic sensory system (vibrissae), as fish emit water currents through their gill openings (breathing currents). to test this hypothesis, we created an experimental platform where an artificial breathing current was emitted ... | 2017 | 28100802 |
| underwater sound localization of pure tones in the median plane by harbor seals (phoca vitulina). | in an underwater environment the physical characteristics of sound propagation differ considerably from those in air. for this reason, sound localization underwater is associated with difficulties, especially in the median plane. it was the approach of the present study to investigate whether harbor seals (phoca vitulina) are able to determine the direction of a tonal signal form above or below in the underwater environment. minimum audible angles (maas) or the angular range in which the animals ... | 2016 | 28040008 |
| brain transcriptomes of harbor seals demonstrate gene expression patterns of animals undergoing a metabolic disease and a viral infection. | diseases of marine mammals can be difficult to diagnose because of their life history and protected status. stranded marine mammals have been a particularly useful resource to discover and comprehend the diseases that plague these top predators. additionally, advancements in high-throughput sequencing (hts) has contributed to the discovery of novel pathogens in marine mammals. in this study, we use a combination of hts and stranded harbor seals (phoca vitulina) to better understand a known and u ... | 2016 | 28028481 |
| leveraging constraints and biotelemetry data to pinpoint repetitively used spatial features. | satellite telemetry devices collect valuable information concerning the sites visited by animals, including the location of central places like dens, nests, rookeries, or haul-outs. existing methods for estimating the location of central places from telemetry data require user-specified thresholds and ignore common nuances like measurement error. we present a fully model-based approach for locating central places from telemetry data that accounts for multiple sources of uncertainty and uses all ... | 2017 | 27935016 |
| usefulness of serum cardiac troponin i concentration as a marker of survival of harbor seal (phoca vitulina) pups during rehabilitation. | objective to measure serum cardiac troponin i (ctni) concentrations in orphaned harbor seal (phoca vitulina) pups at various points during rehabilitation in a seal rescue center and determine whether ctni concentration was associated with survival during rehabilitation and duration of rehabilitation. design serial cross-sectional study. animals fifty-five 2- to 9-day-old harbor seal pups. procedures blood samples for serum ctni concentration measurement, cbc, and serum biochemical analysis were ... | 2016 | 27901450 |
| dynamic habitat corridors for marine predators; intensive use of a coastal channel by harbour seals is modulated by tidal currents. | previous studies have found that predators utilise habitat corridors to ambush prey moving through them. in the marine environment, coastal channels effectively act as habitat corridors for prey movements, and sightings of predators in such areas suggest that they may target these for foraging. unlike terrestrial systems where the underlying habitat structure is generally static, corridors in marine systems are in episodic flux due to water movements created by tidal processes. although these hy ... | 2016 | 27881896 |
| avoidance of wind farms by harbour seals is limited to pile driving activities. | as part of global efforts to reduce dependence on carbon-based energy sources there has been a rapid increase in the installation of renewable energy devices. the installation and operation of these devices can result in conflicts with wildlife. in the marine environment, mammals may avoid wind farms that are under construction or operating. such avoidance may lead to more time spent travelling or displacement from key habitats. a paucity of data on at-sea movements of marine mammals around wind ... | 2016 | 27867217 |
| quantification and analysis of icebergs in a tidewater glacier fjord using an object-based approach. | tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in, and calve icebergs into, the ocean. in addition to the influence that tidewater glaciers have on physical and chemical oceanography, floating icebergs serve as habitat for marine animals such as harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardii). the availability and spatial distribution of glacier ice in the fjords is likely a key environmental variable that influences the abundance and distribution of selected marine mammals; however, the amount of ice a ... | 2016 | 27828967 |
| aerial low-frequency hearing in captive and free-ranging harbour seals (phoca vitulina) measured using auditory brainstem responses. | the hearing sensitivity of 18 free-ranging and 10 captive harbour seals (phoca vitulina) to aerial sounds was measured in the presence of typical environmental noise through auditory brainstem response measurements. a focus was put on the comparative hearing sensitivity at low frequencies. low- and mid-frequency thresholds appeared to be elevated in both captive and free-ranging seals, but this is likely due to masking effects and limitations of the methodology used. the data also showed individ ... | 2016 | 27796483 |
| comparative analysis of the fecal bacterial community of five harbor seals (phoca vitulina). | the gut microbiota has many beneficial effects on host metabolism and health, and its composition is determined by numerous factors. it is also assumed that there was a co-evolution of mammals and the bacteria inhabiting their gut. current knowledge of the mammalian gut microbiota mainly derives from studies on humans and terrestrial animals, whereas those on marine mammals are sparse. however, they could provide additional information on influencing factors, such as the role of diet and co-evol ... | 2016 | 27734626 |