| homocarnosinosis patients and great apes have a serum protein that cross-reacts with human serum carnosinase. | a specific polyclonal antiserum to human serum carnosinase was raised in rabbits and was used to prepare an agarose-protein a-antibody matrix. an antigen capture procedure showed that sera from homocarnosinosis patients, which lack carnosinase activity, contain an immunoreactive protein (m(r) 75,000) indistinguishable from the carnosinase band from normal serum. other higher primates have active serum carnosinase and a similar immunoreactive m(r) 75,000 protein. the immunoaffinity matrix was use ... | 1992 | 1521330 |
| tandemly duplicated alpha globin genes of gibbon. | the alpha globin gene locus of the common gibbon (hylobates lar) was isolated, and it contains two closely linked alpha globin genes that share the same arrangement as that found for the homologous genes of other catarrhine primates. the nucleotide sequences of the gibbon alpha globin genes were determined and compared with the alpha globin gene sequences from other primate species (human, chimpanzee, orangutan, baboon, and rhesus); the prosimian primate, galago, alpha a and alpha b globin genes ... | 1992 | 1526980 |
| immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus-respiratory syncytial virus vaccines with adenovirus types 4, 5, and 7 vectors in dogs and a chimpanzee. | recombinant adenovirus type 4, 5, and 7 expressing the fusion glycoprotein (f) gene, the attachment glycoprotein (g) gene, or both f and g genes of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was constructed. intratracheal immunization of dogs with ad7f induced moderate titers of rsv-neutralizing antibodies. after booster immunization with ad4f, the dogs developed high titers of rsv-specific antibody. subsequently, three two-dose vaccination regimens, ad4f/ad5f, ad7g/ad4g, and ad7fg/ad4fg, were compared w ... | 1992 | 1527411 |
| reconstruction of genomic rearrangements in great apes and gibbons by chromosome painting. | the homology between hylobatid chromosomes and other primates has long remained elusive. we used chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization of all human chromosome-specific dna libraries to "paint" the chromosomes of primates and establish homologies between the human, great ape (chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan), and gibbon karyotypes (hylobates lar species group, 2n = 44). the hybridization patterns unequivocally demonstrate the high degree of chromosomal homology and synteny of great ape ... | 1992 | 1528869 |
| immunity in hepatitis c infection. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and newer serologic assays for hepatitis c virus (hcv) were used to investigate 19 hcv cross-challenge episodes in chimpanzees. in these cross-challenges, 59% showed seroconversion after challenge, 33% showed reappearance of hcv-associated hepatocellular ultrastructural changes, 5 animals not pcr-positive at the time of challenge showed return of pcr positivity, and 26% developed hepatitis after rechallenge. a total of 74% showed at least one of these signs of rei ... | 1992 | 1538149 |
| transient increases in numbers of infectious cells in an hiv-infected chimpanzee following immune stimulation. | efficient replication and production of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been shown to be influenced greatly not only by the activation state of the infected cell but also by a variety of cytokines. thus, it seems reasonable to assume, as has been hypothesized, that any stimulus to the immune system, whether by intercurrent infection, exposure to new or recall antigens, or injury with inflammation, could enhance hiv expression in infected individuals. to test this hypothesis, we subjected ... | 1992 | 1540418 |
| the evolutionary origin of the hla-dr3 haplotype. | the human hla-dr3 haplotype consists of two functional genes (drb1*03 and drb3*01) and one pseudogene (drb2), arranged in the order drb1...drb2...drb3 on the chromosome. to shed light on the origin of the haplotype, we sequenced 1480 nucleotides of the hla-drb2 gene and long stretches of two other genes, gogo-drb2 from a gorilla, "sylvia" and patr-drb2 from a chimpanzee, "hugo". all three sequences (hla-drb2, gogo-drb2, patr-drb2) are pseudogenes. the hla-drb2 and gogo-drb2 pseudogenes lack exon ... | 1992 | 1541486 |
| identification and characterization of an onchocerca volvulus cdna clone encoding a microfilarial surface-associated antigen. | the identification and characterization of a recombinant cdna clone (ov103) expressing a microfilarial surface-associated antigen of onchocerca volvulus is described. ov103 was identified and isolated from a lambda gt11 cdna expression library derived from adult o. volvulus mrna using a chimpanzee antiserum, taken 2 years after infection with third-stage larvae of o. volvulus. the cdna clone encodes a 12.5-kda protein that corresponds to a 15-kda parasite protein present in microfilariae and adu ... | 1992 | 1542318 |
| electromyography of pronators and supinators in great apes. | we obtained electromyographic recordings from the supinator, biceps brachii, pronator quadratus, and pronator teres muscles of a chimpanzee and a gorilla and from the supinator, pronator quadratus, and biceps brachii muscles of an orangutan as they stood and walked quadrupedally on horizontal and inclined surfaces, engaged in suspensory behavior, reached overhead, and manipulated a variety of foods and artifacts. in pan troglodytes and pan gorilla, as in homo sapiens, the supinator muscle is the ... | 1992 | 1543246 |
| novel human endogenous sequences related to human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | endogenous retrovirus-related sequences exist within the normal genomic dna of all eukaryotes, and these endogenous sequences have been shown to be important to the nature and biology of related exogenous retroviruses and may also play a role in cellular functions. to date, no endogenous sequences related to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) have been reported. herein we describe the first report of the presence of nucleotide sequences related to hiv-1 in human, chimpanzee, and rhesus ... | 1992 | 1548756 |
| characterization of a low copy repetitive element s232 involved in the generation of frequent deletions of the distal short arm of the human x chromosome. | there are several copies of related sequences on the distal short arm of the human x chromosome and the proximal long arm of the y chromosome which were originally detected by cross hybridization with a genomic dna clone, cri-s232. recombination between two s232-like sequences flanking the steroid sulfatase locus has been shown to cause frequent deletions in the x chromosome short arm, resulting in steroid sulfatase deficiency. we now report the characterization of several s232-like sequences. r ... | 1992 | 1549475 |
| evolutionary origin of mutations in the primate cytochrome p450c21 gene. | the cyp21 gene codes for the enzyme cytochrome p450c21 (21-hydroxylase), which is critically involved in the synthesis of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. standard human haplotypes contain two copies of cyp21--a functional gene and a pseudogene. inactivation of the functional gene leads to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (cah). the pseudogene has three main defects: an 8-bp deletion in exon 3, a t insertion in exon 7, and a stop codon in exon 8. to determine the origin of these defects and ... | 1992 | 1550121 |
| statistical method for estimating the standard errors of branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree reconstructed without assuming equal rates of nucleotide substitution among different lineages. | a statistical method is developed for estimating the standard errors of branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree reconstructed without assuming equal rates of nucleotide substitution among different lineages. this method can be easily used for testing whether the length of an interior branch in a reconstructed tree is positive, i.e., whether the topology of the tree is correct. computer simulations indicate that this method is appropriate for a statistical test. as an example, this method is applie ... | 1992 | 1552838 |
| perception of complex geometric figures in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and humans (homo sapiens): analyses of visual similarity on the basis of choice reaction time. | in a conditional-discrimination task (matching-to-sample), we assessed similarities among figures consisting of 2 elemental figures through the choice reaction time, nonmetric multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis data from chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and humans (homo sapiens). humans also rated similarities among figures. the results of the 3 experiments clearly indicated that the reaction time data obtained from chimpanzees' performances were useful measures of the simi ... | 1992 | 1555401 |
| evolution of the primate beta-globin gene region: nucleotide sequence of the delta-beta-globin intergenic region of gorilla and phylogenetic relationships between african apes and man. | a 6.0-kb dna fragment from gorilla gorilla including the 5' part of the beta-globin gene and about 4.5 kb of its upstream flanking region was cloned and sequenced. the sequence was compared to the human, chimpanzee, and macaque delta-beta intergenic region. this analysis reveals four tandemly repeated sequences (rs), at the same location in the four species, showing a variable number of repeats generating both intraspecific (polymorphism) and interspecific variability. these tandem arrays delimi ... | 1992 | 1556740 |
| two independent mutational events in the loss of urate oxidase during hominoid evolution. | urate oxidase was lost in hominoids during primate evolution. the mechanism and biological reason for this loss remain unknown. in an attempt to address these questions, we analyzed the sequence of urate oxidase genes from four species of hominoids: human (homo sapiens), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), orangutan (pongo pygmaeus), and gibbon (hylobates). two nonsense mutations at codon positions 33 and 187 and an aberrant splice site were found in the human gene. these three deleterious mutations w ... | 1992 | 1556746 |
| concerted evolution of the primate immunoglobulin alpha-gene through gene conversion. | we determined four nucleotide sequences of the hominoid immunoglobulin alpha (c alpha) genes (chimpanzee c alpha 2, gorilla c alpha 2, and gibbon c alpha 1 and c alpha 2 genes), which made possible the examination of gene conversions in all hominoid c alpha genes. the following three methods were used to detect gene conversions: 1) phenetic tree construction; 2) detection of a dna segment with extremely low variability between duplicated c alpha genes; and 3) a site by site search of shared nucl ... | 1992 | 1559979 |
| sequences of primate insulin genes support the hypothesis of a slower rate of molecular evolution in humans and apes than in monkeys. | the chimpanzee and african green monkey insulin genes have been cloned and sequenced. these two sequences together with the previously reported sequences for the human and owl monkey insulin genes provide additional support for the hominoid-rate-slowdown hypothesis, i.e., a slower rate of nucleotide substitution in humans and apes than in monkeys. when these sequences and other primate sequences available for the relative-rate test were considered together, the substitution rate in the old world ... | 1992 | 1560757 |
| immortalization of chimpanzee hepatocytes with an amphoteric retrovirus encoding simian virus 40 t antigen. | primary chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) hepatocyte cultures were maintained in a serum-free medium containing hormones and growth factors and exhibited the de novo synthesis and secretion of numerous liver-specific plasma proteins for over 3 weeks in vitro. the long-term maintenance of differentiated, primate hepatocytes in this serum-free medium allowed for subsequent immortalization events to occur after infection with the amphoteric retrovirus u19, which encodes the simian virus 40 large t antig ... | 1992 | 1563488 |
| evolutionarily different alphoid repeat dna on homologous chromosomes in human and chimpanzee. | centromeric alphoid dna in primates represents a class of evolving repeat dna. in humans, chromosomes 13 and 21 share one subfamily of alphoid dna while chromosomes 14 and 22 share another subfamily. we show that similar pairwise homogenizations occur in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), where chromosomes 14 and 22, homologous to human chromosomes 13 and 21, share one partially homogenized alphoid dna subfamily and chromosomes 15 and 23, homologous to human chromosomes 14 and 22, share another e ... | 1992 | 1565621 |
| genetic alterations in the gene encoding the major hbsag: dna and immunological analysis of recurrent hbsag derived from monoclonal antibody-treated liver transplant patients. | a gene region encoding a segment of the major surface protein, hbsag, of hepatitis b virus was analyzed from serum samples after orthotopic liver transplantation of three hepatitis b virus chronic carrier patients treated with a human anti-hepatitis b virus monoclonal antibody (sdz ost 577). each of these three patients became hbsag negative after transplantation and therapy with the human anti-hepatitis b virus monoclonal antibody but returned to hbsag positivity (first detected 143,251 and 252 ... | 1992 | 1568715 |
| detection of hepatitis delta virus rna by a nonradioactive in situ hybridization procedure. | a digoxigenin-tailed, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide was used to detect genomic hepatitis delta virus (hdv) rna in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver sections by a nonisotopic in situ hybridization (nish) procedure. twenty-three liver samples from chronically hdv-infected patients were studied. eight liver specimens from humans and chimpanzees without markers of active hdv infection served as negative controls. in three samples, the nish findings were compared with characteristic nuclear fe ... | 1992 | 1568750 |
| nasal capsule shape changes following septopremaxillary ligament resection in a chimpanzee animal model. | recent human data suggest a relationship between the disruption of the septopremaxillary ligament (spl) attachment and lack of anterior midfacial growth in cleft lip and palate (clp) individuals. early spl resection in chimpanzees resulted in premaxillary growth deficits through 1200 days. since the spl is also continuous with the nasal bones, the present study was undertaken to investigate compensatory nasal capsule shape changes following spl resection in a chimpanzee animal model. the study u ... | 1992 | 1571346 |
| a comparative study of mandibular growth patterns in seven animal models. | the use of nonhuman primate experimental models has helped make significant contributions toward the clinical and surgical management of patients with craniofacial disorders. with concerns such as increasing cost, however, alternative models will have to be identified. the present comparative study describes baseline, age-related changes in mandibular growth patterns for seven commonly used animal models. the data was obtained from 144 serial and cross-sectional lateral head radiographs of unope ... | 1992 | 1573484 |
| immunoglobulin ch gene family in hominoids and its evolutionary history. | the organization of the human immunoglobulin ch gene suggests that a gene duplication involving the c gamma-c gamma-c epsilon-c alpha region has occurred during evolution. we previously showed that both chimpanzee and gorilla have two 5'-c epsilon-c alpha-3', as in human, and that orangutan, gibbon, and old world monkeys have one c epsilon gene and one, two, and one c alpha gene(s), respectively. in addition to these clustered ch genes, there is one processed c epsilon pseudogene in each species ... | 1992 | 1577482 |
| onchocerca volvulus: immunization of chimpanzees with x-irradiated third-stage (l3) larvae. | to provide a theoretical basis for the potential development of vaccines against onchocerca volvulus (ov) a trial has been conducted to assess the protective efficacy of immunization of chimpanzees with x-irradiated l3 larvae. approximately 1000 larvae were injected at 0, 1, and 7 months. the immunized animals, and unimmunized controls, were then challenged with 250 live l3. in order to provide possibly protective exposure to the immunologically distinct l4 epicuticle, a radiation dose (45 krad) ... | 1992 | 1582477 |
| association of hepatitis e virus with an outbreak of hepatitis in pakistan: serologic responses and pattern of virus excretion. | hepatitis e virus (hev), a positive-strand rna agent, has been associated with enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in asia, africa, and mexico. to evaluate the role of hev in an outbreak of hepatitis in pakistan, we used immune electron microscopy to detect 1) antibody to hev, for evidence of infection, and 2) virus, to determine the pattern of hev excretion. paired sera from 2 patients were assayed for antibody by using reference hev: one seroconverted, an atypical finding for hev in ... | 1992 | 1583470 |
| major-histocompatibility-complex drb genes of a new-world monkey, the cottontop tamarin (saguinus oedipus). | the drb region of the human and great-ape major histocompatibility complex displays not only gene but also haplotype polymorphism. the number of genes in the human drb region can vary from one to four, and even greater variability exists among the drb haplotypes of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. accumulating evidence indicates that, like gene polymorphism, part of the haplotype polymorphism predates speciation. in an effort to determine when the gene haplotype polymorphisms emerged in th ... | 1992 | 1584011 |
| vaccination against hiv. | the spread of aids progresses unrelentingly despite all efforts of public education and the only real hope of epidemiological control lies in the development of an effective vaccine. the very nature of the aids virus (hiv) and the manner with which it interacts with the host makes development of a practical vaccine very difficult. recent successes using whole inactivated virus as immunogen in the sivmac animal model system now show that it is possible to protect against infection. however, due t ... | 1992 | 1587543 |
| allelic diversity at the primate major histocompatibility complex drb6 locus. | the hla-drb6 gene (also called drb sigma/v1) has been found only in about 26% of human hla haplotypes, i.e.; dr1, drw10, and dr2-bearing ones (corell et al. 1991). in contrast, exon-2 drb6 sequences have been obtained from all tested primates: nine chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), three gorillas (gorilla gorilla) and three orangutans (pongo pygmaeus); other apes which had already been sequenced (one gorilla and one chimpanzee) also had the drb6 gene. thus, all apes tested from three different spec ... | 1992 | 1587552 |
| trans-species evolution of mhc-drb haplotype polymorphism in primates: organization of drb genes in the chimpanzee. | the drb region of the human major histocompatibility complex displays length polymorphism: five major haplotypes differing in the number and type of genes they contain have been identified, each at appreciable frequency. in an attempt to determine whether this haplotype polymorphism, like the allelic polymorphism, predates the divergence of humans from great apes, we have worked out the organization of the drb region of the chimpanzee hugo using a combination of chromosome walking, pulsed-field ... | 1992 | 1587553 |
| isolation and identification of hepatitis e virus in xinjiang, china. | this paper describes isolation and identification of a virus (termed strain 87a) which has the cytopathic effect and haemagglutination properties of hepatitis e virus (hev). this virus was isolated by tissue culture from the faeces of a patient with acute non-a, non-b enteric hepatitis in xinjiang, china. the isolated virus was neutralized by acute phase sera obtained from other patients with acute non-a, non-b enteric hepatitis. the virus particles also could be specifically aggregated with acu ... | 1992 | 1588318 |
| experimental onchocerciasis in chimpanzees. antibody response and antigen recognition after primary infection with onchocerca volvulus. | nine of 18 chimpanzees inoculated with 250 infective third-stage larvae (l3) each developed patent (i.e., positive for microfilariae) onchocerca volvulus infection. four of 6 infected chimpanzees that received 200 micrograms/kg ivermectin at 28 days postinfection (pi) became patent, whereas, when ivermectin was given concurrently with l3 challenge only 1 of 6 infected animals developed patent infection. the antibody response to o. volvulus adult worm-derived antigens (ovag) showed clear differen ... | 1992 | 1592090 |
| chimpanzees immunized with recombinant soluble cd4 develop anti-self cd4 antibody responses with anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. | in view of the efficiency with which human immunodeficiency virus replication can be blocked in vitro with anti-cd4 antibodies, the elicitation of an anti-cd4 antibody response through active immunization might represent a useful therapeutic strategy for aids. here we demonstrate that immunization of chimpanzees with recombinant soluble human cd4 elicited an anti-cd4 antibody response. the elicited antibody bound self cd4 on digitonin-treated but not freshly isolated lymphocytes. nevertheless, t ... | 1992 | 1594618 |
| serum concentrations of relaxin, chorionic gonadotropin, estradiol-17 beta, and progesterone during the reproductive cycle of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | levels of serum relaxin were measured by a specific ria and correlated with serum patterns of estradiol-17 beta, progesterone, lh, or ccg during a single menstrual cycle in each of 10 female chimpanzees, and throughout 24 pregnancies in 21 chimpanzees. significant concentrations of relaxin, higher than those reported for the human being, were detected in serum of nonpregnant chimpanzees during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. during pregnancy in the chimpanzee, serum relaxin concent ... | 1992 | 1597157 |
| development of a polymorphic strain of plasmodium vivax in monkeys. | a strain of plasmodium vivax from thailand with a polymorphic repeat unit of the circumsporozoite protein was established in saimiri sciureus boliviensis and 3 species of aotus monkeys. all 11 attempts to transmit infection via sporozoite inoculation, 4 times to splenectomized s. sciureus boliviensis, 2 times to splenectomized aotus nancymai, and 5 times to intact saimiri monkeys, were successful. anopheles freeborni, anopheles stephensi, anopheles dirus, and anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were in ... | 1992 | 1597793 |
| primate responses to a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine. | over the past decade, a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant vaccine virus has been developed for the potential control of wildlife rabies through oral immunization via baits. prior to widespread field applications in varying ecological settings, extensive laboratory safety testing is necessary in a number of target and non-target species to quantify real or perceived risks and to monitor potential adverse health effects. moreover, in order to mitigate concerns over inadvertent human ... | 1992 | 1598786 |
| human immunodeficiency virus. | a successful aids vaccine must elicit an immune state that will prevent the establishment of an hiv-1 persistent infection. this is a unique and difficult goal for a vaccine. most vaccines elicit or prime for immune responses that prevent or attenuate the expression of clinical disease following infection with the pathogen. however, current evidence suggest that, following persistent infection with hiv-1, antiviral immune responses do not prevent the long-term progression to disease. hence, it s ... | 1992 | 1600383 |
| development of self-recognition in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) demonstrate the ability to recognize themselves in mirrors, yet investigations of the development of self-recognition in chimpanzees are sparse. twelve young chimpanzees, grouped by age, were given mirror exposure and tested for self-recognition and contingent movement. all 6 juveniles, 4 and 5 years old, exhibited mirror-guided, mark-directed behavior and clear evidence of self-recognition. in contrast, among the infants, only the oldest group of 2 1/2-year-olds ex ... | 1992 | 1600719 |
| spondyloarthropathy as an old world phenomenon. | the presence of spine and sacroiliac involvement and the nature and distribution of erosive lesions allowed definitive diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy in the great apes (gorilla and pan [chimpanzee]), the lesser ape (hylobates), and old world monkeys (theropithecus, papio, cercopithecus, macaca, colobus, presbytis, and erythrocebus). analysis of lesional character, distribution, radiological appearance, and sex ratios showed a picture indistinguishable from human spondyloarthropathy. this contr ... | 1992 | 1604326 |
| functional classification of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a chimpanzee by transactivators. | in reporter-based transient expression systems, we characterized simian immunodeficiency virus from a chimpanzee (sivcpz), with special reference to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). sivcpz was not equally activated by tat and rev transactivators derived from representative primate lentiviruses. hiv-1 alone activated sivcpz to the full extent in both tat and rev assays. the tat and rev gene products of sivcpz, as well as those of hiv-1, efficiently transactivated the other viruses ... | 1992 | 1604820 |
| categorical replies to categorical questions by cross-fostered chimpanzees. | the chimpanzees washoe, moja, tatu, and dar were reared under human cross-fostering conditions that included the use of american sign language (asl) as the medium of two-way communication. in the course of everyday conversation they were asked, in signs, the wh-questions that are typically asked of young children. in earlier studies, extensive samples showed a pattern of replies, most significantly a developmental sequence, that closely matched the pattern found in the replies of young children. ... | 1992 | 1605324 |
| vaccine protection of chimpanzees against challenge with hiv-1-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | because human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) can be transmitted as cell-free virus or as infected cells (cell-associated virus), vaccines must protect against infection by both viral forms. vaccine-mediated protection of nonhuman primates against low doses of cell-free hiv-1, hiv-2, or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) has been demonstrated. it is now shown that multiple immunizations of chimpanzees with hiv-1 antigens protected against infection with cell-associated virus. protection can persis ... | 1992 | 1609280 |
| metabolism of [14c]benzene by cynomolgus monkeys and chimpanzees. | rodent bioassays indicate that b6c3f1 mice are more sensitive to the carcinogenicity of benzene than are rats. the urinary profile of benzene metabolites is different in rats vs mice. mice produce higher proportions of hydroquinone conjugates and muconic acid, indicators of metabolism via pathways leading to putative toxic metabolites, than do rats. in both species, metabolism to hydroquinone and muconic acid is favored at low concentrations of benzene, indicating that these pathways are easily ... | 1992 | 1609420 |
| a human moderately repeated y-specific dna sequence is evolutionarily conserved in the y chromosome of the great apes. | evolutionary conservation of the human-derived moderately repeated y-specific dna sequence y-190 (dyz5) was investigated in the chimpanzee, orangutan, and gorilla. southern blot analysis showed the presence of the sequence in the y chromosome of all great apes. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and in situ hybridization revealed that the repeat is organized in one major block and confined to a small region of the y chromosome of the three species. dyz5 was assigned to the proximal short arm of th ... | 1992 | 1612595 |
| isolation and characterization of a new chimpanzee lentivirus (simian immunodeficiency virus isolate cpz-ant) from a wild-captured chimpanzee. | to assess the prevalence of infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) isolate cpz, a lentivirus closely related to hiv-1, in chimpanzees, and to obtain new sivcpz isolates. | 1992 | 1616649 |
| organization of c4 and cyp21 loci in gorilla and orangutan. | the standard human haplotype contains two c4 and two cyp21 loci arranged in the order c4a ... cyp21p ... c4b ... cyp21 and intercalated between the class i and class ii loci of the hla complex. the c4a gene is 22 kilobases (kb) long; the c4b gene is either 22 kb or 16 kb long. the cyp21p is a pseudogene characterized by an eight base pair (bp) deletion in exon 3 and other defects; the cyp21 is a functional gene. the standard chimpanzee haplotype is arranged in the same way as the standard human ... | 1992 | 1618655 |
| higher rate of evolution of x chromosome alpha-repeat dna in human than in the great apes. | the rate of introduction of neutral mutations is lower in man than in other primates, including the chimpanzee. this species is generally regarded as our closest relative among the great apes. we present here an analysis of sequences of x chromosomal alphoid repetitive dna from man and the great apes, which supports the closer relationship between man and chimpanzee and indicates a considerably increased rate of recombination in the human repeat dna. these results indicate that the 'molecular cl ... | 1992 | 1628610 |
| gibbon and marmoset c-myc nucleotide sequences. | the nucleotide sequences of the gibbon and marmoset myc loci have been determined by the dideoxy ribomethod. the number of mutations which occurred during evolution and the branches affected were deduced according to the principle of maximum parsimony, from a comparison with known mammal sequences. as previously observed for the human and chimpanzee myc genes, an alu repeat belonging to subclass iii was observed in the second intron of the gibbon myc gene. in contrast, no such element was found ... | 1992 | 1634119 |
| erosive arthritis and spondyloarthropathy in old world primates. | presence of spine and sacroiliac involvement and the nature and distribution of the erosive lesions allow definitive diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy. thus, spondyloarthropathy was identified in theropithecus, papio, cercopithecus, macaca, colobus, presbytis, and hylobates. only monarticular erosive disease was present in prosimians, precluding a diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy for that group. the distribution of erosive disease and axial joint involvement in 1,349 non-prosimian old world prima ... | 1992 | 1642323 |
| a long-term study of hepatitis c virus replication in non-a, non-b hepatitis. | although antibodies to the hepatitis c virus (hcv) are known to be associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis, little is known about the pattern of hcv replication, its relation to antibody levels, and the clinical course of non-a, non-b hepatitis. | 1991 | 1646962 |
| hepatitis c viral rna in serum of patients with chronic non-a, non-b hepatitis: detection by the polymerase chain reaction using multiple primer sets. | the recently introduced antibody test for hepatitis c virus infection has already proved to be valuable in many situations such as screening blood donors and diagnosing chronically infected patients, but this antibody assay has certain limitations. hepatitis c virus itself is usually present in clinical specimens at very low titers; therefore a useful assay for the virus must have very high sensitivity. we have developed a simple, highly sensitive assay for hepatitis c virus rna based on the pol ... | 1991 | 1648539 |
| evaluation of bovine, cold-adapted human, and wild-type human parainfluenza type 3 viruses in adult volunteers and in chimpanzees. | in an attempt to evaluate the level of attenuation of live parainfluenza type 3 virus (piv3) vaccine candidates, we compared the responses of partially immune adult volunteers inoculated intranasally with 10(6) to 10(7) 50% tissue culture infective dose (tcid50) of bovine piv3 (n = 18) or cold-adapted (ca) piv3 (n = 37) with those of 28 adults administered 10(6) to 10(7) tcid50 of wild-type piv3. the candidate vaccine viruses and the wild-type virus were avirulent and poorly infectious for these ... | 1991 | 1650789 |
| control of adrenal androgen secretion. | the human adrenal gland secretes large amounts of androgens and androgenic precursors as compared with the adrenal glands of other species. in part, this pattern of secretion is regulated by acth, analogous to the control of cortisol. however, in many instances, including adrenarche, puberty, aging, and severe illness, secretion of adrenal androgens and cortisol diverge for reasons which are not clear. factors endogenous to the adrenal gland may have a role in the modulation of adrenal androgen ... | 1991 | 1652437 |
| on the taste of umami in chimpanzee. | whole and single fiber chorda tympani nerve recordings were obtained in 5 chimpanzees to stimulation with msg (monosodium phosphate) and gmp (guanosine 5'-monophosphate, disodium salt) alone and in combination. the overall chorda tympani nerve activity was recorded to 5 concentrations of msg, ranging from 1 to 100 mm with and without 0.3 mm gmp, and to 5 concentrations of gmp, ranging from 0.1 to 10 mm, with and without 30 mm msg. a synergistic effect was recorded between msg and gmp in 3 out of ... | 1991 | 1653434 |
| a papillomavirus related to hpv type 13 in oral focal epithelial hyperplasia in the pygmy chimpanzee. | an epizootic of focal epithelial hyperplasia (feh) or morbus heck in a pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus) colony is described. papovavirus-like particles were observed in the nuclei of epithelial cells. analysis of the dna of the lesions revealed an episomal papillomavirus-specific band with a molecular size of approximately 8,000 bp. in situ hybridization under high stringency conditions showed cross-hybridization between the chimpanzee papillomavirus dna and human papillomavirus (hpv) type 13. th ... | 1991 | 1654423 |
| use of conserved sequences from hepatitis c virus for the detection of viral rna in infected sera by polymerase chain reaction. | three oligonucleotide primer combinations selected from the 5' noncoding, the nucleocapsid and the putative nonstructural regions of the hepatitis c virus genome were compared in a nested polymerase chain reaction assay with respect to sensitivity and specificity for the detection of viral rna in chimpanzee-infected and human-infected sera. sera from both the acute and the chronic phase of the infection were obtained from 13 animals inoculated with five different non-a, non-b hepatitis strains a ... | 1991 | 1655606 |
| detection of the hepatitis c virus genome in acute and chronic experimental infection in chimpanzees. | in order to gain an understanding of the relationship of various markers of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in acute and chronic cases of the disease, serial blood samples obtained from chimpanzees before and after infection with hcv were analyzed for the presence of the hcv genome by using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of cdna (cdna pcr) synthesized from plasma- and serum-derived rna. in a chimpanzee with acute hepatitis c, signals detectable by cdna pcr appeared 1 week before ... | 1991 | 1658034 |
| hepatitis c virus. | hepcv is the major cause of nanb pt hepatitis and is also implicated as the cause in a large proportion of sporadic cases of nanbh. chronic infection with hepcv has also been linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. chimpanzees and marmosets are the only animals found to be experimentally infectable and the virus has not been propagated in any cell culture system. hepcv is an enveloped virus with a diameter of 30-60 nm and a 10-kb positive-stranded rna genome. its genome organizati ... | 1991 | 1659796 |
| organ specificity of the antigens reacting with the 48-1 and s-1 antibodies in chimpanzees infected with hepatitis c virus. | 48-1 and s-1 antibodies produced by lymphoblastoid cells transformed with epstein-barr virus were reported to be associated with infection by not only the hepatitis non-a, non-b (nanb) virus but also hepatitis delta virus. appearance of the antigens reacting with these antibodies in the liver of chimpanzees was recently found to be a host response to alpha-interferon induced by infections of both viruses. to investigate organ specificity of these antigens, various organs obtained from chimpanzee ... | 1991 | 1660298 |
| soft tissue sarcoma with complex membranous and microtubular inclusions. | cytoplasmic inclusions of great complexity are encountered in an undifferentiated sarcoma of a 67-year-old woman. the tumor arising in adipose tissue between muscles of the parspinous musculature contains inclusions in most tumor cells represented by four different morphologic types. two are intracisternal, designated microtubular reticular structure (trs) and tubular confronting cisternae (tcc). two others are cytoplasmic and consist of crystalline microtubular arrays and of confronting cistern ... | 1991 | 1664196 |
| in vitro and in vivo replication capacity of the precore region defective hepatitis b virus variants. | although the precore region defective hepatitis b virus variants have been implicated in chronic liver disease and fulminant hepatitis, our knowledge on the molecular biology of these variants is still limited. using an in vitro transfection assay, we confirmed the replication competent but hbeag-negative nature of the major variants containing a tag stop codon in the distal precore region associated with one or two point mutations. transfection of the two-point-mutated variant into a chimpanzee ... | 1991 | 1668333 |
| prolonged cd4+ lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia in a chimpanzee persistently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | the immunologic and virologic status of a chimpanzee inoculated with multiple isolates of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) were assessed over 57 months to determine whether prolonged thrombocytopenia and cd4+ lymphocytopenia observed in the animal might be associated with long-term hiv infection. although the chimpanzee showed no signs of disease, it lost both cd4+ (as low as 134 cells/microliter) and cd8+ lymphocytes approximately 30 months after initial infection, followed by th ... | 1991 | 1671679 |
| conservation of the most jh proximal ig vh gene segment (vhvi) throughout primate evolution. | the human vhvi gene segment, the sole member of the vhvi gene family, is remarkable in that it is the most d-proximal vh gene segment and is apparently nonpolymorphic. here we report that the vhvi gene segment has been remarkably preserved in primate evolution. we were unable to detect rflp among several primates, and nucleotide sequences of several vhvi gene segments showed remarkable conservation. no differences were detected in the nucleotide sequences of the vhvi gene segment from three unre ... | 1991 | 1672349 |
| a chimpanzee-passaged human immunodeficiency virus isolate is cytopathic for chimpanzee cells but does not induce disease. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) readily infects both humans and chimpanzees, but the pathologic outcomes of infection in these two species differ greatly. in attempts to identify virus-cell interactions that might account for this differential pathogenicity, chimpanzee peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow macrophages were assessed in vitro for their ability to support the replication of several hiv-1 isolates. although the iiib, rf, and mn isolates did not readily infect ... | 1991 | 1674550 |
| the inability of human immunodeficiency virus to infect chimpanzee monocytes can be overcome by serial viral passage in vivo. | studies of lentivirus infection in ruminants, nonhuman primates, and humans suggest that virus infection of macrophages plays a central role in the disease process. to investigate whether human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) can infect chimpanzee macrophages, we recovered monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of hiv-1-negative animals and inoculated these and control human monocytes with a panel of four human-passaged monocytotropic virus strains and one chimpanzee-passaged is ... | 1991 | 1674968 |
| suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication by cd8+ cells from infected and uninfected chimpanzees. | over a 4-year period, infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) has been recovered from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of virus-infected animals only intermittently and at relatively low titers. in examining the possible mechanism for this observation, cd4+ cells or cd8+ cells were removed by panning from the pmbc before culture. a dramatic increase in frequency of hiv-1 recovery as well as in the level of virus replication was observed in the cd4+ cell-enriched ... | 1991 | 1676614 |
| polymorphism of c4 and cyp21 genes in various primate species. | to study the genetic heterogeneity of the c4 and cyp21 genes in selected primate species we used the technique of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). genomic dna was digested using several restriction endonucleases and filters were hybridized with a 500 bp bamhi/kpni fragment derived from the 5' section of a human c4-cdna and with a 1700 bp bamhi obtained from a human cyp21 gene. abundant rflp heterogeneity was observed for the c4 genes within a rhesus monkey population but not for ... | 1991 | 1681597 |
| comparative mapping of zfy in the hominoid apes. | within our project of comparative mapping of candidate genes for sex-determination/testis differentiation, we used a cloned probe from the human zfy locus for comparative hybridization studies in hominoids. as in the human, the zfy probe detects x- and y-specific restriction fragments in the chimpanzee, the gorilla, the orangutan, and the gibbon. furthermore, the x-specific hybridization site in the great apes resides in xp21.3, the same locus defining zfx in the human. the y-specific locus of z ... | 1991 | 1683646 |
| the significance of fibrous foods for kibale forest chimpanzees. | four categories of plant food dominated the diet of chimpanzees in kibale forest, uganda: non-fig tree fruits, fig tree fruits, herbaceous piths and terrestrial leaves. fruit abundance varied unpredictably, more among non-figs than figs. pith intake was correlated negatively with fruit abundance and positively with rainfall, whereas leaf intake was not influenced by fruit abundance. piths typically have low sugar and protein levels. compared with fruits and leaves they are consistently high in h ... | 1991 | 1685575 |
| foraging profiles of sympatric lowland gorillas and chimpanzees in the lopé reserve, gabon. | comparison of the diets of sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees allows an analysis of niche separation between these two closely related species. qualitatively, their diets are similar, being dominated by an equally diverse array of fruit species complemented with vegetative plant parts, seeds and insects. gorillas eat more vegetative plant parts than do chimpanzees, but niche separation is most obvious in periods of fruit scarcity when the two species show different strategies that reduce competi ... | 1991 | 1685576 |
| protein selection and avoidance strategies of contemporary and ancestral foragers: unresolved issues. | during seasonal or inter-annual periods of food shortage and restricted total calorie intake, ethnographically and ethnohistorically documented human foragers, when possible, under-utilize foods that are high in protein, such as lean meat, in favour of foods with higher lipid or carbohydrate content. nutritional studies suggest that one reason for this behaviour stems from the fact that pregnant women, particularly at times when their total calorie intake is marginal, may be constrained in the a ... | 1991 | 1685584 |
| administration of noninternal image monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies induces idiotype-restricted responses specific for human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein epitopes. | a mouse monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (anti-id), designated mc1, was generated against chimpanzee antibodies specific for a synthetic peptide corresponding to a native epitope associated with gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). this anti-id recognized a shared idiotope/idiotype (id) on a second chimpanzee anti-gp41 peptide preparation but failed to detect this id on rabbit and mouse anti-gp41 peptide antibodies induced by immunization with the gp41 synthetic peptide. the chimpanzee ... | 1990 | 1688476 |
| identification of virus components in circulating immune complexes isolated during hepatitis a virus infection. | circulating immune complexes were isolated by conglutinin affinity chromatography during the course of hepatitis a virus infection in a chimpanzee. characterization of circulating immune complexes showed that most of the hepatitis a virus-specific antibody was igm, that igg was present and that c3d and fibronectin were also present. hepatitis a virus capsid polypeptides were identified in the circulating immune complexes and polypeptides in the molecular weight range of 63 to 67 kda having immun ... | 1990 | 1688544 |
| receptor interference groups of 20 retroviruses plating on human cells. | the types of receptors on the surfaces of human and other mammalian cells for 13 c-type and 7 d-type retrovirus strains were determined by interference to the formation of syncytia and the plating of viral pseudotypes. all the d-type simian retroviruses (srv-1-5, smrv, po-1-lu) share a common receptor which is also utilized by the baboon and cat endogenous c-type viruses (baev, rd114). syncytial cross-interference was also observed in human cells between the gibbon ape leukemia/simian sarcoma as ... | 1990 | 1691887 |
| a cdna clone closely associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis. | a lambda gt11 cdna library was constructed from rna purified from hepatitis b viral surface antigen-negative human plasma with high alanine aminotransferase activity. a cdna clone, designated as c8-2, was isolated by immunoscreening with mixed sera from non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh) carrier and convalescent chimpanzees. the recombinant protein produced by c8-2 reacted specifically with sera of patients in the chronic phase of nanbh. the sequence of c8-2, 269 bp, did not hybridized with any huma ... | 1990 | 1692613 |
| major histocompatibility complex class ii-restricted antigen presentation across a species barrier: conservation of restriction determinants in evolution. | the existence of at least three alleles of the hla-drb3 gene within the human population is evident. these alleles express drw52 determinants and react with monoclonal antibody (mab) 7.3.19.1. the polymorphic epitope recognized by 7.3.19.1 is not only present on human cells but is also expressed on chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) class ii-positive cells. the 7.3.19.1 determinant already existed before speciation of man and chimpanzee, and is at least 5,000,000 yr old. two-dimensional gel electropho ... | 1990 | 1694228 |
| anti-idiotypic antisera raised against monoclonal antibody specific for a p24 gag region epitope detects a common interspecies idiotype associated with anti-hiv responses. | one potential strategy for the control of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is immune network manipulation using anti-idiotypic antibodies: this study was undertaken to demonstrate experimentally the potential of such an approach which, in a more highly evolved form, could be used for the treatment of the acquired immune deficiency virus (aids) and related disorders. anti-idiotypic antibodies were generated in rabbits against a murine monoclonal antibody identifying an epitope on the ... | 1990 | 1694432 |
| a comparison of four major antigens in five human and several animal strains of ureaplasmas. | a comparison of the antigens of single representatives of five serotypes of ureaplasma urealyticum, of three strains of u. diversum and of single ureaplasmal strains from four other animal hosts was performed by immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies and a urease 'enzyme-catch test'. the u. urealyticum serotype 8-specific, surface-expressed, 96-kda antigen was not found in any of the strains of non-human origin. differences in the distribution of 16- and 17-kda antigens were also seen, not on ... | 1990 | 1695684 |
| multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with the vc determinant of the mn blood group-related chimpanzee v-a-b-d system. | twelve restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) were detected in common chimpanzee using two restriction enzymes (hindiii and mspi) and four dna probes to the coding regions of the human glycophorin a (gpa) and glycophorin b (gpb) genes and their 3'-untranslated regions. seven rflps correlated with red cell expression of the vc determinant of the mn blood group-related v-a-b-d system and five rflps correlated with nonexpression of this antigen. animals heterozygous for the v allele that ... | 1990 | 1696471 |
| molecular differences between two immunologically related spumaretroviruses: the human prototype hsrv and the chimpanzee isolate sfv6. | a comparative study at the genomic and protein level was performed between two immunologically related spumaretroviruses, the human hsrv and the simian sfv6. cross immunoprecipitation analysis with specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera indicates shared antigenic determinants. however, restriction analysis of the viral dnas and thermal stability of the hybrids demonstrate that hsrv and sfv6 are two different isolates. | 1990 | 1697180 |
| parenterally transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis: virus-specific antibody response patterns in hepatitis c virus-infected chimpanzees. | an established chimpanzee model of parenterally-transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis was used to define virus-specific immune response patterns in acutely and persistently infected animals. serial bleedings were obtained from 23 chimpanzees that had been experimentally infected with an isolate of hepatitis c virus, originally recovered from contaminated lots of factor viii (antihemophilic) materials. sera were assayed for the presence of antihepatitis c virus by a newly developed radioimmunoassay ... | 1990 | 1697546 |
| multiple infusions of human intravenous immunoglobulin in chimpanzees do not lead to immune elimination. | administration of human i.v. immunoglobulins was shown to lead to a permanent increase in igg1 and igg2 levels in chimpanzees. half-lives of human igg1 and igg2 in chimpanzees were comparable to those found in humans, and no signs of immune elimination were observed. furthermore, long-term treatment of chimpanzees had no effect on the percentage of immunoregulatory t cells (cd2+, cd4+ and cd8+ t cells) as determined by facs analysis. in addition, serum igm levels in chimpanzees were found to be ... | 1990 | 1697798 |
| non-a, non-b hepatitis specific antibodies directed at host-derived epitope: implication for an autoimmune process. | a cdna clone (gor47-1) bearing an epitope with an aminoacid sequence grrgqkaksnpnrpl (gor epitope) was isolated from the plasma of a laboratory chimpanzee infected with human non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh) agent. the epitope was not encoded by reported sequences of hepatitis c virus (hcv) but instead was coded for by a host cellular sequence. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for antibodies to the gor epitope (anti-gor). a patient with acute nanbh produced both igm and i ... | 1990 | 1701012 |
| immunogenicity of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) recombinant nef gene product. mapping of t-cell and b-cell epitopes in immunized chimpanzees. | the nonstructural nef gene product of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), p27, is a regulatory "early phase" protein produced by hiv-infected cells. as a possible negative regulator of transcription, it has been suggested that p27 may be involved in the control of hiv proviral latency. immune reactivity to p27 may result in early destruction of hiv-replicating cells before viral assembly or of latently infected cells. it appeared, thus, of interest to investigate the immunogenicity of the molecu ... | 1990 | 1702299 |
| t cell epitopes of the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax. recognition by lymphocytes of a sporozoite-immunized chimpanzee. | the humoral and cellular antisporozoite immune responses of a laboratory-born chimpanzee were measured following multiple exposures to the bites of plasmodium vivax-infected mosquitoes. t cell lines and clones derived from the chimpanzee's pbl were used to identify t cell epitopes of the p. vivax circumsporozoite (cs) protein. two independently obtained cell lines, established by culturing the pbl with either a recombinant p. vivax circumsporozoite (rpvcs) protein or a pool of synthetic peptides ... | 1991 | 1704402 |
| the human class i mhc gene hla-f is expressed in lymphocytes. | genomic and cdna clones encoding a human, non-classical class i gene, dew3, have been isolated. the complete coding sequence has been determined. the sequence is capable of directing expression of a protein with high sequence homology to hla-a,b,c molecules but with a shortened cytoplasmic tail. sequence comparisons demonstrate that this gene is from a separate locus to the 'classical' hla-a,b,c and 'non-classical' hla-e and hla-g loci. dew3 is equally distantly related to all of these previousl ... | 1990 | 1707659 |
| evolutionary implications of primate endogenous retroviruses. | endogenous dna sequences related to retroviruses are probably present in all primates. by using approaches based on the polymerase chain reaction, two separate studies have revealed the evolutionary history of some of these sequences. in the first study, a retrovirus-like reverse transcriptase (rt) sequence homologous to that of baboon endogenous virus (baev) has been identified in both old world monkeys and african apes, but not in humans or asian apes. this rt sequence is highly conserved at t ... | 1991 | 1708932 |
| direct evidence for cytotoxicity associated with expression of hepatitis delta virus antigen. | it has been postulated that hepatocyte injury resulting from infection with hepatitis d virus may be caused by a direct virus cytotoxicity in contrast to immune-mediated injury associated with hepatitis b virus. we have transfected hela and hepg2 continuous cell lines with a recombinant plasmid containing the hepatitis d antigen gene under the inducible control of the human metallothionein promoter. the addition of zinc to the cell culture medium then led to the expression of hepatitis d antigen ... | 1991 | 1709411 |
| identification of an immunodominant epitope within the capsid protein of hepatitis c virus. | we have isolated cdna clones from the 5' end of the hutchinson strain of hepatitis c virus. sequences encoding various segments of the hcv structural region were fused to the gene for glutathione s-transferase and analyzed for the expression of hepatitis c virus-capsid fusion proteins. with a set of these fusion proteins, both human and chimpanzee immune responses to capsid were studied. an immunodominant epitope was located within the amino-terminal portion of capsid that is preferentially reco ... | 1991 | 1711232 |
| hla-binding regions of hiv-1 proteins. i. detection of seven hla binding regions in the hiv-1 nef protein. | the physical association of hla class i or h-2 molecules with 36 hiv-1 nef synthetic peptides was studied using a direct peptide binding assay (pba) in solid phase. to assess the functional significance of the pba results, the nef peptides were also tested for their ability to inhibit the lytic activity of human or murine ctl. the pba results showed that seven partly overlapping regions of the nef protein contained mhc binding peptides (4-18, 46-67, 73-94, 100-128, 126-155, 182-198, and 192-206) ... | 1991 | 1712811 |
| immunization of chimpanzees with the hiv-1 glycoprotein gp160 induces long-lasting t-cell memory. | the goal of the present study was to investigate the antigen-specific t-cell response to the recombinant hiv envelope glycoprotein (gp160) and to test the effect of various adjuvant formulations on the efficiency of t-cell priming as well as on magnitude and longevity of the gp160-specific t-cell response. our studies revealed that, in combination with an appropriate adjuvant (lipid-based adjuvant or mineral carrier complex), immunization with recombinant gp160 led to the appearance of gp160-pri ... | 1991 | 1714748 |
| the particle size of hepatitis c virus estimated by filtration through microporous regenerated cellulose fibre. | to estimate the particle size of hepatitis c virus (hcv), a major causative agent of post-transfusion non-a, non-b hepatitis, we filtered plasma or serum samples through microporous cellulose fibres with different pore sizes. the amount of hcv particles in samples before and after filtration was determined by a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method. since there is no quantitative biological assay for hcv, except for that in chimpanzees, the hcv titre obtained ... | 1991 | 1714947 |
| monoclonal antibodies to human tumor necrosis factor alpha: in vitro and in vivo application. | three stable murine hybridoma cell lines, which secrete monoclonal antibodies (mab) to human tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf alpha), were established. none of the monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with lymphotoxin, interleukin 2 (il 2) or interferon gamma (ifn gamma). the highly species-specific monoclonal antibody, designated as mab 195, neutralizes the cytotoxic activity of human and chimpanzee tnf alpha. this antibody was further used during in vivo studies to neutralize human tnf alpha in ... | 1990 | 1716486 |
| evaluation of a chimpanzee colony for antibodies to hepatitis c virus. | the chimpanzee is the only species other than man that is generally susceptible to infection by hepatitis c virus (hcv). aspects of future studies on vaccines and therapeutics for hcv may continue to depend on the chimpanzee. in an attempt to determine the hcv status of the animals in a chimpanzee colony, the recently developed enzyme immunoassay (eia) for antibodies to hcv was used. the results of the assay indicated that only 31.3% of the animals that had previously been inoculated with a non- ... | 1991 | 1717646 |
| okt3e, an anti-cd3 antibody that does not elicit side effects or antiidiotype responses in chimpanzees. | chimpanzees were injected with okt3 and two other anti-cd3 antibodies, okt3d and okt3e. both of the new antibodies were of the mouse igg2b isotype. administration of the antibodies was identical to the clinical regimen used for okt3 in humans: 5 mg i.v., daily for 10 consecutive days. all animals were monitored for fever during administration of the antibodies, and blood samples were taken throughout the treatment period for monitoring the effects of the antibodies on peripheral lymphocyte subse ... | 1991 | 1718067 |
| antibody responses of chimpanzees immunized with synthetic peptides corresponding to full-length v3 hypervariable loops of hiv-1 envelope glycoproteins. | immunization of primates or humans with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) glycoproteins usually elicited moderate immune responses to the principal neutralizing determinant (pnd) located within the v3 hypervariable loop of gp120. since an antibody response to the pnd appears to be protective, experiments were carried out to determine the responsiveness of chimpanzees to immunization with synthetic peptides corresponding to the full-length v3 loop. seven chimpanzees (4 preimmunized with ... | 1991 | 1720628 |
| virus-host cell interactions in human immunodeficiency virus infections. | the isolate htlv-iiib is used by a large number of investigators for a variety of studies. the data shown here emphasize the uniqueness of this isolate with respect to certain biological behaviors, in particular, the ability to infect cells other than t lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes, and the ability to infect chimpanzee t cells. data also presented indicates that htlv-iiib has a greater binding affinity for the cd4 receptor molecule, which may help to explain its observed biological uni ... | 1991 | 1723568 |
| [current aspects of hiv infection]. | the epidemiology of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection in 1989/90 shows a further spread of both viruses, especially in southern europe, eastern asia and central africa. the sequence analysis of an immunodeficiency virus of a chimpanzee indicates the presence of siv-1, in contrast to all other monkey isolates analyzed hitherto as members of siv-2. the occurrence of eight newly hiv-infected hemophiliacs by one factor ix product gives rise to the question whether a 100% safety of blood products can be achi ... | 1991 | 1725606 |
| c4 genes of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orang-utan: evidence for extensive homogenization. | the human complement component 4 is encoded in two genes, c4a and c4b, residing between the class i and class ii genes of the major histocompatibility complex. the c4a and c4b molecules differ in their biological activity, the former binding more efficiently to proteins than to carbohydrates while for the latter, the opposite holds true. to shed light on the origin of the c4 genes we isolated cosmid clones bearing the c4 genes of a chimpanzee, a gorilla, and an orang-utan. from the clones, we is ... | 1992 | 1729169 |