| standardization of experimental infection with flavobacterium psychrophilum, the agent of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss fry syndrome. | rainbow trout fry syndrome (rtfs) is a septicaemic infection of young rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss occurring at low temperatures and responsible for severe economic losses in european fish farming. the causative agent, flavobacterium psychrophilum, is a gliding bacterium, and difficulties in culturing it have long been an impediment to investigations on pathogenesis and immunity. successful attempts at experimentally inducing the disease have been reported, but no experimental model resulti ... | 2000 | 11104070 |
| prolonged in vitro cultivation of ichthyophthirius multifiliis using an epc cell line as substrate. | the ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis, which normally requires a fish host to develop from the theront stage to the trophont stage, was cultivated in vitro for part of its life cycle. experiments were conducted using a laboratory strain of the parasite originally isolated from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in a danish trout farm. theronts escaping from tomontocysts were kept in water, cell culture media (e-mem or l-15), or cultures of epc (epithelioma papulosum cyprini) cells in plastic t ... | 2000 | 11104073 |
| acute and chronic influence of temperature on red blood cell anion exchange. | unidirectional (36)cl(-) efflux via the red blood cell anion exchanger was measured under cl(-) self-exchange conditions (i.e. no net flow of anions) in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and red-eared freshwater turtle trachemys scripta to examine the effects of acute temperature changes and acclimation temperature on this process. we also evaluated the possible adaptation of anion exchange to different temperature regimes by including our previously published data on other animals. an acute tem ... | 2001 | 11104709 |
| cloning and characterization of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) type ii interleukin-1 receptor cdna. | a homologue of mammalian type ii interleukin-1 receptor (il-1rii) was isolated from a rainbow trout cdna library by differential hybridization using a suppression subtractive hybridization generated probe enriched for sequences upregulated after immune stimulation. the trout cdna has an orf encoding 441 amino acids, and represents the first piscine il-1 receptor described. the predicted amino-acid sequence has 29 and 26% identity with human and mouse il-1rii, respectively. the trout il-1 recepto ... | 2000 | 11106413 |
| in vivo effect of eicar (5-ethynyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-carboxamide) on experimental infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho salmon (oncorhynchus kisutch) fry with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. | the in vivo antiviral effect of 5-ethynyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-carboxamide (eicar) was evaluated in coho salmon and rainbow trout fry, experimentally infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). treatment consisted of a daily bath of 2 h in 0.4 microg ml(-1) or 0.8 microg ml(-1) of eicar, for approximately 20 days. the behavior of the fish was studied for 45 days post-infection. the survival of the infected treated groups was compared with the survival of non-infected an ... | 2000 | 11114414 |
| transgenic rainbow trout expressed sgnrh-antisense rna under the control of sgnrh promoter of atlantic salmon. | a recombinant vector containing antisense dna complementary to atlantic salmon (salmo salar) sgnrh cdna driven by specific promoter pab derived from a corresponding sgnrh gene was introduced into rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs. this resulted in transgenic animals that had integrated one copy of the transgene into their genome and transmitted it through the germline. antisense-sgnrh mrna (as) was expressed mainly in the brain of transgenic as(+) fish. levels of sgnrh endogenous mrna in ... | 2000 | 11116212 |
| evolutionary and physiological variation in cardiac troponin c in relation to thermal strategies of fish. | striated muscle contraction is initiated when troponin c (tnc) binds ca(2+), which activates actinomyosin atpase. we investigated (i) the variation between cardiac tnc (ctnc) primary structure within teleost fish and (ii) the pattern of tnc expression in response to temperature acclimation. there were few differences between rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), yellowfin tuna (thunnus albacares), yellow perch (perca flavescens), goldfish (carassius auratus), white sucker (catostomus commersoni), ... | 2000 | 11121357 |
| a comparison of myocardial beta-adrenoreceptor density and ligand binding affinity among selected teleost fishes. | this study quantified the cell surface beta-adrenoreceptor density and ligand binding affinity in the ventricular tissue of seven teleost species; skipjack tuna (katsowonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (thunnus albacares), pacific mackerel (scomber japonicus), mahimahi (dolphin fish; coryphaena hippurus), sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and an antarctic nototheniid (trematomus bernacchii). beta-adrenoreceptor density varied by almost fourfold among these spec ... | 2000 | 11128445 |
| first isolation of an aquatic birnavirus from farmed and wild fish species in australia. | during routine sampling and testing, as part of a systematic surveillance program (the tasmanian salmonid health surveillance program), an aquatic birnavirus was isolated from 'pin-head' (fish exhibiting deficient acclimatisation on transfer to saltwater) atlantic salmon salmo salar, approximately 18 mo old, farmed in net-pens located in macquarie harbour on the west coast of tasmania, australia. the isolate grows readily in a range of fish cell lines including chse-214, rtg-2 and bf-2 and is ne ... | 2000 | 11129376 |
| flavobacterium psychrophilum, invasion into and shedding by rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | the infection route of flavobacterium psychrophilum into rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was studied using bath and cohabitation challenges as well as oral challenge with live feed as a vector. additionally, the number of bacterial cells shed by infected fish into the surrounding water was determined in the cohabitation experiment and in challenge experiments at 3 different water temperatures. the experiments showed that skin and skin mucus abrasion dramatically enhanced the invasion of f. psy ... | 2000 | 11129378 |
| in situ hybridisation identifies the gill as a portal of entry for pkx (phylum myxozoa), the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease in salmonids. | pkx (phylum myxozoa) is an important pathogen affecting salmonid culture in western europe and north america. all of the available oligonucleotide probes developed for the pcr amplification of pkx dna were examined for their ability to detect pkx in fixed tissue sections using in situ hybridisation. out of the 12 probes examined, only four stained pkx in tissue sections. the specificity of these probes to pkx was examined by testing them individually against a range of myxosporean infections. on ... | 2000 | 11133109 |
| streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus difficile 16s-23s intergenic rdna: genetic homogeneity and species-specific pcr. | streptococcus difficile is a non-hemolytic gram-positive bacterial coccus that causes septicemia and meningoencephalitis in farmed tilapia (oreochromis sp.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). recent studies have demonstrated s. difficile to be a group b, type ib streptococcus with a whole cell protein electrophoretic profile indistinguishable from s. agalactiae and a biochemical profile similar to that observed for other group b, type ib streptococci isolated from fish and frogs. the aim o ... | 2001 | 11163706 |
| immune-relevant (including acute phase) genes identified in the livers of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, by means of suppression subtractive hybridization. | to develop tools for analysis of the acute phase response, we used suppression subtractive hybridization of cdnas from the livers of trout in an unchallenged state and in the course of a response to injection with a vibrio bacterin emulsified in freund's incomplete adjuvant. the resulting cdna library contains 300-600bp long fragments of 25 or more immune-relevant genes. fifteen were previously unreported for salmonids, and 12 were not known from any fish species. known acute phase proteins incl ... | 2001 | 11164886 |
| mortality and kidney histopathology of chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha exposed to virulent and attenuated renibacterium salmoninarum strains. | an isolate of renibacterium salmoninarum (strain mt 239) exhibiting reduced virulence in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was tested for its ability to cause bacterial kidney disease (bkd) in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha, a salmonid species more susceptible to bkd. juvenile chinook salmon were exposed to either 33209, the american type culture collection type strain of r. salmoninarum, or to mt 239, by an intraperitoneal injection of 1 x 10(3) or 1 x 10(6) bacteria fish(-1), or by a ... | 2000 | 11206735 |
| cloning of rainbow trout egg envelope proteins: members of a unique group of structural proteins. | all vertebrate eggs are surrounded by an extracellular envelope that protects the egg and is vital for a successful fertilization. the terminology and functions of the egg envelope vary in different vertebrate groups, but the envelope itself is consistently composed of a few major proteins that are deposited around the oocyte during oocyte growth. here, we describe the deduced amino acid sequences and tissue expression patterns of the three major egg envelope proteins for rainbow trout (oncorhyn ... | 2001 | 11207195 |
| modes of salmonid mhc class i and ii evolution differ from the primate paradigm. | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (salmo trutta) represent two salmonid genera separated for 15--20 million years. cdna sequences were determined for the classical mhc class i heavy chain gene uba and the mhc class ii beta-chain gene dab from 15 rainbow and 10 brown trout. both genes are highly polymorphic in both species and diploid in expression. the mhc class i alleles comprise several highly divergent lineages that are represented in both species and predate genera separati ... | 2001 | 11207285 |
| purification and characterization of cathepsin d from herring muscle (clupea harengus). | cathepsin d was purified and concentrated 469-fold from a homogenate of clupea harengus muscle. the purified enzyme is a monomer with a molecular weight of 38000-39000. it is inhibited by pepstatin and has optimal activity at ph 2.5 with hemoglobin as the substrate. the isoelectric point is at ph 6.8. glycosidase treatment and binding to concanavalin a indicated that the enzyme contains one n-linked carbohydrate moiety of the high-mannose type per molecule. the first 21 amino acid residues of th ... | 2001 | 11207447 |
| cloning and sequencing of caspase 6 in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and analysis of its expression under conditions known to induce apoptosis. | the rainbow trout caspase 6 gene has been cloned and sequenced. the open reading frame consisted of 906bp, which translated into a protein of 302 amino acids, containing the caspase active site pentapeptide (qacrg) and the caspase family signature (hadadcfvcvflshg). amino acids involved in catalysis and those known to form the p1 carbohydrate binding pocket were conserved. phylogenetic tree analysis showed a tight grouping with other known caspase 6 genes. conserved aspartic acid residues at pos ... | 2001 | 11246070 |
| expressed sequence tag analysis of kidney and gill tissues from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. | expressed sequence tags (ests) were obtained from the kidney and gill tissues of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). the results of single-pass sequencing of ests from 198 clones (au081027-au081192) from kidney complementary dna and 45 clones (au081193-au081236) from gill cdna are reported herein. sequences of the cdna clones were compared with sequences in the genbank database. fourteen clones (20%) appeared to be completely unknown ... | 2000 | 11246416 |
| redescription of gyrodactylus teuchis lautraite, blanc, thiery, daniel & vigneulle, 1999 (monogenea: gyrodactylidae); a species identified by ribosomal rna sequence. | molecular and morphological features of gyrodactylus specimens from oncorhynchus mykiss, salmo trutta and salmo salar were examined. sequences from variable region v4 of the small subunit ribosomal rna gene and the ribosomal rna internal transcribed spacers, produced by the frs marine laboratory, revealed that these were not the same as other well-characterised gyrodactylus that are common on european salmonids and were in fact a distinct species. initial morphological examination of the opistha ... | 2001 | 11252277 |
| passive and active transport properties of a gill model, the cultured branchial epithelium of the freshwater rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | branchial epithelia of freshwater rainbow trout were cultured on permeable supports, polyethylene terephthalate membranes ("filter inserts"), starting from dispersed gill epithelial cells in primary culture. leibowitz l-15 media plus foetal bovine serum and glutamine, with an ionic composition similar to trout extracellular fluid, was used. after 6 days of growth on the filter insert with l-15 present on both apical and basolateral surfaces, the cultured preparations exhibited stable transepithe ... | 1998 | 11253822 |
| detection of yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout blood by use of the polymerase chain reaction. | we evaluated a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for detecting yersinia ruckeri, the bacterial pathogen causing enteric redmouth disease (erm), in blood of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. identification of the pcr product was confirmed by southern blot hybridization with a 32p-labeled oligonucleotide probe matching a sequence within the small subunit ribosomal rna gene of y. ruckeri. following a 1 h immersion of rainbow trout in water with 4.5 x 10(6) colony-forming units of y. ruckeri l ... | 2001 | 11253871 |
| identification by in situ hybridization of segmented filamentous bacteria in the intestine of diarrheic rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | nonculturable segmented filamentous bacteria (sfb) have been described in the gut of rats, mice and chickens, and 16s rrna sequences for these organisms are available. these organisms, peripherically related to clostridium phylogenetic group i, have been provisionally named 'candidatus arthromitus'. this work reports the observation of similar bacteria in the intestinal content of the distal intestine, preferentially, in the adult rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) that exhibited episodic acute ... | 2001 | 11281327 |
| a monoclonal antibody recognising a surface marker on rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) monocytes. | the characterisation of a monoclonal antibody (mab 45) reacting with phagocytic leucocytes isolated from blood and spleen of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) is described. the surface marker labelled by this mab is expressed at relative low levels on the membrane of large, nearly nongranulated trout leucocytes, and having the typical morphology of monocytes in flow cytometry (kfoury et al., 1999, fish pathology, 34, 1-6). no reaction of mab 45 with granulocytes, lymphocytes or thromb ... | 2001 | 11308075 |
| effects of whirling disease on selected hematological parameters in rainbow trout. | hematological responses to whirling disease in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. two-mo-old fingerling rainbow trout were exposed to cultured triactinomyxon spores of myxobolus cerebralis at 9,000 spores/fish in december, 1997. twenty-four wks post-exposure, fish were taken from infected and uninfected groups for peripheral blood and cranial tissue sampling. histological observations on cranial tissues confirmed m. cerebralis infection in all exposed fish. differences in hem ... | 2001 | 11310892 |
| downstream changes in the composition of the parasite community of fishes in an appalachian stream. | the spatial distribution of 6 parasite species (myxobolus sp., dactylogyrus sp., sterliadochona ephemeridarum, plagioporus sinitsini, allopodocotyle chiliticorum, allocreadium lucyae) was studied in 5 species of fishes (oncorhynchus mykiss, clinostomus funduloides, notropis chiliticus, rhinichthys atratulus, semotilus atromaculatus) in basin creek, an appalachian stream in north carolina. nonmetric multidimensional scaling and vector fitting were used to determine if the proximity of sampling si ... | 2001 | 11318552 |
| plasma cortisol concentrations before and after social stress in rainbow trout and brown trout. | two related experiments examined the relationship between plasma cortisol concentrations and the development of social hierarchies in fish. in the first, rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and brown trout, salmo trutta, were observed for dominance interactions when confined within single-species pairs for 4, 48, or 168 h. subordinate members of a pair exhibited significantly higher cortisol concentrations than dominant and single fish, but the pattern of cortisol elevation differed between the ... | 2001 | 11331510 |
| mesophilic aeromonads in wild and aquacultured freshwater fish. | numbers and species of motile aeromonas were determined in freshly caught freshwater fish, in the surrounding environment, and also during iced chilled storage of fish specimens. although no significant differences were observed in water samples, initial levels for skin, gill, and intestines were significantly lower in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) than in wild brown trout (salmo trutta) and pike (esox lucius). during storage of wild specimens, naturally occurring aeromonads grew fa ... | 2001 | 11348001 |
| cloning and purification of the rainbow trout fifth component of complement (c5). | to gain further insight into the evolutionary history of the complement proteins c3, c4, and c5 we have now cloned the fifth component of complement from a rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cdna library; this is the first report of c5 cloning in a species other than human and mouse. the deduced amino acid sequence of a partial cdna clone (2.25kb), representing approximately 44% of the coding sequence, showed 60 and 58% similarity to human and mouse c5, respectively. to validate the molec ... | 2001 | 11356221 |
| quantitative trait loci (qtls) associated with resistance/susceptibility to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | infectious pancreatic necrosis (ipn) is a well-known acute viral disease of salmonid species. we have identified quantitative trait loci (qtls) associated with resistance to this disease in rainbow trout. we searched for linkage among 51 microsatellite markers used to construct a framework linkage map in backcross families of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), produced by crossing ipn-resistant (yn-rt201) and -susceptible (yk-rt101) strains. two putative qtls affecting disease resistance were ... | 2001 | 11370869 |
| morphological organ alterations and infectious diseases in brown trout salmo trutta and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss exposed to polluted river water. | poor water quality is discussed as a major factor causing a decline of brown trout populations in swiss rivers. for our study we have chosen a river in the swiss midlands, where the brown trout population has decreased dramatically during the last 10 yr and where feral fish have shown distinctive pathological alterations. the objective of our study was to investigate whether river water may be responsible for impaired fish health leading to an increased mortality in the river. in an active monit ... | 2001 | 11383563 |
| tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha)-like factor produced by macrophages in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss. | the presence of a tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha)-like molecule has been suggested in fish by biological assays and biological and antigenic cross-reactivities with human tnfalpha. in the present study, whether rainbow trout macrophages produce tnfalpha was examined. murine recombinant tnfalpha (m-rtnfalpha) was used as the standard mammalian tnfalpha. the supernatants were harvested from trout macrophage culture stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (lps) and then passed through a polymyxin ... | 2001 | 11394691 |
| cortisol modulates hsp90 mrna expression in primary cultures of trout hepatocytes. | the objective of the present study was to understand the role of cortisol in the cellular stress response process in fish. specifically, our studies addressed whether cortisol exposure modified heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) mrna expression in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes maintained in primary culture. we also subjected these hepatocytes to heat shock (hs) in order to examine the role of cortisol on hs-induced hsp90 mrna expression. a cdna fragment of 500 bp was cloned from tro ... | 2001 | 11399505 |
| evaluation of the protective immunogenicity of the n, p, m, nv and g proteins of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss using dna vaccines. | the protective immunogenicity of the nucleoprotein (n), phosphoprotein (p), matrix protein (m), non-virion protein (nv) and glycoprotein (g) of the rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) was assessed in rainbow trout using dna vaccine technology. dna vaccines were produced by amplifying and cloning the viral genes in the plasmid pcdna 3.1. the protective immunity elicited by each vaccine was evaluated through survival of immunized fry after challenge with live virus. neutrali ... | 1999 | 11407402 |
| effects of nonylphenol on estrogen receptor conformation, transcriptional activity and sexual reversion in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | estrogenic potency of 4-n-nonylphenol diethoxylate, 4-n-nonylphenol (np) and metabolites were tested using two bioassays: rainbow trout hepatocyte culture and recombinant yeast stably expressing rainbow trout estrogen receptor (rter) and containing estrogen-dependent reporter genes. since np was the only compound active in both systems, its interaction with rter was studied in more detail. qualitative and quantitative differences were observed in the presence of 17beta-estradiol (e2) or np when ... | 2001 | 11408078 |
| protection of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus four days after specific or semi-specific dna vaccination. | a dna vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), was shown to provide significant protection as soon as 4 d after intramuscular vaccination in 2 g rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) held at 15 degrees c. nearly complete protection was also observed at later time points (7, 14, and 28 d) using a standardized waterborne challenge model. in a test of the specificity of this early protection, immunization of rainbow trout with a dna vaccine against another f ... | 2001 | 11427277 |
| effect of iprodione, a dicarboximide fungicide, on primary cultured rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. | as is known from literature, iprodione, a dicarboximide fungicide, has a highly specific action, with a capacity to cause oxidative damage through production of free oxygen radicals (ros), but it does not appear to be species selective. since this substance is able to diffuse in water, evaluation of its capacity to induce oxidative damage in an aquatic organism such as the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was considered of particular interest. a study was, therefore, undertaken to investigate ... | 2001 | 11451425 |
| recent advances in our knowledge of the myxozoa. | in the last few years two factors have helped to significantly advance our understanding of the myxozoa. first, the phenomenal increase in fin fish aquaculture in the 1990s has lead to the increased importance of these parasites; in turn this has lead to intensified research efforts, which have increased knowledge of the development, diagnosis. and pathogenesis of myxozoans. the hallmark discovery in the 1980s that the life cycle of myxobolus cerebralis requires development of an actinosporean s ... | 2001 | 11456316 |
| increased potential for nad(p)h-dependent reactive oxygen species production of hepatic subcellular fractions of fish species with in vivo exposure to contaminants. | the present study investigated the proposed involvement of contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ros) production in disease processes in fish. nad(p)h-dependent ros production of subcellular fractions was determined by the iron/edta-mediated oxidation of 2-keto-4-methiolbutyric acid. hepatic cytosolic nadph-dependent and microsomal nad(p)h-dependent ros production were increased 51-160% (p < 0.05) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) 15 weeks after a single i.p. injection of polychlo ... | 2000 | 11460751 |
| thyroxine induces transitions in red muscle kinetics and steady swimming kinematics in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | during normal development, rainbow trout undergo a shift in red muscle contraction kinetics and swimming kinematics. young trout parr have faster muscle kinetics and faster tailbeat frequency during swimming than older, larger juvenile trout. in this study, the thyroid hormone thyroxine (t(4)) was used to induce these changes in trout parr. this allowed a comparison of swimming kinematics, through the use of video analysis and electromyography, and red muscle contractile properties, through the ... | 2001 | 11471141 |
| recovery of streptococcus iniae from diseased fish previously vaccinated with a streptococcus vaccine. | streptococcus iniae was recovered from diseased rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) previously vaccinated against streptococcosis. pcr and serological methods indicate the presence of a new serotype in the diseased fish. | 2001 | 11472962 |
| dietary organic chromium supplementation and its effect on the immune response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | recently, there has been an increasing interest in the potential effect of dietary chromium on the health of fish, particularly with respect to their metabolism and growth. information as to the role of this mineral on their immune response, is limited however, so the aim of this study was to assess the effects of dietary chromium yeast supplementation on the immune response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). juvenile rainbow trout (56 g average weight) were fed three semipurified diets con ... | 2001 | 11478514 |
| in vitro interactions between rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophages and vibrio anguillarum serogroup o2a. | the sensitivity of vibrio anguillarum serogroup o2a to killing by rainbow trout macrophages in the presence or absence of specific antibodies and complement components was evaluated using an in vitro assay. fluorescence microscopy revealed that v. anguillarum serogroup o2a was phagocytosed by rainbow trout macrophages. in the absence of specific antibodies and complement components the bacteria were killed to a limited extent by the macrophages and there was no increased killing if the bacteria ... | 2001 | 11478517 |
| effects of trout endothelin on the motility of gastrointestinal smooth muscle from the trout and rat. | trout endothelin (et), previously isolated from the kidney of the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, contains four amino acid substitutions at residues 4-7 compared with rat et-1. trout et produced sustained and concentration-dependent contractions of strips of longitudinal smooth muscle from trout stomach (pd(2) = 7.52 +/- 0.06) and proximal small intestine (pd(2) = 7.80 +/- 0.10) and from rat fundus (pd(2) = 7.78 +/- 0.14). rat et-1 was equipotent with trout et for contraction of rat fundus an ... | 2001 | 11482936 |
| the production and bioactivity of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) recombinant il-1 beta. | the predicted rainbow trout mature interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta) peptide has been produced as a recombinant protein in e. coli. the bioactivity of this molecule has been studied using trout head kidney cell preparations and a trout macrophage cell line (rts11). trout ril-1 beta was shown to increase the expression level of il-1 beta, cyclooxygenase (cox2) and mhc class ii beta chain transcription, as determined by northern blot analysis. stimulatory doses of ril-1 beta were typically > or =10 n ... | 2001 | 11498242 |
| effects of arginine on pancreatic hormones and hepatic metabolism in rainbow trout. | arginine (arg), injected intraperitoneally into rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), increases plasma concentrations of glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1), and insulin by three- to 10-fold. resulting ratios of glucagon and glp-1 over insulin are unchanged in 20-d food-deprived fish (saline, 1.28 vs. arg, 0.93; not significant) while slightly increased in feeding trout (saline, 0.70 vs. arg, 0.92; p<0.05). in food-deprived juveniles, arg injection leads to significant decreases in plasma f ... | 2001 | 11517452 |
| are chemical alarm cues conserved within salmonid fishes? | a wide diversity of fishes possess chemical alarm signalling systems. however, it is not known whether the specific chemicals that act as alarm signals are conserved within most taxonomic groups. in this study we tested whether cross-species responses to chemical alarm signals occurred within salmonid fishes. in separate laboratory experiments, we exposed brook charr (salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (salmo trutta), and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to chemical alarm signals from each o ... | 2001 | 11521402 |
| biochemical and functional analysis of a conserved igf-binding protein isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatoma cells. | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) serum contains several igf-binding proteins (igfbps) that specifically bind to igfs. the structures of these fish igfbps have not been determined and their physiological functions are poorly defined. in this study, we identified a 30 kda igfbp present in rainbow trout serum and secreted by cultured trout hepatoma cells. this igfbp binds to igfs but not to insulin. this igfbp was purified to homogeneity using a three-step procedure involving phenyl-sepharose ch ... | 2001 | 11524242 |
| molecular cloning, gene organization and expression of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) gene. | a full-length inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) gene has been sequenced for the first time outside the mammals, and the gene organization compared with that already determined for human inos. while there are some differences from the human gene, overall the exons show remarkable conservation in sequence and organization. as in human, the trout inos gene has 27 exons, with 18 of the trout exons being identical in size with the equivalent human exons. the cofactor-binding domains are found in ... | 2001 | 11535135 |
| assessment of thyroid function in adult medaka (oryzias latipes) and juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) using immunostaining methods. | the effect of injected bovine tsh on the pattern of anti-t(4) and anti-t(3) immunostaining of the thyroid tissue was examined in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and medaka (oryzias latipes) to determine if the previously reported immunostaining of the cytoplasm of thyrocytes is due to the presence of colloid pinocytotic vesicles and is thus indicative of thyroid hormone release. we hypothesized that the number of immunostained thyrocytes should increase following a tsh challenge, and this sh ... | 2001 | 11550184 |
| retinol binding protein in rainbow trout: molecular properties and mrna expression in tissues. | retinoids are important regulatory signaling molecules during embryonic development. the molecular properties of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) retinol-binding protein (rtrbp), the specific retinol carrier in vertebrate plasma, were studied to elucidate its role in transporting retinols to developing fish oocytes. a 954-nucleotide rtrbp cdna was cloned from the liver coding for a 176-amino-acid (aa) mature protein, with an estimated molecular mass of 20,267 da. the nucleotide sequence sugge ... | 2001 | 11551117 |
| incorporation, distribution, and metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the pineal gland of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in vitro. | the in vitro incorporation of 3h-radio-labeled arachidonic (20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids by the photosensitive trout pineal gland was visualized using photon and electron microscopy. after 6 hr of incubation, 3h-20:4n-6 appeared distributed in photoreceptors, as well as in glial cells, whereas 3h-22:6n-3 was preferentially taken up by photoreceptors, mainly in the apical part (including the photoreceptive outer segment). radioactivity was mainly seen over membranes of glia when t ... | 2001 | 11555168 |
| adhesion of the fish pathogen flavobacterium psychrophilum to unfertilized eggs of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and n-hexadecane. | the ability of flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome (rtfs) in fish, to attach to unfertilized rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs and to hydrocarbon n-hexadecane was examined in the present study. | 2001 | 11555199 |
| isolation and characterization of the retinoblastoma protein from fish. | the retinoblastoma (rb) gene represents the first tumor suppressor gene characterized. the encoded protein, prb, plays a crucial role in cell cycle control, preventing malignant cell proliferation. recently, homologues of the rb gene have been isolated in fish and the pocket domain, which is central to rb function, was conserved. in our studies, using coelocanth (latimeria chalumnae), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), medaka (oryzias latipes) and english sole (parophrys vetulus), we have deve ... | 2001 | 11567901 |
| effect of external cryoprotectants as membrane stabilizers on cryopreserved rainbow trout sperm. | the process of freezing and thawing induces certain cellular damage in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa. we have previously demonstrated that after freezing and thawing decreased fertility in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa, is related to sublethal damage to the plasma membrane. external cryoprotectants are known to stabilize the sperm cell membrane against such damage. in the current study, we used a basic freezing extender containing #6 erdahl and graham and 7% d ... | 2001 | 11572443 |
| localization of the initial developmental stages of loma salmonae in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | the intracellular microsporidian parasite loma salmonae affects salmonids of the genus oncorhynchus and is a significant cause of economic losses in pen-reared chinook salmon (o. tshawytscha) in british columbia. loma salmonae infection is easily recognized by the xenomas that form in the gills, but early stages of infection are difficult to detect in histologic sections. in situ hybridization (ish), using an l. salmonae-specific digoxigenin-labeled single-stranded dna probe, was used to detect ... | 2001 | 11572561 |
| the effects of exogenous extracellular carbonic anhydrase on co2 excretion in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): role of plasma buffering capacity. | the buffering capacity (beta) of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) plasma was manipulated prior to intravascular injection of bovine carbonic anhydrase to test the idea that proton (h+) availability limits the catalysed dehydration of hco3- within the extracellular compartment. an extracorporeal blood shunt was employed to continuously monitor blood gases in vivo in fish exhibiting normal plasma beta (-3.9+/-0.3 mmol 1(-1) ph unit(-1)), and in fish with experimentally (using n-[2-hydroxyethyl] ... | 2001 | 11585258 |
| influence of hmb (beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate) on antibody secreting cells (asc) after in vitro and in vivo immunization with the anti-yersinia ruckeri vaccine of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | in practice, protection of fish against disease by immunization is of limited effectiveness. therefore, research is concentrated on how to improve the potency and efficacy of vaccines and how to optimally activate the cell-mediated immunity and the specific antibody response. in the present study, the influence of hmb (beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate) on the antibody secreting cells (asc) after both in vitro and in vivo immunization of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with the anti-yersinios ... | 2001 | 11592618 |
| naturalized salmonid populations occur in the presence of elevated trace element concentrations and temperatures in the firehole river, yellowstone national park, wyoming, usa. | we investigated the effects of geothermally influenced waters on the distribution of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, and brown trout, salmo trutta, in the firehole river and its tributaries in yellowstone national park (wy, usa) from june 1997 to june 1998. geothermal features in the firehole river basin elevate mineral content and temperature in portions of the river and its tributaries. we found concentrations of boron and arsenic to be elevated in geothermally influenced areas compared wi ... | 2001 | 11596769 |
| type ii iodothyronine deiodinase is preferentially expressed in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver and gonads. | it is well admitted that thyroid hormones (th) play a role in the development of vertebrates. the major secretory product of the thyroid is a pro-hormone, t(4), which is activated in peripheral tissues by outer ring deiodination to t(3). we have isolated from rainbow trout testis, a full length cdna encoding type ii iodothyronine deiodinase (rtd2). the cdna was 2410 nucleotides long and coded for a polypeptide of 264 amino acids including a selenocysteine residue. the predicted molecular weight ... | 2001 | 11599045 |
| tissue-specific expression of two structurally different estrogen receptor alpha isoforms along the female reproductive axis of an oviparous species, the rainbow trout. | in oviparous species, in addition to a full-length estrogen receptor alpha (er alpha), another er alpha isoform lacking the a domain and exhibiting a ligand-independent transactivation function has been consistently reported. although both isoforms are expressed in the liver, their respective sites of expression in other potential target tissues are unknown. in contrast to the situation in xenopus and chicken, the two isoforms of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) are generated from two classes ... | 2001 | 11673274 |
| immunohistochemical localization and differential expression of cytochrome p450 3a27 in the gastrointestinal tract of rainbow trout. | in mammals the cytochrome p450 3a (cyp3a) subfamily isoforms are primarily expressed in liver and intestines with lesser amounts found in other tissues. the aim of this study was to examine the cellular localization and the expression pattern of cyp3a27 in the gastrointestinal tract (gi tract) of a freshwater teleost species, the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), a fish model used extensively for toxicological and carcinogenesis research. using an avidin biotinylated enzyme complex and 3,3'-d ... | 2001 | 11740908 |
| glucagon effects on brain carbohydrate and ketone body metabolism of rainbow trout. | the levels of glycogen in brain, lactate and acetoacetate in brain and plasma, glucose in plasma and the activities of brain key enzymes of glycogen metabolism (glycogen phosphorylase, gpase, glycogen synthetase, gsase), gluconeogenesis (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, fbpase), and glycolysis (6-phosphofructo 1-kinase, pfk) were evaluated in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, from 0.5 to 3 hr after intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml/kg(-1) body weight of saline alone (controls) or containing bovine ... | 2001 | 11748615 |
| possible role of ltb4 in the antiviral activity of turbot (scophthalmus maximus) leukocyte-derived supernatants against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv). | turbot (scophthalmus maximus) blood leukocyte-derived supernatants were tested for antiviral activity against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv). the assays were performed by quantifying the effect of the supernatants on the replication of vhsv in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) cell line, rtg-2. supernatants were obtained by incubating the leukocytes for 17 h at 18 degrees c in l-15 medium supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum (fcs). testing of leukocyte supernatants indicated th ... | 2002 | 11755677 |
| [in vitro effect of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) serum in tylodelphys sp. (trematoda, diplosromatidae) metacercariae]. | here, it has been described that normal fresh sera from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were able to lyse tylodelphys sp. metacercariae isolated from galaxias maculatus (jenyns, 1842) (teleostei, galaxiidae) brain. this effect was time dependent, and progressively increased since 1 h up to 18 h incubation. there were oscillations in the ability of different sera samples to lyse these parasites. similar values were achieved with other salmonid sera, and also with normal human sera pool. the l ... | 2000 | 11757418 |
| rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) recombinant il-1beta and derived peptides induce migration of head-kidney leucocytes in vitro. | the present work provides the first information concerning the chemoattractant activity of trout recombinant il-1beta and its derived peptides, referred to as p1, p2 and p3. the predicted rainbow trout mature interleukin-1beta peptide was produced as a recombinant protein in escherichia coli. the first peptide, p1, corresponded to fragment 146-157 (yvtpvpietear) of the trout sequence and had an mw of 137 kda. it was equivalent to a region known to be part of the receptor binding domain from the ... | 2001 | 11759040 |
| the effects of endothelin-1 on the cardiorespiratory physiology of the freshwater trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and the marine dogfish (squalus acanthias). | the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of endothelin-l-elicited cardiovascular events on respiratory gas transfer in the freshwater rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and the marine dogfish (squalus acanthias). in both species, endothelin-1 (666 pmol kg(-1)) caused a rapid (within 4 min) reduction (ca. 30-50 mmhg) in arterial blood partial pressure of o2. the effects of endothelin-1 on arterial blood partial pressure of co2 were not synchronised with the changes in o2 partial ... | 2001 | 11765971 |
| factors influencing predictive models for toxicology. | comparisons of different models to predict toxicity and evaluation of the predictive power of a model are affected by the variability of the data. we assessed this problem by considering experimental toxicity data and chemical descriptors. we evaluated several toxicological end-points (oncorhynchus mykiss, daphnia magna, acceptable daily intake, anas platyrhynchos, colinus virginianus and muridae) in the case of pesticides and also considered the availability of toxicological data. we calculated ... | 2001 | 11813807 |
| the effect of acclimation temperature on the fusion kinetics of lipid vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum membranes of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver. | membrane fusion is an obligatory step in many vital cellular processes. the well-established enrichment of bilayer-destabilizing lipids in membranes of poikilotherms subjected to growth at low temperatures leads to the prediction that such membranes will possess a greater propensity to undergo fusion. this hypothesis was explicitly tested in the present study by determining the kinetics of fusion between small unilamellar vesicles (suvs) prepared from endoplasmic reticulum (er) membranes of ther ... | 2002 | 11818217 |
| identification of a critical amino acid in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. | two aryl hydrocarbon receptors (rtahr2alpha and rtahr2beta) have been identified in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). these receptors share 98% amino acid identity, yet their functional properties differ. both rtahr2alpha and rtahr2beta bind 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd), dimerize with rainbow trout arntb (rtarntb), and recognize dioxin response elements in vitro. however, in a transient transfection assay the two proteins show differential ability to recognize enhancers, pro ... | 2002 | 11823471 |
| rainbow trout eyed-stage embryos demonstrate melatonin rhythms under light-dark conditions as measured by a newly developed time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. | melatonin contents in eyed-stage embryos of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were measured by a newly developed, highly sensitive, and nonisotopic immunoassay method: time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (tr-fia). the melatonin-bovine serum albumin (bsa) conjugate was immobilized by physical adsorption to the wells of microtiter plates. a competitive assay using two antibodies was performed among melatonin-bsa in the solid phase, samples, melatonin antibodies, and europium-labeled secondary antibo ... | 2002 | 11825033 |
| host specificity dynamics: observations on gyrodactylid monogeneans. | the directly transmitted viviparous gyrodactylids have high species richness but low morphological and biological diversity, and many species are recorded from only a single host. they therefore constitute a guild of species ideal for studies of the evolutionary significance of host specificity. the group has the widest host range of any monogenean family, being found on 19 orders of bony fish. however, individual species range from narrowly specific (71% of 402 described species recorded from a ... | 2002 | 11835970 |
| chromosome painting supports lack of homology among sex chromosomes in oncorhynchus, salmo, and salvelinus (salmonidae). | the sex chromosome pair has been identified previously as the largest submetacentric pair in the genome in several species of the genus salvelinus (eastern trouts and chars) including s. namaycush (lake trout) and as a large subtelocentric/acrocentric pair in several species of the genus oncorhynchus (pacific trouts and salmon). sex chromosomes have not been identified in salmo (atlantic salmon and brown trout). two paint probes, one specific for the short arm (yp) and the other for the long arm ... | 2001 | 11841160 |
| microsatellite analyses of the trout of northwest mexico. | the trout of northwest mexico represent an undescribed group of fish considered part of the oncorhynchus mykiss (pacific trout) complex of species and subspecies. recent genetic studies have shown these fish to have important genetic diversity and a unique evolutionary history when compared to coastal rainbow trout. increased levels of allelic diversity have been found in this species at the southern extent of its range. in this study we describe the trout in the sierra madre occidental from the ... | 2001 | 11841172 |
| isolation and characterisation of rhabdovirus from wild common bream abramis brama, roach rutilus rutilus, farmed brown trout salmo trutta and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in northern ireland. | rhabdovirus was isolated from wild common bream abramis brama during a disease outbreak with high mortality in northern ireland during may 1998. rhabdovirus was also isolated at the same time from healthy farmed rainbow oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout salmo trutta on the same stretch of river and 11 mo later from healthy wild bream and roach rutilus rutilus in the same river system. experimental intra-peritoneal infection of bream and mirror carp cyprinus carpio var specularis with 2 of thes ... | 2001 | 11843142 |
| the probiotic potential against vibriosis of the indigenous microflora of rainbow trout. | the antibacterial properties of the indigenous microflora of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) and the potential use of inhibitory bacteria as fish probiotics were investigated. a total of 1018 bacteria and yeasts were isolated on tryptone soy agar (tsa) from skin, gills and intestine. forty-five of these inhibited growth of the fish pathogenic bacterium vibrio anguillarum in a well diffusion assay. the antagonism was most prominent among pseudomonas spp., as 28 (66%) of the antagonist ... | 2001 | 11846769 |
| determining patterns of motor recruitment during locomotion. | motor units are the functional units of muscle contraction in vertebrates. each motor unit comprises muscle fibres of a particular fibre type and can be considered as fast or slow depending on its fibre-type composition. motor units are typically recruited in a set order, from slow to fast, in response to the force requirements from the muscle. the anatomical separation of fast and slow muscle in fish permits direct recordings from these two fibre types. the frequency spectra from different slow ... | 2002 | 11854372 |
| temperature dependent activation of leucocyte populations of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, after intraperitoneal immunisation with aeromonas salmonicida. | the temperature dependence of in vivo activation of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, leucocyte populations after intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of fish with a t-cell independent antigen aeromonas salmonicida (strain mt423) was investigated using a proliferation assay and flow cytometric analysis with mab specific for trout leucocyte surface markers. in trout kept at 15-17 degrees c a prominent activation of blood and spleen leucocytes was found. also, drastic changes of the percentage of the ... | 2002 | 11866129 |
| development and application of a nested pcr to monitor brood stock salmonid ovarian fluid and spleen for detection of the fish pathogen flavobacterium psychrophilum. | to develop a nested pcr to detect flavobacterium psychrophilum based on the intergenic spacer region 16s-23s rrna and in 16s rrna for analysis of brood stock salmonid fish samples. | 2002 | 11872127 |
| cloning of a novel rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) cc chemokine with a fractalkine-like stalk and a tnf decoy receptor using cdna fragments containing au-rich elements. | an activation-specific cdna library was made from phytohaemagglutinin (pha)-activated haematopoietic cells of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) using the technique of suppression subtractive hybridization. several immune system genes were identified, including an interleukin (il)1 receptor related protein and two invariant chain-like proteins. many clones showed no similarity by blast search, but had au-rich elements. these fragments were labelled and used for hybridization with a pha-acti ... | 2002 | 11886174 |
| survival of flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) serum in vitro. | virulent and non-virulent strains of flavobacterium psychrophilum of different serotypes were examined for survival and growth in non-immune and immune rainbow trout serum, in vitro. a majority of the examined strains consumed complement of non-immune serum, but the complement cascade was not able to cause an immediate (after 3 h incubation) notable reduction in viability of the inoculated cells. after 24 h incubation a more pronounced reduction in the number of viable bacteria was observed in u ... | 2002 | 11911675 |
| resistance to serum killing may contribute to differences in the abilities of capsulate and non-capsulated isolates of lactococcus garvieae to cause disease in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss l.). | three capsulated and two non-capsulated isolates of lactococcus garvieae were investigated in terms of their wall proteins, virulence and interactions with rainbow trout immunoglobulin (ig). all isolates were similar in integral membrane protein profile, and all were able to bind non-immune rainbow trout ig, although different proteins appeared to be involved in ig binding. however, whilst capsulated isolates were highly virulent, non-capsulated isolates were avirulent. this appeared to correlat ... | 2002 | 11911676 |
| the outer membrane fraction of flavobacterium psychrophilum induces protective immunity in rainbow trout and ayu. | flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of coldwater disease, which is responsible for serious losses in fish aquaculture in several parts of the world. no commercial vaccines are currently available for the prevention of coldwater disease. the present study sought to assess the efficacy of a f. psychrophilum vaccine based on the antigenic outer membrane fraction (omf). this fraction induced significantly higher protection against coldwater disease in both rainbow trout (oncorhynchus ... | 2002 | 11911677 |
| antibody increases phagocytosis and killing of lactococcus garvieae by rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, l.) macrophages. | the present study reports that specific antibody increased the bactericidal activity of rainbow trout head-kidney macrophages against virulent capsulated lactococcus garvieae in the absence of complement. the observed increased bactericidal activity appeared to result from increased phagocytosis of capsulated l. garvieae in the presence of specific antibody and may in part explain the protective effect of antibody previously reported against this disease. | 2002 | 11911678 |
| the acute phase response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) plasma proteins to viral, bacterial and fungal inflammatory agents. | the innate arm of the immune system responds to inflammatory stimuli by the activation of phagocytes, and by altered levels of several plasma proteins. these changes in plasma proteins comprise a major component of the acute phase response, which is thought to be an adaptive response that contributes to regaining homeostasis after tissue injury or infection. in this study, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were injected with a variety of potential inflammatory agents, and changes in the concen ... | 2002 | 11931018 |
| immunostimulation in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) following intraperitoneal administration of ergosan. | the present work provides information concerning the immunostimulatory activity of ergosan, an algal based product, injected intraperitoneally in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). ergosan is composed of 0.002% unspecified plant extract, 1% alginic acid from laminaria digitata, and 98.998% algal based carrier. migration of leucocytes into the peritoneal cavity was stimulated at doses > or =1 mg ml(-1). a single dose of 1mg significantly augmented the proportion of neutrophils, degree of ph ... | 2002 | 11943333 |
| estrogen mimics bind with similar affinity and specificity to the hepatic estrogen receptor in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | a variety of organic chemicals have been documented to bind to and activate the estrogen receptor (er) and consequently induce estrogenic effects in different animals. although the function of the er seems phylogenetically conserved in vertebrates, a considerable interspecies variation in the structure of the er has been demonstrated. in this study, the hepatic er from atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and rainbow trout (oncorhunchus mykiss) were partly characterized, and the ligand-binding preferen ... | 2002 | 11944962 |
| evaluation of immune functions of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss)--how can environmental influences be detected? | in fish, the first line of defense against infectious microorganisms is based on a broad range of nonspecific humoral and cellular immune mechanisms ("innate immunity") which without prior specific activation can act in forming a more static barrier (fish shellfish immunol. 10 (2000) 243; dev. comp. immunol. 25 (2001) 827). this natural resistance is normally effective enough to protect fish from infectious diseases until specific immune responses are being induced (fig. 1; dev. comp. immunol. 2 ... | 2002 | 11988361 |
| rhamnose-binding lectins from steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs recognize bacterial lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acid. | the interaction between bacteria and three l-rham-nose-binding lectins, named stl1, stl2, and stl3, from steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs was investigated. although stls bound to most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, they agglutinated only escherichia coli k-12 and bacillus subtilis among the bacteria tested. the binding was inhibited by l-rhamnose. stls bound to distinct serotypes of lipopolysaccharides (lpss), and showed much higher binding activities to smooth-type lpss of ... | 2002 | 12005056 |
| studies on pathogenesis following single and double infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were bath challenged with viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) virus or infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) virus or with both viruses simultaneously. the viral distribution and development of histologic lesions were examined using immunohistochemistry, while virus titer in kidney was determined by viral titration in cell culture. single infections with vhs virus and ihn virus showed similar distributions of virus in internal organs. the early identification ... | 2002 | 12009056 |
| cloning and characterization of the homolog of mammalian lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and bactericidal permeability-increasing protein in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. | we cloned two cdnas denoted as rt-lbp/bpi-1 and rt-lbp/bpi-2, respectively, which were derived from the mrna of head kidney from rainbow trout. they showed structural homology with lps-binding protein (lbp) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (bpi) in mammals. the full-length cdna of rt-lbp/bpi-1 and rt-lbp/bpi-2 is 1666 and 1741 bp, respectively. both cdnas encoded 473 aa residues, including the amino acids conserved in mammalian lbp and bpi proteins that were assumed to be involve ... | 2002 | 12023361 |
| rapid differentiation of australian, european and american ranaviruses based on variation in major capsid protein gene sequence. | epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (ehnv), bohle iridovirus (biv) and wamena virus (wv) cause serious diseases in fish, amphibians and snakes, respectively but are restricted to australasia. european catfish virus (ecv) and sheatfish virus (esv) have caused epizootics in fish on farms in continental europe. currently there are no simple or readily available methods to distinguish these viruses, which are in the iridoviridae. they are culturally, morphologically and antigenically very simila ... | 2002 | 12030764 |
| characterization of rainbow trout branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex: inter-domain segments of the e2 component affect the overall activity. | branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (bckadh) contains decarboxylase (e1), dihydrolipoyl transacylase (e2), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (e3) as catalytic components. bckadh purified from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver was comparable with mammalian bckadh in various enzymatic characteristics, but less efficient in catalyzing the overall reaction. the trout e2 subunit was larger than the mammalian subunit and rather similar to the chicken one in relative molecular ma ... | 2002 | 12031470 |
| foodborne pathogenic bacteria in prepackaged fresh retail portions of farmed rainbow trout and salmon stored at 3 degrees c. | twelve lots of fresh unskinned fillets of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and 10 lots of fresh sliced salmon (salmo salar) prepacked in trays wrapped with an oxygen-permeable film were obtained immediately after packing from two supermarkets having in-plant facilities for packaging wet fish. during storage at 3 degrees c, listeria innocua was detected in eight lots of trout fillets after 4 days storage. l. monocytogenes was recovered from a single lot also contaminated with l. innocua. initi ... | 2002 | 12038570 |
| ubiquitin genes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | ubiquitin is a small protein involved in intracellular proteolysis. it is highly conserved throughout eukaryotic phyla and has been detected in such diverse species as yeast, barley, drosophila and man. a previous study showed that chromatin of rainbow trout testis contains free ubiquitin with a sequence similar to that of other phyla. in the present study, which focused on rainbow trout but included eleven other species, it is shown that fish ubiquitin genetic organisation and expression are si ... | 2002 | 12049169 |
| rate and capacity of hepatic microsomal ring-hydroxylation of phenol to hydroquinone and catechol in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver microsomes were used to study the rate of ring-hydroxylation of phenol at 11 and 25 degrees c by directly measuring the production of two potentially toxic metabolites, hydroquinone (hq) and catechol (cat). an hplc method with integrated ultraviolet and electrochemical detection was used for metabolite identification and quantification at low (pmol) formation rates found in fish. the michaelis-menten saturation kinetics for the production of hq and cat o ... | 2002 | 12062932 |
| structures of two major histocompatibility complex class i genes of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | here we describe two rainbow trout major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i genes characterized from lambda phage genomic clones prepared from a single fish. clone gc71 contains all exons except a leader peptide-encoding exon. an open reading frame is maintained, and thus the gene mhconmy-u71 could be expressed in this individual. the class i gene found on clone gc41 lacks exons encoding the leader peptide and cytoplasmic domain. this gene, mhconmy-u41p, is a pseudogene due to a deletion i ... | 2002 | 12073148 |
| isolation and analysis of a protease gene with an abc transport system in the fish pathogen yersinia ruckeri: insertional mutagenesis and involvement in virulence. | yersinia ruckeri is a gram-negative pathogen that causes enteric redmouth disease in salmonids. a gene from y. ruckeri encoding an extracellular protease termed yrp1 (yersinia ruckeri protease 1) was cloned from a sau3ai library constructed in puc19 and analysed in gelatin-supplemented medium. the nucleotide sequence of the yrp1 gene indicated an orf encoding a protein of 477 aa. on the basis of the high degree of homology in the amino acid sequence as well as its conservative motifs, this prote ... | 2002 | 12101310 |
| aquatic toxicity of triclosan. | the aquatic toxicity of triclosan (tcs), a chlorinated biphenyl ether used as an antimicrobial in consumer products, was studied with activated-sludge microorganisms, algae, invertebrates, and fish. triclosan, a compound used for inhibiting microbial growth, was not toxic to wastewater microorganisms at concentrations less than aqueous solubility. the 48-h daphnia magna median effective concentration (ec50) was 390 microg/l and the 96-h median lethal concentration values for pimephales promelas ... | 2002 | 12109732 |
| molecular cloning and expression during spermatogenesis of a cdna encoding testicular 11beta-hydroxylase (p45011beta) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | cytochrome p450 1beta-hydroxylase (p450(11beta)) is an important steroidogenic enzyme for glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid production in vertebrates. in teleosts, p450(11beta) also plays a role in the production of 11-ketotestosterone (11-kt), the predominant androgen in male fish. in this study, we cloned a cdna encoding rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) testicular p450(11beta). the cdna contains 1,740 nucleotides that encode a protein of 551 amino acids which shares 65.2% homology with t ... | 2002 | 12112578 |