| a modified colorimetric assay of macrophage activation for intracellular cytotoxicity against leishmania parasites. | an in vitro method is described which colorimetrically assesses the activation of macrophages for intracellular cytotoxicity against the obligate intracellular parasite leishmania donovani. the assay system uses a highly purified macrophage population derived from 10-day murine bone marrow cultures. these were infected in vitro as a suspension culture with viable l. donovani amastigotes and then exposed to activating agents. after 48 h the intracellular parasites were released by sds lysis of th ... | 1990 | 2108218 |
| modulation of in vitro monocyte cytokine responses to leishmania donovani. interferon-gamma prevents parasite-induced inhibition of interleukin 1 production and primes monocytes to respond to leishmania by producing both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1. | cytokines produced by mononuclear cells are important regulatory and effector molecules and evidence has been presented to support a role at least for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) and interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) in host defense against leishmania. in the present study, we examined the production of tnf-alpha and interleukin 1 (il-1) by resting and ifn-gamma-primed peripheral blood monocytes infected in vitro with leishmania donovani. monocytes produced neither il-1 nor tnf-alpha duri ... | 1990 | 2112157 |
| defect in the tissue cellular immune response: experimental visceral leishmaniasis in euthymic c57bl/6 ep/ep mice. | in balb/c mice, successful defense against visceral leishmaniasis is t cell dependent, expressed by tissue granuloma formation, and probably mediated by macrophages activated by cytokines, including gamma interferon (ifn-gamma). c57bl/6 ep/ep (pale ear) mice, which reportedly exhibit impaired ifn-gamma production, were challenged with leishmania donovani to determine the outcome of infection in a euthymic host with an apparent defect in lymphokine secretion. in balb/c and normal c57bl/6 mice, l. ... | 1990 | 2123825 |
| leishmania major and l. donovani: a method for rapid purification of amastigotes. | | 1990 | 2209791 |
| neoglycoproteins as carriers for receptor-mediated drug targeting in the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | methotrexate (mtx) coupled to mannosyl bovine serum albumin (bsa) was taken up efficiently through the mannosyl receptors present on macrophages. binding experiments indicate that conjugation does not decrease the affinity of the neoglycoprotein for its cell surface receptor. the drug conjugate eliminated intracellular amastigotes of leishmania donovani in mouse peritoneal macrophages about 100 times more efficiently than free drug on the basis of 50% inhibitory dose. inhibitory effect of the co ... | 1990 | 2213650 |
| [leishmaniasis vectors (diptera, psychodidae) in 3 different environments of western sicily and 2 of the aeolian islands]. | some cases of visceral leishmaniasis in children and in adults have been diagnosed in the last fifteen years in western sicily and an increasing number of cases of canine leishmaniasis has been recorded, mainly in the province of palermo. such a human leishmaniasis recrudescence, after the antimalaria campaign had reduced the transmission, and the increase of canine leishmaniasis in the city of palermo and its suburbs suggest that transmission in urban areas may be possible. using the oiled pape ... | 1990 | 2132442 |
| small intestinal involvement in visceral leishmaniasis. | | 1990 | 2132554 |
| characterization of leishmania donovani variant clones using anti-lipophosphoglycan monoclonal antibodies. | monoclonal antibodies directed against the lipophosphoglycan of leishmania donovani were used to characterize two glycosylation variants of the parasite. one of the variants was found to be totally deficient in the synthesis and expression of lipophosphoglycan. the other variant synthesized lower levels (20%) of the glycoconjugate compared to wildtype cells and its lipophosphoglycan was smaller in size. the two lipophosphoglycan-deficient clones will be useful for elucidating the biosynthesis an ... | 1990 | 2136382 |
| [determination of circulating antibodies in cutaneous leishmaniasis by immunofluorescence test]. | using a gradient purified leishmania donovani infantum antigen, the sensitivity and specificity of the iif test in detecting anti-leishmania antibodies are investigated. the "purified" antigen increases the specificity and sensitivity of the iif test, at the same time, eliminating false positiviness caused by connective diseases, tuberculosis, etc. | 1990 | 2228038 |
| fluidity-dependent mg2(+)-atpase activity in membranes from leishmania donovani promastigotes. | the state of the lipid phase of the membrane plays a key role in the exposure of various receptors, antigens and enzymes on the membrane surface. the fluidity of membranes of leishmania donovani promastigotes was monitored by two independent methods, i.e. influx of sterol from liposomes and removal of phospholipids by treatment with phospholipase c. the altered sterol/phospholipid ratio, in both cases, provided evidence that the activity of the functionally important membrane-bound enzyme mg2(+) ... | 1990 | 2137691 |
| rheumatoid factor among several cases of visceral leishmaniasis. | rheumatoid arthritis is not an uncommon disease in egypt. its aetiology is still unknown. in this paper, 3 out of 7 visceral leishmaniasis cases and 1 out of 7 controls gave positive rheumatoid factor. it was suggested that l. donovani infection plays a role in the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis. | 1990 | 2230341 |
| filariasis cross react in ihat for leishmaniasis. | | 1990 | 2230343 |
| a high affinity ca2(+)-atpase on the surface membrane of leishmania donovani promastigote. | a ca2(+)-dependent atp-hydrolytic activity was detected in the crude membrane ghost of the promastigote or vector form of the protozoal parasite leishmania donovani, the pathogen responsible for kala azar. the ca2(+)-atpase was purified to apparent homogeneity after solubilization with deoxycholate. the enzyme consists of two subunits of mr = 51,000 and 57,000 and has an apparent molecular weight of 215,000 +/- 12,000. the enzyme activity is exclusively dependent on ca2+, and the pure enzyme can ... | 1990 | 2141609 |
| [an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum in geokchaĭ district, azerbaijan ssr]. | a more than 60-case outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis was documented in the geokchaĭ district of azerbaijan between 1987 and 1988. the disease was noted in the rural areas only. all age groups were involved. the clinical picture of the disease was significantly different from anthropogenic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by l. tropica but similar to cutaneous patterns caused by l. infantum which was a prevalent pattern in the southern france. isoenzyme assay of the strain isolated in the geokch ... | 1990 | 2142993 |
| leishmania donovani: a chemically defined medium suitable for cultivation and cloning of promastigotes and transformation of amastigotes to to promastigotes. | a chemically defined medium using commercially available alpha-mem supplemented with hemin, hepes, l-glutamine, d-glucose, folic acid, d-biotin and adenine supports the luxuriant growth and propagation of leishmania donovani promastigotes. a peak parasite population of about 7.0 x 10(7)/ml at stationary phase and a population doubling time of 11.4 h for high-subpassage promastigotes were obtained. the medium was suitable for transformation of isolated amastigotes from infected hamster spleen. pr ... | 1990 | 2258831 |
| functional and phenotypic changes in human lymphocytes after coincubation with leishmania donovani in vitro. | in this paper we describe functional and phenotypic changes in t cells after in vitro coincubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and leishmania donovani parasites at different parasite/peripheral blood mononuclear cell ratios. the phytohemagglutinin (pha)-induced lymphoproliferative response was reduced by the coincubation, and at the maximal parasite/peripheral blood mononuclear cell ratio used (7.5:1), the average response was less than 40% of the response in the absence of para ... | 1990 | 2144843 |
| leishmaniasis in sardinia. 5. leishmanin reaction in the human population of a focus of low endemicity of canine leishmaniasis. | about half (640 subjects) of the population of soleminis, a canine leishmaniasis focus 15 km north of cagliari, sardinia, was subjected to the leishmanin skin test. the total positive rate was 9.7%, and that of males was 15.5%. the age trend in the positive rate resembled a hyperbolic curve, with the 0-5 years age group rate being zero and the highest rate (39.3%) occurring in the 55-65 years age group. the soleminis focus was classified as hypoendemic, with a prevalence of canine leishmaniasis ... | 1990 | 2260172 |
| determinants of the immune response in visceral leishmaniasis: evidence for predominance of endogenous interleukin 4 over interferon-gamma production. | accumulating evidence points toward an antagonism between th1 and th2 focused immune responses decisive for the outcome of parasitic infections with leishmaniae. interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and interleukin 4 (il4), the principal cytokines involved in these pathways, as well as ige and the igg subclasses differentially modulated by these cytokines, were therefore assessed in 18 brazilian patients with visceral leishmaniasis. the results are compared to those of a local control group. il4 was det ... | 1990 | 2145107 |
| effect of glycolipids of leishmania parasites on human monocyte activity. inhibition by lipophosphoglycan. | lipophosphoglycan (lpg) and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ag (gpi), are glycolipids present on the membrane of leishmania parasites. both glycolipids have been chemically characterized. lpg is a polysaccharide of repeating phosphorylated units linked to a phosphocarbohydrate core that is anchored to the membrane by lysoalkyl phosphatidylinositol (pi). the gpi are smaller glycolipids with a structure resembling the phosphocarbohydrate core of the lpg. they are anchored to the membrane by alkyl ac ... | 1990 | 2147940 |
| [the identification of leishmania isolates obtained from patients and dogs with visceral leishmaniasis in the turkmen ssr]. | using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, 11 isolates have been detected by 8 enzymes (pgi, pgm, 6-pgd, mdg, g-6-pgd, me, alat, asat) from patients with visceral leishmaniasis and dogs in the turkmen ssr. the isolates were obtained from different areas of the republic varying in landscape and climatic conditions. the isolates were maintained by passages on golden hamsters. no long-lasting leishmania culture has been obtained on the nutrition medium for any of the isolates. parasite biomass wa ... | 1990 | 2149740 |
| canine visceral leishmaniasis in northeast brazil: assessment of serodiagnostic methods. | domestic dogs are considered to be a major reservoir of leishmania donovani chagasi in northeast brazil, and the elimination of infected dogs is an important part of the control program. we assessed 2 serological methods, ifa and elisa. of 405 dogs, 8% were positive by ifa obtained from blood collected by drying onto filter paper followed by elution, 17% were positive by ifa performed using sera, and 38% were positive by elisa on the same sera. thirty-five dogs, seropositive by 1 or more of the ... | 1990 | 2156463 |
| effect of continuous administration of interferon-gamma in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | in experimental visceral leishmaniasis, intermittently administered interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) induces antileishmanial activity, which is primarily microbistatic. to determine if the efficacy of ifn-gamma immunotherapy could be enhanced by continuous delivery, leishmania donovani-infected mice were treated using a subcutaneous osmotic pump. once-daily intraperitoneal injections of 10(5) or 10(6) units of ifn-gamma inhibited the replication of l. donovani within liver macrophages but overall di ... | 1990 | 2157773 |
| leishmania donovani: cell-surface heparin receptors of promastigotes are recruited from an internal pool after trypsinization. | with the use of [3h]heparin, we recently demonstrated that leishmania donovani promastigotes express a cell-surface receptor that is specific for the glycosaminoglycan heparin (mukhopadhyay et al. 1989, the biochemical journal, 264, 517-525.). treatment of the parasite with trypsin abolishes 75-90% of this [3h]heparin-binding activity. when trypsinized promastigotes were resuspended in fresh culture medium in the absence and presence of cycloheximide (10 micrograms/ml), approximately 25-30% of t ... | 1990 | 2162300 |
| lutzomyia evansi, an alternate vector of leishmania chagasi in a colombian focus of visceral leishmaniasis. | | 1990 | 2278068 |
| identification and characterisation of a leishmania donovani antigen belonging to the 70-kda heat-shock protein family. | a leishmania donovani promastigote cdna library was screened with serum obtained from a patient infected with visceral leishmaniasis. sequence analysis of a clone obtained from this library revealed that the 600-bp insert corresponded to the carboxy-terminal region of an antigen related to the 70-kda heat-shock protein family. the full-length sequence of the corresponding gene (1959 nucleotides) was determined after isolation of genomic clones. genes encoding the antigen are present on a single ... | 1990 | 2163842 |
| introduction of an improved direct agglutination test for the detection of leishmania infantum infection in southern france. | an improved direct agglutination test (dat) is assessed for the detection of leishmania infantum antibodies in man and in the canine reservoir in southern france. the test performance in 32 human visceral leishmaniasis patients was in agreement with the parasitological diagnosis and the immunofluorescence (ifat) results. in six patients diagnosed earlier as kala-azar cases, both dat and ifat revealed negative results. the specificity of the dat was reproduced in this study by the absence of cros ... | 1990 | 2199962 |
| leishmania infantum mon-98 isolated from dogs in el agamy, egypt. | | 1990 | 2202105 |
| leishmania donovani: regulated changes in the level of expression of the surface 3'-nucleotidase/nuclease. | leishmania donovani promastigotes have previously been shown to possess a surface membrane bound 3'-nucleotidase/nuclease (3'-n'ase) capable of hydrolyzing both nucleic acids and 3'-ribonucleotides. the specific activity of the 3'-n'ase was increased following transfer of the parasites to fresh, nutrient-replete media or to media lacking purines and/or inorganic phosphate (pi). in nutrient-replete media, the enzyme activity was transiently elevated during the lag and early logarithmic phases of ... | 1990 | 2164952 |
| pancreatitis and palindromic arthropathy with effusions associated with sodium stibogluconate treatment in a renal transplant recipient. | we report the occurrence of two side effects, pancreatitis and palindromic arthropathy with effusions, associated with injections of sodium stibogluconate used in the treatment of kala-azar. no clear mechanism to account for the problems was identified despite extensive investigation. we suggest that when abdominal pain is experienced during treatment with antimonial drugs pancreatitis should be borne in mind as a possible cause. | 1990 | 2166765 |
| identification of leishmania by kinetoplast dna minicircle and cloning of minicircle. | to develop a specific and sensitive method for the identification of leishmania species and strains in china, kinetoplast dna (kdnas) from 10 different isolates of leishmania donovani and other species were analyzed by southern and dot hybridization. our results showed significant diversities within different species and strains of leishmania, which may be a useful criterion for taxonomic analysis. by southern blot under different stringency conditions, we estimated that there is greater sequenc ... | 1990 | 2167824 |
| [visceral leishmaniasis. personal observation and review of epidemiology, clinical aspects and therapy]. | a 5 year old german girl contracted visceral leishmaniasis during a vacation in spain, either 32 or 20 month prior to the manifestation of disease. she presented with fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia. a bone marrow aspirate proved the diagnosis. therapy with a pentavalent antimony drug brought about immediate improvement. visceral leishmaniasis has to be suspected in individuals with fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia who have resided in endemic areas (mediterranean countries, ... | 1990 | 2170739 |
| kinetoplastid flagellates: surface-reactive carbohydrates detected by fluorescein-conjugated lectins. | membrane-associated carbohydrate residues of 3 isolates of leishmania derived from etiological agents of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), postkala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl), and cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl), as well as 2 other nonpathogenic insect gut kinetoplastid flagellates, bodo sp. and herpetomonas sp., were characterized with the aid of 8 fluorescein-conjugated lectins. four lectins, concanavalin a, dolichos biflorus, phytohemagglutinin p, ricinus communis agglutinin, bound to all kinet ... | 1990 | 2299519 |
| sugar receptor mediated drug delivery to macrophages in the therapy of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | methotrexate (mtx) conjugate of a neoglycoprotein, mannosyl bovine serum albumin, containing an average of 30 moles of mtx per mole of neoglycoprotein was taken up efficiently by murine peritoneal macrophages through cell surface mannosyl receptors. the conjugate strongly inhibits the growth of leishmania donovani inside macrophages, with 50% inhibitory dose of 0.11 micrograms/ml mtx, which makes it 100 times more active than free mtx (50% inhibitory dose of 12.1 micrograms/ml). mtx conjugated t ... | 1990 | 2302213 |
| co-trimoxazole for visceral leishmaniasis. | | 1990 | 2312176 |
| distribution and etiology of leishmaniasis in colombia. | a total of 340 leishmania strains, isolated from humans, animals, and sand flies from various regions of colombia, were examined by isozyme electrophoresis. seven different leishmania species were identified. leishmania panamensis and l. braziliensis were the most common, representing 53.8% and 30.3% of the total, respectively. isolation rates of the other species were as follows: l. chagasi, 9.4%; l. guyanensis, 2.6%; l. amazonensis, 1.8%; l. mexicana, 0.8%; and a new species requiring addition ... | 1990 | 2316790 |
| identification of cytoplasmic soluble antigens related to the major surface antigens of leishmania braziliensis braziliensis and l. donovani chagasi. | this study describes the identification of aqueous-soluble antigens in leishmania promastigotes immunologically and biochemically closely related to the major surface antigen. proteins from surface-iodinated l. braziliensis braziliensis and l. donovani chagasi promastigotes, extracted and separated by partitioning in the detergent triton x-114, were analyzed. immunoblotting of the extracted proteins, using homologous antisera, showed recognition of a 72-kda labeled, amphiphilic antigen of l. b. ... | 1990 | 2179945 |
| fatal visceral disease caused by a dermotropic leishmania in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | | 1990 | 2319157 |
| the major leishmania donovani chagasi surface glycoprotein in tunicamycin-resistant promastigotes. | two populations of leishmania donovani chagasi promastigotes resistant to the lethal effects of tunicamycin (tm), an inhibitor of n-linked glycosylation, were raised. these parasites exhibited altered patterns of glycosylation when compared to wild-type controls. in particular the major surface glycoprotein gp63 was present in membranes of one population of tm-resistant promastigotes (population 1) primarily in a deglycosylated form, which migrated at a lower mr than wild-type gp63. the deglycos ... | 1990 | 2191040 |
| primary structure of trypanosoma cruzi small-subunit ribosomal rna coding region: comparison with other trypanosomatids. | a trypanosoma cruzi small subunit ribosomal rna gene was sequenced from genomic recombinant plasmid clones. the assigned coding region was 2319 bp, the longest ssu rrna gene described to date. on the basis of comparisons with published sequences from crithidia fasciculata, trypanosoma brucei, and leishmania donovani, we conclude that the extra nucleotides in the t. cruzi gene occur in highly variable regions of rrna genes. a phylogenetic analysis was performed with the ssu rrna sequences from th ... | 1990 | 2204830 |
| [observation on the infectivity of leishmania donovani from different areas to phlebotomus alexandri from xinjiang]. | hamsters or cotton rats were infected with 3 stocks of l. donovani, one of which had been isolated from an infected ph. major wui in xinjiang desert area and 2 from kala azar patients in a mountain area of gansu and in a plain area of henan respectively. the purpose of the study was to compare the infectivity of the parasites from different geographic areas through artificial infection of ph. alexandri. sandflies were dissected in 4, 6, 8 and 10 days after feeding on the infected animals to obse ... | 1990 | 2208620 |
| amazonian visceral leishmaniasis--distribution of the vector lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) in relation to the fox cerdocyon thous (linn.) and the efficiency of this reservoir host as a source of infection. | | 1990 | 2215228 |
| host immunoglobulin on spleen-derived leishmania donovani amastigotes. | leishmania donovani, an intracellular pathogen in vertebrates, is found as an amastigote within cells of reticuloendothelial origin. the spleens of experimentally infected syrian hamsters are frequently used as a source of amastigotes for studies of host-parasite interactions, but amastigotes isolated from hamster spleens have been found to have surface-bound host immunoglobulins, which may confound interpretation of such studies. | 1990 | 2221222 |
| [study of cellular immunity in patients with mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis]. | cellular immunity against leishmania infantum antigens was studied in visceral leishmaniasis patients and healthy subjects living in a endemic area. only the healthy subjects were ttl positive with production of gamma interferon, whereas the visceral leishmaniasis patients presented a transitory inhibition of their specific cellular response mechanisms. | 1990 | 2222009 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis serodiagnosis by immunoperoxidase assay. | immunoperoxidase assay was used for the determination of serum-specific anti-leishmanial igg antibodies in 65 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl), in 5 with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and in 84 controls. a significant difference was observed between cl and vl sera and the control sera when either leishmania major, l. donovani or l. aethiopica intact promastigotes were used as antigens. cl patients showed similar activity against l. major and l. donovani antigen (titers 4-64 and less than ... | 1990 | 2228558 |
| recurrent de novo appearance of small linear dnas in leishmania major and relationship to extra-chromosomal dnas in other species. | we have detected several new chromosome-sized dnas in lines derived from the lt252 isolate of leishmania major. these dnas appeared de novo in two clonal lines undergoing methotrexate (mtx) selection (clone 7-r50, clone 15-r50), in a stably mtx-resistant population reverting from mtx pressure (r1000-11-p55rev), and spontaneously during routine serial passage of the wild-type lt252 line in vitro (lt252+). no association of these new dnas with drug resistance was detected. the new chromosomes were ... | 1990 | 2233897 |
| serological and parasitological examination of some patients with manifestations suggestive leishmaniasis. | the present study was designed to search for visceral leishmaniasis (vl.) in adult population in the nile delta. for this purpose: fifty patients with splenomegaly and/or hepatosplenomegaly were chosen upon clinical grounds with special consideration of clinical manifestations suggestive of the disease. both indirect haemagglutination test (ihat) and dot-enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (dot-elisa), were positive for vl. antibodies in 3% of the patients. bone marrow examination (smear and cult ... | 1990 | 2332662 |
| structure of the lipophosphoglycan from leishmania major. | the major cell surface glycoconjugate of the parasitic protozoan leishmania major is a heterogeneous lipophosphoglycan. it has a tripartite structure, consisting of a phosphoglycan (mr 5,000-40,000), a variably phosphorylated hexasaccharide glycan core, and a lysoalkylphosphatidylinositol (lysoalkyl-pi) lipid anchor. the structures of the phosphoglycan and the hexasaccharide core were determined by monosaccharide analysis, methylation analysis, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, one- and t ... | 1990 | 2246247 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the diagnosis of kala-azar in bhadohi (varanasi), india. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) developed using leishmania donovani promastigote soluble antigen gave positive responses in practically all the clinically and parasitologically diagnosed patients with kala-azar in a preliminary study. healthy control subjects from non-endemic and endemic areas gave negative results. no cross-reaction was observed with patients having leprosy, filariasis, malaria, tuberculosis, or amoebiasis. blood samples collected on filter paper were adequate for ... | 1990 | 2260170 |
| prophylactic immunization against experimental leishmania donovani infection by use of a purified protein vaccine. | | 1990 | 2345310 |
| leishmanin test in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. | | 1990 | 2345927 |
| suppression of both antimony-susceptible and antimony-resistant leishmania donovani by a bis(benzyl)polyamine analog. | it was recently demonstrated that a bis(benzyl)polyamine analog (mdl 27695; n,n'-bis(3-[(phenylmethyl)amino]propyl)-1,7-diaminoheptane) possessed potent antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo (a. j. bitonti, j. a. dumont, t. l. bush, m. l. edwards, d. m. stemerick, p. p. mccann, and a. sjoerdsma, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 86:651-655, 1989). we now report that mdl 27695 also has potent antileishmanial activity, eliminating 77 to 100% of leishmania donovani amastigotes from mouse peritoneal m ... | 1990 | 2360812 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in sudan. clinical features. | kala azar is a disease endemic to the sudan and a cause of major morbidity and mortality to affected patients when the diagnosis or treatment has been delayed. in this report we described the clinical features of 99 parasite proven patients with visceral leishmaniasis. the sudanese kala azar patient is young in age (teens to 20's), has marked weight loss despite a continuous, excellent appetite and suffers from insomnia, epistaxis and abdominal pain. hepatosplenomegaly is universally present. ge ... | 1990 | 2260205 |
| lipophosphoglycan expression and virulence in ricin-resistant variants of leishmania major. | lipophosphoglycan (lpg) of leishmania is a polymorphic molecule comprising an alkylglycerol anchor, a conserved oligosaccharide core and a species-specific polymer of oligosaccharide repeats jointed by phosphodiester bonds. this molecule, together with the membrane polypeptide gp63, has been implicated as a parasite receptor for host macrophages. to examine the role of lpg in parasite infectivity glycosylation variants of leishmania major were generated by chemical mutagenesis of a virulent clon ... | 1990 | 2362605 |
| mucocutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania (leishmania) infantum: biochemical characterization. | a vegetative mass in the right nasal cavity of a 62-year-old man from palma de mallorca, spain, was found to be due to leishmania. the organism was isolated in culture and characterized by in situ hybridization, southern blot hybridization, and isoenzyme analysis; it was thus demonstrated to be the most common enzyme variant 1 (mon 1) of leishmania (leishmania) infantum. | 1990 | 2267965 |
| lysosomal depletion in macrophages from spleen and foot lesions of leishmania-infected hamster. | analysis of lysosomes through acid phosphatase cytochemistry at the electron microscopy level has been performed in spleen and foot lesions from leishmania-infected hamsters. the results showed that there is lysosomal depletion in macrophages from leishmania donovani chagasi-infected hamster spleen and similar findings were obtained from foot lesions of leishmania mexicana amazonensis-infected hamsters. the distribution of acid phosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase was also examined in the go ... | 1990 | 2373189 |
| an improved serodiagnostic procedure for visceral leishmaniasis. | the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is a sensitive and specific serodiagnostic method for leishmaniasis. in this report, we describe how this versatile assay can be improved by the use of protein a or protein g conjugates for the specific detection of leishmania antibody in the sera of patients with visceral leishmaniasis. in direct comparisons with anti-immunoglobulin conjugate, enzyme-linked protein a gave significantly higher absorbance values for positive sera without a correspondi ... | 1990 | 2267968 |
| [sporadic kala-azar in the black sea region]. | visceral leishmaniasis is a disease, also called kala-azar, caused by species of leishmania, which is known as intracellular parasite. disease show a broad spectrum on the clinical symptoms. this infection is seen classically in mediterranean countries, in same asian countries between 30th-48th north parallels and in south america. in mediterranean countries the parasite causing the visceral leishmaniasis is leishmania donovani. turkey is also a mediterranean country taking place between 36th-42 ... | 1990 | 2287295 |
| [immunoblotting in the study of the antigenic structure of leishmania]. | using immunoblotting, the antigenic structure of 6 leishmania strains has been studied: 1) mhom/in/80/dds--leishmania (leishmania) donovani; 2) mhom/su/63/vl--l. sp. zma; 3) mhom/su/73/k-27--l. tropica; 4) mhom/su/73/5ash--l. major; 5) mhom/ge/84/h-132--l. mexicana amazonensis; 6) rept/su/83/3960-gc--l. (sauroleishmania) gymnodactyli. antigens of leishmania surface membranes and rabbit antisera against them have been used. among the agents of leishmaniasis in the old world (1-4), the most intens ... | 1990 | 2290397 |
| cyclosporin a treatment converts leishmania donovani-infected c57bl/10 (curing) mice to a noncuring phenotype. | cyclosporin a prevents visceralization of leishmania major infection of balb/c mice (n. c. behforouz, c. d. wenger, and b. a. mathison, j. immunol. 136:3067-3075, 1986; w. solbach, k. forberg, e. kammerer, c. bogdan, and m. rollinghoff, j. immunol. 134:702-707, 1986). we report that cyclosporin a exacerbates disseminated leishmaniasis caused by l. donovani in c57bl/10 mice. normal mice challenged with 5 x 10(6) amastigotes intravenously cleared the infection within several months by spontaneous ... | 1990 | 2387638 |
| evaluation of the stability of a soluble intradermal skin test antigen preparation in american visceral leishmaniasis. | | 1990 | 2389311 |
| wasting and macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin and interleukin 1 in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | wasting and secretion of the catabolic cytokines tumor necrosis factor (tnf)/cachectin and interleukin 1 (il-1) were assessed in weanling syrian hamsters infected with leishmania donovani amastigotes. whereas the mean weight of uninfected animals increased progressively over 9 weeks, the mean weight of infected animals plateaued at 4-6 weeks and then decreased progressively until death. splenic mononuclear cells from control hamsters produced 11.3 +/- 8.3 (sd) ng tnf/10(6) mononuclear cells/24 h ... | 1990 | 2267969 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in hiv infection and aids: clinical features and response to therapy. | the development of visceral leishmaniasis with atypical features in an aids patient, and the recent flurry of reports of visceral leishmaniasis in hiv-infected individuals prompted the review of its manifestations in the 47 reported cases. splenomegaly, which is almost always a feature of visceral leishmaniasis in the immunocompetent host, was absent in eight. antibodies to leishmania donovani, which are present in approximately 95 per cent of immunocompetent patients with visceral leishmaniasis ... | 1990 | 2274656 |
| pre- and post-treatment antibody levels in visceral leishmaniasis. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and the direct agglutination test (dat) were employed to test sera obtained from a visceral leishmaniasis (vl) endemic area, the aba-roba focus in south-west ethiopia. thirty sera of untreated vl patients, 37 sera 6-90 months after treatment, 18 sera from endemic controls, 8 sera from non-endemic controls and 23 sera from patients with other diseases (schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis) were tested. based on elisa, the percentages neg ... | 1990 | 2278067 |
| experimental visceral leishmaniasis: sequential events of granuloma formation at subcutaneous inoculation site. | hamsters were inoculated with io7 leishmania (leishmania) chagasi amastigotes in the hind footpads and killed at 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after infection. we observed mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates with many parasites on the 7th and 15th days of infection. on the 30th day there was early granuloma formation. after 45 days the lesion was characterized by well defined epithelioid granuloma with multinuclear giant cells whose cytoplasm showed schaumann bodies. non-particulate antigen ... | 1990 | 2278823 |
| the leishmanial lipophosphoglycan: a multifunctional molecule. | a striking characteristic of leishmanial parasites is their ability to avoid destruction in hostile environments throughout their life cycle. to survive, the parasites must have evolved specialized molecules. one such molecule that has received considerable attention is an unusual glycoconjugate called lipophosphoglycan. the macromolecule is the major cell surface glycoconjugate of all leishmania promastigotes. this minireview summarizes current information on the structure and possible function ... | 1990 | 2404784 |
| sex-influenced population kinetics of leishmania donovani in hamsters. | susceptibility of animals to infections depends upon various factors including sex of the host which plays a pivotal role. the intake of l. donovani was investigated in male and female hamsters as also in gonadectomized and hormone (sex) treated animals. male hamsters developed more parasites (55/100 cell nuclei) than their female counterparts (22/100 cell nuclei). the hamsters receiving testosterone (250 micrograms/animal for 7 days) exogenously (im) had enhanced parasitic count (1.1-fold in ma ... | 1990 | 2279782 |
| characterization of two proteins from leishmania donovani and their use for vaccination against visceral leishmaniasis. | two proteins from leishmania donovani, dp72 and gp70-2, have been previously utilized to specifically serodiagnose patients with visceral leishmaniasis. the proteins were shown by elisa and western blotting with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to be present in both stages of the parasite. antibodies to gp70-2 recognize in promastigotes multiple discrete bands of similar m.w. which are common to several isolates of l. donovani. the total amount of ag and number of bands observed per isolate ... | 1990 | 2295807 |
| characterization of cellular immune response to chemically defined glycoconjugates from leishmania mexicana subsp. amazonensis. | two defined glycoconjugates (gp-10/20 and fr ii phe) purified from leishmania mexicana subsp. amazonensis were analyzed with respect to their ability to induce cellular responses in immunized and infected mice. each glycoconjugate was recognized by specific immune cells, as assessed by the proliferative response of lymph node cells of immunized mice. the response to gp-10/20 depended on helper t cells and antigen-presenting cells and was restricted by a major histocompatibility complex class ii ... | 1986 | 2416692 |
| protection against leishmania major in balb/c mice by adoptive transfer of a t cell clone recognizing a low molecular weight antigen released by promastigotes. | we have shown previously that balb/c mice can be protected against a fatal infection with leishmania major by adoptive transfer of a t cell line recognizing a protective soluble fraction (fraction 9) of promastigotes. we now describe the isolation and characterization of a t cell clone (9.1-2) that also transfers protective immunity against leishmania. after ag or mitogen stimulation, this clone secrets il-2 and ifn-gamma, but not il-4 or il-5. the clone preferentially recognizes l. major fracti ... | 1990 | 2295814 |
| synthesis, structure, and antiparasitic activity of sulfamoyl derivatives of ribavirin. | the triazole nucleoside derivatives 1-(5'-o-sulfamoyl-beta-d-ribofuranosyl) [1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxamide (2), 1-(5'-o-sulfamoyl-beta-d-ribofuranosyl) [1,2,4]triazole-3-thiocarboxamide (3), and 1-(5'-o-sulfamoyl-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-[1,2,4]triazole-3- carbonitrile (4) were synthesized. suitably protected triazole nucleosides were converted to their corresponding 5'-sulfamoyl derivatives, which on subsequent deprotection gave the desired compounds in good yields. the structures of compounds 2-4 ... | 1990 | 2296034 |
| subcellular and taxonomic specificity of monoclonal antibodies to new world leishmania. | murine monoclonal antibodies to flagellar, surface membrane and cytoplasmic antigens of new world leishmania were assessed for their taxonomic specificity in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with three genera of the family trypanosomatidae and three species and seven subspecies of the genus leishmania. antibodies exhibiting exclusive reactivity with either the flagellum, flagellar pocket, kinetoplast, or nucleus lacked specificity at all phylogenetic levels and, in fact, recognized epitopes co ... | 1985 | 2422966 |
| requirement of lipophosphoglycan for intracellular survival of leishmania donovani within human monocytes. | the function of the lipophosphoglycan of leishmania donovani parasites was investigated in human peripheral monocytes. in contrast to wild-type l. donovani which grow in monocytes, incubation of monocytes with two variant lines of l. donovani, defective in lipophosphoglycan expression, resulted in the entry of the variant cells into the monocytes and their subsequent destruction. passive transfer of lipophosphoglycan to the variant cells led to prolonged survival in monocytes. these results indi ... | 1990 | 2319134 |
| nutrient broth for the cultivation of leishmania. | nutrient broth containing fetal calf serum was used successfully in isolating leishmania donovani from animals and cryopreserving leishmania major, leishmania donovani, and leishmania adleri. it also supported heavy growth of promastigotes of laboratory strains of l. donovani, l. major, l. adleri, and uncharacterized reptilian leishmania-like flagellates. | 1990 | 2319429 |
| partial purification and characterization of a soluble protein kinase from leishmania donovani promastigotes. | a soluble protein kinase from the promastigote form of the parasitic protozoon leishmania donovani was partially purified using deae-cellulose, sephadex g-200 and phosphocellulose columns. the enzyme preferentially utilized protamine as exogenous phosphate acceptor. the native molecular mass of the enzyme was about 85 kda. mg2+ ions were essential for enzyme activity; other metal ions, e.g. ca2+, co2+, zn2+ and mn2+, could not substitute for mg2+. camp, cgmp, ca2+/calmodulin and ca2+/phospholipi ... | 1990 | 2384743 |
| extensive homologies between leishmania donovani chromosomes of markedly different size. | the smallest chromosome (230 kb) of the hu3 stock of leishmania donovani was purified from an orthogonal field alternation (ofage) gel, digested with psti and cloned into the plasmid puc13. when used to probe southern blots of ofage gels, the cloned sequences recognised one or more large chromosomes in all l. donovani stocks and a small chromosome in hu3 and two additional l. donovani stocks (khartoum and dd8). these probes recognised a single band on southern blots of restricted genomic dna reg ... | 1990 | 2320050 |
| [a method of determining anti-dna antibodies using leishmania donovani diagnosticum]. | | 1986 | 2429059 |
| [comparative study of the membrane and cytoplasmic antigens of 2 species of leishmania (trypanosomatidae, leishmania)]. | | 1986 | 2429168 |
| golgi-mediated post-translational processing of secretory acid phosphatase by leishmania donovani promastigotes. | monensin, an inhibitor of golgi function, was used to investigate the role of this cell compartment in the glycosylation of leishmania donovani promastigote secretory acid phosphatase (ec 3.1.3.2). monensin-treated cells demonstrated morphological changes in the golgi complex and secreted enzyme with an altered electrophoretic mobility: two discrete bands of approximately 95 and 110 kda were found, as compared to the heterodisperse nature of the enzyme from untreated controls. chemical deglycosy ... | 1990 | 2320058 |
| leishmania gp63 molecule implicated in cellular adhesion lacks an arg-gly-asp sequence. | the parasitic protozoa leishmania are intracellular pathogens which enter host cells through largely undefined mechanisms. one molecule thought to play an important role in this process is gp63, the major glycoprotein on the surface of the infective promastigote form. we have cloned and analyzed the gp63 gene from leishmania chagasi, an etiologic agent of acute visceral leishmaniasis. the predicted amino acid sequence is highly homologous to that reported for leishmania major, with the exception ... | 1990 | 2320059 |
| a new antileishmanial compound, phaseolinone. | inclusion of phaseolinone, a newly described mycotoxin, at 20 micrograms per ml in a solid culture medium (blood agar overlay) and at 50 micrograms per ml in a liquid culture (medium 199) inhibited the growth of l. donovani promastigotes. about 90% of the motile promastigotes lost motility after exposure to 50 micrograms per ml of phaseolinone for 6-7 h and here 3-day-old culture was more sensitive than 7-day-old culture. in an in vitro assay, dna dependent rna polymerase activity of 3-day-old p ... | 1990 | 2328012 |
| [leishmaniasis of the upper gastrointestinal tract in an hiv positive patient]. | | 1990 | 2330354 |
| on the specificity of the indirect haemagglutination in diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. | human sera were collected from parasitologically proven cases of filariasis, strongyloidiasis, hymenolepiasis and ascariasis. antibodies against these parasites cross react in the indirect haemagglutination for the antileishmanial antibodies at dilution up to 1:128. the diagnostic titer should be raised to 256 in order to increase the specificity of the test in areas where such parasites occur. | 1990 | 2332651 |
| a new approach to the phylogeny of leishmania: species specificity of glycoconjugate ligands for promastigote internalization into murine macrophages. | two leishmania donovani glycoconjugate ligands for the internalization receptor on balb/c peritoneal macrophages [fucose-mannose ligand (fml) and phosphate mannogalactan ligand (pmgl)] were shown to be species-specific in a comparative phagocytosis-inhibition test. promastigotes of l. donovani sudan (ld1s), l. infantum, l. d. donovani, l. major (jericho and sudan), l. tropica, l. chagasi, l. mexicana venezuelensis, l. m. mexicana, l. m. amazonensis, l. m. pifanoi, l. m. garnhami, l. braziliensis ... | 1990 | 2336445 |
| impact of seasonal variation on leishmania donovani infection in hamsters. | the impact of seasonal variation on the course of l. donovani infection in hamsters was investigated. though the animals were maintained in controlled climatic conditions (25 degrees c +/- 2), parasites exhibited seasonal rhythm. during summer (april-july) when the atmospheric temperature ranged from 20.5 degrees c to 41.8 degrees c, the parasite load from an inoculum of 1 x 10(7) amastigotes/animal was found to be less than 1 to 9 per 100 cell nuclei (based on spleen biopsy) on day 25-35 post i ... | 1990 | 2345032 |
| berberine derivatives as antileishmanial drugs. | berberine, a quaternary alkaloid, and several of its derivatives were tested for efficacy against leishmania donovani and leishmania braziliensis panamensis in golden hamsters. tetrahydroberberine was less toxic and more potent than berberine against l. donovani but was not as potent as meglumine antimonate (glucantime), a standard drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis. only berberine and 8-cyanodihydroberberine showed significant activity (greater than 50% suppression of lesion size) against ... | 1990 | 2360830 |
| [ultrastructural localization of leishmania donovani antigen by immunogold labeling technique]. | by using lowicryl k4m, a kind of low temperature embedding resin, to embed promastigotes of leishmania donovani at -30 degrees c, the protozoal structure was well preserved when visualized by electron microscope. we have determined the distribution of the promastigote antigen of human and canine isolates of leishmania donovani from sichuan using two monoclonal antibodies combined with biotinylated goat antimouse igg and streptavidin/colloidal gold conjugates. the results showed that the antigen ... | 1990 | 2364499 |
| detection of leishmania donovani soluble antigen and antibody in the urine of visceral leishmaniasis patients. | urine samples from 21 patients with visceral leishmaniasis were examined for the presence of leishmania donovani soluble antigen and antibody by double counter-current immunoelectrophoresis. 19 samples revealed both antigen and antibody (igm in 5 and igg in all samples). 2 urine samples collected 10 and 13 days after glucantime treatment revealed only antibody (igg), not soluble antigen. | 1987 | 2451331 |
| ubiquitin genes in trypanosomatidae. | a ubiquitin encoding cdna from trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan cause of chagas' disease, was isolated by immunoscreening a lambda gt11 expression library with serum from a mouse chronically infected with this parasite. the cdna encodes a precursor protein consisting of four tandem repeats of ubiquitin differing from that of saccharomyces cerevisiae in four positions, followed by an unrelated 52-amino acid tail containing a putative metal and nucleic acid binding domain. southern and northern bl ... | 1988 | 2457589 |
| leishmania braziliensis in the squirrel monkey: development of primary and satellite lesions and lack of cross-immunity with leishmania donovani. | three female and 2 male adult laboratory-reared squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) that previously had been inoculated with leishmania (leishmania) donovani and had recovered from experimental visceral leishmaniasis were each inoculated intradermally at the dorsal base of the tail with 2.2 x 10(7) culture-derived promastigotes of leishmania (viannia) panamensis. the progression and regression of subsequent lesions were examined for 36 wk in all 5 monkeys after which 3 of the monkeys were killed ... | 1990 | 2380874 |
| acivicin: a highly active potential chemotherapeutic agent against visceral leishmaniasis. | acivicin, a chlorinated amino acid antibiotic, is found to be remarkably effective in killing both the vector and the host form of the parasitic protozoa, leishmania donovani, the causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar. the ed50 (50 nm) for the pathogenic amastigote form in in vitro screening system is significantly lower than the reported values for other drugs under trial. the drug irreversibly inactivates both in vitro and in vivo carbamyl phosphate synthetase ii, the first e ... | 1990 | 2383250 |
| humoral factors and nonspecific immune suppression in syrian hamsters infected with leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani produces progressive wasting and ultimately fatal visceral leishmaniasis in syrian hamsters and provides an excellent model of progressive disease in humans. experimentally infected hamsters were used to investigate the development of nonspecific immune suppression during visceral leishmaniasis and its association with humoral factors and wasting. at 2 wk all infected hamsters had developed antibody against a 59-kda parasite antigen not recognized by sera of control hamsters. ... | 1990 | 2319422 |
| hybrid molecules: growth inhibition of leishmania donovani promastigotes by thiosemicarbazones of 3-carboxy-beta-carbolines. | the thiosemicarbazones of beta-carboline-3-carboxaldehyde (compound 2) and 3-acetyl-beta-carboline (compound 3) were found to effectively inhibit the in vitro growth of the promastigote form of leishmania donovani, 50% inhibition being obtained at concentrations of 5.0 and 2.5 microm, respectively, while irreversible growth inhibition was achieved at 40 (compound 2) and 17.5 microm (compound 3). the thiosemicarbazone of pyridine-2-carboxyaldehyde (compound 4) was considerably less active while b ... | 1989 | 2470903 |
| epidemiology of leishmaniases in kenya. natural host preference of wild caught phlebotomine sandflies in baringo district, kenya. | host preference of wild caught phlebotomine sandflies was studied in marigat, baringo district, kenya, an endemic focus for both leishmania donovani laveran & mensel and l. major yakimov & schokhov using precipitin test of blood meals. sandflies of the phlebotomus rondani & berte and sergentomyia franc & parrot genera were encountered blood fed and resting in nine different habitats which were investigated. analysis of their blood meals revealed a distinct host preference between the phlebotomus ... | 1990 | 2390954 |
| leishmaniasis in sardinia. iv. epidemiological appraisal of cutaneous leishmaniasis and biochemical characterization of isolates. | cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is endemic in sardinia where 250 cases were reported from 1922 to 1988. the province of sassari, in the north of the island, shows the highest number of cases. the vertical distribution of localities where cases had occurred is analysed and the age distribution of cases is given. isolation of parasites was attempted in 12 cases, but successful growth of leishmania was obtained from three cultures only. the stocks belonged to two different zymodemes of l. infantum: zy ... | 1990 | 2391725 |
| effect of ureastibamine on leishmania donovani amastigote. | ureastibamine, a pentavalent antimonial, reduced the parasitic load in the 60-day model of infection of l. donovani in hamsters. it also inhibited the in vivo multiplication of i donovani amastigotes in hamster peritoneal macrophages. no inhibition in either promastigote multiplication or amastigotes transformation was noted with filtrate obtained after incubation of the drugs for 72 h in the macrophage culture. incubation of macrophages with ureastibamine revealed an impairment in the uptake of ... | 1990 | 2397943 |
| antithymocyte serum suppression of immunity in mice immunized to leishmania donovani. | mice immunized with a glucan-killed parasite vaccine exhibited enhanced resistance to leishmania donovani infection as evidenced by decreased hepatic parasite burdens when compared to unvaccinated controls. this resistance was not seen in mice immunized with killed parasites alone. glucan vaccination resulted in increased resistance at day 6, but this effect was no longer present by day 20 of the experiment. treatment of vaccinated and control mice with antithymocyte sera abrogated protection ag ... | 1990 | 2403241 |
| macromolecular synthesis in leishmania donovani amastigotes. | | 1985 | 2409259 |
| antigen recognition by effector t cells in antileishmanial defense. | we have observed that t cells (ly1+2-) from draining lymph nodes of mice that have footpad infections with leishmania major activate macrophages for antileishmanial effects in vitro in an apparently contact-dependent, noncytotoxic manner. the nature of antigenic specificity in this system was investigated. whereas lymphocytes sensitized to l. major induced antileishmanial effects in macrophages infected with l. major, lymphocytes sensitized to listeria monocytogenes were ineffective. when macrop ... | 1985 | 2413143 |
| role of tryptophan degradation in respiratory burst-independent antimicrobial activity of gamma interferon-stimulated human macrophages. | to determine whether extracellular tryptophan degradation represents an oxygen-independent antimicrobial mechanism, we examined the effect of exogenous tryptophan on the intracellular antimicrobial activity of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-stimulated human macrophages. ifn-gamma readily induced normal monocyte-derived macrophages (mdm) to express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido) activity and stimulated mdm, alveolar macrophages, and oxidatively deficient chronic granulomatous disease mdm to degr ... | 1989 | 2492973 |
| somatic and excretory polysaccharide antigens of leishmania donovani promastigotes. | leishmania donovani promastigotes were found to release excretory-secretory antigens (esa) in the culture medium which reacted against rabbit antiserum to live promastigotes (ra-lp). the active material was purified and found to contain mainly polysaccharides with about 23% of protein. a polysaccharide-rich antigen (pra) was also isolated from the promastigote debris by the phenol-water extraction procedure. when tested against ra-lp in agar gel diffusion, both the preparations were found to be ... | 1985 | 2417581 |