| antagonistic control of powdery mildew host cell entry by barley calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks). | calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) are known to play pivotal roles in intracellular signaling during abiotic and biotic stress responses. to unravel potential functions of cdpks in the course of barley (hordeum vulgare)-powdery mildew (blumeria graminis) interactions, we systematically analyzed the hvcdpk gene family. we found that, according to the existence of respective expressed sequence tags, at least nine paralogs are expressed in the barley leaf epidermis, the sole target tissue of ... | 2007 | 17918623 |
| wholegrain foods made from a novel high-amylose barley variety (himalaya 292) improve indices of bowel health in human subjects. | himalaya 292 (hordeum vulgare var. himalaya 292) is a novel hull-less barley variety lacking activity of a key enzyme of starch synthesis giving a grain containing less total starch, more amylose and higher total dietary fibre. animal trials have shown that himalaya 292 contains more resistant starch and has greater positive impact on biomarkers of large-bowel health than comparable wholegrain cereal products. the present study compared the effects of foods made from wholegrain himalaya 292 with ... | 2008 | 17919346 |
| host surface properties affect prepenetration processes in the barley powdery mildew fungus. | the initial contact between blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei and its host barley (hordeum vulgare) takes place on epicuticular waxes at the surfaces of aerial plant organs. here, the extent to which chemical composition, crystal structure and hydrophobicity of cuticular waxes affect fungal prepenetration processes was explored. the leaf surface properties of barley eceriferum (cer) wax mutants were characterized in detail. barley leaves and artificial surfaces were used to investigate the early ev ... | 2008 | 17937760 |
| transcriptome analysis of trichothecene-induced gene expression in barley. | fusarium head blight, caused primarily by fusarium graminearum, is a major disease problem on barley (hordeum vulgare l.). trichothecene mycotoxins produced by the fungus during infection increase the aggressiveness of the fungus and promote infection in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). loss-of-function mutations in the tri5 gene in f. graminearum result in the inability to synthesize trichothecenes and in reduced virulence on wheat. we examined the impact of pathogen-derived trichothecenes on viru ... | 2007 | 17977148 |
| a set of modular binary vectors for transformation of cereals. | genetic transformation of crop plants offers the possibility of testing hypotheses about the function of individual genes as well as the exploitation of transgenes for targeted trait improvement. however, in most cereals, this option has long been compromised by tedious and low-efficiency transformation protocols, as well as by the lack of versatile vector systems. after having adopted and further improved the protocols for agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation of barley (hordeum vulgare) ... | 2007 | 17981986 |
| cloning and functional analysis of a novel aldo-keto reductase from aloe arborescens. | a novel aldo-keto reductase (akr) was cloned and sequenced from roots of aloe arborescens by a combination of rt-pcr using degenerate primers based on the conserved sequences of plant polyketide reductases (pkrs) and cdna library screening by oligonucleotide hybridization. a. arborescens akr share similarities with known plant akrs (40-66% amino acid sequence identity), maintaining most of the active-site residues conserved in the akr superfamily enzymes. interestingly, despite the sequence simi ... | 2007 | 18057709 |
| isolate specificity of quantitative trait loci for partial resistance of barley to puccinia hordei confirmed in mapping populations and near-isogenic lines. | partial resistance is considered race-nonspecific and durable, consistent with the concept of 'horizontal' resistance. however, detailed observations of partial resistance to leaf rust (puccinia hordei) in barley (hordeum vulgare) revealed small cultivar x isolate interactions, suggesting a minor-gene-for-minor-gene interaction model, similar to so-called 'vertical' resistance. three consistent quantitative trait loci (qtls), labelled rphq2, rphq3 and rphq4, that were detected in the cross susce ... | 2008 | 18069952 |
| tamsh7: a cereal mismatch repair gene that affects fertility in transgenic barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | chromosome pairing, recombination and dna repair are essential processes during meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms. investigating the bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) ph2 (pairing homoeologous) locus has identified numerous candidate genes that may have a role in controlling such processes, including tamsh7, a plant specific member of the dna mismatch repair family. | 2007 | 18096080 |
| similarities in the chromosomal distribution of ag and ac repeats within and between drosophila, human and barley chromosomes. | two simple sequence repeats (ssrs), ag and ac, were mapped directly in the metaphase chromosomes of man and barley (hordeum vulgare l.), and in the metaphase and polytene chromosomes of drosophila melanogaster. to this end, synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding to (ag)(12) and (ac)(8) were labelled by the random primer technique and used as probes in fluorescent in situ hybridisation (fish) under high stringency and strict washing conditions. the distribution and intensity of the signals for ... | 2007 | 18160787 |
| the nadph-dependent thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin system in germinating barley seeds: gene expression, protein profiles, and interactions between isoforms of thioredoxin h and thioredoxin reductase. | the nadph-dependent thioredoxin reductase (ntr)/thioredoxin (trx) system catalyzes disulfide bond reduction in the cytoplasm and mitochondrion. trx h is suggested to play an important role in seed development, germination, and seedling growth. plants have multiple isoforms of trx h and ntr; however, little is known about the roles of the individual isoforms. trx h isoforms from barley (hordeum vulgare) seeds (hvtrxh1 and hvtrxh2) were characterized previously. in this study, two ntr isoforms (hv ... | 2008 | 18162587 |
| [hordein locus polymorphism of cultivated barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in turkey]. | starch gel electrophoresis has been used to study the polymorphism of hordeins encoded by the hrd a, hrd b, and hrd f loci in 93 landrace specimens of barley assigned to 17 ancient provinces located in modem turkey. forty-five alleles of hrd a with frequencies of 0.11-29.34%, 51 alleles of hrd b with frequencies of 0.11-8.07%, and 5 alleles of hrd f with frequencies of 0.75-41.29% have been detected. cluster analysis of the matrix of allele frequencies has demonstrated that barley populations fr ... | 2007 | 18186193 |
| effects of treated sewage sludge levels on temporal variations of some soil properties of a typic xerofluvent soil in menemen plain, western anatolia, turkey. | the aim of this study is to determine effects of treated sewage sludge (tss) levels as an organic matter (om) resource on temporal variations of some soil properties of a typic xerofluvent soil. the experiment was conducted in menemen plain, in the western anatolia region of turkey (latitudes 38 degrees 34'48.22''-38 degrees 34'49.24'' n; longitudes 27 degrees 1'23.05-27 degrees 1'24.14'' e) in the years of 2003 and 2004. moist tss was added to the soil at the rates of 0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha(-1) ... | 2009 | 18202900 |
| high-level expression of the native barley alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor in pichia pastoris. | an expression system for high-level expression of the native hordeum vulgare alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (basi) has been developed in pichia pastoris, using the methanol inducible alcohol oxidase 1 (aox1) promoter. to optimize expression, two codon-optimized coding regions have been designed and expressed alongside the wild-type coding region. to ensure secretion of the native mature protein, a truncated version of the alpha mating factor secretion signal from saccharomyces cerevisiae was ... | 2008 | 18207271 |
| differential expression of proteins in response to the interaction between the pathogen fusarium graminearum and its host, hordeum vulgare. | using proteomic techniques, a study aimed at isolating and identifying proteins associated with resistance to fusarium head blight (fhb) was conducted on six barley genotypes of varying resistance. at anthesis, barley spikelets were point inoculated with fusarium graminearum macroconidial suspensions or mock inoculum. in total, 43 acidic protein spots out of 600 were detected 3 days postinoculation to be differentially expressed due to fhb and were identified. identification of proteins responsi ... | 2008 | 18232057 |
| purification of class 1 plant hemoglobins and examination of their functional properties. | class 1 hemoglobins are ubiquitous plant proteins induced under hypoxic conditions. they bind oxygen tightly and, as oxyhemoglobin, react with nitric oxide produced under hypoxic conditions. the reactions involved in no production and scavenging help maintain the redox and energy status of the cell. this article describes the expression of class 1 barley (hordeum vulgare l.) hemoglobin in e. coli cells and its purification to homogeneity. methods for investigating the properties of purified hemo ... | 2008 | 18237644 |
| gravistimulation leads to asymmetry of both auxin and gibberellin levels in barley pulvini. | the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) is known to promote the biosynthesis of active gibberellins (gas) in barley (hordeum vulgare). we therefore investigated the possibility that this interaction might contribute to the gravitropic response of barley leaf sheath pulvini. barley plants at the inflorescence stage were gravistimulated for varying times, and the pulvini were then separated into upper and lower halves for quantification of iaa and gas by gc-ms. consistent with the cholodny-went theor ... | 2007 | 18251932 |
| the genetics and transcriptional profiles of the cellulose synthase-like hvcslf gene family in barley. | cellulose synthase-like cslf genes have been implicated in the biosynthesis of (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucans, which are major cell wall constituents in grasses and cereals. seven cslf genes from barley (hordeum vulgare) can be divided into two classes on the basis of intron-exon arrangements. four of the hvcslf genes have been mapped to a single locus on barley chromosome 2h, in a region corresponding to a major quantitative trait locus for grain (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucan content. the other hvcslf gene ... | 2008 | 18258691 |
| effects of planting date on fiber digestibility of whole-crop barley and productivity of lactating dairy cows. | objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of planting date on in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (ivfd) of whole-crop barley (hordeum vulgare) and its effects on productivity of lactating dairy cows. two cultivars of barley were planted on may 5 (bm) and june 7 (bj), 2005 at the edmonton research station, university of alberta. they were harvested at late-dough stage on july 26 and august 25, respectively, for bm and bj and ensiled. the bj had greater 30-h ivfd (61.2 vs. 51 ... | 2008 | 18349246 |
| the ionic environment controls the contribution of the barley hvhak1 transporter to potassium acquisition. | the control of potassium (k+) acquisition is a critical requirement for plant growth. although hak1 (high affinity k+ 1) transporters provide a pathway for k+ acquisition, the effect exerted by the ionic environment on their contribution to k+ capture remains essentially unknown. here, the influence of the ionic environment on the accumulation of transcripts coding for the barley (hordeum vulgare) hvhak1 transporter as well as on hvhak1-mediated k+ capture has been examined. in situ mrna hybridi ... | 2008 | 18359846 |
| physical and chemical changes during composting of wood chip-bedded and straw-bedded beef cattle feedlot manure. | in the 1990s, restrictions on incineration encouraged the forest industry in western canada to develop new uses for their wood residuals by product. one such use was as a replacement for cereal straw bedding in southern alberta's beef cattle (bos taurus) feedlot industry. however, use of carbon (c)-rich bedding, such as wood chips, had implications for subsequent composting of the feedlot manure, a practice that was being increasingly adopted. in a 3-yr study, we compared composting of wood chip ... | 2008 | 18396561 |
| effect of feeding corn, hull-less or hulled barley on fermentation by mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms. | increased demands for corn grain warrant the evaluation of alternative grain types for ruminant production systems. this study was conducted to determine the effects of hulled and hull-less barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cultivars compared with corn (zea mays l.) as an alternative grain type on fermentation in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. three continuous fermentors were fed 14 g of dry feed per day (divided equally between 2 feedings) consisting of alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) hay pel ... | 2008 | 18420625 |
| enzymatic characterization of peroxisomal and cytosolic betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases in barley. | betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh; ec 1.2.1.8) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the synthesis of glycine betaine, a compatible solute accumulated by many plants under various abiotic stresses. in barley (hordeum vulgare l.), we reported previously the existence of two badh genes (bbd1 and bbd2) and their corresponding proteins, peroxisomal badh (bbd1) and cytosolic badh (bbd2). to investigate their enzymatic properties, we expressed them in escherichia coli and purified ... | 2008 | 18429940 |
| effects of diet on population growth of psocids lepinotus reticulatus and liposcelis entomophila. | we investigated the suitability of 11 diets as culture media for the psocids lepinotus reticulatus enderlein (psocoptera: trogiidae) and liposcelis entomophila (enderlein) (psocoptera: liposcelididae). the culture media comprised six diets made of plain cereals, namely, wheat (triticum aestivum l.), corn (zea mays l.), milo sorghum bicolor (l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.), oats (avena sativa l.), and rice (oryza sativa l.), and five artificial diets. we found that, with the exception of corn, l ... | 2008 | 18459431 |
| construction of a mlui-yac library from barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and analysis of yac insert terminal regions. | we describe the construction of a specific yeast artificial chromosome (yac) library from barley (hordeum vulgare l.) using the vector pyac-rc. the library was generated by total digestion of high molecular weight dna with the infrequently cutting restriction enzyme mlui. only 10-30% of the colonies were recombinant, as visualized by red-white selection and subsequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. about 17 000 individual recombinant yac clones with insert sizes ranging from 50 to 70 ... | 1997 | 18464875 |
| effect of three suppressors on the expression of powdery mildew resistance genes in barley. | three recessive mutagen-induced alleles that partially suppress the phenotypic expression of the semidominant powdery mildew resistance gene mla12 have been studied. when each suppressor is present in homozygous condition, the infection type 0, conferred by gene mla12 when homozygous, is changed to intermediate infection types. the three suppressor lines were crossed with seven near-isogenic lines with different powdery mildew resistance genes and one, m100, was crossed with nine additional line ... | 1996 | 18469911 |
| recombination of alleles conferring specific resistance to powdery mildew at the mla locus in barley. | in barley (hordeum vulgare l.), the mla locus conditions reaction to the powdery mildew fungus erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei. enrichment for genetic recombinants in the mla region is possible by screening for recombination events between the flanking endosperm storage proteins hordeins c and b. reciprocal crosses were made between the franger (c.i. 16151) and rupee (c.i. 16155) lines carrying the (mla6 + mla14) and mla13 alleles, respectively. recombinants were identified from f2 segregants by ... | 1994 | 18470091 |
| protective role of exogenous nitric oxide against oxidative-stress induced by salt stress in barley (hordeum vulgare). | to probe into the potential of relieving the oxidative damage of salt stress, we investigated the protective role of nitric oxide on barley under salt stress. salt stress resulted in increased ion leakage, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in barley leaves. simultaneous treatments of barley leaves with 50 microm sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, alleviated the damage of salt stress, reflected by decreased ion leakage, and malendialdehyde (mda), carbonyl, and hydrogen peroxide co ... | 2008 | 18502620 |
| radiation hybrid (rh) and happy mapping in plants. | radiation hybrid (rh) and happy mapping are two technologies used in animal systems that have attracted the attention of the plant genetics community because they bridge the resolution gap between meiotic and bac-based physical mapping that would facilitate the analysis of plant species lacking substantial genomics resources. research has shown that the essence of these approaches can be applied and that a variety of strategies can be used to produce mapping panels. mapping panels composed of li ... | 2008 | 18504352 |
| comparative analysis of multiple disease resistance in ryegrass and cereal crops. | ryegrass (lolium spp.) is among the most important forage crops in europe and australia and is also a popular turfgrass in north america. previous genetic analysis based on a three-generation interspecific (l. perennexl. multiflorum) ryegrass population identified four quantitative trait loci (qtls) for resistance to gray leaf spot (magneporthe grisea) and four qtls for resistance to crown rust (puccinia coronata). the current analysis based on the same mapping population detected seven qtls for ... | 2008 | 18521564 |
| comparison of barley stripe mosaic virus strains. | bsmv (barley stripe mosaic virus) particles were obtained in a pure state from infected host plant tissues of hordeum vulgare. the three genomic parities (alpha, beta and gamma) were amplified by pcr using specific primers for each particle; each was cloned. partial sequence of the alpha, beta and gamma segments was determined for the egyptian isolate of barley stripe mosaic virus (bsmv ae1). alignment of nucleotide sequences with that of other known strains of the virus, bsmv type strains (cv17 ... | 2008 | 18533473 |
| an abscisic acid-induced protein, hva22, inhibits gibberellin-mediated programmed cell death in cereal aleurone cells. | plant hva22 is a unique abscisic acid (aba)/stress-induced protein first isolated from barley (hordeum vulgare) aleurone cells. its yeast homolog, yop1p, functions in vesicular trafficking and in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) network in vivo. to examine the roles of plant hva22, barley hva22 was ectopically expressed in barley aleurone cells. overexpression of hva22 proteins inhibited gibberellin (ga)-induced formation of large digestive vacuoles, which is an important aspect of ga-induced prog ... | 2008 | 18583533 |
| effect of temperature and commodity on insecticidal efficacy of spinosad dust against sitophilus oryzae (coleoptera: curculionidae) and rhyzopertha dominica (coleoptera: bostrychidae). | the insecticidal effect of spinosad dust, a formulation that contains 0.125% spinosad, was evaluated against adults of sitophilus oryzae (l.) and rhyzopertha dominica (f.) at three temperature levels (20, 25, and 30 degrees c) and four commodities (wheat, triticum aestivum l.; barley, hordeum vulgare l.; rice, oryza sativa l.; and maize, zea mays l.). for this purpose, quantities of the above-mentioned grains were treated with spinosad at two dose rates (20 and 50 ppm of the formulation, corresp ... | 2008 | 18613602 |
| manganese efficiency in barley: identification and characterization of the metal ion transporter hvirt1. | manganese (mn) deficiency is an important plant nutritional disorder in many parts of the world. barley (hordeum vulgare) genotypes differ considerably in their ability to grow in soils with low mn(2+) availability. differential genotypic mn efficiency can be attributed to differences in mn(2+) uptake kinetics in the low nanomolar concentration range. however, the molecular basis for these differences has not yet been clarified. we present here the identification and characterization of the firs ... | 2008 | 18614714 |
| selecting a set of wild barley introgression lines and verification of qtl effects for resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust. | a set of 59 spring barley introgression lines (ils) was developed from the advanced backcross population s42. the ils were generated by three rounds of backcrossing, two to four subsequent selfings, and, in parallel, marker-assisted selection. each line includes a single marker-defined chromosomal segment of the wild barley accession isr42-8 (hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum), whereas the remaining part of the genome is derived from the elite barley cultivar scarlett (h. vulgare ssp. vulgare). ba ... | 2008 | 18663425 |
| fungitoxicity of some higher plants and synergistic activity of their essential oils against sclerotium rolfsii sacc. causing foot-rot disease of barley. | twenty five plant species were screened for their volatile components against hyphal growth and sclerotia formation of sclerotium rolfsii causing foot rot disease of barley (hordeum vulgare). leaves of chenopodium ambrosioides (ca), lippia alba (la), azadirachta indica (ai) and eucalyptus globulus (eg) were found to be strongly toxic. their volatile active factors were isolated in the form of essential oils which were tested for toxicity individually and in six combinations (1:1 v/v) viz. ca-la, ... | 2005 | 18697732 |
| histological and molecular analysis of rdg2a barley resistance to leaf stripe. | barley (hordeum vulgare l.) leaf stripe is caused by the seed-borne fungus pyrenophora graminea. we investigated microscopically and molecularly the reaction of barley embryos to leaf stripe inoculation. in the resistant genotype nil3876-rdg2a, fungal growth ceased at the scutellar node of the embryo, while in the susceptible near-isogenic line (nil) mirco-rdg2a fungal growth continued past the scutellar node and into the embryo. pathogen-challenged embryos of resistant and susceptible nils show ... | 2008 | 18705861 |
| barley rom1 antagonizes rar1 function in magnaporthe oryzae-infected leaves by enhancing epidermal and diminishing mesophyll defence. | * barley (hordeum vulgare) is a host for blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh), which causes powdery mildew, and for the rice blast pathogen magnaporthe oryzae. it has previously been shown that rar1, initially identified in a mutational screen as being required for mla12-specified bgh-resistance, also controlled pathogenic growth of m. oryzae in barley. here, we tested whether the rom1 mutation (restoration of mla12-specified resistance), which restored resistance against bgh in a susceptible r ... | 2008 | 18713313 |
| transformation of different barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cultivars by agrobacterium tumefaciens infection of in vitro cultured ovules. | most cultivars of higher plants display poor regeneration capacity of explants due to yet unknown genotypic determined mechanisms. this implies that technologies such as transformation often are restricted to model cultivars with good tissue characteristics. in the present paper, we add further evidence to our previous hypothesis that regeneration from young barley embryos derived from in vitro-cultured ovules is genotype independent. we investigated the ovule culture ability of four cultivars f ... | 2008 | 18777178 |
| constitutively activated barley rops modulate epidermal cell size, defense reactions and interactions with fungal leaf pathogens. | rho-like monomeric g-proteins of plants (rops, also called racs), are involved in plant development and interaction with the environment. the barley (hordeum vulgare) rop protein hvracb has been shown to be required for entry of the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh) into living host cells. to get a deeper insight into evolutionarily conserved functions of rops in cell polarity and pathogen responses, we stably expressed constitutively activated (ca) mutant var ... | 2008 | 18784924 |
| antioxidant responses of two barley varieties to saline stress. | in this study, we investigated antioxidant responses of activities of superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), ascorbate peroxidase (apx) and guaiacol peroxidase (gpx) to saline stress in two barley varieties named hordeum vulgare l. var. afzal and var. emb82-12 treated with 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mm nacl for 3 days. the mda content of afzal plants grown under different salt regimes remained nearly constant but it largely increased in emb82-12 plants under the same conditions. there was a ... | 2008 | 18814654 |
| high-throughput agrobacterium-mediated barley transformation. | abstract: | 2008 | 18822125 |
| allele sequencing of the barley stem rust resistance gene rpg1 identifies regions relevant to disease resistance. | the stem rust resistance gene rpg1 has protected north american barley cultivars from significant yield losses for over 65 years. the remarkable durability of this gene warrants further study as to its possible origin and allelic variation. eight swiss barley (hordeum vulgare) landraces and eight wild barley (h. vulgare subsp. spontaneum) accessions from diverse geographic regions were analyzed to uncover new alleles of rpg1 and learn about its possible origin. the two germplasm groups included ... | 2008 | 18943209 |
| resistance to scald (rhynchosporium secalis) in barley (hordeum vulgare) studied by near-isogenic lines: i. markers and differential isolates. | abstract near-isogenic lines (nils) with resistance for scald in seventh generation backcross with 'ingrid' as recurrent parent (rp) were tested with seven differential isolates of rhynchosporium secalis in norway and canada. nils of 'turk', 'brier', 'ci 8162', 'la mesita', 'hispont', 'atlas 46', 'modoc', 'hudson', 'abyssinian', 'steudelli', and 'ci 2222' also were evaluated for field reactions. the genetic characterization of the nils (degree of isogeneity with ingrid) and with each other was c ... | 2002 | 18943266 |
| proteinaceous metabolites from pyrenophora teres contribute to symptom development of barley net blotch. | abstract pyrenophora teres, the causal agent of net blotch of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), induces a combination of necrosis and extensive chlorosis in susceptible barley cultivars. cell-free filtrates from both net and spot forms of p. teres; p. teres f. sp. teres, and p. teres f. sp. maculata were found to contain phytotoxic low molecular weight compounds (lmwcs) and proteinaceous metabolites which appear to be responsible for different components of the symptoms induced by the two forms of th ... | 2007 | 18943630 |
| analyzing and modeling temporal disease progress of barley yellow dwarf virus serotypes in barley fields. | abstract population dynamics of padi avenae (pav), macrosiphum avenae (mav), and rhopalosiphum padi (rpv) virus serotypes of barley yellow dwarf virus (bydv) and of their main aphid vectors were studied in winter barley (hordeum vulgare) fields for three successive years in western france. an epidemiological model of the spread of viruses in the field was developed based on vector populations as forcing variables and the population dynamics of each virus serotype. this model accurately simulated ... | 2000 | 18944507 |
| characterization of a novel potyvirus isolated from maize in israel. | a potyvirus (proposed name of zea mosaic virus [zemv]) isolated from maize in israel was analyzed by serology, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) of capsid proteins, symptomatology, and sequencing. parts of the nuclear inclusion b, coat protein, and 3' regions were sequenced; the amino acid sequence of zemv capsid was determined by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (tofms). the results of these analyses were compared with those of similar analyses of the followin ... | 2000 | 18944557 |
| blufensin1 negatively impacts basal defense in response to barley powdery mildew. | plants have evolved complex regulatory mechanisms to control the defense response against microbial attack. both temporal and spatial gene expression are tightly regulated in response to pathogen ingress, modulating both positive and negative control of defense. blufensin1 (bln1), a small peptide belonging to a novel family of proteins in barley (hordeum vulgare), is highly induced by attack from the obligate biotrophic fungus blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh), casual agent of powdery mildew ... | 2009 | 19005086 |
| a class iii peroxidase specifically expressed in pathogen-attacked barley epidermis contributes to basal resistance. | higher plants possess large multigene families encoding secreted class iii peroxidase (prx) proteins. in barley, two prx cdnas encoding hvprx07 and hvprx08 have been isolated and characterized to some extent with respect to a resistance-mediating function upon attack by the powdery-mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh). here we present evidence for the tissue-specific accumulation of a new prx mrna, hvprx40, in bgh-attacked epidermis of barley (hordeum vulgare). the encoded protein ... | 2008 | 19018997 |
| isolation and functional characterization of hvdreb1-a gene encoding a dehydration-responsive element binding protein in hordeum vulgare. | a gene encoding hordeum vulgare dehydration-responsive element binding protein 1 (hvdreb1), a member of the a-2 subgroup of the dreb subfamily, was isolated from barley seedlings. a subcellular localization assay revealed accumulation of hvdreb1 protein in the nucleus. as a trans-acting factor, hvdreb1 was able to bind to dre/crt elements and transactivate reporter gene expression in yeast cells. a study of various deletion mutants of hvdreb1 proteins indicated that the transactivation activity ... | 2009 | 19067111 |
| dispersal of viable row-crop seeds of commercial agriculture by farmland birds: implication for genetically modified crops. | to address some concerns about the expansion of genetically engineered pharmaceutical and industrial crops to outdoor plantings and potential impacts on the human food supply, we determined whether commercial agriculture seeds of maize or corn zea mays l., barley hordeum vulgare l., safflower carthamus tinctorius l. and rice oryza sativa l. are digested or pass viably through the digestive tract, or are transported externally, by captive mallard ducks anas platyrhynchos l., ring-necked pheasants ... | 2008 | 19081011 |
| the oxidative stress caused by salinity in two barley cultivars is mitigated by elevated co2. | changes in antioxidant metabolism because of the effect of salinity stress (0, 80, 160 or 240 mm nacl) on protective enzyme activities under ambient (350 micromol mol(-1)) and elevated (700 micromol mol(-1)) co(2) concentrations were investigated in two barley cultivars (hordeum vulgare l., cvs alpha and iranis). electrolyte leakage, peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (sod), ec 1.15.1.1; ascorbate peroxidase (apx), ec 1.11.1.11; catalase (cat), ec 1.11.1.6; dehydro ... | 2009 | 19121097 |
| arbuscular mycorrhizal inhibition of growth in barley cannot be attributed to extent of colonization, fungal phosphorus uptake or effects on expression of plant phosphate transporter genes. | here, we used phosphorus-32 (32p) labelling in compartmented pots combined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis of phosphate(pi) transporter gene expression to investigate regulation of pi uptake pathways in barley (hordeum vulgare), an arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) plant that does not show strong positive growth responses to colonization.barley was colonized well by glomus intraradices and poorly by glomus geosporum,but both fungi induced significant and similar gr ... | 2009 | 19140934 |
| autophagy is enhanced and floral development is impaired in athva22d rna interference arabidopsis. | autophagy is an intracellular process in which a portion of cytoplasm is transported into vacuoles for recycling. physiological roles of autophagy in plants include recycling nutrients during senescence, sustaining life during starvation, and the formation of central digestive vacuoles. the regulation of autophagy and the formation of autophagosomes, spherical double membrane structures containing cytoplasm moving toward vacuoles, are poorly understood. hva22 is a gene originally cloned from bar ... | 2009 | 19151132 |
| real-time pcr quantification and live-cell imaging of endophytic colonization of barley (hordeum vulgare) roots by fusarium equiseti and pochonia chlamydosporia. | *new tools were developed for the study of the endophytic development of the fungal species fusarium equiseti and pochonia chlamydosporia in barley (hordeum vulgare) roots. these were applied to monitor the host colonization patterns of these potential candidates for biocontrol of root pathogens. * molecular beacons specific for either f. equiseti or p. chlamydosporia were designed and used in real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) quantification of fungal populations in roots. genetic transf ... | 2009 | 19170898 |
| transformation of isolated barley (hordeum vulgare l.) microspores: ii. timing of pretreatment and temperatures relative to results of bombardment. | based on paper i in this series, our goals in this paper were to determine the relationship between prebombardment pretreatments and temperatures, microspore cell cycle when bombarded, and the frequencies of homozygous and hemizygous transgenic progeny in barley (hordeum vulgare l.). of the 104 fluorescent plants selected when using the gfp fluorescence transgene, 28 were albino and 76 plants were green. thirty-one green plants were confirmed to be transgenic; the others were either transient gr ... | 2009 | 19234566 |
| identification and characterization of zinc-starvation-induced zip transporters from barley roots. | zinc (zn) is an essential element for plants but limited information is currently available on the molecular basis for zn(2+) transport in crop species. to expand the knowledge on zn(2+) transport in barley (hordeum vulgare l.), a cdna library prepared from barley roots was expressed in the yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant strain deltazrt1/deltazrt2, defective in zn(2+) uptake. this strategy resulted in isolation and identification of three new zn(2+) transporters from barley. all of the ... | 2009 | 19249224 |
| limited genetic variation within and between russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotypes in the united states. | insect biotypes are populations able to kill or injure crops with resistance genes and complicate pest management programs based on host plant resistance. biotypes occur in russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), a worldwide pest of wheat, triticum aestivum l., and barley, hordeum vulgare l., that was introduced into mexico in 1980 and then spread into texas by 1986. five d. noxia biotypes were described in the united states and given the number designations 1 th ... | 2009 | 19253666 |
| phytoremediation of oil-sludge-contaminated soil. | the aim of this research was to select plant species that could be effective in the phytoremediation ofa former oil-sludge pit. seven crop plants (triticum aestivum l., secale cereale l., avena sativa l., hordeum vulgare, sorghum bicolor l moench, panicum miliaceum l, and zea mays l.),five wild grasses (lolium perenne l., bromopsis inermis, agropyron cristatum l., agropyrum tenerum l., and festuca pratensis huds.), and three legumes (medicago sativa l., trifolium pratense l., and onobrychis anta ... | 2008 | 19260228 |
| effect of compost and manure soil amendments on nematodes and on yields of potato and barley: a 7-year study. | a 7-year study located in prince edward island, canada, examined the influence of compost and manure on crop yield and nematode populations. the compost used in this study consisted of cull waste potatoes, sawdust, and beef manure in a 3:3:1 ratio, respectively. no plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in samples collected from windrow compost piles at 5- and 30-cm depths prior to application on field plots. low population densities of bacterial-feeding nematodes were recovered from compost wi ... | 2003 | 19262763 |
| chromosomal location and inheritance of stem rust resistance transferred from hordeum bulbosum into cultivated barley (h. vulgare). | stem rust, caused by puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is an important disease on barley (hordeum vulgare). host resistance has effectively controlled stem rust, primarily through use of gene rpg1. however, virulence to rpg1 is present in north america, and a new race (ttksk, or ug99) from eastern africa threatens barley production. a search for novel resistance was previously conducted, and an interspecific barley breeding line (212y1) with introgressed chromatin from h. bulbosum was identified ... | 2009 | 19271974 |
| longidorus breviannulatus as a vector for brome mosaic virus. | | 1987 | 19290121 |
| investigations of the host range of the corn cyst nematode, heterodera zeae, from maryland. | the host range of the corn cyst nematode, heterodera zeae, recently detected in maryland, was investigated. a total of 269 plant entries, representing 68 families, 172 genera, and 204 species, was inoculated with cysts or a mixture of eggs and second-stage juveniles of h. zeae. the host range of the maryland population of h. zeae was limited to plants of the gramineae and included 11 tribes, 33 genera, 42 species, and 77 entries. all 22 corn (zea mays) cultivars tested were hosts. other economic ... | 1987 | 19290286 |
| the molecular biology of seasonal flowering-responses in arabidopsis and the cereals. | in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), flowering locus t (ft) and flowering locus c (flc) play key roles in regulating seasonal flowering-responses to synchronize flowering with optimal conditions. ft is a promoter of flowering activated by long days and by warm conditions. flc represses ft to delay flowering until plants experience winter. | 2009 | 19304997 |
| a simple tae-based method to generate large insert bac libraries from plant species. | large insert libraries are valuable tools for the positional cloning of genes of interest, physical mapping of chromosomes, comparative genomics, and molecular breeding. there are five types of large dna insert libraries: cosmid, yeast artificial chromosomes (yacs), bacteriophage p1, bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) and p1-derived artificial chromosomes (pacs) libraries. of these libraries, bac libraries are the most widely used due to their ease of manipulation, large insert size, and st ... | 2009 | 19347648 |
| identification and potential enzyme capacity of flavobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | the diversity of 99 flavobacterium-like isolates from a barley rhizosphere is described. they were identified on 1/10 strength tryptic soy agar by their yellowish colour and a flexirubin reaction after exposure to 10% koh.16s rdna partial sequencing identified the majority (70%) of isolates as flavobacterium. twelve percent of the isolates belonged to other genera in the phylum bacteroidetes. finally 17% of the isolates did not belong to the phylum bacteroidetes. most of the flavobacterium isola ... | 2009 | 19370066 |
| coularray electrochemical evaluation of tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers in barley, oat and spelt grains. | hexane extracts obtained from hordeum vulgare l. (barley), avena sativa l. (oat), triticum spelta schrank and triticum dicoccum schrank ex schübler (spelt or emmer) whole grains, were examined for their tocochromanol (tocopherol and tocotrienol) content. the analyses were carried out on fatty extracts by means of hplc coupled with a coulometric array electrochemical detector (ecd). due to the specific high selectivity of the detector, the sample can be directly injected without any preliminary t ... | 2009 | 19370933 |
| quantitative detection of changes in the leaf-mesophyll tonoplast proteome in dependency of a cadmium exposure of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) plants. | although the vacuole is the most important final store for toxic heavy metals like cadmium (cd(2+)), our knowledge on how they are transported into the vacuole is still insufficient. it has been suggested that cd(2+) can be transported as phytochelatin-cd(2+) by an unknown abc transporter or in exchange with protons by cation/proton exchanger (cax) transporters. to unravel the contribution of vacuolar transporters to cd(2+) detoxification, a quantitative proteomics approach was performed. highly ... | 2009 | 19391183 |
| analysing nitrogen responses of cereals to prioritize routes to the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency. | the efficient use of fertilizer nitrogen (n) is crucial to sustainable human nutrition. all crops receive significant amounts of additional n in temperate environments, through fixation or fertilizer use. this paper reviews progress towards the efficient use of fertilizer n by winter wheat (triticum aesitivum l.) and spring barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in the uk, acknowledging that on-farm this is governed by economics. recent multi-site n response experiments on old and modern varieties show tha ... | 2009 | 19395389 |
| cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of paraquat in hordeum vulgare and human lymphocytes in vitro. | two phylogenetically distant types of test-systems-root tip meristems of barley (hordeum vulgare) and human lymphocytes in vitro were used to detect genotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by the herbicide paraquat (pq) in the concentration range (10(-6) to 5 x 10(-4) mol/l). as an endpoint for cytotoxicity the mitotic index (mi) was evaluated. the frequency of chromosome aberrations (ca) and the frequency of micronuclei (mn) were used as endpoints for genotoxicity. a dose-dependent increase of ca ... | 2010 | 19437450 |
| evidence for variation in the optimal translation initiation complex: plant eif4b, eif4f, and eif(iso)4f differentially promote translation of mrnas. | eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4b is known to interact with multiple initiation factors, mrna, rrna, and poly(a) binding protein (pabp). to gain a better understanding of the function of eif4b, the two isoforms from arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) were expressed and analyzed using biophysical and biochemical methods. plant eif4b was found by ultracentrifugation and light scattering analysis to most likely be a monomer with an extended structure. an extended structure would facilitate the ... | 2009 | 19493973 |
| identification and characterization of maize and barley lsi2-like silicon efflux transporters reveals a distinct silicon uptake system from that in rice. | silicon (si) uptake has been extensively examined in rice (oryza sativa), but it is poorly understood in other gramineous crops. we identified low silicon rice 2 (lsi2)-like si efflux transporters from two important gramineous crops: maize (zea mays) and barley (hordeum vulgare). both maize and barley lsi2 expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes showed si efflux transport activity. furthermore, barley lsi2 was able to recover si uptake in a rice mutant defective in si efflux. maize and barley lsi2 w ... | 2009 | 19574435 |
| performance of a dispersion model to estimate methane loss from cattle in pens. | accurate measurements of enteric methane (ch(4)) emissions from cattle (bos taurus) are necessary to improve emission coefficients used in national emissions inventories, and to evaluate mitigation strategies. our study was conducted to evaluate a novel approach that allowed near continuous ch(4) measurement from beef cattle confined in pens. the backward lagrangian stochastic (bls) dispersion technique was used in conjunction with global position system (gps) information from individual animals ... | 2009 | 19643744 |
| the mycorrhiza fungus piriformospora indica induces fast root-surface ph signaling and primes systemic alkalinization of the leaf apoplast upon powdery mildew infection. | we analyze here, by noninvasive electrophysiology, local and systemic plant responses in the interaction of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) with the root-colonizing basidiomycete piriformospora indica. in the short term (seconds, minutes), a constant flow of p. indica chlamydospores along primary roots altered surface ph characteristics; whereas the root-hair zone transiently alkalized-a typical elicitor response-the elongation zone acidified, indicative of enhanced h(+) extrusion and plasma membran ... | 2009 | 19656052 |
| molecular mapping of leaf rust resistance gene rph14 in hordeum vulgare. | an incompletely dominant gene conferring resistance to puccinia hordei, rph14, identified previously in an accession of hordeum vulgare, confers resistance to all known pathotypes of p. hordei in australia. knowledge of the chromosomal location of rph14 and the identification of dna markers closely linked to it will facilitate combining it with other important leaf rust resistance genes to achieve long lasting resistance. the inheritance of rph14 was confirmed using 146 and 106 f(3) lines derive ... | 2009 | 19711052 |
| taxonomic characterization and plant colonizing abilities of some bacteria related to bacillus amyloliquefaciens and bacillus subtilis. | the phylogenetic relationships of 17 bacillus strains isolated from plants and soil were determined from partial sequences of genes encoding 16s rrna, gyrasea (gyra) and the chea histidine kinase. five strains were closely related to bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis, three strains were more closely related to b. subtilis subsp. spizizeni and two strains were identified as b. mojavensis. the remaining seven strains formed a cluster closely related to, but distinct from, bacillus amyloliquefacien ... | 2004 | 19712408 |
| characterization of the entire cystatin gene family in barley and their target cathepsin l-like cysteine-proteases, partners in the hordein mobilization during seed germination. | plant cystatins are inhibitors of cysteine-proteases of the papain c1a and legumain c13 families. cystatin data from multiple plant species have suggested that these inhibitors act as defense proteins against pests and pathogens and as regulators of protein turnover. in this study, we characterize the entire cystatin gene family from barley (hordeum vulgare), which contain 13 nonredundant genes, and identify and characterize their target enzymes, the barley cathepsin l-like proteases. cystatins ... | 2009 | 19759340 |
| intron-mediated enhancement as a method for increasing transgene expression levels in barley. | it is desirable to produce transgenic plants which have optimized and stable levels of transgene expression. low levels of transgene expression may lead to an insufficient quantity of transgenic protein being produced for a particular purpose. this report demonstrates a means of enhancing transgene expression in barley beyond that conferred by the ubi1 promoter, via the inclusion of an intron at a specific position within the transgene coding sequence. we independently cloned two different intro ... | 2009 | 19781005 |
| tree-based intercropping systems increase growth and nutrient status of hybrid poplar: a case study from two northeastern american experiments. | tree-based intercropping is considered to be a potentially useful land use system for mitigating negative environmental impacts from intensive agriculture such as nutrient leaching and greenhouse gas emissions. rapid early growth of trees is critical for rapidly accruing environmental benefits provided by the trees. we tested the hypothesis that intercropping increases the growth and nutrient status of young hybrid poplars (populus spp.), compared to a harrowing alley treatment (i.e., no intercr ... | 2009 | 19783353 |
| characterization of gibberellin receptor mutants of barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | the sequence of gid1 (a gene for a gibberellin (ga) receptor from rice) was used to identify a putative orthologue from barley. this was expressed in e. coli, and produced a protein that was able to bind ga in vitro with both structural specificity and saturability. its potential role in ga responses was investigated using barley mutants with reduced ga sensitivity (gse1 mutants). sixteen different gse1 mutants each carried a unique nucleotide substitution in this sequence. in all but one case, ... | 2008 | 19825540 |
| transcript-based cloning of rrp46, a regulator of rrna processing and r gene-independent cell death in barley-powdery mildew interactions. | programmed cell death (pcd) plays a pivotal role in plant development and defense. to investigate the interaction between pcd and r gene-mediated defense, we used the 22k barley1 genechip to compare and contrast time-course expression profiles of blumeria graminis f. sp hordei (bgh) challenged barley (hordeum vulgare) cultivar c.i. 16151 (harboring the mla6 powdery mildew resistance allele) and its fast neutron-derived bgh-induced tip cell death1 mutant, bcd1. mixed linear model analysis identif ... | 2009 | 19861556 |
| de novo biosynthesis of defense root exudates in response to fusarium attack in barley. | summary *despite recent advances in elucidation of natural products in root exudates, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the ecological significance of products in the rhizosphere. *here, we investigated the potential of barley (hordeum vulgare) to secrete defense root exudates when challenged by the soilborne pathogen fusarium graminearum. *liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (lc-dad) was used to profile induced small-molecular-weight exudates. thus, t-cinnamic ... | 2010 | 19878462 |
| plant responses to seven russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotypes found in the united states. | the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae), is a serious wheat, triticum aestivum l., and barley, hordeum vulgare l., pest throughout the small grain-producing areas in the western united states. the virulency and classification of recently described russian wheat aphid biotypes 1-7 (rwa1-7) were clarified using 24 plant differentials. these seven biotypes had been described previously using various methods and test environments; therefore, the purpose of this st ... | 2009 | 19886462 |
| the effects of se phytotoxicity on the antioxidant systems of leaf tissues in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) seedlings. | a hydroponic experiment was carried out in a growth chamber to investigate the impact of selenium (se) levels on physiological and biochemical characteristics of a barley cultivar. membrane lipid peroxidation (lpo), proline accumulation and antioxidant activities of some enzymes of barley seedlings under se toxicity were investigated. significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (tbars) content, and a stimulation of catalase (cat, 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (apx, 1.11.1.11 ... | 2010 | 19948409 |
| blumeria graminis interactions with barley conditioned by different single r genes demonstrate a temporal and spatial relationship between stomatal dysfunction and cell death. | hypersensitive response (hr) against blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei infection in barley (hordeum vulgare) was associated with stomata "lock-up" leading to increased leaf water conductance (g(l)). unique spatio-temporal patterns of hr formation occurred in barley with mla1, mla3, or mlla r genes challenged with b. graminis f. sp. hordei. with mla1, a rapid hr, limited to epidermal cells, arrested fungal growth before colonies initiated secondary attacks. with mla3, mesophyll hr preceded that in ... | 2010 | 19968546 |
| channel-like characteristics of the low-affinity barley phosphate transporter pht1;6 when expressed in xenopus oocytes. | remobilization of inorganic phosphate (p(i)) within a plant is critical for sustaining growth and seed production under external p(i) fluctuation. the barley (hordeum vulgare) transporter hvpht1;6 has been implicated in p(i) remobilization. in this report, we expressed hvpht1;6 in xenopus laevis oocytes, allowing detailed characterization of voltage-dependent fluxes and currents induced by hvpht1;6. hvpht1;6 increased efflux of p(i) near oocyte resting membrane potentials, dependent on external ... | 2010 | 20053709 |
| a native qtl for fusarium head blight resistance in north american barley (hordeum vulgare l.) independent of height, maturity, and spike type loci. | fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe (teleomorph gibberella zeae (schwein.) petch), is one of the major diseases of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in eastern china, the upper midwest of the usa, and the eastern prairie provinces of canada. to identify quantitative trait loci (qtl) controlling fhb resistance, a recombinant inbred line population (f6:7) was developed from the cross zhenongda 7/pi 643302. the population was phenotyped for resistance to fhb in two experime ... | 2010 | 20140029 |
| phytotoxicity of hexachlorocyclohexane: effect on germination and early growth of different plant species. | the aim of the present study was to select candidate plant species for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with hexachlorocyclohexane (hch). for this purpose, an experiment was carried out under controlled conditions of germination and growth, with nine plant species of economic and/or agricultural interest, in a soil contaminated with a heterogeneous mixture (at eight different levels of contamination) of the main hch isomers (alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-hch). the results revealed differ ... | 2010 | 20172584 |
| diversity at the mla powdery mildew resistance locus from cultivated barley reveals sites of positive selection. | the mla locus in barley (hordeum vulgare) conditions isolate-specific immunity to the powdery mildew fungus (blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) and encodes intracellular coiled-coil (cc) domain, nucleotide-binding (nb) site, and leucine-rich repeat (lrr)-containing receptor proteins. over the last decades, genetic studies in breeding material have identified a large number of functional resistance genes at the mla locus. to study the structural and functional diversity of this locus at the molecul ... | 2010 | 20192836 |
| promoters of the barley germin-like ger4 gene cluster enable strong transgene expression in response to pathogen attack. | immunity of plants triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) is based on the execution of an evolutionarily conserved defense response that includes the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins as well as multiple other defenses. the most abundant pr transcript of barley (hordeum vulgare) leaf epidermis attacked by the powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f. sp hordei encodes the germin-like protein ger4, which has superoxide dismutase activity and functions in pam ... | 2010 | 20305123 |
| competition between uptake of ammonium and potassium in barley and arabidopsis roots: molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences. | plants can use ammonium (nh4+) as the sole nitrogen source, but at high nh4+ concentrations in the root medium, particularly in combination with a low availability of k+, plants suffer from nh4+ toxicity. to understand the role of k+ transporters and non-selective cation channels in k+/nh4+ interactions better, growth, nh4+ and k+ accumulation and the specific fluxes of nh4+, k+, and h+ were examined in roots of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and arabidopsis seedlings. net fluxes of k+ and nh4+ wer ... | 2010 | 20339151 |
| characterization of a novel glycinebetaine/proline transporter gene expressed in the mestome sheath and lateral root cap cells in barley. | the accumulation of glycinebetaine (gb) is one of the adaptive strategies to adverse salt stress conditions. although it has been demonstrated that barley plants accumulate gb in response to salt stress and various studies focused on gb synthesis were performed, its transport mechanism is still unclear. in this study, we identified a novel gene, hvprot2, encoding hordeum vulgare gb/proline transporter from barley plants. heterologous expression in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant demonstr ... | 2010 | 20376676 |
| xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases from barley (hordeum vulgare l.) bind oligomeric and polymeric xyloglucan molecules in their acceptor binding sites. | xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases (ec 2.4.1.207), known as xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (xets) use a disproportionation reaction mechanism and modulate molecular masses of xyloglucans. however, it is not known precisely how these size modulations and transfer reactions occur with polymeric acceptor substrates. | 2010 | 20388532 |
| phenolic compounds in different barley varieties: identification by tandem mass spectrometry (qstar) and nmr; quantification by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (q-trap). | barley (hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal that has many applications; as a human food, in malt products and as livestock feed. the content of soluble health-promoting fibers, beta-glucans, varies substantially among barley varieties. in the present study, the content of secondary metabolites with potential positive health effects in different high- and low-beta-glucan barley varieties was studied. five different flavanols were isolated and identified: (2r,3s)-catechin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyran ... | 2010 | 20420318 |
| alterations of nadph:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase quantity and lipid composition in etiolated barley seedlings infected by barley stripe mosaic virus (bsmv). | summary to understand the phenomenon by which infection of seed-transmitted barley stripe mosaic virus (bsmv) alters membrane structures and inhibits protochlorophyllide biosynthesis of dark-grown barley (hordeum vulgare l.) plants, we analysed the presence of nadph:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (por, ec 1.3.1.33) and the galactolipid content and fatty acid composition. the amount of por in etioplasts of infected leaves, compared with non-infected leaves, was reduced, as measured by immunoe ... | 2006 | 20507467 |
| one-carbon metabolism in plants: characterization of a plastid serine hydroxymethyltransferase. | shmt (serine hydroxymethyltransferase; ec 2.1.2.1) catalyses reversible hydroxymethyl group transfer from serine to h4pteglun (tetrahydrofolate), yielding glycine and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. in plastids, shmts are thought to catalytically direct the hydroxymethyl moiety of serine into the metabolic network of h4pteglun-bound one-carbon units. genes encoding putative plastid shmts were found in the genomes of various plant species. shmt activity was detected in chloroplasts in pea (pisum ... | 2010 | 20518745 |
| uce: a uracil excision (user)-based toolbox for transformation of cereals. | abstract: | 2010 | 20537147 |
| the molecular characterization of two barley proteins establishes the novel pr-17 family of pathogenesis-related proteins. | summary two barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cdna clones (pbh6-12 and pbh6-17) were isolated from a cdna library prepared from leaves 6 h after inoculation with blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh). the two transcripts accumulate strongly in response to bgh, peaking around 6, 15-24 and 48-96 h after inoculation, concomitant with fungal penetration attempts, hypersensitive response and fungal growth. the encoded proteins, hvpr-17a and hvpr-17b, belong to a new family of plant pathogenesis-related prot ... | 2002 | 20569319 |
| brome mosaic virus, good for an rna virologist's basic needs. | abstract taxonomic relationship: type member of the bromovirus genus, family bromoviridae. a member of the alphavirus-like supergroup of positive-sense single-stranded rna viruses. physical properties: virions are nonenveloped icosahedrals made up of 180 coat protein subunits (fig. 1). the particles are 26 nm in diameter and contain 22% nucleic acid and 78% protein. the bmv genome is composed of three positive-sense, capped rnas: rna1 (3.2 kb), rna2 (2.9 kb), rna3 (2.1 kb) (fig. 2). viral protei ... | 2000 | 20572956 |
| mutations in ror1 and ror2 genes cause modification of hydrogen peroxide accumulation in mlo-barley under attack from the powdery mildew fungus. | abstract race nonspecific resistance of barley against the barley powdery mildew fungus (blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, speer, bgh) is mediated by recessive mlo alleles and is controlled by at least two additional genes 'required for ml o-specified disease resistance' (ror1 and ror2). the pathogenesis-related accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) was comparatively analysed in a susceptible barley line (hordeum vulgare l. cv ingrid, genotype mlo ror1, ror2), a resistant ingrid backcross l ... | 2000 | 20572975 |
| boron toxicity tolerance in barley through reduced expression of the multifunctional aquaporin hvnip2;1. | boron (b) toxicity is a significant limitation to cereal crop production in a number of regions worldwide. here we describe the cloning of a gene from barley (hordeum vulgare), underlying the chromosome 6h b toxicity tolerance quantitative trait locus. it is the second b toxicity tolerance gene identified in barley. previously, we identified the gene bot1 that functions as an efflux transporter in b toxicity-tolerant barley to move b out of the plant. the gene identified in this work encodes hvn ... | 2010 | 20581256 |