| current understanding of the aetiology and laboratory diagnosis of footrot. | footrot is a highly contagious disease of the feet of ruminants caused by the synergistic action of certain bacterial species of which dichelobacter nodosus (d. nodosus) is the main transmitting agent. the infection is specific to sheep and goats, although it has also been reported in cattle, horses, pigs, deer and mouflon. the antigenic diversity of d. nodosus is due to variations in the dna sequence of its fimbrial subunit gene (fima) and provides the basis for classification of the organism i ... | 2006 | 16624707 |
| improved diagnosis of virulent ovine footrot using the inta gene. | footrot is a mixed bacterial infection of the hooves of sheep. the gram-negative anaerobic bacterium dichelobacter nodosus is the principal causative agent, with different strains causing diseases of different severity, ranging from benign to virulent. in australia, in the state of new south wales (nsw), only virulent footrot is subject to regulatory action, including quarantine. however, it is often difficult to distinguish benign footrot from virulent footrot in the initial stages of infection ... | 2006 | 16716540 |
| regulation of type iv fimbrial biogenesis in dichelobacter nodosus. | type iv fimbriae are expressed by several bacterial pathogens and are essential for virulence in dichelobacter nodosus, which causes ovine footrot. we have identified a two-component signal transduction system (pilr/s) and an alternative sigma factor (sigma 54) that were shown by insertional inactivation to be required for the regulation of fimbrial biogenesis in d. nodosus. western blots showed that in both pilr and rpon mutants, fimbrial subunit production was significantly reduced by a proces ... | 2006 | 16788189 |
| activity and cellular localization of amylases of rabbit cecal bacteria. | five 11-week-old rabbits, fed a commercial granulated feed, were slaughtered and cecal starch-degrading bacteria enumerated; total concentration of cultivable bacteria utilizing starch averaged 5.5 x 10(10) cfu/g. the activity and cellular localization of amylases was determined in 9 bacteria identified as actinomyces israeli (strains aa2 and ad4), bacteroides spp. (strain aa3), dichelobacter nodosus (strain aa4), mitsuokella multiacidus (strain aa6), eubacterium spp. (strains aa7 and ab2), clos ... | 2006 | 17007433 |
| aetiology of caprine footrot in extremadura region, spain. | the present study reports on the location of major foci of footrot in goats in the extremadura region of spain by the determination of locally occurring strictly anaerobic microorganisms involved in the pathogenesis and development of this disease. the most commonly isolated microorganisms belonged to the genera dichelobacter, fusobacterium, porphyromonas and prevotella; these were found in conjunction with other species of minor importance. the species most frequently isolated were fusobacteriu ... | 2006 | 17020135 |
| isolation and characterization of dichelobacter nodosus from ovine and caprine footrot in kashmir, india. | footrot is a highly contagious and economically important disease of sheep and goats, caused by dichelobacter nodosus, a slow growing anaerobic gram-negative rod. the current australian antigenic classification system, based on variation in the fimbriae, classifies d. nodosus into at least 10 serogroups (a-i and m) and 18 serotypes. this investigation was intended to determine the serological diversity of d. nodosus in this region of kashmir, india. exudates of footrot lesions were collected fro ... | 2007 | 17250860 |
| detection of dichelobacter nodosus in wild ungulates (capra ibex ibex and ovis aries musimon) and domestic sheep suffering from foot rot using a two-step polymerase chain reaction. | severe keratinous hoof afflictions have been recorded in ibex (capra ibex ibex) since 1995 and more recently in mouflon (ovis aries musimon) in switzerland. based on clinical observations and comparison with diseases known to affect domestic ungulates, it was hypothesized these wild ungulates were affected by foot rot associated with infection with dichelobacter nodosus. dichelobacter nodosus has been shown to be the essential pathogen for initiation and establishment of foot rot, a highly conta ... | 2007 | 17347396 |
| assessment of current knowledge of footrot in sheep with particular reference to dichelobacter nodosus and implications for elimination or control strategies for sheep in great britain. | a brief summary of the currently accepted aetiology and pathogenesis of footrot and interdigital dermatitis in sheep in great britain is presented together with a description of the transmission dynamics of dichelobacter nodosus. approaches that may be successful for control or elimination of the disease are proposed and areas of uncertainty in current knowledge highlighted. research and practice in great britain is compared with that from other countries and the proposal made that the environme ... | 2008 | 17418598 |
| genome sequence and identification of candidate vaccine antigens from the animal pathogen dichelobacter nodosus. | dichelobacter nodosus causes ovine footrot, a disease that leads to severe economic losses in the wool and meat industries. we sequenced its 1.4-mb genome, the smallest known genome of an anaerobe. it differs markedly from small genomes of intracellular bacteria, retaining greater biosynthetic capabilities and lacking any evidence of extensive ongoing genome reduction. comparative genomic microarray studies and bioinformatic analysis suggested that, despite its small size, almost 20% of the geno ... | 2007 | 17468768 |
| type iv fimbrial biogenesis is required for protease secretion and natural transformation in dichelobacter nodosus. | the objective of this study was to develop an understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which type iv fimbrial biogenesis, natural transformation, and protease secretion are linked in the ovine foot rot pathogen, dichelobacter nodosus. we have shown that like the d. nodosus fimbrial subunit fima, the pilin-like protein pile and the fimn, fimo, and fimp proteins, which are homologs of pilb, pilc, and pild from pseudomonas aeruginosa, are essential for fimbrial biogenesis and natural transforma ... | 2007 | 17513472 |
| glycosylation of type-iv fimbriae of dichelobacter nodosus. | dichelobacter nodosus is the causative agent of ovine footrot and the type-iv fimbriae on this bacterium are essential for maintaining its virulence. in this study, we reveal that these fimbriae are glycosylated. this was demonstrated in several ways: by the detection of carbohydrate on fimbrial protein using periodic acid schiff reagent (pas) staining of sds-page gels and by demonstrating enzymatic deglycosylation and by analysis of the amino acid sequences derived from the fima gene, whereby t ... | 2008 | 17681435 |
| analyses of the vrl gene cluster in desulfococcus multivorans: homologous to the virulence-associated locus of the ovine footrot pathogen dichelobacter nodosus strain a198. | major parts of the virulence-associated vrl locus known from the gammaproteobacterium dichelobacter nodosus, the causative agent of ovine footrot, were analyzed in the genome of the sulfate-reducing deltaproteobacterium desulfococcus multivorans. in the genome of d. multivorans 13 of the 19 vrl genes described for d. nodosus are present and highly conserved with respect to gene sequence and order. the vrl locus and its flanking regions suggest a bacteriophage-mediated transfer into the genome of ... | 2007 | 17693723 |
| twitching motility is essential for virulence in dichelobacter nodosus. | type iv fimbriae are essential virulence factors of dichelobacter nodosus, the principal causative agent of ovine foot rot. the fima fimbrial subunit gene is required for virulence, but fima mutants exhibit several phenotypic changes and it is not certain if the effects on virulence result from the loss of type iv fimbria-mediated twitching motility, cell adherence, or reduced protease secretion. we showed that mutation of either the pilt or pilu gene eliminated the ability to carry out twitchin ... | 2008 | 18310333 |
| the complete sequence and functional analysis of panl, the large plasmid of the unicellular freshwater cyanobacterium synechococcus elongatus pcc 7942. | two endogenous plasmids are present in synechococcus elongatus pcc 7942, a model organism for studying photosynthesis and circadian rhythms in cyanobacteria. the large plasmid, panl, was shown previously to be involved in adaptation of s. elongatus cells to sulfur starvation, which provided the first evidence of cellular function of a cyanobacterial plasmid. here, we report the complete sequence of panl, which is 46,366 bp in length with 53% gc content and encodes 58 putative orfs. the panl plas ... | 2008 | 18353436 |
| breeding for resistance to footrot--the use of hoof lesion scoring to quantify footrot in sheep. | so that genetic studies can be undertaken on footrot in sheep, it is necessary that a reliable and repeatable method to categorise the phenotype is available. this paper summarises the methods used and results obtained from 1600 hoof lesion scores of 100 mixed-age ewes independently scored twice by two trained operators. using a 5-pont scale describing the severity of foot lesions, residual correlations were used to assess agreement between scorers and scoring occasions. data were analysed using ... | 2008 | 18478350 |
| pilot trials in australia on eradication of footrot by flock specific vaccination. | footrot is a contagious disease of ruminants requiring strains of dichelobacter nodosus that possess virulence factors including proteases and fimbriae. sheep can be immunised against footrot using vaccine-containing fimbriae, either native or recombinant. the fimbriae are responsible for the serological k-agglutination reaction, which has been used to classify field isolates into nine major serogroups. the range of protection conferred by vaccination is largely restricted to the serogroup invol ... | 2008 | 18621488 |
| proteomic profiling of ovine serum by seldi-tof ms: optimisation, reproducibility and feasibility of biomarker discovery using routinely collected samples. | the diagnosis of infectious diseases in animals may be enhanced by study of the serum proteome in which myriad components are influenced by physiological and pathological processes. surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (seldi-tof ms) has the capacity to detect known and unknown immunologically relevant molecules in the serum proteome. optimum combinations of proteinchip array surfaces, energy absorbing molecules, sample dilutions and instrument settings w ... | 2010 | 18775566 |
| variation in fusobacterium necrophorum strains present on the hooves of footrot infected sheep, goats and cattle. | footrot is a disease of sheep, goats and cattle that causes losses in production and raises welfare issues world-wide. the disease is characterised by destruction of the hard keratin of the hoof leading to lameness, and both dichelobacter nodosus (d. nodosus) and fusobacterium necrophorum (f. necrophorum) are thought to be involved in the etiology of this disease. while a lot is known about the genetic diversity of d. nodosus, very little is known about variation in f. necrophorum, especially as ... | 2009 | 19019570 |
| isolation of the bacteriophage dinohi from dichelobacter nodosus and its interactions with other integrated genetic elements. | the gram-negative anaerobic pathogen dichelobacter nodosus carries several genetic elements that integrate into the chromosome. these include the inta, intb, intc and intd elements, which integrate adjacent to csra and pnpa, two putative global regulators of virulence and the virulence-related locus, vrl, which integrates into ssra. treatment of d. nodosus strains with ultraviolet light resulted in the isolation of dinohi, a member of the siphoviridae and the first bacteriophage to be identified ... | 2008 | 19088904 |
| melatonin enhances the immune response to vaccination against a1 and c strains of dichelobacter nodosus. | melatonin has been shown to exert immunomodulatory properties with broad application in veterinary medicine. here we have investigated the effect of exogenous melatonin in the improvement of the immune response to administration of an immune-preparation of two stumps of a1 and c strains of dichelobacter nodosus in sheep. subcutaneous administration of melatonin enhanced plasma levels of melatonin from days 42 to 120. administration of melatonin to vaccinated animals enhanced both the titer of an ... | 2009 | 19166891 |
| effect of parenteral selenium administration to sheep on prevalence and recovery from footrot. | insufficient intake of selenium (se) is common in many regions, and can contribute to increased susceptibility to and prolonged recovery from infectious diseases. | 2009 | 19192142 |
| melatonin, as an adjuvant-like agent, enhances platelet responsiveness. | melatonin exerts immunomodulatory actions that enhance the magnitude and quality of immune responses specific for certain antigens; this has raised the possibility of using melatonin to design novel vaccine adjuvant systems. the present study investigated the effect of subcutaneous slow-release melatonin implants and subcutaneous melatonin injections on the responsiveness of circulating platelets in sheep after vaccination against dichelobacter nodosus (a1 and c serotypes), the bacterium that ca ... | 2009 | 19196436 |
| dichelobacter nodosus, fusobacterium necrophorum and the epidemiology of footrot. | footrot is a debilitating disease of sheep resulting in lameness, production losses and suffering. to study the basic bacteriology of the disease, a survey was initiated across commercial farms and non-commercial research flocks to compare the bacteriology of symptomatic footrot infected sheep with healthy asymptomatic sheep. of the 80 farmers initially contacted, 14 collected hoof swabs and returned the swabs by post. following dna extraction, species-specific pcr was used to identify if dichel ... | 2009 | 19239925 |
| the detection of dichelobacter nodosus and fusobacterium necrophorum from footrot lesions in new zealand goats. | | 2009 | 19248838 |
| serological diversity and virulence determination of dichelobacter nodosus from footrot in india. | one hundred and twenty-eight swab samples from footrot lesions of naturally infected sheep were examined for presence of dichelobacter nodosus (d. nodosus). the detection of d. nodosus was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), directly from swabs or after isolation, using 16s rdna specific primers. the isolation of the bacterium was carried out anaerobically on trypticase-arginine-serine (tas) agar containing 4% hoof powder. serogrouping of the d. nodosus was accomplished with multiple ... | 2009 | 19272343 |
| identification of two new dichelobacter nodosus strains in germany. | the multi-strain anaerobe dichelobacter nodosus causes footrot, a contagious disease of the digits of ruminants that occurs worldwide. eleven d. nodosus-like isolates from footrot lesions of sheep in germany were investigated by pcr amplification of the variable region of the d. nodosus fimbrial (fima) gene. in six isolates, fima pcr amplicons of a size suggestive of d. nodosus were generated. single-strand conformational polymorphism (sscp) analysis of the amplicons revealed three banding patte ... | 2010 | 19285440 |
| the intd mobile genetic element from dichelobacter nodosus, the causative agent of ovine footrot, is associated with the benign phenotype. | the gram-negative anaerobic pathogen dichelobacter nodosus is the principal causative agent of footrot in sheep. the inta, intb and intc elements are mobile genetic elements which integrate into two trna genes downstream from csra (formerly glpa) and pnpa in the d. nodosus chromosome. csra homologues act as global repressors of virulence in several bacterial pathogens, as does polynucleotide phosphorylase, the product of pnpa. we have proposed a model in which virulence in d. nodosus is controll ... | 2009 | 19327404 |
| detection of fusobacterium necrophorum and dichelobacter nodosus in lame cattle on dairy farms in new zealand. | lameness in the dairy industry in new zealand causes a problem in lost production, animal welfare and associated costs. to understand what bacteria may be present on the hooves of lame dairy cattle in this grass-fed system, samples were scraped from lame dairy cows and examined for the presence of fusobacterium necrophorum (f. necrophorum) and dichelobacter nodosus (d. nodosus) using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the pcr primers were designed to detect the presence of the lkta gene, which ... | 2009 | 19409584 |
| comparative genomic analysis of ten streptococcus pneumoniae temperate bacteriophages. | streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen that often carries temperate bacteriophages. as part of a program to characterize the genetic makeup of prophages associated with clinical strains and to assess the potential roles that they play in the biology and pathogenesis in their host, we performed comparative genomic analysis of 10 temperate pneumococcal phages. all of the genomes are organized into five major gene clusters: lysogeny, replication, packaging, morphogenesis, and lysis ... | 2009 | 19502408 |
| evolution of oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers during an open-field vaccination procedure in sheep: effect of melatonin. | melatonin has been shown to exert immunomodularory properties with broad application in veterinary medicine. in previous work we have described that subcutaneous coadministration of melatonin to seeps vaccinated against two stumps of a1 and c strains of dichelobacter nodosus enhanced both the antibody titer and serum igg levels to a1 and c strains of d. nodosus compared to vaccinated animals not treated with melatonin. following a similar protocol here we have investigated the effect of a higher ... | 2010 | 19631992 |
| modulation of inter-vaccination interval to avoid antigenic competition in multivalent footrot (dichelobacter nodosus) vaccines in sheep. | virulent footrot is a significant disease of sheep in most sheep farming countries; a strain/serogroup of the anaerobic bacterium dichelobacter nodosus is the essential transmitting agent. commercial multivalent footrot vaccines containing nine fimbrial serogroups (a through i) of d. nodosus produce relatively low and short term antibody responses due to antigenic competition, in contrast to higher and longer responses provided by monovalent or bivalent vaccines. the latter were important compon ... | 2009 | 19853681 |
| deletion of the c-terminus of polynucleotide phosphorylase increases twitching motility, a virulence characteristic of the anaerobic bacterial pathogen dichelobacter nodosus. | the gram-negative anaerobe dichelobacter nodosus is the causative agent of footrot in sheep. different strains of d. nodosus cause disease of differing severities, ranging from benign to virulent. virulent strains have greater twitching motility and secrete proteases that are more thermostable than those secreted by benign strains. we have identified polynucleotide phosphorylase (pnpase) as a putative virulence regulator and have proposed that pnpase expression is modulated by the adjacent integ ... | 2010 | 19895640 |
| [structural and functional specificity of the dichelobacter nodosus pili. synthesis of the protein pilin of d. nodosus in various bacterial recombinant strains]. | the ovine foot rot is a severe infectious disease of sheep. dichelobacter nodosus is an essential pathogen of this disease. an obligatory anaerobic gram-negative rod-shaped microorganism has slow rate of accumulating bacterial density and fastidious growth requirements. this causes obstacles to vaccine production and makes it difficult to diagnose the disease. the diagnosis in this case is more expensive. fimbriae (or pili) are one of the major factors of virulence of d. nodosus. their antigenic ... | 2009 | 20050159 |
| understanding the molecular epidemiology of the footrot pathogen dichelobacter nodosus to support control and eradication programs. | the gram-negative anaerobe dichelobacter nodosus is the primary etiologic agent of ovine footrot. few studies of the genetic diversity and epidemiology of d. nodosus have been done, despite the economic cost and welfare implications of the disease. this study examined a large collection of australian isolates; 735 isolates from footrot-infected sheep from 247 farms in western australia (wa) were tested by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and a subset of 616 isolates was tested by infrequ ... | 2010 | 20071558 |
| crystallization of the virulent and benign subtilisin-like proteases from the ovine footrot pathogen dichelobacter nodosus. | dichelobacter nodosus is the principal causative agent of ovine footrot, a disease of significant economic importance to the sheep industry. d. nodosus secretes a number of subtilisin-like serine proteases which mediate tissue damage and presumably contribute to the pathogenesis of footrot. strains causing virulent footrot secrete the proteases aprv2, aprv5 and bprv and strains causing benign footrot secrete the closely related proteases aprb2, aprb5 and bprb. here, the cloning, purification and ... | 2010 | 20208163 |
| diagnostic sampling strategies for virulent ovine footrot: simulating detection of dichelobacter nodosus serogroups for bivalent vaccine formulation. | dichelobacter nodosus is a slow-growing anaerobic bacterium that is the causative agent of virulent ovine footrot. vaccination targeted at up to two specific serogroups can eliminate those serogroups from infected flocks, but requires identification of serogroups present in infected flocks. serogroups can be identified using slide agglutination or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods. the objectives of this project were to use stochastic simulation modeling to estimate the efficacy of samplin ... | 2010 | 20303191 |
| footrot and interdigital dermatitis in sheep: farmer satisfaction with current management, their ideal management and sources used to adopt new strategies. | the aims of this research were to identify management practices that sheep farmers currently use to treat and prevent footrot in sheep and whether they consider that these are successful management tools and to find out how sheep farmers would ideally like to manage footrot in their flock. over 90% of lameness in sheep in the uk is caused by dichelobacter nodosus, which presents clinically as interdigital dermatitis (id) alone or with separation of hoof horn (fr). a questionnaire was sent to 265 ... | 2010 | 20594602 |
| a within farm clinical trial to compare two treatments (parenteral antibacterials and hoof trimming) for sheep lame with footrot. | from observational studies, farmers who use parenteral antibacterials to promptly treat all sheep with footrot (fr) or interdigital dermatitis (id) have a prevalence of lameness of < 2% compared with a prevalence of 9% lameness reported by farmers who treat lame sheep by trimming affected feet. we tested the hypothesis that prompt treatment of sheep lame with naturally developing fr or id with parenteral and topical antibacterials reduces the prevalence and incidence of lameness with these condi ... | 2010 | 20627343 |
| detection and diversity of a putative novel heterogeneous polymorphic proline-glycine repeat (pgr) protein in the footrot pathogen dichelobacter nodosus. | dichelobacter nodosus, a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, is the essential causative agent of footrot in sheep. currently, depending on the clinical presentation in the field, footrot is described as benign or virulent; d. nodosus strains have also been classified as benign or virulent, but this designation is not always consistent with clinical disease. the aim of this study was to determine the diversity of the pgr gene, which encodes a putative proline-glycine repeat protein (pgr). the pgr ... | 2011 | 20655152 |
| ovine footrot: new approaches to an old disease. | footrot is a bacterial disease that has substantial economic and welfare impacts in sheep and can be difficult to manage. research is focussed on reducing the impact that footrot has on farmers and their flocks and better understanding the aetiology of the disease. key areas of current research include, developing better vaccines, deploying tailored vaccines in a specific and targeted fashion on individual farms, analysing and developing better farm management practices to suit specific sheep fa ... | 2010 | 20926208 |
| the subtilisin-like protease aprv2 is required for virulence and uses a novel disulphide-tethered exosite to bind substrates. | many bacterial pathogens produce extracellular proteases that degrade the extracellular matrix of the host and therefore are involved in disease pathogenesis. dichelobacter nodosus is the causative agent of ovine footrot, a highly contagious disease that is characterized by the separation of the hoof from the underlying tissue. d. nodosus secretes three subtilisin-like proteases whose analysis forms the basis of diagnostic tests that differentiate between virulent and benign strains and have bee ... | 2010 | 21124876 |
| footrot on a sheep breeding farm in the himalayan state of jammu and kashmir. | in the present study ovine footrot was detected clinically on a sheep farm in the himalayan state of jammu and kashmir. dichelobacter nodosus was confirmed by culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using species-specific 16s ribosomal rna primers. when cultured, the organism appeared as flat colourless colonies having a fine granulated structure with irregular margins, and showing characteristic gram-negative rods with swollen ends. detection by pcr from cultured bacteria resulted in amplif ... | 2010 | 21309465 |
| disease resistance in merino sheep. iii. genetic variation in resistance to footrot following challenge and subsequent vaccination with an homologous rdna pilus vaccine under both induced and natural conditions. | summary: eight traits representing clinical indicators of resistance to footrot were examined in 1562 merino sheep, representing the progeny from 162 sires in four major bloodlines. over a 4-year period, sheep were exposed to virulent isolates of dicbelobacter nodosus under both an experimental challenge in which footrot was induced, and a separate natural challenge involving a different isolate of d. nodosus. five footrot traits and three healing traits were each recorded on seven occasions fol ... | 1994 | 21395787 |
| determination of prevalence and economic impact of ovine footrot in central kashmir india with isolation and molecular characterization of dichelobacter nodosus. | the present study determines the prevalence, economic impact of virulent footrot in central kashmir, india, along with isolation and molecular characterization of dichelobacter nodosus (d. nodosus) where so far no such work has been carried out. over all 12.54% prevalence of footrot was recorded in central kashmir with highest (15.84%) in district srinagar, and least (10.89%) in district budgam, while it was 13.28% in district ganderbal. overall economic impact of footrot was estimated to the tu ... | 2011 | 21397709 |
| ovine pedomics: the first study of the ovine foot 16s rrna-based microbiome. | we report the first study of the bacterial microbiome of ovine interdigital skin based on 16s rrna by pyrosequencing and conventional cloning with sanger-sequencing. three flocks were selected, one a flock with no signs of footrot or interdigital dermatitis, a second flock with interdigital dermatitis alone and a third flock with both interdigital dermatitis and footrot. the sheep were classified as having either healthy interdigital skin (h) and interdigital dermatitis (id) or virulent footrot ... | 2011 | 21430786 |
| prevalence of footrot in swedish slaughter lambs. | abstract: | 2011 | 21492433 |
| implications of host genetic variation on the risk and prevalence of infectious diseases transmitted through the environment. | previous studies have shown that host genetic heterogeneity in the response to infectious challenge can affect the emergence risk and the severity of diseases transmitted through direct contact between individuals. however, there is substantial uncertainty about the degree and direction of influence owing to different definitions of genetic variation, most of which are not in line with the current understanding of the genetic architecture of disease traits. also, the relevance of previous result ... | 2011 | 21527777 |
| the pathogenesis of ovine footrot. | ovine footrot is a contagious and debilitating disease that is of major economic significance to the sheep meat and wool industries. the causative bacterium is the gram negative anaerobe dichelobacter nodosus. research that has used a classical molecular genetics approach has led to major advances in our understanding of the role of the key virulence factors of d. nodosus in the disease process. d. nodosus strains produce polar type iv fimbriae and extracellular serine proteases. mutagenesis of ... | 2011 | 21596496 |
| s1 pocket of a bacterially derived subtilisin-like protease underpins effective tissue destruction. | the ovine footrot pathogen, dichelobacter nodosus, secretes three subtilisin-like proteases that play an important role in the pathogenesis of footrot through their ability to mediate tissue destruction. virulent and benign strains of d. nodosus secrete the basic proteases bprv and bprb, respectively, with the catalytic domain of these enzymes having 96% sequence identity. at present, it is not known how sequence variation between these two putative virulence factors influences their respective ... | 2011 | 21990366 |
| Identification of two new serotypes within serogroup B of Dichelobacter nodosus. | The present study records the strain-specific molecular typing system for Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) based on genetic analysis of fimA locus. Based on the study two new serotypes B5 and B6 are reported within the serogroup B. Out of 200 swab samples collected randomly from foot lesions of footrot affected sheep from all the districts of Kashmir, India, 122 (61.0%) detected positive for D. nodosus. Serogroup B was predominantly prevalent in 83.60% of positive samples. Restriction fragment ... | 2011 | 22197966 |
| plasmid-mediated florfenicol resistance in mannheimia haemolytica isolated from cattle. | the aim of this study was to analyse a florfenicol-resistant mannheimia haemolytica isolated from a calf to determine the genetic basis of its florfenicol-resistance. the antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid content of the isolate were determined. a florfenicol resistant plasmid carrying the flor gene was identified by pcr and transformed into escherichia coli jm109 and hb101 strains. the plasmid was then mapped and sequenced completely. the isolate was resistant to chloramphenicol, florfeni ... | 2011 | 22019290 |
| ultrahigh resolution and full-length pilin structures with insights for filament assembly, pathogenic functions, and vaccine potential. | pilin proteins assemble into type iv pili (t4p), surface-displayed bacterial filaments with virulence functions including motility, attachment, transformation, immune escape, and colony formation. however, challenges in crystallizing full-length fiber-forming and membrane protein pilins leave unanswered questions regarding pilin structures, assembly, functions, and vaccine potential. here we report pilin structures of full-length dnfima from the sheep pathogen dichelobacter nodosus and ftpile fr ... | 2011 | 22027840 |
| impact of footrot vaccination and antibiotic therapy on footrot and contagious ovine digital dermatitis. | footrot and contagious ovine digital dermatitis (codd) are common causes of foot disease of sheep in the uk. the study reported here is a split flock randomised treatment trial undertaken on a group of 748 fattening lambs on a uk sheep farm affected by codd and footrot. the sheep were randomly assigned to one of two treatment protocols. in protocol a, all sheep were given two doses of footrot vaccine (footvax, msd), plus targeted antibiotic therapy (long-acting amoxicillin, betamox la, norbrook ... | 2012 | 22266683 |
| letter: si chaos. | | 2001 | 55546 |
| [primary transport of acute patients. optimal use of rescue resources exemplified by the canton of graubünden]. | | 2011 | 3927607 |
| a comparative study for fiberoptic and video endoscopic determination of the extent in minimal changes of gastric mucosa using indigo dye spraying. | the image resolution of fiberoptic and video endoscopy was compared in a series of patients with early gastric cancer. eighteen patients were divided into two groups. one group of patients (n = 9) was evaluated with fiberoptic endoscopy while the second group (n = 9) was evaluated using video endoscopy. the extent of cancer invasion, with special attention to size, shape and type of the lesions, was evaluated in each patient. attempts were also made to identify the proximal and distal limits of ... | 2007 | 2374986 |
| [single photon emission computed tomography by using n-isopropyl-p-[123i]-iodoamphetamine and 99mtc-hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime in a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis]. | single photon emission computed tomographies (spects) by using n-isopropyl-p-[123i-imp]-iodo-amphetamine (123i-imp) and 99mtc-hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (99mtc-hm-pao) were serially performed in a 70 yrs. old male with herpes simplex encephalitis (hse), and the chronological changes of accumulations were studied. accumulations of both 123i-imp and 99mtc-hm-pao increased initially, and then decreased with the stage of hse being advanced. the sequential appearance of the lesion in hse with 12 ... | 2009 | 2786584 |
| [studies of synovial fluid proteins in rheumatoid polyarthritis]. | | 2000 | 92048 |
| failure of chronic glutathione elevation to reduce cytotoxicity produced by exposure to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(ii), ionizing radiation, or hyperthermia. | chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells cultured in vitro were continuously exposed to increasing concentrations of diethylmaleate (dem). chronic exposure of these cells (designated cho/dem) to 80 microm diethylmaleate resulted in an increase in cystine transport, a decrease in glutathione inhibition of the enzyme gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, elevation of intracellular glutathione levels to 4.3 times control, and elevation of glutathione-s-transferase activity by 6.6 times. yet, cho/dem and cont ... | 2007 | 1974822 |
| computerized cranial transverse axial tomography (ctat) in 145 patients with primary and secondary generalized epilepsies. west syndrome, myoclonic-astatic petit mal, absence epilepsy. | | 1998 | 107475 |
| [cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and cyclic nucleotides in the patients with epilepsy (author's transl)]. | | 1999 | 93481 |
| urinary proline to hydroxyproline ratio varies with age. | urinary excretion of proline and hydroxyproline was studied in five groups of subjects, viz. controls, pituitary dwarfs, familial dwarfs, patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive and patients with generalized scleroderma. the ratio pro/hyp in the urinary fraction precipitated with 5 parts of acetone (1 + 5 fraction) was close to one in children and youngsters in all the groups, while in adults it was higher than two. total pro/hyp does not give an accurate index of age. | 2000 | 92150 |
| scanning electron microscopic observations of the development of the somites and their innervation in anuran larvae. | the development of the paraxial mesoderm in tadpoles of xenopus, bufo and rana was observed with a scanning electron microscope. in addition to examination of the differentiation of the surface and the interior of the somites, some attention was also paid to the transformation of the material of the neural crests and to the innervation of the developing myotome. | 2000 | 97358 |
| influence of post-extrasystolic potentiation on left ventricular function estimated by means of systolic time intervals. | systolic time intervals were measured in 50 patients with frequent premature ventricular beats. the patients were divided into two groups: group i included those which showed in the beat that preceded an extrasystole a pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (pep/lvet) ratio greater than or equal to 0.43, and group ii with pep/lvet ratio greater than 0.44. systolic time intervals recorded during post-extrasystolic potentiation were compared with those measured in the preextrasystolic ... | 2001 | 94849 |
| acute postinfarction septal rupture: long-term results. | | 2006 | 1540087 |
| the influence of high technology care on patients, their relatives and nurses. | this article focuses on the potentially dichotomous relationship of caring for critically ill patients in a high technology environment. does technology enhance or hinder the quality of patient care delivered by nurses in such an environment? the discussion within this article is initially at a societal level before focusing at an interpersonal level within a specific care setting. the author argues for finding a balance between high technology and humanity within the intensive care environment ... | 2006 | 1483018 |
| partial laryngectomy for glottic cancer after high-dose radiotherapy. | a vertical partial laryngectomy (vpl) for salvage was performed on 25 patients with locally persistent or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the vocal cord(s) after high-dose radiotherapy at the ucla medical center between 1969 and 1988. patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years and a median of 4.4 years after vpl. ninety-six percent of patients remained free of disease. tumor was controlled in patients with impaired vocal cord mobility and involvement of the contralateral cord or false ... | 2007 | 1951885 |
| an ultrastructural study of in vivo interactions between lymphocytes and endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of the vascular leak syndrome induced by interleukin-2. | lymphokine-activated killer (lak) cells play a major role in the induction of the vascular leak syndrome (vls). to understand the mechanism of this syndrome, the authors examined light and electron microscopic alterations in the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and heart of mice in which vls was produced by the administration of interleukin-2 (il-2) (seven injections of 600,000 iu each for a period of 4 days). the results of these studies disclosed that considerable damage had been done to the endot ... | 2007 | 1913455 |
| what's new in "in situ hybridization". | in situ hybridization (ish) represents a technique which allows the visualization of cellular dna or rna in tissue sections, single cell or chromosome preparations. in addition to the originally used nick-translated dna probes, synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides and single stranded cdna probes are applied to ish. with the more recent introduction of single stranded antisense rna probes a highly specific and more sensitive technique became available. besides the labeling of probes by the incorpo ... | 2008 | 2442734 |
| minimal incision techniques for digital deformities. | we have presented basic minimal incision approaches to the more common digital deformities. we feel that with proper evaluation of the deformity and the patient, minimal incision surgery techniques give excellent long-term results with several advantages. these advantages include: less discomfort due to less surgical dissection. less need for internal fixation by careful use of compression dressings in the immediate postoperative period along with early ambulation. less disability. compression d ... | 2010 | 2937517 |
| cancer and malnutrition--a critical interaction: a review. | | 2011 | 3917603 |
| analytic vs. holistic approach--methodological problem in prospective neuroscience. | | 2012 | 3421059 |
| [realities in the diagnosis of bronchial carcinoma in clinical and general practice]. | in 100 patients with lung cancer the diagnostic procedure, results of clinical staging and therapeutic sequelae were analysed retrospectively and compared to a similar group of patients 10 years previously. during the 10 years' interval there was a remarkable shortening of the time between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis, from 20 weeks to the present 10 weeks. despite this acceleration the number of patients undergoing curative surgical resection increased only from 15 to 17%. inoperabil ... | 2013 | 3672088 |
| boosting protection. | | 2013 | 3697254 |
| [enzyme activity of unspecific phosphomonoesterase in tonsils, adenoids and lymph nodes]. | | 2015 | 4306409 |
| [occupational medicine problems of an aviation physician]. | | 2015 | 4701759 |
| [occupational medicine problems of an aviation physician]. | | 2015 | 4701759 |
| non-union of carpal scaphoid fractures in children. | fracture of the carpal scaphoid is uncommon in children, but does occur and may fail to unite. eight patients with established non-union have been reiewed, with an average follow-up of almost four years. all non-unions were grafted with autogenous bone. excellent clinical and radiological results have been obtained. it is concluded that non-union in children is best managed by bone grafting through the anterior approach. possible aetiological factors concerned in non-union of scaphoid fractures ... | 2004 | 321463 |
| transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by hemoglobin-saline solution in the red cell free primate. | | 1999 | 96451 |
| bilateral partial nephrectomies for large bilateral wilms' tumors. | | 2002 | 186582 |
| [characteristics of a mastocytoma cell line adapted to in-vitro culture]. | a cell line adapted to in vitro culture was obtained starting from ascites type mastocytoma cells which were maintained by successive transplantation in mice. the cells make colonies in liquid culture medium as well as on agar plate. in comparison under microscope and of behaviour in abdominal cavity of mice, no difference was detected between cells of this cell line and those of original one. | 2002 | 134824 |
| [long-term results following breast reconstruction]. | a ten-year experience of breast reconstruction (br) at the gustave-roussy institute (paris) provides material for a long-term analysis of carcinologic and cosmetic results. carcinologic results have been studied in a group of 120 breast reconstructions which was matched to a group of 120 mastectomies without br. no statistical difference was observed both for the overall survival and the disease-free survival in both groups. the percentage of local recurrences in the reconstructed breast was inf ... | 2004 | 2666356 |
| [determination of adult hemoglobin in the neonatal period: correlations with different clinical states]. | | 2001 | 95462 |
| [therapy of alopecia areata with diphenylcyclopropenone]. | induction and maintenance of contact dermatitis of the scalp has proved effective in producing regrowth of hair in patients with alopecia areata. we observed regrowth of hair in 17 out of 20 patients after local application of the contact allergen, diphenylcyclopropenone. only 3 patients were treated without success. in 3 patients regrowth of hair was also seen in areas that were not treated with diphenylcyclopropenone, suggesting that this treatment has an additional systemic effect. patient ac ... | 2011 | 3160683 |
| [regional differences in gastric cancer mortality and eating habits of people]. | one year (continuous 2 days for 12 months) food surveys were held at 5 areas, with different gastric cancer risks, in akita and iwate prefectures. each food items was counted down the frequency of intake for one year and food index (fi, intake frequency of certain food item or food group/number of meals x 100) was calculated and coefficient of correlations with standardized mortality rates (smrs) of all causes, cancer of all sites and stomach cancer were also calculated. significant negative cor ... | 2013 | 3747143 |
| anorectal function following colo-anal sleeve anastomosis for chronic radiation injury to the rectum. | anorectal manometry and electrophysiological studies of the pelvic floor were performed in eight patients who had undergone anterior resection of the rectum with mucosal proctectomy and colo-anal sleeve anastomosis for radiation rectal injury. there is a severe reduction in the compliance of the neorectum and in the maximal tolerable volume. maximum basal anal canal pressure and physiological sphincter length are also significantly reduced although the 'squeeze' pressure of the external anal sph ... | 2013 | 3697659 |
| dopamine receptor blockade--a central action of chlorpromazine on striatal neurones. | | 2015 | 4400778 |
| comparison of prostaglandin e2 and intravenous oxytocin for induction of labor. | one hundred nulliparas at term were randomly given oxytocin intravenously or prostaglandin e2 (pge2) gel (0.5 mg pge2) intracervically in order to study the effect on cervical ripening and the frequency of successful inductions. in the presence of a favorable cervix both methods seemed equally efficacious in inducing labor. however, when the cervix was unfavorable, 53% of the patients could be delivered with pge2 gel, compared with 31% when oxytocin was given. in patients with a highly unfavorab ... | 2004 | 503385 |
| how children cope with disfiguring changes in their appearance. | | 2001 | 99627 |
| biphasic radiation-sensitivity of the transplantation immunity for rejection of an allogeneic ascites tumor. | transplantation immunity for second-set rejection of an allogeneic ascites tumor was induced by sensitizing mice with h-2-identical allogeneic spleen cells, and radiation-sensitivity of this immunity was studied. the immunity was not severely affected by 400 rads whole-body x-ray irradiation given at one day before the initial antigenic stimulation. in contrast, it was totally inactivated by 300-400 rads irradiation that was given one day before tumor challenge. an adoptive cell transfer experim ... | 2011 | 3042613 |
| [scleroderma in plaques. immunological and visceral disturbances (author's transl)]. | | 2004 | 305741 |
| [hygienic evaluation of the effectiveness of measures for the sanitary improvement of the atmosphere in the region of a metallurgical plant]. | | 2003 | 153874 |
| redressing the balance. | | 2012 | 3292931 |
| [therapy of respiratory insufficiency]. | | 2014 | 4384037 |
| [therapy of respiratory insufficiency]. | | 2014 | 4384037 |
| haloperidol treatment of a sixty-year narcotic addiction: case report. | | 1998 | 108622 |
| a new concept for atrial triggered pulse generators. | in order to avoid the potential risk of a short refractory period and the inconvenience of the electronic blocking mechanism at the highest synchronous rate with the conventional atrial triggered pulse generator, two more functions have been added to the normal atrial triggered (vat) pulse generator. first, it has been designed to be ventricular inhibited; second, a highest synchronous rate detector has been added. when the highest synchronous rate of about 140 is exceeded, the atrial signals ar ... | 2001 | 95217 |
| [fructose and dental caries]. | | 2003 | 151305 |
| [rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii]. | | 2005 | 538842 |
| arousal gradient and performance. | a two-dimensional view of arousal was operationalized by controlling gradient and intensity of exercise-arousal in three experiments with 160 male subjects. in all three experiments, significant cognitive performance decrement occurred at moderate intensities of arousal during, or shortly after, steep-gradient arousal increases. these results could not have been predicted by theories that view arousal as unidimensional. affect measures, recorded in two of the experiments, were uncorrelated with ... | 2008 | 2293194 |