| prevalence and virulence properties of vibrio cholerae non-o1, aeromonas spp. and plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from cambé stream (state of paraná, brazil). | the incidence of vibrio cholerae, aeromonas spp. and plesiomonas shigelloides was determined in water samples from cambé stream. the samples were collected from seven different sites. the serogroups, virulence markers and drug resistance profiles were also evaluated. twelve aer. hydrophila, 12aer. caviae, eight aer. sobria, seven ple. shigelloides and two v. cholerae non-o1 were isolated. they belonged to different serogroups and all produced haemolysis in different assays. five of the aeromonas ... | 2000 | 10945781 |
| new serovars of plesiomonas shigelloides--1992-1998. | most of the 26 new o (o77-o102) and 10 new h (h42-h50) and h1a1d antigens were found in various p. shigelloides strains isolated from man and other mammals, birds, fish, and water and water insects, not only in the czech republic but also in 12 foreign countries. | 2000 | 10965437 |
| reduction of endogenous bacteria associated with catfish fillets using the grovac process. | fresh catfish (ictalurus punctatus) fillets are known to be contaminated with a large number of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. the grovac method, a new patented (u.s. 5,543,163) process, was evaluated for its efficacy in reducing the number of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms associated with food. this process involves using a processing solution containing ascorbic acid (aa) and sodium chloride (nacl), vacuum, and tumbling. a total of 51 bacterial isolates were isolated and identified f ... | 2000 | 10983798 |
| comparison of o-antigen gene clusters of escherichia coli (shigella) sonnei and plesiomonas shigelloides o17: sonnei gained its current plasmid-borne o-antigen genes from p. shigelloides in a recent event. | escherichia coli sonnei has an o antigen identical to that of plesiomonas shigelloides o17, and its o-antigen gene cluster is located on a plasmid. by sequencing the chromosomal o-antigen gene cluster of p. shigelloides o17 and comparing it with that of sonnei, we showed that sonnei gained its o-antigen genes recently. | 2000 | 10992522 |
| specific detection of plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from aquatic environments, animals and human diarrhoeal cases by pcr based on 23s rrna gene. | twenty-five strains of plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from aquatic environment, 10 strains from human cases of diarrhoea and five strains from animals were identified by the polymerase chain reaction technique based on 23s rrna gene. for this purpose, two primers targeted against part of the 5' half of the 23s rrna gene of p. shigelloides (escherichia coli number c-912, g-1195; plesiomonas number c-906, g-1189) were designed. results from our study indicated that this method might serve as a ... | 2000 | 11024349 |
| [plesiomonas shigelloides, a vibrionaceae to be taken into account]. | the antigenic structure and antimicrobial susceptibility were studied in 99 strains isolated from patients with acute diarrhea (6 strains from an outbreak of digestive transmission disease in santiago de cuba) and a strain isolated from a patient who died from infections neurological syndrome (ins, meningitis). four new serotypes (093, 994, 095, 096), which had not been described in the world classification, were identified from the cuban isolated strains and were included in the international s ... | 2000 | 11107887 |
| enteropathogenicity of plesiomonas shigelloides and aeromonas spp. in experimental mono- and coinfection with cryptosporidium parvum in the intestine of neonatal balb/c mice. | enteropathogenicity of plesiomonas shigelloides, aeromonas hydrophila, a. caviae and a. sobria was studied both in monoinfections and in coinfections with coccidium cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal balb/c mice. in monoinfection experiments, neonatal balb/c mice were orally infected with 7 x 10(7) or 7 x 10(8) cfu, respectively, of a strain of p. shigelloides or a strain of an aeromonas spp. in coinfection experiments, the neonatal mice were, in addition to being orally infected with one of the ... | 2001 | 11131040 |
| plesiomonas shigelloides infection in hong kong: retrospective study of 167 laboratory-confirmed cases. | to study the epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological features of plesiomonas shigelloides infection in hong kong. | 2000 | 11177159 |
| [the antimicrobial sensitivity and plasmid isolation in plesiomonas shigelloides]. | 30 strains of plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from patients with acute diarrheal disease at different health centers of the country were studied. the were phenotypically characterized by conventional biochemical tests and the antimicrobial susceptibility to 11 drugs was determined by the kirby bauer's method. it was found that the strains of plesiomonas shigelloides were sensitive to 7 and resistant to 6 of the investigated drugs. the presence of plasmids in 12 of the 29 analyzed strains was d ... | 1998 | 10349444 |
| [incidence of plesiomonas shigelloides in tilapia tetrahibrids (oreochromis sp.)]. | plesiomonas shigelloides, a member of the family vibrionaceae, is a gram negative rod associated with several gastroenteritis outbreaks, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. in same way, it has been related to some septicemia, meningitis and cholecystitis cases. the microorganism is normally found in water, fish and birds. the aim of this work was to study the incidence of plesiomonas shigelloides in tetrahybrids of oreochromis sp. (pink tilapia) located at the central region of ven ... | 1999 | 10412509 |
| antimicrobial activity of elaeocarpus sphaericus. | antibacterial activity of petroleum ether (pe), benzene (be), chloroform (ce), acetone (ae) and ethanol (ee) extracts of dried elaeocarpus sphaericus fruit was investigated against 28 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using the disc diffusion and plate dilution methods. the ae fraction showed marked antimicrobial activity against ten organisms. be was active against salmonella typhimurium and morganella morganii, and ee against plesiomonas shigelloides, shigella flexnerii and sh. sonneii. ... | 1999 | 10441793 |
| [gastroenteritis due to plesiomonas shigelloides--rare cases in the western world]. | plesiomonas shigelloides is a common pathogen in tropical regions, whereas it is rarely isolated in temperate climates. it is most often found in surface water and fish. during the last 10 years it was found to cause gastroenteritis 6 times in ludwigshafen. not all of these patients reported a trip to foreign countries. | 2001 | 11253281 |
| plesiomonas shigelloides enters polarized human intestinal caco-2 cells in an in vitro model system. | this study provides the first definitive evidence that the gram-negative bacterium plesiomonas shigelloides adheres to and enters eukaryotic intestinal host cells in vitro. p. shigelloides is increasingly regarded as an emerging enteric pathogen and has been implicated in intestinal and extraintestinal infections in humans. however, the establishment of its true role in enteric disease has been hindered by inadequacies in experimental design, deficiencies in clinical diagnosis, and the lack of a ... | 2001 | 11254582 |
| characterization of the plesiomonas shigelloides genes encoding the heme iron utilization system. | plesiomonas shigelloides is a gram-negative pathogen which can utilize heme as an iron source. in previous work, p. shigelloides genes which permitted heme iron utilization in a laboratory strain of escherichia coli were isolated. in the present study, the cloned p. shigelloides sequences were found to encode ten potential heme utilization proteins: huga, the putative heme receptor; tonb and exbbd; hugb, the putative periplasmic binding protein; hugcd, the putative inner membrane permease; and t ... | 2001 | 11292789 |
| effects of medium composition, calcium, iron and oxygen on haemolysin production by plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from water. | the effects of medium composition, calcium, iron and oxygen tension on the haemolytic activity of plesiomonas shigelloides were investigated. | 2001 | 11298246 |
| pub6060: a broad-host-range, dna polymerase-i-independent cole2-like plasmid. | a cole2-like, cryptic plasmid, pub6060, of 5.8 kb has been found in a clinical isolate of plesiomonas shigelloides. the complete sequence of pub6060 has been determined and reveals a number of interesting features about the plasmid. the cole2-like replication locus is linked to a functional cole1-like mobilization locus. replication is, unusually for cole2 replicons, dna polymerase-i-independent and may involve two, rather than the usual one, plasmid-encoded functions. additionally, it carries t ... | 2001 | 11322823 |
| new o and h antigens of the international antigenic scheme for plesiomonas shigelloides. | a revised update of the international antigenic scheme for plesiomonas shigelloides is presented. twenty-six new o (o77-o102) and 10 new h (h42-h50 and h1a1d) antigens have been described since 1994. the sources of antigens are mostly human clinical strains, isolates from warmblooded animals and a few environmental cultures. | 2000 | 11347249 |
| [on the morphology of the flagella of plesiomonas shigelloides]. | | 1963 | 14119929 |
| rrn operons in haemophilus parainfluenzae and mosaicism of conserved and species-specific sequences in the 16s-23s rdna long spacer. | the mosaic organisation of short-sequence boxes was analysed in the cloned and sequenced long ribosomal spacer (547 bp) of haemophilus parainfluenzae gr. comparison and alignment of both the long and the short spacer were performed in h. parainfluenzae and h. influenzae rd. the long spacer contained two trna genes (trna(ala) and trna(ile)) which are highly homologous to the corresponding genes found in the spacers of other species, such as haemophilus spp., actinobacillus spp., and plesiomonas s ... | 2001 | 11446514 |
| structural studies of the o-specific polysaccharide from plesiomonas shigelloides strain cnctc 113/92. | the structure of the o-specific side chain of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of plesiomonas shigelloides, strain cnctc 113/92 has been investigated by nmr spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and sugar and methylation analysis. it was concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of a hexasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: in which d-beta-d-hepp is dglycero-beta-dmanno-heptopyranose and 6d-beta-d-hep is 6-deoxy-beta-dmanno- ... | 2000 | 10712598 |
| bacterial causes of aids-associated diarrhea in thailand. | the incidence of bacterial diarrhea in aids patients has increased steadily and has led to enormous medical and public health problems. in this study, the clinical data together with 350 rectal swab samples each from aids patients with diarrhea (apd) and non-aids patients with diarrhea (napd), were collected and examined for bacterial enteropathogens at the bamrasnaradura infectious diseases hospital (bidh), nonthaburi, thailand from may to december 1996. patients were matched by age and sex. th ... | 2001 | 11485080 |
| beta-lactam-susceptibility patterns of plesiomonas shigelloides strains: importance of inoculum and medium. | the susceptibility of 10 plesiomonas shigelloides strains to 30 beta-lactam antibiotics was examined. susceptibility testing was carried out with a microdilution procedure using 3 media (isosensitest broth, mueller-hinton broth and cation-adjusted mueller-hinton broth) and 4 inocula [1 x 10(4), 1 x 10(5), 1 x 10(6) and 1 x 10(7) colony-forming units (cfu)/ml]. a high inoculum dependency of mic values was found for numerous beta-lactams. each strain showed 2 completely different susceptibility pa ... | 2001 | 11669228 |
| [surveillance of various enteropathogenic bacteria from diarrheal cases during 1989-1999 in kobe city]. | incidence of various enteropathogenic bacteria was examined from diarrheal faecal samples that were collected from the patients of kobe city general hospital and some station hospitals (23,862), and from overseas travelers (2,855) over a period of decade (1989-1999) in kobe. a total of 1,580 strains were isolated from domestic and 331 strains from overseas travelers. the results are as follows. 1) thirteen kinds of enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated from domestic diarrheal cases (6.6%). sal ... | 2001 | 11712364 |
| natural antimicrobial susceptibilities of plesiomonas shigelloides strains. | the natural susceptibility of 74 plesiomonas shigelloides strains isolated from humans (n = 50), water (n = 22) and animals (n = 2) to 71 antibiotics was examined. mics were performed using a microdilution procedure with mueller-hinton broth and an inoculum of 1 x 10(6) cfu/ml. plesiomonas strains were naturally susceptible or naturally susceptible and intermediate to tetracyclines, several aminoglycosides, aminopenicillins in combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors, all cephalosporins except ... | 2001 | 11733464 |
| plesiomonas shigelloides sepsis and splenic abscess in an adolescent with sickle-cell disease. | plesiomonas shigelloides is a rare cause of self-limiting gastroenteritis. we report a case of extraintestinal p. shigelloides infection in an adolescent with sickle-cell disease who presented with bacteremia complicated by a splenic abscess. despite the high mortality rate reported in extraintestinal p. shigelloides infection, the patient survived after drainage of the abscess and treatment with antibiotics. | 2001 | 11740330 |
| core oligosaccharides of plesiomonas shigelloides o54:h2 (strain cnctc 113/92): structural and serological analysis of the lipopolysaccharide core region, the o-antigen biological repeating unit, and the linkage between them. | the structure of the core oligosaccharide moiety of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of plesiomonas shigelloides o54 (strain cnctc 113/92) has been investigated by (1)h and (13)c nmr, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (ms)/ms, matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight ms, monosaccharide and methylation analysis, and immunological methods. it was concluded that the main core oligosaccharide of this strain is composed of a decasaccharide with the following structure: (see text) ... | 2002 | 11796731 |
| case report. epididymo-orchitis and bacteremia caused by plesiomonas shigelloides in an hiv-infected patient. | invasive infection and extraintestinal complications are rarely caused by plesiomonas shigelloides, a waterborne bacterium implicated in gastroenteritis. recent evidence from several reports suggests its importance in causing opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts. we report a case of p shigelloides bacteremia and epididymo-orchitis in a patient with hiv infection and chronic hepatitis c. this case illustrates a novel site of involvement by p shigelloides and underscores its role as ... | 2001 | 11806175 |
| isolation and preliminary characterization of bacteriocins produced by vibrio vulnificus. | the aim of this work was to isolate bacteriocins from the environment that would be effective in neutralizing vibrio vulnificus in seafood. | 2002 | 11849361 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of shigella sonnei in feces by the use of an o-antigen-specific monoclonal antibody in a combined immunomagnetic separation-polymerase chain reaction assay. | objective: the aim of the present work was to develop a rapid, specific and highly sensitive diagnostic method for the detection of shigella sonnei directly from stool samples. design and methods: an immunomagnetic separation-polymerase chain reaction (ims-pcr) combined assay for diagnosis of s. sonnei was developed. for this, a monoclonal antibody (mab) specific for the o-antigen of s. sonnei was coated to magnetic beads for capture, concentration and separation of s. sonnei from feces. bacteri ... | 1996 | 11866812 |
| characteristics of plesiomonas shigelloides infection in taiwan. | from january 1999 through december 2000, a total of 111 cases of plesiomonas shigelloides infections were diagnosed in a medical center of northern taiwan. the patients ranged in age from 22 days to 72 years. one third (39/111, 35%) of the positive cultures were found in young children (<2 years old). there was no significant difference in the incidence between males (56/111, 50%) and females (55/111, 50%). the peak seasons for the disease were summer (45/111, 41%) and autumn (42/111, 38%). the ... | 2002 | 11950120 |
| [atypical presentation of plesiomonas shigelloides infection]. | | 2002 | 12006265 |
| [isolation of plesiomonas shigelloides from a pediatric patient]. | we report the isolation of p. shigelloides in the stools of a child with acute diarrhea living in the surroundings of buenos aires who usually drank untreated water. p. shigelloides has been implicated as an etiological agent in many sporadic cases of diarrhea, probably associated with drinking untreated water, eating uncooked seafood or foreign travel. | 2002 | 12180255 |
| [severe choleriform diarrhea from plesiomonas shigelloides in an expatriate from djibouti]. | | 2002 | 12192722 |
| plesiomonas shigelloides sepsis in a thalassemia intermedia patient. | bacteremia due to plesiomonas shigelloides was associated with rapidly fulminant septicemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation and massive adrenal hemorrhage in a splenectomized patient suffering from thalassemia intermedia who was treated with hydroxyurea. p. shigelloides was isolated in blood cultures; despite a vigorous combination of antibiotics the patient died after 24 h in the icu. lethal sepsis due to p. shigelloides has not previously been reported in greece. | 2002 | 12374363 |
| donor substrate regeneration for efficient synthesis of globotetraose and isoglobotetraose. | here we describe the efficient synthesis of two oligosaccharide moieties of human glycosphingolipids, globotetraose (galnacbeta1-->3galalpha1-->4galbeta1-->4glc) and isoglobotetraose (galnacbeta1-->3galalpha1-->3galbeta1-->4glc), with in situ enzymatic regeneration of udp-n-acetylgalactosamine (udp-galnac). we demonstrate that the recombinant beta-1,3-n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase from haemophilus influenzae strain rd can transfer n-acetylgalactosamine to a wide range of acceptor substrates ... | 2002 | 12406759 |
| an epidemiological study of plesiomonas shigelloides diarrhoea among japanese travellers. | plesiomonas shigelloides is often regarded as a non-pathogenic bacterial species that is occasionally isolated from patients with diarrhoea. however, a review of travellers returning to japan with diarrhoeal illness through kansai airport revealed that the incidence of p. shigelloides from microbiologically confirmed cases increased from 23.2% in 1987 to 77.8% in 1999. we carried out a descriptive epidemiological study to identify patterns associated with diarrhoea due to this organism. selected ... | 2000 | 11218202 |
| new udp-glcnac c4 epimerase involved in the biosynthesis of 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-l-altruronic acid in the o-antigen repeating units of plesiomonas shigelloides o17. | plesiomonas shigelloides is a ubiquitous waterborne pathogen responsible for diseases such as diarrhea and bacillary dysentery, commonly afflicting infants and children. this bacterium is endowed with an o-antigen gene cluster consisting of 10 consecutive reading frames. one of these, designated wbgu (orf3), has been overexpressed and biochemically characterized to show that it encodes a uridine diphosphate-n-acetylglucosamine (udp-glcnac) c4 epimerase, only the second microbial enzyme character ... | 2002 | 12484781 |
| phylogenetic study and identification of human pathogenic vibrio species based on partial hsp60 gene sequences. | the use of hsp60 gene sequences for phylogenetic study and identification of pathogenic marine vibrios was investigated. a 600-bp partial hsp60 gene was amplified by pcr and sequenced from 29 strains representing 15 vibrio species within the family vibrionaceae. sequence comparison of the amplified partial hsp60 gene revealed 71-82% sequence identity among different vibrio species and 96-100% sequence identity among epidemiologically distinct strains with the same species designation. this degre ... | 2002 | 12489780 |
| pyosalpinx: not always a sexual transmitted disease? pyosalpinx caused by plesiomonas shigelloides in an immunocompetent host. | plesiomonas shigelloides are ubiquitous gram-negative bacteria that are found in fresh or marine water, particularly in tropical or warm climates; they were recently implicated in diarrhoeal disease. patients usually present with a history of recent travel to tropical regions or consumption of uncooked seafood. extraintestinal disease has rarely been reported, occurring generally in neonates or immunocompromised patients, and is often fatal. we report a case of right pyosalpinx due to p. shigell ... | 2002 | 12519354 |
| phylogenetic analysis of members of the genus aeromonas based on gyrb gene sequences. | the phylogenetic relationships of all known species of the genus aeromonas were investigated by using the sequence of gyrb, a gene that encodes the b-subunit of dna gyrase. nucleotide sequences of gyrb were determined from 53 aeromonas strains, including some new isolates, which were also characterized by analysis of the 16s rdna variable regions. the results support the recognition of the family aeromonadaceae, as distinct from plesiomonas shigelloides and other enteric bacteria. this phylogene ... | 2003 | 12807216 |
| [isolation and identification of plesiomonas shigelloides: three cases of diarrhea]. | | 2003 | 14642265 |
| the effect of disinfectants on plesiomonas shigelloides. | the effects of ten commercially available disinfectants on virulence associated properties of plesiomonas shigelloides were tested. all the disinfectants tested contained quaternary ammonium salts. the majority of the disinfectants when used at subinhibitory concentrations increased surface hydrophobicity as evaluated by bacterial adherence to xylene and decreased bacterial motility in a concentration dependent manner. disinfectants did not significantly affect lipase activity. however, more tha ... | 2003 | 14664340 |
| serotypes and anti-microbial susceptibility of plesiomonas shigelloides isolates from humans, animals and aquatic environments in different countries. | a total of 73 strains of plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from humans (24 strains) animals (21 strains) and aquatic environment (28 strains) were determined for their o:h serotype and susceptibility to 18 anti-microbial substances and to the vibriostatic agent o/129. of all strains, 86.3% were typeable by the o and 94.5% by the h anti-sera used. the serotype distribution was heterogeneous within a country and between the countries. of the 57 different serotypes identified, o11:h2 (2 strains), o ... | 2004 | 14690722 |
| two cases of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis due to plesiomonas shigelloides. | we describe herein the first two cases of plesiomonas shigelloides continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. both patients presented with abdominal pain and turbid dialysis effluent with or without fever. both recovered after 10 days of intraperitoneal administration of cefazolin and tobramycin. the route of transmission may have been direct contamination of the connection device or bacterial translocation through the gastrointestinal tract. | 2004 | 14766895 |
| some properties of plesiomonas shigelloides treated with aminoglycosides. | the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin and tobramycin) at sublethal concentrations (sub-mics) on some properties of plesiomonas shigelloides strains was evaluated. all agents decreased the bacterial surface hydrophobicity. amikacin (1/4 of the mic) and netilmicin (1/4 and 1/8 of the mic) changed the hydrophobic character of p. shigelloides surface to a hydrophilic one. treatment of the strains with aminoglycosides decreased also motility, netilmicin being the ... | 2003 | 14976725 |
| effect of inoculum density on susceptibility of plesiomonas shigelloides to cephalosporins. | resistance of plesiomonas shigelloides to cephalosporins at higher cell densities has been reported. we investigated whether these inoculum effects are due to the production of beta-lactamases. | 2004 | 15215221 |
| enteric infection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease: importance of microbiological examination of stool. | previous reports have suggested that diarrhoeal relapses of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) may be associated or confused with enteric infection, and that treatment of such infections with appropriate antibiotics may be beneficial. to re-evaluate the suggestion that enteric infection is rare and microbiological testing of stool not routinely necessary in patients presenting with relapse of ibd, we have reviewed the incidence of concurrent infection in patients presenting in relapse over a recen ... | 2004 | 15256979 |
| the diagnostic yield of stool pathogen studies during relapses of inflammatory bowel disease. | we sought to determine the yield of stool analysis for bacterial culture, ova and parasites, and clostridium difficile toxin in suspected relapses of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). | 2004 | 15365403 |
| comparison of the microbiologic quality of point-of-use (pou)-treated water and tap water. | activated carbon filtration devices placed on household faucets are used to improve the taste and odour of tap water. however, there has been a concern that the growth of bacteria capable of causing opportunistic infections in these devices might present a public health risk. the water quality from point-of-use (pou) water activated carbon treatment devices and that of tap water with pou-connections and tap water without pou devices were compared. heterotrophic plate count (hpc) bacteria, total ... | 2004 | 15369990 |
| isolation and characterization of a cytotoxin produced by plesiomonas shigelloides p-1 strain. | in order to clarify the enteropathogenicity of plesiomonas shigelloides, we investigated a cytotoxin produced by the p-1 strain isolated from patients suffering from diarrhea. the cytotoxicity of the culture filtrate of the strain reached a maximum in culture at 37 degrees c after 12 h shaken in bhi medium. the cytotoxin in the cultures was purified by (nh4)2so4 precipitation, and sephacryl s-100, mono q hr, and superdex 200 hr column chromatographies. an approximate 340-fold purification was ac ... | 2004 | 15451110 |
| plesiomonas shigelloides-associated diarrhoea in bangladeshi children: a hospital-based surveillance study. | little is known about clinical and epidemiological features of plesiomonas shigelloides-associated diarrhoea in children. we reviewed hospital-based surveillance records of 38 children with diarrhoea having p. shigelloides as the only pathogen isolated from their faecal specimen. of those 38 children, 29 (76 per cent) were below 2 years of age and 28 (74 per cent) were male. thirty-two (84 per cent) children presented with watery diarrhoea and six (16 per cent) had dysenteric stools. vomiting wa ... | 2004 | 15537721 |
| occurrence, characterisation and detection of potential virulence determinants of emerging aquatic bacterial pathogens from the philippines and thailand. | strains of aeromonas spp., 'non-cholera vibrios' (ncvs) and plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from aquatic environments, fish and human diarrhoeal cases in the philippines and thailand were characterised for potential virulence markers. thus, the production of cytotoxin, cell-associated and cell-free haemolysin and their capacity to adhere to human intestinal (henle 407) cells in vitro was investigated. in addition, the occurrence of tlh and tdh haemolysin genes and urease activity among v. para ... | 2004 | 15646053 |
| potential virulence-associated properties of plesiomonas shigelloides strains. | serotyping and some potential virulence-associated markers were investigated in plesiomonas shigelloides strains isolated from humans, animals and aquatic environments. surface properties of these strains were evaluated using congo red binding, salt-aggregation test, bacterial adherence to xylene and motility. production of pancreatic elastase, proteinase (consistent with subtilisin carlsberg), triacylglycerol lipase, histidine decarboxylase and beta-hemolysin was also determined. in addition, d ... | 2004 | 15702543 |
| a survey for phosphoglucose isomerase with lysyl aminopeptidase activity in vibrionaceae and non-vibrio pathogens. | phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) with a novel lysyl aminopeptidase (lysap) activity was recently purified and characterized from vibrio vulnificus. we showed that it cleaves the amino-terminal lysyl residue from des-arg(10)-kallidin to produce des-arg(9)-bradykinin, suggesting that it plays a role in virulence. a survey was conducted to determine the presence of this potential virulence-enhancing enzyme among twenty-three halotolerant human and fish pathogens from eleven species within the vibrion ... | 2005 | 15752701 |
| biliary tract disease as a risk factor for plesiomonas shigelloides bacteraemia: a nine-year experience in a hong kong hospital and review of the literature. | we report the epidemiology, clinical disease spectrum, treatment, and outcome of plesiomonas shigelloides bacteraemia in our hospital over a nine-year period and compare the characteristics of patients with p. shigelloides bacteraemia in our hospital with those reported in the literature. during the nine-year period (1995--2003), a total of seven patients developed p. shigelloides bacteraemia. all cases occurred during the late spring, summer, and early autumn (may-october). all patients were ov ... | 2005 | 15782626 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of aeromonas spp., vibrio spp. and plesiomonas shigelloides isolated in the philippines and thailand. | | 2005 | 15784318 |
| diarrhoeagenic bacterial pathogens in hiv-positive patients with diarrhoea in rural communities of limpopo province, south africa. | potential enteric bacterial pathogens in 60 hiv-positive patients with chronic diarrhoea in rural communities of the limpopo province, south africa, were identified using standard microbiological methods. the kirby-bauer disk-diffusion method was employed to determine antibiograms of isolated bacteria. results revealed that diarrhoeagenic bacterial agents were isolated from 48 (80%) of the 60 hiv-positive patients with diarrhoea. forty-four (73.3%) and 16 (26.7%) of the 60 patients were female a ... | 2002 | 12430759 |
| isolation and partial characterization of two aeromonas hydrophila bacteriophages. | two aeromonas hydrophila bacteriophages, aeh1 and aeh2, were isolated from sewage. both phages showed binal symmetry. the dimensions of a. hydrophila phages aeh1 and aeh2 differed from those of the other aeromonas phages. also, phage aeh2 was the largest aeromonas phage studied to date. phage aeh1 formed small, clear plaques, and phage aeh2 formed turbid plaques with clear centers. both phages were sensitive to chloroform treatment, being totally inactivated after treatment for 1 h at 60 degrees ... | 1983 | 16346300 |
| [biological characteristics of plesiomonas shigelloides strains of human and animal origin]. | we focused on serotyping and biological characteristics of plesiomonas shigelloides strains potentially associated with virulence. thirteen strains isolated from humans (h) and 14 strains of animal origin (a) were tested. the most frequent serotype among h strains was 040:h6 while 066:h3 predominated among a strains. all of the h strains and 92.8% of a strains were hydrophobic. h isolates showed lower motility (30.1 mm) compared to a isolates (46.8 mm). as many as 76.9% and 71.4% of h and a stra ... | 2005 | 16445127 |
| occurrence of plesiomonas shigelloides in displayed portions of saltwater fish determined by a pcr assay based on the huga gene. | pcr primers were designed and used to amplify a 435-bp fragment from the plesiomonas shigelloides huga gene. the pcr assay combined with a non-selective enrichment step proved to be a reliable procedure for p. shigelloides detection in fish meat. the incidence of this bacterium was investigated in 52 lots of pre-packed saltwater fish portions (conger, swordfish, sole, grouper, whiting and halibut) displayed at two hypermarkets by a conventional two-step procedure and the pcr assay. using the for ... | 2006 | 16481056 |
| intracellular vacuolation induced by culture filtrates of plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from environmental sources. | potential virulence factors produced by culture filtrates of plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from water were investigated. | 2003 | 12859758 |
| an acute foodborne outbreak due to plesiomonas shigelloides in yaounde, cameroon. | we investigated an acute foodborne outbreak in yaounde, cameroon, following a private party. plesiomonas shigelloides, which has rarely been reported as the causative agent of foodborne outbreaks, was strongly suspected. the unusual short incubation period suggested the presence of a preformed toxin within the incriminated food. | 2006 | 16761948 |
| prevalence and effectiveness of an education program on intestinal pathogens in food handlers. | to assess the prevalence of intestinal pathogens and the effectiveness of an education program in food handlers in a tertiary care hospital. | 2005 | 16850637 |
| quantitative detection of plesiomonas shigelloides in clam and oyster tissue by pcr. | a quantitative assay for plesiomonas shigelloides in clams and oysters based on the conventional polymerase chain reaction was developed. the assay involved the treatment of homogenized tissue samples with 4.0% formaldehyde that presumably denatured dnases and proteases present in the tissue which would otherwise inactivate the pcr reaction. the level of detection of p. shigelloides in clam tissue without enrichment was 200 cfu/g. the addition of 0.1% bovine serum albumin (bsa) to pcr reactions ... | 2006 | 16860899 |
| [effect of perfluorodecalin, carbogal, and perfluoromethyldecalin on growth and ice-forming activity of bacteria]. | the isolates of pseudomonads (56) and of plesiomonas shigelloides (7) exhibiting ice-forming activity were isolated from plant leaves and rhizosphere. the theoretical possibility of the application of perfluorocarbons (pfc) with a gas-transporting function (perfluorodecalin, carbogal, and perfluoromethyldecalin) for the cultivation of bacteria with different levels of ice-forming activity (ifa) in order to enhance their growth rates, biomass yields, and ifa was demonstrated. introduction of 5% p ... | 2006 | 16871804 |
| salmonella spp., vibrio spp., clostridium perfringens, and plesiomonas shigelloides in marine and freshwater invertebrates from coastal california ecosystems. | the coastal ecosystems of california are highly utilized by humans and animals, but the ecology of fecal bacteria at the land-sea interface is not well understood. this study evaluated the distribution of potentially pathogenic bacteria in invertebrates from linked marine, estuarine, and freshwater ecosystems in central california. a variety of filter-feeding clams, mussels, worms, and crab tissues were selectively cultured for salmonella spp., campylobacter spp., escherichia coli-o157, clostrid ... | 2006 | 16897302 |
| complete lipopolysaccharide of plesiomonas shigelloides o74:h5 (strain cnctc 144/92). 1. structural analysis of the highly hydrophobic lipopolysaccharide, including the o-antigen, its biological repeating unit, the core oligosaccharide, and the linkage between them. | the lipopolysaccharide of plesiomonas shigelloides serotype o74:h5 (strain cnctc 144/92) was obtained with the hot phenol/water method, but unlike most of the s-type enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides, the o-antigens were preferentially extracted into the phenol phase. the poly- and oligosaccharides released by mild acidic hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide from both phenol and water phases were separated and investigated by (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy, maldi-tof mass spectrometry, and su ... | 2006 | 16939195 |
| complete lipopolysaccharide of plesiomonas shigelloides o74:h5 (strain cnctc 144/92). 2. lipid a, its structural variability, the linkage to the core oligosaccharide, and the biological activity of the lipopolysaccharide. | plesiomonas shigelloides is a gram-negative bacterium associated with waterborne infections, which is common in tropical and subtropical habitats. contrary to the unified antigenic classification of p. shigelloides, data concerning the structure and activity of their lipopolysaccharides (lps and endotoxin) are limited. this study completes the structural investigation of phenol- and water-soluble fractions of p. shigelloides o74 (strain cnctc 144/92) lps with the emphasis on lipid a heterogeneit ... | 2006 | 16939196 |
| cell adherence-promoted activity of plesiomonas shigelloides groel. | previously, it has been demonstrated that the invasion of caco-2 cells by plesiomonas shigelloides induces apoptotic cell death. therefore, the attachment to and colonization of eukaryotic intestinal host cells by p. shigelloides are important steps in causing pathogenicity. in this study, the participation of p. shigelloides groel in the attachment of p. shigelloides was examined. the groesl operon of p. shigelloides was isolated by pcr. the nucleotide sequence of the groesl operon of p. shigel ... | 2007 | 17172512 |
| inhibition of mammalian cathepsins by plesiomonas shigelloides. | to study molecular mechanisms underlying self-defense of the bacterial pathogen plesiomonas shigelloides against host inflammatory and immune responses, we evaluated its interactions with mammalian papain-like cathepsins that are essential for host immunity. when grown under anaerobic, but not aerobic, conditions, p. shigelloides was shown to bind and inhibit papain, a model representative of the papain family of cysteine proteinases. this points to mammalian cathepsins as likely physiological t ... | 2006 | 17176758 |
| a study of plesiomonas shigelloides from human, pets and aquatic environments. | the present study was performed for determination of distribution of p. shigelloides in human, pet animals, fish and shellfish and water in alexandria. p. shigelloides was recovered from 3.2% of diarrheal patients and 2.67% food handlers indicating the importance of plesiomonas as one of the enteric pathogen and reflecting the public health hazard in egypt. this organism was found to be more pathogenic in infants as 75% of the diarrheal patients were infants under 2 years of age. the isolation r ... | 1993 | 17265650 |
| differentiation of aeromonas isolated from drinking water distribution systems using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. | the genus aeromonas is one of several medically significant genera that have gained prominence due to their evolving taxonomy and controversial role in human diseases. in this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (maldi-ms) was used to analyze the whole cells of both reference strains and unknown aeromonas isolates obtained from water distribution systems. a library of over 45 unique m/z signatures was created from 40 strains that are representative of the 17 reco ... | 2007 | 17269751 |
| [classification and identification of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates based on gyrb gene phylogenetic analysis]. | in order to validate the usefulness of gyrb genotype for the classification and identification of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates, the phylogenetic analysis of 13 v. cholerae, 8 v. parahaemolyticus, 2 aeromonas hydrophila and 1 plesiomonas shigelloides strains was carried out using the partial coding sequence of gyrb, a gene that encodes the b subunit of dna gyrase (topoisomerase type ii ) in bacteria. these strains were separately clustered at species level and typed by the ... | 2006 | 17302148 |
| importance of anti-plesiomonas antibody in the protection of rats against infection by plesiomonas shigelloides. | rabbit anti-antibody raised against plesiomonas shigelloides infections using standard immunological procedures. ten (50%) of 20 rats died when only p. shigelloidess was injected while 2(10%) died [p < 0.05]; following injection of another group of 20 rats with p. shigelloides 24hours after administration of rabbit-plesiomonas anti-antibody. in another scheme, 14(70%) of 20 rats died when p.shigelloides and colloidal carbon particles (ccp) were administered while only 4(20%) died (p<0.05) follow ... | 1996 | 17451317 |
| cell-associated hemolytic activity in environmental strains of plesiomonas shigelloides expressing cell-free, iron-influenced extracellular hemolysin. | hemolysis is a means of providing pathogenic bacteria with heme iron in vivo. in a previous work, iron-influenced hemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes was detected in cell-free supernatants, but not in the cell fraction of two environmental plesiomonas shigelloides strains incubated without shaking. both strains have the huga gene, which encodes an outer membrane receptor required for heme iron utilization. the present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of a second hemol ... | 2007 | 17477257 |
| [isolation and identification of species from the genera aeromonas, vibrio, and plesiomonas from extraintestinal samples in cuba]. | extraintestinal infections caused by the genera aeromonas, vibrio and plesiomonas have high morbidity and mortality rates in different areas of world. from january 2002 to december 2003, the national reference laboratory for acute diarrhoeal diseases of the pedro kourí tropical medicine institute received 95 gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, oxidase positive bacilli strains from different extraintestinal specimen (blood, ear exudates, infected wounds, conjunctive exudates, urine, and cathete ... | 2007 | 17554439 |
| in vitro activity of telithromycin against gram-negative bacterial pathogens. | to investigate the in vitro activity of the ketolide anti-bacterial telithromycin against a range of commensal bacteria and common aerobic gram-negative respiratory and non-respiratory pathogens. | 2006 | 15996744 |
| isolation of faecal coliform bacteria from the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | to determine whether american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) are an unrecognized poikilothermic source of faecal coliform and/or potential pathogenic bacteria in south carolina's coastal waters. | 2010 | 19735329 |
| [study of real-time pcr assays for rapid detection of food-borne pathogens]. | a duplex real-time sybr green lightcycler pcr (lc-pcr) assay with dna extraction using qiaamp dna stool minikit was evaluated for detection of 8 of 19 species of food-borne pathogens, including plesiomonas shigelloides, providencia alcalifaciens, in five stool specimens. the time frame was within 2h or less. the protocol used the same lc-pcr with 22 pairs of specific primers. the rapid amplification and reliable detection of specific genes were determined by this lc-pcr assay from 10 cases of fo ... | 2005 | 16248373 |
| invasive phenotype and apoptosis induction of plesiomonas shigelloides p-1 strain to caco-2 cells. | the mechanism of the host cell invasion of plesiomonas shigelloides and its capability to induce apoptosis were investigated. | 2005 | 16313416 |
| defensin of the zebra mussel (dreissena polymorpha): molecular structure, in vitro expression, antimicrobial activity, and potential functions. | a 409 bp full length defensin gene was cloned and sequenced based on an expressed sequence tag (est) obtained from a normalized zebra mussel (dreissena polymorpha) foot cdna library developed in our laboratory. the d. polymorpha defensin (dpd) gene encoded a peptide with 76 amino acid residues. the mature dpd contains 54 amino acids with a fully functional insect defensin a domain. homologue searching against genbank database suggested that this dpd was phylogenetically close to defensins from a ... | 2010 | 20537393 |
| recombining population structure of plesiomonas shigelloides (enterobacteriaceae) revealed by multilocus sequence typing. | plesiomonas shigelloides is an emerging pathogen that is widespread in the aquatic environment and is responsible for intestinal diseases and extraintestinal infections in humans and other animals. virtually nothing is known about its genetic diversity, population structure, and evolution, which severely limits epidemiological control. we addressed these questions by developing a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) system based on five genes (fusa, leus, pyrg, recg, and rpob) and analyzing 77 epid ... | 2007 | 17693512 |
| plesiomonas shigelloides sepsis and meningoencephalitis in a surviving neonate. | in this study, we report the case of a 2.5-day-old neonate with septicemia and meningitis due to plesiomonas shigelloides. culture of the cerebrospinal fluid showed gram-negative rods, although the glucose, protein and leukocyte counts were normal. the patient was treated with meropenem and survived without any sequelae, although we were not able to identify the source of the infection. in addition, ten previously reported cases of this infection are reviewed. | 2010 | 20688296 |
| [cutaneous abscess due to plesiomonas shigelloïdes consecutive to a trauma in fresh water]. | | 2007 | 17977681 |
| lactoferrin-monophosphoryl lipid a complex enhances immunity of mice to plesiomonas shigelloides cnctc 138/92. | our previous study showed the efficacy of lactoferrin-monophosphoryl lipid a isolated from hafnia alvei lps complex (lf-mpl(h.a.)) as an adjuvant in stimulation of humoral and cellular immune response in mice to conventional antigens and a lower pyrogenicity of the complex as compared with mpl(h.a.) alone. in the present investigation we demonstrated that lf-mpl(h.a.) complex enhanced the immunity of balb/c mice immunized with plesiomonas shigelloides cnctc 138/92 bacterial vaccine, against p. s ... | 2008 | 18231655 |
| structure of the lipid a-inner core region and biological activity of plesiomonas shigelloides o54 (strain cnctc 113/92) lipopolysaccharide. | plesiomonas shigelloides is a gram-negative rod associated with episodes of intestinal infections and outbreaks of diarrhea in humans. the extraintestinal infections caused by this bacterium, for example, endopthalmitis, meningitidis, bacteremia, and septicemia, usually have gastrointestinal origin and serious course. the lipopolysaccharide (lps, endotoxin) as virulence factor is important in enteropathogenicity of this bacterium. lpss of p. shigelloides and especially their lipid a part, that i ... | 2006 | 16490765 |
| primary structure and function of a cytotoxic outer-membrane protein (comp) of plesiomonas shigelloides. | we previously isolated and characterized a 40-kda cytotoxic outer-membrane protein (comp) produced by plesiomonas shigelloides strain p-1 (p-1). sequence analysis of the comp gene revealed a coding region of 1068 bp, with a predicted mature protein composed of 335 amino acids and a molecular mass of 38.597 kda. three-dimensional structural modeling of comp suggests that it has a beta-barrel structure with 16 transmembrane strands, eight short periplasmic turns and eight external loops. blast sea ... | 2008 | 18318838 |
| development of a real-time pcr assay with an internal amplification control for detection of gram-negative histamine-producing bacteria in fish. | prompt detection of bacteria that contribute to scombrotoxin (histamine) fish poisoning can aid in the detection of potentially toxic fish products and prevent the occurrence of illness. we report development of the first real-time pcr method for rapid detection of gram-negative histamine-producing bacteria (hpb) in fish. the real-time pcr assay was 100% inclusive for detecting high-histamine producing isolates and did not detect any of the low- or non-histamine producing isolates. the efficienc ... | 2010 | 21356438 |
| plesiomonas shigelloides hugz encodes an iron-regulated heme binding protein required for heme iron utilization. | plesiomonas shigelloides is an intestinal pathogen that uses heme as an iron source. the p. shigelloides heme utilization system consists of 10 genes, 7 of which permit heme transport and 3 of which are associated with utilization of heme as an iron source once it is inside the cell. the goal of this study was to examine hugz, 1 of the 3 genes associated with utilization of heme iron. dph8, a hugz mutant, failed to grow to full cell density in media containing heme as the iron source, indicating ... | 2008 | 18388978 |
| antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of bioactive constituents from hydnophytum formicarum jack. | hydnophytum formicarum jack. (rubiaceae) is a medicinal plant whose tubers possesses cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic effects and have been used for the treatment of hepatitis, rheumatism and diarrhea. herein we report the isolation of its active constituents and the testing of their antimicrobial activity against 27 strains of microorganisms using an agar dilution method and of their antioxidative activity using the dpph and sod assays. the results show that the crude hexane, ... | 2008 | 18463592 |
| enhancement of recombinant hemoglobin production in escherichia coli bl21(de3) containing the plesiomonas shigelloides heme transport system. | to produce recombinant hemoglobin in escherichia coli, sufficient intracellular heme must be present, or the protein folds improperly and is degraded. in this study, coexpression of human hemoglobin genes and plesiomonas shigelloides heme transport genes enhanced recombinant hemoglobin production in e. coli bl21(de3) grown in medium containing heme. | 2008 | 18676700 |
| enzymatic characterization of vibrio alginolyticus strains isolated from bivalves harvested at venice lagoon (italy) and guanabara bay (brazil). | the aquatic ecosystem is the natural habitat of microorganisms including vibrio and aeromonas genus which are pathogenic to human and animals. in the present investigation the frequency of these bacteria and the enzymatic characteristics of 34 vibrio alginolyticus strains isolated from bivalves harvested in venice lagoon (italy) and guanabara bay (brazil) were carried out from november 2003 to february 2004. the mussels' samples were submitted to enrichment in alkaline peptone water (apw) added ... | 2008 | 18813756 |
| bacterial enteropathogens of neonates admitted to an urban diarrhoeal hospital in bangladesh. | data on the aetiology of diarrhoea in neonates are scarce, especially from developing countries including bangladesh. a retrospective review of the electronic database of the microbiology laboratory of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b), was carried out to examine enteropathogens associated with diarrhoea in neonates. stool specimens of the neonates on admission to the dhaka hospital of icddr,b were collected and sent to the laboratory for direct plati ... | 2009 | 18840632 |
| [new selective indicator medium for detection of aeromonas and plesiomonas: unisc agar]. | we evaluated a new selective indicator medium (unisc agar) for isolation of classical enteropathogens, aeromonas spp and plesiomonas shigelloides. the xylose fermentation capacity is indicated by a yellow color (fermenting agents) or blue (no fermenting agent). this, together with the oxidase test, establishes it as an indicator for detecting aeromonas and plesiomonas shigelloides. its productivity and selectivity, as assessed using the absolute count index and relative count index, indicate it ... | 2008 | 18853024 |
| the elucidation of the structure of the core part of the lps from plesiomonas shigelloides serotype o17 expressing o-polysaccharide chain identical to the shigella sonnei o-chain. | plesiomonas shigelloides o17 lps contains the same o-antigenic polysaccharide chain as a causative agent of dysentery, shigella sonnei. this polysaccharide can be used as a component of a vaccine against dysentery. core part of the p. shigelloides o17 lps was studied using nmr and mass spectrometry and the following structure was proposed: [structure : see text]. significant similarity of the p. shigelloides o17 lps core with the structure of the p. shigelloides o54 core was observed. | 2008 | 18954864 |
| identification of human enteric pathogens in gull feces at southwestern lake michigan bathing beaches. | ring-billed (larus delawarensis ord, 1815) and herring (larus argentatus pontoppidan, 1763) gulls are predominant species of shorebirds in coastal areas. gulls contribute to the fecal indicator burden in beach sands, which, once transported to bathing waters, may result in water quality failures. the importance of these contamination sources must not be overlooked when considering the impact of poor bathing water quality on human health. this study examined the occurrence of human enteric pathog ... | 2008 | 19096455 |
| plesiomonas shigelloides pneumonia. | plesiomonas shigelloides is known to cause mild to cholera-like diarrhea in most infected persons. in immunocompromised patients extra-intestinal manifestations have been described. we report the first case of pneumonia caused by p. shigelloides in a 76-year-old woman who had undergone a curative gastrectomy and esophageal-jejunostomy due to a low differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach (pt2, pn1 pmx, g3, r0, lauren: intestinal type). the patient was admitted in hospital with clinical signs ... | 2009 | 19167851 |
| structural analysis of the o-specific polysaccharide isolated from plesiomonas shigelloides o51 lipopolysaccharide. | plesiomonasshigelloides strain cnctc 110/92 (o51) was identified as a new example of plesiomonads synthesising lipopolysaccharides (lpss) that show preference for a non-aqueous surrounding during phenol/water extraction. chemical analyses combined with (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy, maldi-tof and esi mass spectrometry showed that the repeating units of the o-specific polysaccharides isolated from phenol and water phase lpss of p. shigelloides o51 have the same structure: -->4)-beta-d-glcpnac3n ... | 2009 | 19338978 |
| antibiotic-resistant organisms cultured from atlantic bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) inhabiting estuarine waters of charleston, sc and indian river lagoon, fl. | bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus) from estuarine waters of indian river lagoon, fl (irl) and charleston, sc (chs) were cultured to screen for microorganism colonization and to assess antibiotic sensitivity. swabs (n = 909) were collected from the blowhole, gastric fluid, and feces of 171 individual dolphins the most frequently cultured organisms were plesiomonas shigelloides (n = 161), aeromonas hydrophila (n = 144), escherichia coli (n = 85), and pseudomonas fluorescens (n = 82). in desc ... | 2009 | 19415386 |
| [virulence factors and in vitro susceptibility of plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from diarrhea episodes in cuba]. | acute diarrhea is still one of the main causes of disease in developing countries. at the national reference laboratory for acute diarrhoeal diseases, of the "pedro kourí" tropical medicine institute, 54 plesiomonas shigelloides strains were serotyped. as a result, the circulation of four new serotypes (o20:h2, 056:h18, 071 :h31,081 :h22) was detected. the most common antigenic variant was 094:h3. in addition, the susceptibility pattern to 21 antimicrobial agents (aa) was studied. highest percen ... | 2009 | 19621156 |