| the future of laam. | | 1998 | 106294 |
| [myasthenic reaction in polymyositis]. | | 1956 | 2217859 |
| elevated plasma immunoreactive beta-endorphin in anorexia nervosa. | basal morning plasma levels of immunoreactive-beta-endorphin (ir-beta-ep), and 17-beta estradiol (e2) were assessed in 25 adolescents with anorexia nervosa (an) in comparison to 24 healthy controls. all subjects were drug free for at least 6 weeks. the mean plasma level of ir-beta-ep was significantly higher (84%) in the an patients when compared with the control subjects. the elevated plasma ir-beta-ep may be relevant to the suppression of appetite, tolerance of fasting, and to the hypothalamic ... | 1963 | 1423337 |
| pompe's disease presenting as hypertrophic myocardiopathy with wolff-parkinson-white syndrome. | | 1964 | 277063 |
| molecular bases of tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism: a single base insertion or a missense point mutation in the tyrosinase gene. | we have identified two different mutations in the tyrosinase genes of japanese patients with tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism (oca). one is a single base insertion in the exon 2 of the tyrosinase gene that shifts the reading frame and introduces a premature termination codon (tga) after the amino acid residue 298 (codon 316). the other is a g to a transition at residue 312, leading to a single amino acid substitution, arginine at position 59 (codon 77) to glutamine. the promoter activ ... | 1968 | 1409445 |
| diffuse varioliform gastritis. | during 8 years experience, 90 cases of diffuse varioliform gastritis were observed (0.3% of examinations). symptoms suggest either the presence of a gastroduodenal ulcer or of a digestive carcinoma when weight loss is prevalent. the disease proceeds by subacute evolutive bouts with remissions and further relapses. at endoscopy, lesions associate large folds in the fundus and erosive mucosal bulgings disseminated in the fundus and antrum. histological alterations correspond to a superficial hyper ... | 1974 | 414953 |
| fetal erythropoiesis in stress hematopoiesis. | fetal erythropoiesis occurs during chronic bone marrow failure, or during recovery from marrow suppression. fetal erythrocytes have hb f, with more g gamma than a gamma chains, "i" antigen, large mcv, characteristic enzyme levels, low carbonic anhydrase, low hb a2, and short life span. many of these fetal characteristics are present in the red cells of patients with temporary or chronic hematopoietic stress. in those in whom normal hematopoiesis ensues, the fetal erythrocytes disappear. the feta ... | 1998 | 95616 |
| subsite interactions and ribonuclease t1 catalysis: kinetic studies with apgpc and apgpu. | | 1998 | 107963 |
| five years of angiographic and clinical follow-up after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. | the first 67 consecutive patients (77 lesions) who underwent successful coronary angioplasty (ptca) at our hospital were clinically followed with serial exercise testing over a 5-year (4 to 7) observation period. two sequential angiographic controls were performed 6.9 +/- 4.6 (64 patients) and 49.5 +/- 21.6 (42 patients) months after ptca. the 5-year risk of cardiac death was 8%, of myocardial infarction 2%, or coronary artery bypass grafting 16% and of repeat ptca 8%. at 5 years, 67% of the pat ... | 2000 | 2627948 |
| protein engineering to change thermal stability for food enzymes. | in this review we have briefly indicated how the present state of knowledge allows proteins to be mutated to increase or decrease stability. we have discussed experiments on both model proteins and those of relevance to the food industry, and show how hydrophobic forces are a major driving force for folding as well as having a major role in thermostability. we have also indicated the large contribution that hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions and, in a less well predicted way, disulphid ... | 2001 | 1783192 |
| [circular eye tracking test (cett)--the first report--simultaneous recording of horizontal ett and vertical ett, decrease of artifacts (author's transl)]. | | 2005 | 1236940 |
| pediatric hematology and oncology in norway: a brief historical review. | before world war ii no real subspecialization occurred in norweigan pediatrics. in the early 1950s hematology and oncology were adopted as fields of special interest by a few norwegian pediatricians. gradually an increasing expansion has taken place, particularly in pediatric oncology, in parallel with the great advances in cancer treatment. | 2005 | 1782111 |
| [sudden infant death]. | | 2008 | 2588606 |
| acute cholecystitis associated with hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine. | in a 1 year period, 13 patients underwent pump implantation for liver metastasis from a primary colorectal tumor. the gallbladders were not removed at the time of pump implantation in the initial six patients. in these patients, chemotherapy consisted of floxuridine given every 2 weeks followed by a 2 week rest period and cisplatin over 1 hour by way of the side portal on day 8 of the cycle. the treatment was repeated every 28 days. all patients whose gallbladders were not removed at the time of ... | 2010 | 2933968 |
| location and nucleotide sequence of the pre-apocytochrome f gene on the oenothera hookeri plastid chromosome (euoenothera plastome i) | the gene for pre-apocytochrome f has been mapped by blot hybridization on a 2.4 kbp hindiii fragment of the circular plastid chromosome of oenothera hookeri employing probes from the corresponding spinach gene. the gene is located distal to the gene for the atp synthase subunit alpha, at the border of the 45 kbp inversion that distinguishes spinach and oenothera plastid chromosomes. both genes are transcribed in the same direction. nucleotide sequence analysis reveals a single open reading frame ... | 2012 | 3442826 |
| gluten free/gluten-load trial. | | 2013 | 3779286 |
| the clinical pharmacist: emerging role. | | 2015 | 4483509 |
| [continuing education or recycling?]. | | 2015 | 4487049 |
| collagen synthesis in keloid and hypertrophic scar following intralesional use of triamcinolone. | | 2015 | 4377040 |
| specificity of cellular immunity to renal cell carcinoma. | | 2016 | 4819368 |
| [physiologic effects of altered gravitation]. | | 2001 | 97873 |
| a comparative study of the skin envelope of the unilateral cleft lip nose subsequent to rotation-advancement and triangular flap lip repairs. | the secondary nasal skin envelope asymmetries were studied after unilateral cleft lip repair using the original (obsolete) rotation-advancement (millard i) and the triangular flap techniques (bardach's modification). secondary correction of the nasal deformity was not performed in either group. our findings indicated that in both groups, vertical asymmetries of the nasal skin envelope were similar. the alar dome on the cleft side was depressed, the columella was shorter on the cleft side, and th ... | 2009 | 2762399 |
| fine structure and evolution of dna in heterochromatin. | | 2001 | 98264 |
| evaluation of possible mutagenicity of the condiment clove when administered alone or in combination with caffeine in drosophila melanogaster. | | 2000 | 98437 |
| [septic arthritis]. | | 2012 | 3543536 |
| the type vi secretion system encoded in salmonella pathogenicity island 19 is required for salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum survival within infected macrophages. | salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a disease characterized by high morbidity and mortality that causes major economic losses in poultry production. we have reported that s. gallinarum harbors a type vi secretion system (t6ss) encoded in salmonella pathogenicity island 19 (spi-19) that is required for efficient colonization of chicks. in the present study, we aimed to characterize the spi-19 t6ss functionality and to investigate the mechanisms behind t ... | 2013 | 23357385 |
| chemical constituents from campylotropis hirtella. | a phytochemical investigation on the roots of campylotropis hirtella afforded nine new isoflavones (3-9, 12, 15), two new isoflavans (10 and 11), one new coumestan (1), and three new prenylated benzoic acid derivatives (2, 13, 14), together with twenty-four known compounds. their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis and circular dichroism data. the isolated compounds were also evaluated for their antibacterial activities against enterococcus faecalis, salmonella gallinarum, stre ... | 2016 | 27220079 |
| [antimicrobial effect on some zoonotic bacteria, of the cell-free fermentation fluid and purified peptide fraction of the entomopathogenic bacterium, xenorhabdus budapestensis]. | many multi-resistant patogens appear continuously resulting in a permanent need for the development of novel antibiotics. a large number of antibiotics introduced in clinical and veterinary practices are not effective. antibacterial peptides with unusual mode of action may represent a promising option against multi-resistant pathogens. the entomopathogenic xenorhabdus budapestensis bacteria produce several different antimicrobial peptides compounds such as bicornutin-a and fabclavin. | 2015 | 26498898 |
| professional liability insurance: nurses take note. | | 2013 | 3644580 |
| genomic comparison between salmonella gallinarum and pullorum: differential pseudogene formation under common host restriction. | salmonella serovars enteritidis and gallinarum are closely related, but their host ranges are very different: the former is host-promiscuous and the latter can infect poultry only. comparison of their genomic sequences reveals that gallinarum has undergone much more extensive degradation than enteritidis. this phenomenon has also been observed in other host restricted salmonella serovars, such as typhi and paratyphi a. the serovar gallinarum can be further split into two biovars: gallinarum and ... | 2013 | 23555032 |
| evaluation of protective efficacy of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum vaccine strains against fowl typhoid in chickens. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum is the etiological agent of fowl typhoid, which constitutes a considerable economic problem for poultry growers in developing countries. the vaccination of chickens seems to be the most effective strategy to control the disease in those areas. we constructed s. gallinarum strains with a deletion of the global regulatory gene fur and evaluated their virulence and protective efficacy in rhode island red chicks and brown leghorn layers. the fur deletion mutant ... | 2014 | 24990908 |
| effects of bacillus subtilis csl2 on the composition and functional diversity of the faecal microbiota of broiler chickens challenged with salmonella gallinarum. | the chicken gastrointestinal tract contains a diverse microbiota whose composition and structure play important roles in gut functionality. in this study, microbial shifts resulting from feed supplementation with bacillus subtilis csl2 were evaluated in broilers challenged and unchallenged with salmonella gallinarum. to analyse bacterial community composition and functionality, 454 gs-flx pyrosequencing of 16s rrna gene amplicons was performed. | 2017 | 28070331 |
| the effect of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. | the use of glyphosate modifies the environment which stresses the living microorganisms. the aim of the present study was to determine the real impact of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. the presented results evidence that the highly pathogenic bacteria as salmonella entritidis, salmonella gallinarum, salmonella typhimurium, clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum are highly resistant to glyphosate. however, most of beneficial bac ... | 2013 | 23224412 |
| probiotics in salmonella-challenged hy-line brown layers. | a total of 192 hy-line brown 40-week-old salmonella-free layers were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a 5-wk experiment to test the efficacy of probiotics on egg production and quality, excreta and intestinal microbiota of laying birds challenged with salmonella gallinarum. dietary treatment comprised of (1) nc: ; basal diet, negative control, (2) pc: ; basal diet + oral s. gallinarum administration, positive control, (3) t1: ; basal diet + 0.1% bacillus subtilis rx7 1 × 10(9) cfu/g ... | 2016 | 27053626 |
| a live salmonella gallinarum vaccine candidate secreting an adjuvant protein confers enhanced safety and protection against fowl typhoid. | live attenuated vaccines are used for effective protection against fowl typhoid (ft) in domestic poultry. in this study, a lon/cpxr/asd deletion mutant of salmonella gallinarum expressing the b subunit of a heat labile toxin (ltb) from escherichia coli, a known adjuvant, was cloned in a recombinant p15a ori plasmid, jol1355, and evaluated as a vaccine candidate in chickens. the plasmid was shown to be stable inside the attenuated salmonella gallinarum cell after three successive generations. mor ... | 2015 | 26629629 |
| evaluation of salmonella gallinarum ghost formulated with montanide™ isa 70 vg adjuvant as a vaccine against fowl typhoid. | escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (ltb) protein is a potent adjuvant. salmonella gallinarum ghosts carrying ltb (s. gallinarum-ltb ghosts) were genetically constructed using a plasmid, pjhl187-ltb, designed for the co-expression of the ltb and e lysis proteins. this study evaluates the immunopotentiating effects of montanide™ isa 70 vg on s. gallinarum-ltb ghost vaccination against fowl typhoid. five-week-old layer chickens were injected intramuscularly with sterile pbs (non-imm ... | 2015 | 26599088 |
| passive maternal exposure to environmental microbes selectively modulates the innate defences of chicken egg white by increasing some of its antibacterial activities. | egg defence against bacterial contamination relies on immunoglobulins (igy) concentrated in the yolk and antimicrobial peptides/proteins predominantly localized in the egg white (ew). hens contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms export specific igys to the egg (adaptative immunity). no evidence of such regulation has been reported for the antimicrobial peptides/proteins (innate immunity) which are preventively secreted by the hen oviduct and are active against a large range of microbes. we i ... | 2013 | 23758641 |
| understanding the poultry trade network in kenya: implications for regional disease prevention and control. | infectious diseases in poultry can spread quickly and lead to huge economic losses. in the past decade, on multiple continents, the accelerated spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) virus, often through informal trade networks, has led to the death and culling of hundreds of millions of poultry. endemic poultry diseases like newcastle disease and fowl typhoid can also be devastating in many parts of the world. understanding trade networks in unregulated systems can inform policy d ... | 2015 | 26002998 |
| effect of dietary supplementation of bacteriophage on performance, egg quality and caecal bacterial populations in laying hens. | 1. bacteriophages (bp) have gained increasing attention as a treatment of bacterial infection for animals. however, the data pertaining to dietary application of bp for laying hens have been limited. 2. this study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary bp on laying performance, egg quality and caecal bacterial populations in laying hens. 3. the dietary bp used in this experiment was a mixture of individual bp targeting salmonella gallinarum, salmonella pullorum, salmonella typhimurium, salmo ... | 2015 | 25471539 |
| oral immunization with an attenuated salmonella gallinarum mutant as a fowl typhoid vaccine with a live adjuvant strain secreting the b subunit of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. | the salmonella gallinarum (sg) lon/cpxr deletion mutant jol916 was developed as a live vaccine candidate for fowl typhoid (ft), and a sg mutant secreting an escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (ltb), designated jol1229, was recently constructed as an adjuvant strain for oral vaccination against ft. in this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective properties of the sg mutant jol916 and the ltb adjuvant strain jol1229 in order to establish a prime and boost immunization ... | 2013 | 23647814 |
| attenuated salmonella gallinarum secreting an escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit protein as an adjuvant for oral vaccination against fowl typhoid. | in our previous study, we constructed a vaccine candidate (jol916) for fowl typhoid (ft). a live adjuvant salmonella gallinarum (sg) strain was generated in the present study to facilitate efficacious oral vaccination with this vaccine. the escherichia coli eltb gene secreting heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (ltb) was cloned into an asd(+) plasmid pjhl65. this was transformed into a δlon δcpxr δasd sg strain and the resulting strain was designated jol1229. secretion of ltb from jol1229 was con ... | 2012 | 23083937 |
| bacteria isolations from broiler and layer chicks in zambia. | chick mortality (cm) is one of the major constraints to the expansion of the poultry industry in zambia. of the 2,829 avian disease cases submitted to the national diagnostic laboratory based at the central veterinary research institute in lusaka between 1995 and 2007, 34.39% (973/2,829) were from cm cases. the disease accounted for 40.2% (218,787/544,903) mortality in the affected flocks with 89.6% (196,112/218,787) of the affected birds dying within seven days. major bacteria species involved ... | 2012 | 22988514 |
| serologic, parasitic, and bacteriologic assessment of captive cracids (aves: galliformes: cracidae) in brazil. | captive cracids (aves: galliformes: cracidae), including endangered species, were studied (n = 130) for the assessment of health status, including aburria jacutinga (black-fronted piping-guan, n = 42), crax blumenbachii (red-knobbed curassow, n = 54), craxfasciolata (bare-faced curassow, n = 28), and penelope obscura (dusky-legged guan, n = 6). the exposure to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms), salmonella pullorum (sp), salmonella gallinarum (sg), avian paramyxovirus-1 (apm ... | 2013 | 23505700 |
| evaluation of protective immune response against fowl typhoid in chickens vaccinated with the attenuated strain salmonella gallinarum δcobsδcbia. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg) causes fowl typhoid in chickens, a septicemic infection which results in high mortality rates. this disease causes high economic impact to the poultry industry worldwide because of the mortality or elimination of positive flocks to control bacterial dissemination. live vaccines are used in the fields, however the characterization of immune mechanisms important for protection are being studied to improve the efficacy of vaccination sch ... | 2016 | 27473999 |
| health assessment of captive tinamids (aves, tinamiformes) in brazil. | ninety-five (95) captive tinamids (aves, tinamiformes) of species crypturellus obsoletus (brown tinamou), crypturellus parvirostris (small-billed tinamou), crypturellus tataupa (tataupa tinamou), crypturellus undulatus (undulated tinamou), rhynchotus rufescens (red-winged tinamou), and tinamus solitarius (solitary tinamou) were evaluated for diseases of mandatory control in the brazilian poultry health program (pnsa). antibodies were detected by serum agglutination test (sat) in 4 birds for myco ... | 2012 | 23082518 |
| protective efficacy and immune responses by homologous prime-booster immunizations of a novel inactivated salmonella gallinarum vaccine candidate. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) ghost vaccine candidate was recently constructed. in this study, we evaluated various prime-boost vaccination strategies using the candidate strain to optimize immunity and protection efficacy against fowl typhoid. | 2016 | 27489805 |
| salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum: addressing fundamental questions in bacteriology sixty years on from the 9r vaccine. | sixty years on from smith's seminal work on fowl typhoid vaccines, there is renewed interest in experimental avian salmonellosis and in particular the use of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum as a tool to understand key features of bacterial evolution and host adaptation. in this short review we outline some of the recent advances in avian salmonellosis research that have coupled both the power of whole genome analysis and new tools to understand the host response to existing experimental i ... | 2017 | 27791403 |
| prevalence and epidemiology of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum from poultry in some parts of haryana, india. | the present study was investigated to ascertain the epidemiological status of fowl typhoid (ft) in broilers in some parts of haryana during january 2011 to december 2013. | 2015 | 27047033 |
| molecular identification of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum by a duplex pcr assay. | salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (s gallinarum) and biovar pullorum (s pullorum) are 2 poultry pathogens that cause major economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. control of both diseases mainly relies on the adoption of biosecurity programs, and success is dependent on accurate and fast detection. based on this concept, we developed a duplex pcr assay, targeting 2 chromosomal sequences, which allowed us to precisely identify and differentiate s ... | 2016 | 27216724 |
| experimental infection of chickens by a flagellated motile strain of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum. | salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg) causes fowl typhoid (ft), a septicaemic disease which can result in high mortality in poultry flocks. the absence of flagella in sg is thought to favour systemic invasion, since bacterial recognition via toll-like receptor (tlr)-5 does not take place during the early stages of ft. in the present study, chicks susceptible to ft were inoculated with a wild type sg (sg) or its flagellated motile derivative (sg fla(+)). in ... | 2016 | 27387725 |
| prevalence and characterization of multi-drug resistant salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum and gallinarum from chicken. | salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for animal and human diseases. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and stereotyping of salmonella isolates isolated from apparently healthy poultry. furthermore, the clonal relatedness among the isolated salmonella serovars was assessed. | 2016 | 27051187 |
| interaction of a live attenuated salmonella gallinarum vaccine candidate with chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is a gram-negative intracellular host-adapted pathogen that causes fowl typhoid. attenuated strains of sg are proven and widely used vaccine candidates because of advantages like induction of strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. in the present study, we investigated the interaction of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (chbm-dcs) with an attenuated sg (jol1355) strain that secretes a heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit protein prev ... | 2016 | 26813292 |
| draft genome sequence of a salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum bv. gallinarum isolate associated with fowl typhoid outbreaks in brazil. | salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum bv. gallinarum strains are bird pathogens causing fowl typhoid (ft). isolate br_rs12 was obtained from a poultry flock with ft in 2014. the sequencing of this genome will enable to track the origin of the recent outbreaks in brazil. | 2016 | 26950322 |
| a live oral fowl typhoid vaccine with reversible o-antigen production. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum causes fowl typhoid, recognized worldwide as an economically important disease. the current vaccine, 9r, lacks a complete o antigen, which is a salmonella virulence factor, and, in addition, has a number of other less well characterized chromosomal mutations. for optimal efficacy, 9r is administered by injection. in an effort to develop a vaccine suitable for oral administration, we constructed salmonella gallinarum strains with a reversible o-antigen pheno ... | 2015 | 26292534 |
| first draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum strain vtccbaa614, isolated from chicken in india. | salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum causes fowl typhoid (ft), which results in huge economic losses to poultry farmers in india. we report the draft genome sequence of salmonella biovar gallinarum strain vtccbaa614, isolated from a chicken in an ft affected broiler flock. | 2015 | 26494667 |
| eric-pcr genotyping of field isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum. | salmonella gallinarum (sg) and salmonella pullorum (sp) have been classified as biovars belonging to salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum. genetic diversity among isolates of the same biovar can be detected by dna fingerprinting techniques which are useful in epidemiological investigations. in this study, we applied the pcr amplification of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences (eric-pcr) to analyse 45 strains of sg and sp, most of which were isolated from d ... | 2015 | 26365161 |
| evaluation of the salmonella enterica serovar pullorum pathogenicity island 2 mutant as a candidate live attenuated oral vaccine. | salmonella enterica serovar pullorum (s. pullorum) is a highly adapted pathogen that causes pullorum disease (pd), an important systemic disease of poultry that causes severe economic losses in developing countries. in the interests of developing a safe and immunogenic oral vaccine, the efficacy of a salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi2)-deleted mutant of s. pullorum (s06004δspi2) was evaluated in chickens. s06004δspi2 was severely less virulent than the parental wild-type strain s06004 as de ... | 2015 | 25924763 |
| presence of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella gallinarum in commercial laying hens diagnosed with fowl typhoid disease in colombia. | a severe outbreak of salmonellosis in commercial brown table egg layers first occurred in colombia in 2006. from 2008 to 2012, 35 samples collected from commercial layers farms in the states of cundinamarca, santander, bolivar, and san andres, were positive for salmonella enterica. salmonella was isolated from liver and spleen (71.42%), pools of organs (liver, spleen, and ovarian follicles; 25.71%), and drag swabs (2.85%). serotype was assigned using single nucleotide polymorphisms or dna microa ... | 2014 | 24758131 |
| polyamines are essential for virulence in salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum despite evolutionary decay of polyamine biosynthesis genes. | serovars of salmonella enterica exhibit different host-specificities where some have broad host-ranges and others, like s. gallinarum and s. typhi, are host-specific for poultry and humans, respectively. with the recent availability of whole genome sequences it has been reported that host-specificity coincides with accumulation of pseudogenes, indicating adaptation of host-restricted serovars to their narrow niches. polyamines are small cationic amines and in salmonella they can be synthesized t ... | 2014 | 24602405 |
| draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum strain fcav198, a brazilian chicken pathogen. | salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum is a bird-restricted pathogen which causes pullorum disease. the strain fcav198 was isolated from a pool of chicken ovaries in brazil, and its genome may be helpful for studies involving molecular mechanisms related to pathogenesis and other related applications. | 2014 | 24558231 |
| the role of rpos, hmp, and ssrab in salmonella enterica gallinarum and evaluation of a triple-deletion mutant as a live vaccine candidate in lohmann layer chickens. | salmonella enterica gallinarum (sg) causes fowl typhoid (ft), a septicemic disease in avian species. we constructed deletion mutants lacking the stress sigma factor rpos, the nitric oxide (no)-detoxifying flavohemoglobin hmp, and the ssra/ssrb regulator to confirm the functions of these factors in sg. all gene products were fully functional in wild-type (wt) sg whereas mutants harboring single mutations or a combination of rpos, hmp, and ssrab mutations showed hypersusceptibility to h2o2, loss o ... | 2015 | 25549217 |
| identification of isolated salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum biotype pullorum and gallinarum by pcr-rflp. | salmonella spp. is the major bacterial pathogen in poultry and is responsible for significant economic losses of the poultry industry in many parts of the world. among salmonella spp., salmonella gallinarum and salmonella. pullorum are the most common causative agents of chicken salmonellosis resulting in high mortality and morbidity. | 2014 | 25485068 |
| soluble plantain nonstarch polysaccharides, although increasing caecal load, reduce systemic invasion of salmonella gallinarum in the chicken. | soluble plantain (musa paradisiaca) nonstarch polysaccharides (nsps) have previously been shown to prevent pathogenic interaction with the intestinal epithelium. here, we examined whether plantain nsp could prevent the invasion of the intestinal mucosa by salmonella enterica gallinarum, a causative agent of fowl typhoid. in vitro assays using b1oxi cells were performed with monolayers pretreated with/without plantain nsp, before inoculation with salm. gallinarum 287/91. chicks were fed from hatc ... | 2015 | 25483316 |
| an immunoproteomic approach for characterization of the outer membrane proteins of salmonella gallinarum. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is an important pathogen that causes fowl typhoid in chickens. in order to investigate sg outer membrane proteins (omps) as potential vaccine candidate proteins, we established a proteomic map and database of antigenic sg-omps. a total of 174 spots were detected by 2de. twenty-two antigen-reactive spots were identified as nine specific proteins using pmf. ompa was the most abundant protein among all of the identified omps, and it exhibited seven protei ... | 2014 | 24420792 |
| salmonella gallinarum field isolates from laying hens are related to the vaccine strain sg9r. | salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype gallinarum can cause severe systemic disease in chickens and a live salmonella gallinarum 9r vaccine (sg9r) has been used widely to control disease. using whole-genome sequencing we found point mutations in the pyruvate dehydrogenase (acee) and/or lipopolysaccharide 1,2-glucosyltransferase (rfaj) genes that likely explain the attenuation of the sg9r vaccine strain. molecular typing using pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multiple-locus variable ... | 2013 | 23994381 |
| therapeutic effects of bacteriophages against salmonella gallinarum infection in chickens. | in this study the isolation and characterization of three bacteriophages (st4, l13, and sg3) infecting salmonella gallinarum were carried out. they were further tested for their in vivo efficacy in phage therapy. all three phages belong to the siphoviridae family with isometric heads and non-contractile tails. they have a broad host range among serovars of salmonella enterica. the burst sizes were observed to be 1670, 80, and 28 for st4, l13, and sg3, respectively. the in vivo efficacy of the ph ... | 2013 | 23801253 |
| polymerase chain reaction assay based on rata gene allows differentiation between salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum. | salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum are classified as biovars of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum. these salmonellae are the causative agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, respectively, and are widely distributed throughout the world. although many developed countries have eradicated these diseases from commercial poultry, they are still the cause of significant economic loss in developing countries. when serovar gallinarum is isolated, it is difficult to ... | 2013 | 23512922 |
| safety and efficacy of a metabolic drift live attenuated salmonella gallinarum vaccine against fowl typhoid. | fowl typhoid (ft), a systemic disease that results in septicemia in poultry, is caused by salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg). mortality and morbidity rates from ft can reach up to 80%. attenuated live salmonella vaccine candidates have received considerable attention because they confer solid immunity, and they can produce systemic and mucosal immunity in the gut when administered orally. in the present study, five metabolic drift (md) mutants with a single-(designated ... | 2013 | 23678726 |
| a flagellated motile salmonella gallinarum mutant (sg fla+) elicits a pro-inflammatory response from avian epithelial cells and macrophages and is less virulent to chickens. | salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg) is a non-flagellated bacterium which causes fowl typhoid, a systemic disease associated with high mortality in birds. it has been suggested that the absence of flagella in sg is advantageous in the early stages of systemic infection through absence of tlr-5 activation. in order to investigate this hypothesis in more detail a flagellated and motile sg mutant (sg fla(+)) was constructed. the presence of flagella incr ... | 2013 | 23664623 |
| comparative proteome and transcriptome analyses of wild-type and live vaccine strains of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum causes fowl typhoid in chickens and is of economic importance to the chicken industry. a serovar gallinarum live vaccine strain 9r (sg 9r) has been used to control fowl typhoid in many areas where the disease is endemic. because the attenuation mechanism of sg 9r was not defined, there has been continued concern about reversion to virulence. in this study, we examined the molecular characteristics, which might provide better insight into attenuation of sg 9 ... | 2012 | 22944630 |
| safety and protective efficacy of live attenuated salmonella gallinarum mutants in rhode island red chickens. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, an important systemic disease of poultry with economic consequences in developing nations. a live attenuated orally applied s. gallinarum vaccine could provide a low cost method for controlling this disease. we constructed s. gallinarum strains in which the expression of the crp, rfc and rfah genes, important for virulence of salmonella typhimurium in mice, were under the control of an arabinose-regulated promoter. we ... | 2013 | 23261043 |
| high resolution melting (hrm) analysis as a new tool for rapid identification of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovars pullorum and gallinarum. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovars pullorum and gallinarum represent the most common causative agents of chicken salmonellosis, which result in high mortality and morbidity throughout the world. it is difficult and laborious to discriminate these diseases based on biochemical or phenotypic methods. herein, we report the development of a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) pcr-high resolution melt (pcr-hrm) assay for the detection and discrimination of both s pullorum and s gallinaru ... | 2016 | 27837117 |
| fowl typhoid in laying hens cause hepatic oxidative stress. | the aim of this study was to analyses nitric oxide, antioxidant status, and oxidative profile in the liver of laying hens naturally infected by salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar gallinarum (s. gallinarum). the nitrite/nitrate (nox), reactive oxygen species (ros), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (tbars), catalase (cat), glutathione reductase (gr), glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) activities were measured in liver samples, as well the biomarkers of ... | 2017 | 28027943 |
| inactivation of salmonella on eggshells by chlorine dioxide gas. | microbiological contamination of eggs should be prevented in the poultry industry, as poultry is one of the major reservoirs of human salmonella. clo2 gas has been reported to be an effective disinfectant in various industry fields, particularly the food industry. the aims of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide gas on two strains of salmonella inoculated onto eggshells under various experimental conditions including concentrations, contact time, humidity, and ... | 2016 | 27499670 |
| distribution of salmonella serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella enteritidis from poultry in zimbabwe. | a study was carried out to determine the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of salmonella serovars from chickens from large-scale commercial (lsc), small-scale commercial (ssc), and rural free-range (rfr) farms of zimbabwe. pooled cloacal swabs were collected for culture and isolation of salmonella spp. a chi-square test was used to assess distribution differences of salmonellas among the farming sectors. approximately 10% (283/2833) of the swabs were positive for salmonella ... | 2012 | 22515540 |
| molecular differentiation between salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar pullorum and salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar gallinarum. | s. pullorum (sp) and s. gallinarum (sg) are very similar. they are the agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, respectively, and the two diseases are responsible for economic losses in poultry production. although sp and sg are difficult to be differentiated in routine laboratory procedures, the ability to metabolize ornithine is a biochemical test that may be used to achieve this aim. while sp is able to decarboxylate this amino acid, sg is not. however, the isolation of strains showing at ... | 2009 | 24031341 |
| comparison of 2 culture methods and pcr assays for salmonella detection in poultry feces. | the present work compared 2 culture methods and the combinations of pre-enrichment and enrichment culture methods with pcr assays [buffered peptone water-pcr and tetrathionate-pcr or modified semisolid rappaport-vassiliadis (msrv)-pcr] for motile and nonmotile salmonella strain detection using artificially contaminated poultry feces. the specificity and positive predictive values were equal to one in both culture methods. specificity and positive predictive values, accuracy, sensitivity, and neg ... | 2012 | 22334736 |
| the contribution of genes required for anaerobic respiration to the virulence of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum for chickens. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is an intracellular pathogen of chickens. to survive, to invade and to multiply in the intestinal tract and intracellularly it depends on its ability to produce energy in anaerobic conditions. the fumarate reductase (frdabcd), dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso)-trimethylamine n-oxide (tmao) reductase (dmsabc), and nitrate reductase (narghij) operons in salmonella typhimurium (stm) encode enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration to the electron acceptors fumara ... | 2009 | 24031452 |
| a defective mutant of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum in cobalamin biosynthesis is avirulent in chickens. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is a fowl typhoid agent in chickens and is a severe disease with worldwide economic impact as its mortality may reach up to 80%. it is one of a small group of serovars that typically produces typhoid-like infections in a narrow range of host species and which therefore represents a good model for human typhoid. the survival mechanisms are not considered to be virulent mechanisms but are essential for the life of the bacterium. mutants of salmonella gal ... | 2009 | 24031393 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification of the sefa gene for rapid detection of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella gallinarum in chickens. | salmonella spp. pose a threat to both human and animal health, with more than 2600 serovars having been reported to date. salmonella serovars are usually identified by slide agglutination tests, which are labor intensive and time consuming. in an attempt to develop a more rapid screening method for the major poultry salmonella serovars, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay, which directly detected the sefa gene, a fimbrial operon gene existing in several specific se ... | 2016 | 26840841 |
| immune dynamics following infection of avian macrophages and epithelial cells with typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonella enterica serovars; bacterial invasion and persistence, nitric oxide and oxygen production, differential host gene expression, nf-κb signalling and cell cytotoxicity. | poultry-derived food is a common source of infection of human with the non-host-adapted salmonellae while fowl typhoid and pullorum disease are serious diseases in poultry. development of novel immune-based control strategies against salmonella infection necessitates a better understanding of the host-pathogen interactions at the cellular level. intestinal epithelial cells are the first line of defence against enteric infections and the role of macrophages is crucial in salmonella infection and ... | 2012 | 22475571 |
| decreased colonization of chicks by salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum expressing mannose-sensitive fimh adhesin from salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. | to investigate the role of non-hemagglutinating type 1 fimbriae in the pathogenesis of salmonella gallinarum, the isogenic mutant elaborating type 1 fimbriae with mannose-sensitive (ms) variant of the fimh adhesin from salmonella enteritidis and the mutant strain with no fimh expression were constructed. their binding to chicken leukocytes in vitro and invasiveness in 1-day-old chicks were studied. our results demonstrated that s. gallinarum type 1 fimbriae with an endogenous variant of the fimh ... | 2012 | 22364838 |
| differential identification of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum and the biovar gallinarum live vaccine strain 9r. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum causes fowl typhoid in chickens and has been of economic importance to the chicken industry in many countries. the biovar gallinarum live vaccine strain 9r (sg 9r) has been used to control fowl typhoid in many areas where the disease is endemic. therefore, a definitive diagnosis of this disease may require differentiation of wild-type field isolates of biovar gallinarum from the live vaccine strain sg 9r. here, we report the development of ... | 2012 | 22728122 |
| early immune dynamics following infection with salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis, infantis, pullorum and gallinarum: cytokine and chemokine gene expression profile and cellular changes of chicken cecal tonsils. | salmonella enterica subspecies enterica infection remains a serious problem in a wide range of animals and in man. poultry-derived food is the main source of human infection with the non-host-adapted serovars while fowl typhoid and pullorum disease are important diseases of poultry. we have assessed cecal colonization and immune responses of newly hatched and older chickens to salmonella serotypes enteritidis, infantis, gallinarum and pullorum. s. enteritidis and s. infantis colonized the ceca m ... | 2012 | 22512820 |
| γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides from the seeds of prinsepia utilis. | γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides (prinsepicyanosides a-e) were isolated alongside 11 known compounds from seeds of prinsepia utilis royle. their structures were determined by detailed analysis of nmr and ms spectroscopic data. the relative configuration of prinsepicyanoside c was established by cu-kα x-ray crystallography. prinsepicyanoside a, osmaronin, and 4-(hydroxylmethyl)-5h-furan-2-one exhibited borderline antibacterial activity against salmonella gallinarum, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio ... | 2014 | 24952469 |
| a bioprocessed polysaccharide from lentinus edodes mycelia cultures with turmeric protects chicks from a lethal challenge of salmonella gallinarum. | our previous studies demonstrated that a bioprocessed polysaccharide (bpp) isolated from lentinus edodes mushroom mycelia cultures supplemented with black rice bran can protect mice against salmonella lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia and reduce the mortality from salmonella typhimurium infection through upregulated t-helper 1 immunity. here, we report that a bpp from l. edodes mushroom mycelia liquid cultures supplemented with turmeric (referred to as bpp-turmeric) alters chicken macrophag ... | 2017 | 28221973 |
| cpg oligonucleotides and recombinant interferon-γ in combination improve protection in chickens to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis challenge as an adjuvant component, but have no effect in reducing salmonella carriage in infected chickens. | salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is the most common cause of human salmonellosis in many developed nations. it is frequently associated with both poultry meat and eggs. in the present study we have determined whether cpg oligonucleotides that stimulate the immune system via toll like-receptors 15 and 21 in the chicken can be used as immunomodulatory agents to break carriage of s. enteritidis in in vitro and in vivo infection models. we also investigated its use as a component in an adjuva ... | 2012 | 22845324 |
| immunoprophylactic effects of administering honeybee (apis melifera) venom spray against salmonella gallinarum in broiler chicks. | antibiotics continue to be used as growth promoters in the poultry industry. honeybee (apis melifera) venom (hbv) possesses a number of beneficial biological activities, particularly for regulating the immune system. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunoprophylactic effects of hbv against salmonella gallinarum in broiler chicks as an initial step towards developing eco-friendly alternatives to reduce antibiotic use. hbv was administered using a spray technique. hbv improved bod ... | 2013 | 23719751 |
| fowl typhoid (salmonella gallinarum) outbreak in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). | a fowl typhoid (ft) outbreak is reported in a flock of 400 japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) at 91 days of age. of these, 222 died suddenly, and necropsy revealed swollen liver and spleen with off-white to yellowish granules and reddish small intestine mucosa. histopathology showed severe multifocal necrosis of liver and spleen (5/5), pulmonary congestion with macrophage infiltration in air capillaries (5/5), discrete interstitial nephritis (2/2), superficial necrosis of the intestinal ... | 2014 | 25518448 |
| the chemotherapy of experimental fowl typhoid in fowls (gallus domesticus). | | 1955 | 13233366 |
| further investigations on the epidemiology of fowl typhoid in brazil. | salmonella gallinarum (sg) causes fowl typhoid (ft), a disease responsible for economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. ft has been considered under control in brazil; nevertheless, since 2012 it has frequently been identified in poultry farming of several brazilian states. the present study was aimed at assessing: (i) the pathogenicity of a sg strain recently isolated from an ft outbreak affecting chickens of both white and brown layers; (ii) the transmission of sg through eggs and ha ... | 2017 | 28277779 |
| genome-wide association studies of immune, disease and production traits in indigenous chicken ecotypes. | the majority of chickens in sub-saharan africa are indigenous ecotypes, well adapted to the local environment and raised in scavenging production systems. although they are generally resilient to disease challenge, routine vaccination and biosecurity measures are rarely applied and infectious diseases remain a major cause of mortality and reduced productivity. management and genetic improvement programmes are hampered by lack of routine data recording. selective breeding based on genomic technol ... | 2016 | 27687164 |
| a nonenzymatic optical immunoassay strategy for detection of salmonella infection based on blue silica nanoparticles. | a novel nonenzymatic optical immunoassay strategy was for the first time designed and utilized for sensitive detection of antibody to salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum (s. pullorum and s. gallinarum) in serum. the optical immunoassay strategy was based on blue silica nanoparticles (blue-sinps) and magnetic beads (mb). to construct such an optical immunoassay system, the blue-sinps were first synthesized by inverse microemulsion method, characterized by sem, zeta potential and ftir. t ... | 2015 | 26526916 |
| requirement for cobalamin by salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium, pullorum, gallinarum and enteritidis during infection in chickens. | salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium synthesizes cobalamin (vitamin b12) only during anaerobiosis. two percent of the s. typhimurium genome is devoted to the synthesis and uptake of vitamin b12 and to b12-dependent reactions. to understand the requirement for cobalamin synthesis better, we constructed mutants of salmonella serovars enteritidis and pullorum that are double-defective in cobalamin biosynthesis (δcobsδcbia). we compared the virulence of these mutants to that of their respective w ... | 2011 | 24031771 |
| seven new lignan glycosides from the branches of alangium kurzii craib var. laxifolium. | seven new lignan glycosides (1-3, 8-10, and 14) and 17 known compounds were isolated from the branches of alangium kurzii craib var. laxifolium. their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis and circular dichroism (cd) and x-ray analysis. the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against staphylococcus aureus ci1011, streptococcus suis ci1608, salmonella gallinarum ci0912, enterococcus faecalis ci1304, aeromonas hydrophila ci1008, escherichia coli ci1 ... | 2017 | 28733150 |
| genetic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum based on characterization and evolution of crispr sequence. | salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum (s. pullorum) is the cause of pullorum disease, characterized by white diarrhea, which leads to high mortality in poultry. in this study, we aimed to assess the genetic diversity of 655 s. pullorum strains from 1962 to 2015 in china, europe, and south america. a sequence typing scheme based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr) was used to reveal the genetic relationships among these strains in this study. ove ... | 2017 | 28619172 |
| development of a multiplex qpcr in real time for quantification and differential diagnosis of salmonella gallinarum and salmonella pullorum. | currently there are 2659 salmonella serovars. the host-specific biovars salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum cause systemic infections in food-producing and wild birds. fast diagnosis is crucial to control the dissemination in avian environments. the present work describes the development of a multiplex qpcr in real time using a low-cost dna dye (sybr green) to identify and quantify these biovars. primers were chosen based on genomic regions of difference (rod) and optimized to control ... | 2017 | 28589774 |
| improved antimicrobial activity of pediococcus acidilactici against salmonella gallinarum by uv mutagenesis and genome shuffling. | pediococcus acidilactici is a widely used probiotic, and salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is a significant pathogen in the poultry industry. in this study, we improved the antimicrobial activity of p. acidilactici against sg using uv mutation and genome shuffling (gs). to improve antimicrobial activity against sg, uv mutagenesis was performed against wild-type p. acidilactici (wt), and five mutants showed improved antimicrobial activity. to further improve antimicrobial activity, gs w ... | 2017 | 28470335 |
| rapid electrochemical quantification of salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum based on glucose oxidase and antibody-modified silica nanoparticles. | in this article, a facile and sensitive electrochemical method for quantification of salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum (s. pullorum and s. gallinarum) was established by monitoring glucose consumption with a personal glucose meter (pgm). antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (igg-mnps) were used to capture and enrich s. pullorum and s. gallinarum, and igg-mnps-s. pullorum and igg-mnps-s. gallinarum complexes were magnetically separated from a sample using a permanent magnet. ... | 2017 | 28429065 |
| characterization of salmonella gallinarum from an outbreak in raigarh, chhattisgarh. | the present investigation was conducted to isolate and characterize salmonella gallinarum from an outbreak of fowl typhoid in layer birds. | 2017 | 28344395 |