| structure-function relationships of membrane-associated gt-b glycosyltransferases. | membrane-associated gt-b glycosyltransferases (gts) comprise a large family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sugar moiety from nucleotide-sugar donors to a wide range of membrane-associated acceptor substrates, mostly in the form of lipids and proteins. as a consequence, they generate a significant and diverse amount of glycoconjugates in biological membranes, which are particularly important in cell-cell, cell-matrix and host-pathogen recognition events. membrane-associated gt-b enzym ... | 2013 | 24253765 |
| structure-function relationships of membrane-associated gt-b glycosyltransferases. | membrane-associated gt-b glycosyltransferases (gts) comprise a large family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sugar moiety from nucleotide-sugar donors to a wide range of membrane-associated acceptor substrates, mostly in the form of lipids and proteins. as a consequence, they generate a significant and diverse amount of glycoconjugates in biological membranes, which are particularly important in cell-cell, cell-matrix and host-pathogen recognition events. membrane-associated gt-b enzym ... | 2013 | 24253765 |
| biochemical evidence for an alternate pathway in n-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis. | asparagine-linked glycosylation is a complex protein modification conserved among all three domains of life. herein we report the in vitro analysis of n-linked glycosylation from the methanogenic archaeon methanococcus voltae. using a suite of synthetic and semisynthetic substrates, we show that aglk initiates n-linked glycosylation in m. voltae through the formation of α-linked dolichyl monophosphate n-acetylglucosamine, which contrasts with the polyprenyl diphosphate intermediates that feature ... | 2013 | 23624439 |
| extreme c-terminal sites are posttranslocationally glycosylated by the stt3b isoform of the ost. | metazoan organisms assemble two isoforms of the oligosaccharyltransferase (ost) that have different catalytic subunits (stt3a or stt3b) and partially nonoverlapping roles in asparagine-linked glycosylation. the stt3a isoform of the ost is primarily responsible for co-translational glycosylation of the nascent polypeptide as it enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. the c-terminal 65-75 residues of a glycoprotein will not contact the translocation channel-associated stt3a isoform of the o ... | 2013 | 23530066 |
| first and stereoselective synthesis of an α-(2→5)-linked disaccharide of 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (kdo). | resistance of bacterial pathogens toward antibiotics has revived interest in lipopolysaccharide (lps) motifs as potential therapeutic targets. the lps of several pathogenic acinetobacter strains comprises a 4,5-branched kdo trisaccharide containing an uncommon (2→5)-linkage. in this contribution the first stereoselective glycosylation method for obtaining an α-kdo-(2→5)-α-kdo disaccharide in good yield is highlighted. the synthetic approach used for accessing this linkage type will allow for fut ... | 2014 | 25496419 |
| first and stereoselective synthesis of an α-(2→5)-linked disaccharide of 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (kdo). | resistance of bacterial pathogens toward antibiotics has revived interest in lipopolysaccharide (lps) motifs as potential therapeutic targets. the lps of several pathogenic acinetobacter strains comprises a 4,5-branched kdo trisaccharide containing an uncommon (2→5)-linkage. in this contribution the first stereoselective glycosylation method for obtaining an α-kdo-(2→5)-α-kdo disaccharide in good yield is highlighted. the synthetic approach used for accessing this linkage type will allow for fut ... | 2014 | 25496419 |
| lipid-linked oligosaccharides in membranes sample conformations that facilitate binding to oligosaccharyltransferase. | lipid-linked oligosaccharides (llos) are the substrates of oligosaccharyltransferase (ost), the enzyme that catalyzes the en bloc transfer of the oligosaccharide onto the acceptor asparagine of nascent proteins during the process of n-glycosylation. to explore llos' preferred location, orientation, structure, and dynamics in membrane bilayers of three different lipid types (dilauroylphosphatidylcholine, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine), we have modeled and simulat ... | 2014 | 25418169 |
| metaphylogenomic and potential functionality of the limpet patella pellucida's gastrointestinal tract microbiome. | this study investigated the microbial diversity associated with the digestive tract of the seaweed grazing marine limpet patella pellucida. using a modified indirect dna extraction protocol and performing metagenomic profiling based on specific prokaryotic marker genes, the abundance of bacterial groups was identified from the analyzed metagenome. the members of three significantly abundant phyla of proteobacteria, firmicutes and bacteroidetes were characterized through the literature and their ... | 2014 | 25334059 |
| substrate specificity of cytoplasmic n-glycosyltransferase. | n-linked protein glycosylation is a very common post-translational modification that can be found in all kingdoms of life. the classical, highly conserved pathway entails the assembly of a lipid-linked oligosaccharide and its transfer to an asparagine residue in the sequon nx(s/t) of a secreted protein by the integral membrane protein oligosaccharyltransferase. a few species in the class of γ-proteobacteria encode a cytoplasmic n-glycosylation system mediated by a soluble n-glycosyltransferase ( ... | 2014 | 24962585 |
| intestinal microbiota and species diversity of campylobacter and helicobacter spp. in migrating shorebirds in delaware bay. | using 16s rrna gene sequencing analysis, we examined the bacterial diversity and the presence of opportunistic bacterial pathogens (i.e., campylobacter and helicobacter) in red knot (calidris canutus; n = 40), ruddy turnstone (arenaria interpres; n = 35), and semipalmated sandpiper (calidris pusilla; n = 22) fecal samples collected during a migratory stopover in delaware bay. additionally, we studied the occurrence of campylobacter spp., enterococci, and waterfowl fecal source markers using quan ... | 2014 | 24413599 |
| genome sequence of a urease-positive campylobacter lari strain. | campylobacter lari is frequently isolated from shore birds and can cause illness in humans. here, we report the draft whole-genome sequence of a urease-positive strain of c. lari that was isolated in estuarial water on the coast of delaware, usa. | 2015 | 26472835 |
| treatment and prevention of infection following bites of the antarctic fur seal (arctocephalus gazella). | in recent decades, an increasing number of people have traveled to sub-antarctic and antarctic regions each year for research, tourism, and resource exploitation. hunting of antarctic fur seals (arctocephalus gazella) almost pushed the species to extinction in the early 1900s, but populations have since shown rapid and substantial recovery. the species' range has re-expanded to include several islands south of the antarctic convergence, most notably south georgia, and now overlaps with many popu ... | 2015 | 27147885 |
| structures of aminoarabinose transferase arnt suggest a molecular basis for lipid a glycosylation. | polymyxins are antibiotics used in the last line of defense to combat multidrug-resistant infections by gram-negative bacteria. polymyxin resistance arises through charge modification of the bacterial outer membrane with the attachment of the cationic sugar 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose to lipid a, a reaction catalyzed by the integral membrane lipid-to-lipid glycosyltransferase 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose transferase (arnt). here, we report crystal structures of arnt from cupriavidus metallidurans ... | 2016 | 26912703 |
| isolation of campylobacter spp. from client-owned dogs and cats, and retail raw meat pet food in the manawatu, new zealand. | campylobacter causes acute gastroenteritis in people worldwide and is frequently isolated from food, animals and the environment. the disease is predominately food-borne but many routes of transmission and sources of infection have been described, including contact with pets. the prevalence of campylobacter spp. in dogs and cats varies widely, and data on new zealand pets are limited. this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of campylobacter spp. in dogs, cats and retail raw meat pet food ... | 2016 | 27860343 |
| occurrence and characteristics of fastidious campylobacteraceae species in porcine samples. | this study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of campylobacteraceae including a range of fastidious species in porcine samples. over a thirteen month period caecal contents (n=402) and pork carcass swabs (n=401) were collected from three pork abattoirs and pork products (n=399) were purchased at point of sale in the republic of ireland. campylobacteraceae isolates were recovered by enrichment, membrane filtration and incubation in antibiotic free media under a modified atmosphere (3 ... | 2013 | 23474652 |
| arnt proteins that catalyze the glycosylation of lipopolysaccharide share common features with bacterial n-oligosaccharyltransferases. | arnt is a glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (l-ara4n) to the lipid a moiety of the lipopolysaccharide. this is a critical modification enabling bacteria to resist killing by antimicrobial peptides. arnt is an integral inner membrane protein consisting of 13 predicted transmembrane helices and a large periplasmic c-terminal domain. we report here the identification of a functional motif with a canonical consensus sequence dexryax(5)mx(3)gxwx(9)yfekpx(4 ... | 2016 | 26515403 |
| isolation, identification and differentiation of campylobacter spp. using multiplex pcr assay from goats in khartoum state, sudan. | the aim of this study was to identify and characterize thermophilic campylobacter species in faecal samples from goats in khartoum state, sudan, by application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction. campylobacteriosis is a zoonotic disease of global concern, and the organisms can be transmitted to human via food, water and through contact with farm animals and pets. there are five clinically related campylobacter species: campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni). campylobacter coli, campylobacter lari, ... | 2017 | 28160162 |
| campylobacter species in animal, food, and environmental sources, and relevant testing programs in canada. | campylobacter species, particularly thermophilic campylobacters, have emerged as a leading cause of human foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, with campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter lari responsible for the majority of human infections. although most cases of campylobacteriosis are self-limiting, campylobacteriosis represents a significant public health burden. human illness caused by infection with campylobacters has been reported across canada since the early 1970s. m ... | 2015 | 26422448 |
| rapid detection of campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter lari in fresh chicken meat and by-products in bangkok, thailand, using modified multiplex pcr. | a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter lari was developed and validated to assess the occurrence of these bacteria in fresh chicken meat and by-products in bangkok, thailand, by using a new combination of four previously published pcr primers for c. jejuni, c. coli, c. lari, and a universal 16s rdna gene as an internal control. the specificity was determined by using 13 strains of other bacteria. with pu ... | 2015 | 26197289 |
| prevalence of salmonella and campylobacter on broiler chickens from farm to slaughter and efficiency of methods to remove visible fecal contamination. | a study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of salmonella and campylobacter from farm to slaughter. the efficiency of trimming and water spray (490 to 588 kpa pressure) on the removal of visible fecal contamination from broiler carcasses before chilling was also investigated. drag swabs were used to sample litter from the farm houses. samples of ceca and carcasses without and with visible fecal contamination before and after trimming or spray washing of fecal contamination were taken dur ... | 2014 | 25364917 |
| a national investigation of the prevalence and diversity of thermophilic campylobacter species in agricultural watersheds in canada. | the occurrence and diversity of thermophilic campylobacter species (c. jejuni, coli, and lari) were studied in water samples from four river basins located across canada. these basins located in quebec (bras d'henri), alberta (oldman), ontario (south nation), and british columbia (sumas) represented some of the most intensive farming areas in canada for hog, beef cattle, dairy cattle, and poultry, respectively. this study analyzed 769 water samples collected from 23 monitoring sites with agricul ... | 2014 | 24930011 |
| validation according to iso 16140:2003 of a commercial real-time pcr-based method for detecting campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, and c. lari in foods. | campylobacteriosis was the most frequently reported zoonosis in the european union (eu) in 2010, with campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter lari as the most frequently reported species in foodborne outbreaks (fbos). relatively sensitive to environmental factors, these species may be present in low numbers. in line with eu policy for food control and fbo detection and in view of the need to reduce response time, we validated an alternative molecular method according to iso 1 ... | 2014 | 24607425 |
| prevalence of three campylobacter species, c. jejuni, c. coli, and c. lari, using multilocus sequence typing in wild birds of the mid-atlantic region, usa. | campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in the us, usually due to the consumption of undercooked poultry. research on which avian species transmit the bacterium is limited, especially in the us. we sampled wild birds in three families-anatidae, scolopacidae, and laridae-in eastern north america to determine the prevalence and specific strains of campylobacter. the overall prevalence of campylobacter spp. was 9.2% for all wild birds sampled (n = ... | 2014 | 24171567 |
| using campylobacter spp. and escherichia coli data and bayesian microbial risk assessment to examine public health risks in agricultural watersheds under tile drainage management. | human campylobacteriosis is the leading bacterial gastrointestinal illness in canada; environmental transmission has been implicated in addition to transmission via consumption of contaminated food. information about campylobacter spp. occurrence at the watershed scale will enhance our understanding of the associated public health risks and the efficacy of source water protection strategies. the overriding purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative framework to assess and compare the rel ... | 2013 | 23623467 |
| campylobacter spp. recovered from the upper oconee river watershed, georgia in a 4-year study. | waterways should be considered in the migration routes of campylobacter, and the genus has been isolated from several water sources. inferences on migration routes can be made from tracking genetic types in populations found in specific habitats and testing how they are linked to other types. water samples were taken over a 4-year period from waterways in the upper oconee river watershed, georgia, to recover isolates of thermophilic campylobacter. the isolates were typed by multilocus sequence t ... | 2013 | 22945232 |
| prevalence, antibiotic resistance and rapd typing of campylobacter species isolated from ducks, their rearing and processing environments in penang, malaysia. | we report for the first time on the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and rapd types of campylobacter species in ducks and duck related environmental samples in malaysia. samples were examined by enrichment in bolton broth followed by plating onto modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mccda) and/or plating directly onto mccda. a total of 643 samples were screened, and the prevalence of campylobacter spp. in samples from different sources ranged from 0% to 85%. the method of isolation ... | 2012 | 22285201 |
| temporal variation in the prevalence and species richness of campylobacter spp. in a prairie watershed impacted by urban and agricultural mixed inputs. | campylobacter spp. are a substantial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. human infection can result from ingestion of contaminated food or water from a variety of sources, including the consumption of fresh produce that is contaminated with the pathogen via the use of contaminated irrigation water. using molecular methods, we investigated the occurrence of campylobacter in the qu'appelle river watershed, an important source of irrigation water for vegetable producers in southern saskatchewan, ca ... | 2016 | 27003220 |
| probing polytopic membrane protein-substrate interactions by luminescence resonance energy transfer. | integral membrane proteins play essential roles in all living systems; however, major technical hurdles challenge analyses of this class of proteins. biophysical approaches that provide structural information to complement and leverage experimentally determined and computationally predicted structures are urgently needed. herein we present the application of luminescence resonance energy transfer (lret) for investigating the interactions of the polytopic membrane-bound oligosaccharyl transferase ... | 2016 | 26918528 |
| campylobacter ornithocola sp. nov., a new member of the campylobacter lari group isolated from wild bird faecal samples. | during a study on the prevalence and diversity of campylobacteria in wild birds faecal samples in the city of valdivia (south of chile) 17 gram-negative, curved rod isolates, were initially identified as campylobacter lari by pcr-rflp. further identification by 16s rrna sequence analysis revealed that they formed a distinct group in the genus campylobacter. this unique position was confirmed by rpob, atpa and cpn60 gene sequence analysis. the average nucleotide identity between the representativ ... | 2017 | 28126040 |
| isolation of campylobacter spp. from three species of antarctic penguins in different geographic locations. | the presence of campylobacter species was studied in three antarctic penguin species, adélie (pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (pygoscelis antarctica) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua). a total of 390 penguins were captured in 12 different rookeries along the antarctic peninsula with differences in the amount of human visitation: six colonies were highly visited [stranger point, king george island (p. papua and p. adeliae); hannah point, livingston island (p. papua and p. antarctica); deception island ... | 2017 | 28091764 |
| transformation and characterization of an arsenic gene operon from urease-positive thermophilic campylobacter (uptc) in escherichia coli. | an arsenate susceptibility test was performed with transformed and cultured escherichia coli dh5α cells, which carried recombinant dna of full-length arsenic (ars) operon, namely a putative membrane permease, arsp; a transcriptional repressor, arsr; an arsenate reductase, arsc; and an arsenical-resistance membrane transporter, acr3, from the japanese urease-positive thermophilic campylobacter lari (uptc) cf89-12. the e. coli dh5α transformant showed reduced susceptibility to arsenate (~1536 μg/m ... | 2016 | 26122364 |
| molecular analysis of the tlya gene in campylobacter lari. | full-length tlya gene and its adjacent genetic loci from the urease-positive thermophilic campylobacter (uptc) cf89-12 [approximately 15,000 base pairs (bp) in length], as well as a reference strain campylobacter lari rm2100 (approximately 9,000 bp), were analyzed. the possible open-reading frame of tlya from uptc cf89-12 was shown to have 720 bp with a calculated molecular mass of approximately 26.7 kda. using a primer pair designed in silico, a total of approximately 1.1 kbp consisting of puta ... | 2015 | 25906999 |
| campylobacter lari in a platelet donation: an unexpected finding. | | 2014 | 25041073 |
| molecular structural analysis of major outer membrane protein (momp) gene clusters in campylobacter lari. | southern hybridisation shows that urease-negative (un) campylobacter lari jcm2530(t) carries two putative major outer membrane protein (momp) genes. sequences of approximately 2.1 kbp, encoding non-coding (nc) regions, with possible open reading frames (orfs) for momp (pora1 or pora2) of approximately 1.2 kbp, nc regions and partial and putative cla_0435 or cla_1109 orfs were identified in all five un c. lari isolates examined, following polymerase chain reaction (pcr) cloning and sequencing. ea ... | 2014 | 24693571 |
| prevalence and risk factors for thermotolerant species of campylobacter in poultry meat at retail in europe. | the thermotolerant species campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, campylobacter lari and campylobacter upsaliensis are the causative agents of the human illness called campylobacteriosis. this infection represents a threat for the health of consumers in europe. it is well known that poultry meat is an important food vehicle of campylobacter infection. as emerged from the reported scientific literature published between 2006 and 2016, poultry meat sold at retail level in europe represents an i ... | 2017 | 28854745 |
| prevalence of campylobacter species in wild birds of south korea. | campylobacter species cause human gastrointestinal infections worldwide. they commonly inhabit intestines of avian species including wild birds. they might play a role in the spread of infections to humans and other bird species. the prevalence of campylobacter species in 2164 faecal samples of wild birds (representing 71 species and 28 families) captured across the korean peninsula was evaluated in this study. the overall prevalence was 15.3% (332/2164). bird species belonging to the family cha ... | 2017 | 28503965 |
| simultaneous identification of campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter lari with smartcycler-based multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction. | consumption of campylobacter contaminated food or water is a leading cause of human acute gastroenteritis. campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli, and campylobacter lari account for over 95% of total campylobacter infections. a multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) for simultaneous identification of c. jejuni, c. coli, and c. lari was developed for use with the smartcycler ii system. | 2017 | 28440688 |
| first isolation and molecular characterisation of a cryptic plasmid from urease-negative campylobacter lari. | | 2006 | 28705132 |
| transmembrane motions of pglb induced by llo are coupled with el5 loop conformational changes necessary for ost activity. | n-linked glycosylation is an enzymatic reaction where an oligosaccharide is transferred en bloc onto an asparagine residue of an acceptor polypeptide, catalyzed by oligosaccharyltransferase (ost). despite the available crystal structures, the role of the external loop el5, which is critical for the catalytic cycle, is still enigmatic as el5 in the crystal structures is partially absent or blocks a pathway of lipid-linked oligosaccharide to the active site. here we report the molecular origin of ... | 2017 | 28575441 |
| comparative analysis of campylobacter lari cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) effect on hela cells. | we aimed to clarify if campylobacter lari exerts a cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) effect on hela cells. campylobacter cell lysates (cclys) from c. jejuni 81-176 and urease-positive thermophilic campylobacter (uptc) cf89-12 and uptc nctc12893 isolates were shown to exert a cdt effect on hela cells with morphological changes examined by giemsa staining and microscopy. however, campylobacter lari jcm2530(t) isolate showed no effect. in addition, campylobacter cell culture supernatant wash gave l ... | 2012 | 22359318 |
| biochemical characterisation of urease from urease-positive thermophilic campylobacter (uptc). | this study aims to characterise biochemically urease from an atypical campylobacter lari, namely urease-positive thermophilic campylobacter (uptc). urease was purified from cells of a japanese uptc isolate (cf89-12) using phenyl-sepharose chromatography. two protein components (estimates molecular masses 24 kda and 61 kda) were obtained that appeared to be structural proteins of urease (subunits a and b), and these were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( ... | 2012 | 22558796 |
| expression and analysis of a cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) gene operon in campylobacter lari. | the present study examines the expression of cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) gene encoding a cytotoxin in campylobacter lari (n=6 urease-negative [un] c. lari; n=4 urease-positive thermophilic campylobacter [uptc]). when reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was carried out with 10 c. lari isolates using a primer pair to amplify the cdtb gene transcript segment, an approximate 260 bp rt-pcr amplicon was generated with all the isolates. in addition, cdta, cdtb and cdtc gene o ... | 2012 | 22558801 |
| molecular analysis of the 16s-23s rdna internal spacer region (isr) and truncated trna(ala) gene segments in campylobacter lari. | following pcr amplification and sequencing, nucleotide sequence alignment analyses demonstrated the presence of two kinds of 16s-23s rdna internal spacer regions (isrs), namely, long length isrs of 837-844 base pair (bp) [n = six for urease-negative (un) campylobacter lari isolates, un c. lari jcm2530(t), rm2100, 176, 293, 299 and 448] and short length isrs of 679-725 bp [n = six for un c. lari: n = 14 for urease-positive thermophilic campylobacter (uptc) isolates]. the analyses also indicated t ... | 2012 | 22806114 |
| bloodstream infection caused by campylobacter lari. | we describe a case of bloodstream infection (bsi) caused by campylobacter lari in a 58-year-old man diagnosed with lumbar pyogenic spondylitis. anaerobic blood cultures, taken on the day of admission and on hospital day 4, were positive after 30 h of incubation, although no bacteria were detected by gram staining. after subculture on 5 % sheep blood agar for 2 days at 35 °c in a 5 % co2 environment, capnophilic, curved, gram-negative bacteria were recovered. the bacteria were identified as c. la ... | 2013 | 22965843 |
| molecular identification of an arsenic four-gene operon in campylobacter lari. | an arsenic (ars) four-gene operon, containing genes encoding a putative membrane permease (arsp), a transcriptional repressor (arsr), an arsenate reductase (arsc) and an arsenical-resistance membrane transporter (acr3) was first identified in urease-positive thermophilic campylobacter (uptc) isolate, cf89-12. uptc cf89-12 and some other campylobacter lari isolates contained their ars four-genes, similarly, differing from that in the reference c. lari rm2100 strain. two putative promoters and a p ... | 2013 | 23132657 |
| absence of intervening sequences and point mutations in the v domain within 23s rrna in campylobacter lari isolates. | although the absence of intervening sequences (ivss) within the 23s rrna genes in campylobacter lari isolates has been described, there are apparently no reports regarding correlations between the nucleotide sequences of 23s rrna genes and erythromycin (ery) susceptibility in c. lari isolates. here, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 35 c. lari isolates [n = 19 for urease-positive thermophilic campylobacter (uptc); n = 16 urease-negative (un) c. lari] obtained from asia, euro ... | 2013 | 23595231 |
| molecular cloning and characterisation of the methionine sulphoxide reductase a (msra) gene locus in campylobacter lari organisms. | the methionine sulphoxide reductase a (msra) gene and its adjacent genetic loci from urease-negative (un) campylobacter lari rm2100 and urease-positive thermophilic campylobacter (uptc)cf89-12 strains appear to be composed of a msra structure gene (507 base pairs [bp]) and another five-gene cluster (approximately 6300 bp) in the same strand and direction. a primer pair (f1/r4-msra) for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification was designed to generate a product of approximately 900 bp of the ... | 2013 | 24400424 |