| measurement of the intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein using different methods and correlation analysis. | four methods were adopted, including the mobile nylon bag (mnb) method, modified three-step in vitro (mts) method, original three-step in vitro (ots) method, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (adin) estimating method, to evaluate the intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (drup) of 10 types of concentrates and 7 types of roughages. after correlation analysis to determine the drup values using the mnb, mts, ots, and adin methods, the study aimed to find out appropriate methods ... | 2015 | 26323402 |
| growth performance and sorting characteristics of corn silage-alfalfa haylage diets with or without forage dilution offered to replacement holstein dairy heifers. | gravid heifers consuming high-quality forage diets are susceptible to excessive weight gains and overconditioning. one approach for controlling this problem is to dilute diets with low-energy forages, such as straw, that reduce the caloric density and dry matter intake (dmi) of that diet by heifers. these diluting agents are often sortable by dairy heifers, but previous visual evidence has suggested that eastern gamagrass haylage may be a nonsortable alternative. our objectives were (1) to compa ... | 2015 | 26298762 |
| feeding preferences and voluntary feed intake of dairy cows: effect of conservation and harvest time of birdsfoot trefoil and chicory. | bioactive forages contain compounds, such as tannins, that are active against pathogens. they have been successfully used in ruminants to control parasite infections. because cattle may find bioactive forages unpalatable, it is of interest to know if an afternoon harvest time, which has been shown to increase the percentage of nonstructural carbohydrates (nsc), hence palatability, may mitigate this. the objectives of this study were to quantify voluntary intake and preference of dairy cows for 2 ... | 2015 | 26277319 |
| rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and growth performance of calves during transition from liquid to solid feed: effects of dietary level and particle size of alfalfa hay. | this study evaluated the effects of particle size (ps) and dietary level of alfalfa hay (ah) on rumen fermentation parameters, blood metabolites, eating behavior, and growth performance in dairy calves during transition from liquid to solid feed. sixty newborn dairy calves (41 ± 2.5,kg of body weight) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the factors dietary ah level (medium, 12.5%, or high, 25%, on dm basis) and ps (fine = 1mm or medium = 3mm, as geometric means) of ah. hence, the die ... | 2015 | 26277318 |
| ractopamine up take by alfalfa (medicago sativa) and wheat (triticum aestivum) from soil. | ractopamine is a beta adrenergic agonist used as a growth promoter in swine, cattle and turkeys. to test whether ractopamine has the potential to accumulate in plants grown in contaminated soil, a greenhouse study was conducted with alfalfa (medicago sativa) and wheat (triticum aestivum) grown in two soils having different concentrations of organic matter (1.3% and 2.1%), amended with 0, 0.5, and 10 μg/g of ractopamine. plant growth ranged from 2.7 to 8.8 g dry weight (dw) for alfalfa, and 8.7 t ... | 2015 | 26257350 |
| replacement of grass and maize silages with lucerne silage: effects on performance, milk fatty acid profile and digestibility in holstein-friesian dairy cows. | in total, 20 multiparous holstein-friesian dairy cows received one of four diets in each of four periods of 28-day duration in a latin square design to test the hypothesis that the inclusion of lucerne in the ration of high-yielding dairy cows would improve animal performance and milk fatty acid (fa) composition. all dietary treatments contained 0.55 : 0.45 forage to concentrates (dry matter (dm) basis), and within the forage component the proportion of lucerne (medicago sativa), grass (lolium p ... | 2015 | 26242305 |
| effects of partly replacing dietary starch with fiber and fat on milk production and energy partitioning. | the effects of partly replacing dietary starch with fiber and fat to provide a diet with similar net energy for lactation (nel) density on yields of milk and milk components and on energy partitioning were evaluated in a crossover design experiment. holstein cows (n = 32; 109 ± 22 d in milk, mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence. treatments were a high-starch diet containing 33% corn grain (mixture of dry ground and high-moisture corn; hs) or a high-fiber, high- ... | 2015 | 26233447 |
| energy content of reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles for lactating dairy cows. | eight holstein and 8 jersey multiparous, lactating cows were used to complete 56 energy balances to determine the energy content of reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles (rfddgs). a repeated switchback design was used to compare treatments with and without rfddgs. diets consisted of 24.2% corn silage, 18.4% alfalfa hay, 6.94% brome hay with either 22.9% rolled corn or 14.8% soybean meal (control), or 8.95% rolled corn, 28.8% rfddgs, and 0% soybean meal [co-p; dry-matter (dm) basis]. ... | 2015 | 26233444 |
| effects of replacing wild rye, corn silage, or corn grain with cao-treated corn stover and dried distillers grains with solubles in lactating cow diets on performance, digestibility, and profitability. | the objective of this study was to measure the effects of partially replacing wild rye (leymus chinensis; wr), corn silage (cs), or corn grain (cg) in dairy cow diets with cao-treated corn stover (t-cs) and corn dried distillers grains with soluble (ddgs) on performance, digestibility, blood metabolites, and income over feed cost. thirty tonnes of air-dried corn stover was collected, ground, and mixed with 5% cao. sixty-four holstein dairy cows were blocked based on days in milk, milk yield, and ... | 2015 | 26210280 |
| exposure assessment of cattle via roughages to plants producing compounds of concern. | food producing animals are exposed to biologically active plant compounds through feed and roughages, presenting a potential risk to the animal but also consumers of food of animal origin. to evaluate to which plant compounds of concern dairy cows in the netherlands are exposed, a ranking filter model was developed, combining information on abundance of plant species in vegetation plots in the netherlands (183,905 plots of three different vegetation types) with plant-compound combinations (700), ... | 2015 | 26190597 |
| effects of varying dietary ratios of corn silage to alfalfa silage on digestion of neutral detergent fiber in lactating dairy cows. | an in vivo study was performed to test an in vitro procedure and model that predicts total-tract neutral detergent fiber (ndf) digestibility for lactating dairy cattle. corn silage (cs) and alfalfa silage (as) were used as forages for this study. these forages had similar ndf composition, but fiber in the cs contained less indigestible ndf compared with as (35.5 and 47.8% of indigestible ndf, respectively). the in vitro method estimated rate of digestion of alfalfa potentially digestible ndf to ... | 2015 | 26162794 |
| replacing dietary soybean meal with canola meal improves production and efficiency of lactating dairy cows. | previous research suggested that crude protein (cp) from canola meal (cm) was used more efficiently than cp from solvent soybean meal (sbm) by lactating dairy cows. we tested whether dietary cp content influenced relative effectiveness of equal supplemental cp from either cm or sbm. fifty lactating holstein cows were blocked by parity and days in milk into 10 squares (2 squares with ruminal cannulas) in a replicated 5×5 latin square trial. five squares were fed: (1) low (14.5-14.8%) cp with sbm, ... | 2015 | 26074230 |
| rumen microbiome from steers differing in feed efficiency. | the cattle rumen has a diverse microbial ecosystem that is essential for the host to digest plant material. extremes in body weight (bw) gain in mice and humans have been associated with different intestinal microbial populations. the objective of this study was to characterize the microbiome of the cattle rumen among steers differing in feed efficiency. two contemporary groups of steers (n=148 and n=197) were fed a ration (dry matter basis) of 57.35% dry-rolled corn, 30% wet distillers grain wi ... | 2015 | 26030887 |
| brown midrib corn shredlage in diets for high-producing dairy cows. | a novel method of harvesting whole-plant corn silage, shredlage, may increase kernel processing and physically effective fiber. improved fiber effectiveness may be especially advantageous when feeding brown midrib (bmr) corn hybrids, which have reduced lignin content. the objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding tmr containing bmr corn shredlage (shrd) compared with bmr conventionally processed corn silage (kp) or kp plus chopped alfalfa hay (kph) on intake, lactation perfo ... | 2015 | 26026754 |
| forage choice in pasturelands: influence on cattle foraging behavior and performance. | we determined if combinations of adjacent pastures of 3 forage species led to complementary relationships that influenced animal behavior and performance over monocultures. grazing bouts, behavioral levels of activity, blood urea n (bun), chemical composition of feces, bw, and herbage biomass before and after grazing were monitored when beef calves strip-grazed 3 replications of 4 treatments from june 14 through august 23, 2013 (9 animals/treatment). animals grazed monocultures of: 1) tall fescu ... | 2015 | 26020195 |
| milk production responses to a change in dietary starch concentration vary by production level in dairy cattle. | the effects of dietary starch concentration on yield of milk and milk components were evaluated in a crossover design experiment. holstein cows (n=32; 115±22 d in milk) with a wide range in milk yield (28 to 62kg/d) were assigned randomly within level of milk yield to a treatment sequence. treatments were diets containing 30% dry ground corn (cg) or 30% soyhulls (sh) on a dm basis. diets containing corn silage and alfalfa silage were formulated to contain 16% crude protein, 24% forage neutral de ... | 2015 | 25981075 |
| determination of dietary starch in animal feeds and pet food by an enzymatic-colorimetric method: collaborative study. | starch, glycogen, maltooligosaccharides, and other α-1,4- and α-1,6-linked glucose carbohydrates, exclusive of resistant starch, are collectively termed "dietary starch". this nutritionally important fraction is increasingly measured for use in diet formulation for animals as it can have positive or negative effects on animal performance and health by affecting energy supply, glycemic index, and formation of fermentation products by gut microbes. aoac method 920.40 that was used for measuring di ... | 2015 | 25905746 |
| effects of alfalfa hay and its physical form (chopped versus pelleted) on performance of holstein calves. | inclusion of forage and its physical form in starter may affect rumen development, average daily gain (adg), and dry matter intake (dmi) of dairy calves. to evaluate the effects of forage and its physical form (chopped vs. pelleted) on growth of calves under a high milk feeding regimen, 32 holstein calves (38.8±1.1kg) were assigned at birth to 1 of 3 treatments in a completely randomized block design. dietary treatments (% of dry matter) were (1) 100% semi-texturized starter (con); (2) 90% semi- ... | 2015 | 25841969 |
| feed conversion efficiency in dairy cows: repeatability, variation in digestion and metabolism of energy and nitrogen, and ruminal methanogens. | the objective was to study repeatability and sources of variation in feed conversion efficiency [fce, milk kg/kg dry matter intake (dmi)] of lactating cows in mid to late lactation. trials 1 and 2 used 16 cows (106 to 368 d in milk) grouped in 8 pairs of 1 high- and 1 low-fce cow less than 16 d in milk apart. trial 1 determined the repeatability of fce during a 12-wk period. trial 2 quantified the digestive and metabolic partitioning of energy and n with a 3-d total fecal and urine collection an ... | 2015 | 25841962 |
| effect of technical cashew nut shell liquid on rumen methane emission and lactation performance of dairy cows. | technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid (tcnsl) is a by-product of the cashew nut industry in tropical countries, and is known to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including inhibitory effect against gram-positive bacteria. this study was conducted to investigate the effects of tcnsl (73.3% cardanol, 16.4% cardol, and 3.0% methylcardol) on rumen methane emission, nutrient digestibility, dry matter intake, and milk yield and composition in dairy cows. eight multiparous holstein cows ... | 2015 | 25795493 |
| saturated fat supplementation interacts with dietary forage neutral detergent fiber content during the immediate postpartum and carryover periods in holstein cows: production responses and digestibility of nutrients. | forty-eight multiparous cows were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the interaction between a highly saturated free fa supplement (sffa) and dietary forage neutral detergent fiber (fndf) content on production responses and nutrient digestibility of dairy cows in the postpartum period. treatment diets were offered from 1 to 29d postpartum (postpartum period; pp) and contained 20 or 26% fndf (50:50 corn silage:alfalfa ... | 2015 | 25726102 |
| effects of partial replacement of dietary starch from barley or corn with lactose on ruminal function, short-chain fatty acid absorption, nitrogen utilization, and production performance of dairy cows. | in cows fed diets based on corn-alfalfa silage, replacing starch with sugar improves milk production. although the rate of ruminal fermentation of sugar is more rapid than that of starch, evidence has been found that feeding sugar as a partial replacement for starch does not negatively affect ruminal ph despite increasing diet fermentability. the mechanism(s) for this desirable response are unknown. our objective was to determine the effects of replacing barley or corn starch with lactose (as dr ... | 2015 | 25704977 |
| microbial release of ferulic and p-coumaric acids from forages and their digestibility in lactating cows fed total mixed rations with different forage combinations. | ferulic acid (fa) and p-coumaric acid (pca) are widely distributed in graminaceous plant cell walls. this study investigated the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of ester-linked fa (faest) and pca (pcaest) in lactating dairy cows. | 2016 | 25675865 |
| validation of an approach to predict total-tract fiber digestibility using a standardized in vitro technique for different diets fed to high-producing dairy cows. | the experimental objective was to validate an in vitro model to predict total-tract neutral detergent fiber (ndf) digestibility in dairy cattle. twenty-one diets from 7 studies conducted at university of wisconsin-madison were analyzed for in vitro fiber digestibility. forages varied among diets (corn, alfalfa, tall and meadow fescue, and wheat straw silages) and nutrient composition (ranges: ndf = 22.5 to 33.8%; crude protein = 15.8 to 18.9%; nonfiber carbohydrates = 38.0 to 51.0%). total-tract ... | 2015 | 25648802 |
| [on the history of vitamin k, dicoumarol and warfarin]. | the history of the discovery and development of vitamin k and its antagonists, the oral anticoagulants dicoumarol and warfarin, are fascinating, triumphant landmarks in the annals of medicine. vitamin k was found by carl peter henrik dam and fritz schønheyder from the university of copenhagen. the discovery was initiated by dam, by a lucky choice of chicks in the dissertation of sterol metabolism, since the vitamin is not formed by intestinal bacteria in these animals. in these experiments the l ... | 2014 | 25639072 |
| metabolomics of four biofluids from dairy cows: potential biomarkers for milk production and quality. | the fundamental understanding of the mechanisms regulating milk protein synthesis is limited. this study aimed to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms of milk production affected by forage quality through studying metabolites from four biofluids (rumen fluid, milk, serum, and urine) collected from 16 lactating cows fed alfalfa hay (ah, high-quality, n = 8) and corn stover (cs, low-quality, n = 8) using gas chromatography-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry. the cows fed ah exhibited higher milk yield ... | 2015 | 25599412 |
| protein precipitation behavior of condensed tannins from lotus pedunculatus and trifolium repens with different mean degrees of polymerization. | the precipitation of bovine serum albumin (bsa), lysozyme (lys), and alfalfa leaf protein (alf) by two large- and two medium-sized condensed tannin (ct) fractions of similar flavan-3-ol subunit composition is described. ct fractions isolated from white clover flowers and big trefoil leaves exhibited high-purity profiles by 1d/2d nmr and purities >90% (determined by thiolysis). at ph 6.5, large cts with a mean degree of polymerization (mdp) of ∼18 exhibited similar protein precipitation behaviors ... | 2015 | 25569853 |
| milk production responses to dietary stearic acid vary by production level in dairy cattle. | effects of stearic acid supplementation on feed intake and metabolic and production responses of dairy cows with a wide range of milk production (32.2 to 64.4 kg/d) were evaluated in a crossover design experiment with a covariate period. thirty-two multiparous holstein cows (142±55 d in milk) were assigned randomly within level of milk yield to treatment sequence. treatments were diets supplemented (2% of diet dry matter) with stearic acid (sa; 98% c18:0) or control (soyhulls). the diets were ba ... | 2015 | 25529423 |
| effects of ruminal doses of sucrose, lactose, and corn starch on ruminal fermentation and expression of genes in ruminal epithelial cells. | the objective was to evaluate effects of a ruminal dose of sucrose, lactose, and corn starch on ruminal fermentation and expression of genes in ruminal epithelial cells. six ruminally cannulated nonlactating nonpregnant holstein cows (body weight=725±69.6kg) were assigned to treatments in a 3×3 latin square design with 7-d periods; 1d for data and sample collection followed by a 6-d washout period. cows were fed a diet containing whole-crop barley silage and dry ground corn, and dietary neutral ... | 2015 | 25468705 |
| effect of dietary fatty acid supplements, varying in fatty acid composition, on milk fat secretion in dairy cattle fed diets supplemented to less than 3% total fatty acids. | dietary fatty acids can affect both milk fat yield and fatty acid (fa) composition. this relationship is well established when the dietary level of fa exceeds 3% of diet dry matter (dm). we could find no reports directly examining the effects of dietary fa profile on milk fat at levels below 3%. twenty-four primiparous and 36 multiparous lactating cows were paired by production (1 high with 1 low, within parity) to form 30 experimental units. pairs were fed 6 diets in five 6×6 balanced latin squ ... | 2015 | 25468700 |
| effect of dietary starch concentration and fish oil supplementation on milk yield and composition, diet digestibility, and methane emissions in lactating dairy cows. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets with different starch concentrations and fish oil (fo) supplementation on lactation performance, in vivo total-tract nutrient digestibility, n balance, and methane (ch4) emissions in lactating dairy cows. the experiment was conducted as a 4×4 latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement: 2 concentrations of dietary starch [low vs. high: 23.7 and 27.7% on a dry matter (dm) basis; neutral detergent fiber/starch ratios: 1.47 and 1.1 ... | 2015 | 25465540 |
| performance, digestion, nitrogen balance, and emission of manure ammonia, enteric methane, and carbon dioxide in lactating cows fed diets with varying alfalfa silage-to-corn silage ratios. | two trials were conducted simultaneously to study the effects of varying alfalfa silage (as) to corn silage (cs) ratio in diets formulated to avoid excess protein or starch on lactating dairy cow performance, digestibility, ruminal parameters, n balance, manure production and composition, and gaseous emissions [carbon dioxide (co2), methane (ch4), and ammonia-n (nh3-n)]. in trial 1 all measurements, except gas emissions, were conducted on 8 rumen-cannulated cows in replicated 4×4 latin squares. ... | 2015 | 25465537 |
| evaluation of the systemic innate immune response and metabolic alterations of nonlactating cows with diet-induced subacute ruminal acidosis. | subacute ruminal acidosis (sara) increases lipopolysaccharide endotoxin in the rumen, which might translocate into the systemic circulation, triggering a cascade of clinical and immunological alterations. the objective of this study was to characterize the clinical immune and metabolic responses to ruminal-derived lipopolysaccharide in nonlactating cows induced with sara using 2 challenges, a grain-based sara challenge (gbsc) or an alfalfa-pellet sara challenge (apsc). six dry, nonlactating hols ... | 2014 | 25459907 |
| effects of acarbose addition on ruminal bacterial microbiota, lipopolysaccharide levels and fermentation characteristics in vitro. | this study investigated the effects of acarbose addition on changes in ruminal fermentation characteristics and the composition of the ruminal bacterial community in vitro using batch cultures. rumen fluid was collected from the rumens of three cannulated holstein cattle fed forage ad libitum that was supplemented with 6 kg of concentrate. the batch cultures consisted of 8 ml of strained rumen fluid in 40 ml of an anaerobic buffer containing 0.49 g of corn grain, 0.21 g of soybean meal, 0.15 g o ... | 2014 | 25358366 |
| development of a methodology to measure the effect of ergot alkaloids on forestomach motility using real-time wireless telemetry. | the objectives of these experiments were to characterize rumen motility patterns of cattle fed once daily using a real-time wireless telemetry system, determine when to measure rumen motility with this system, and determine the effect of ruminal dosing of ergot alkaloids on rumen motility. ruminally cannulated holstein steers (n = 8) were fed a basal diet of alfalfa cubes once daily. rumen motility was measured by monitoring real-time pressure changes within the rumen using wireless telemetry an ... | 2014 | 25353021 |
| influence of corn silage hybrid type on lactation performance by holstein dairy cows. | the primary objective of this study was to determine lactation performance by dairy cows fed nutridense (nd), dual-purpose (dp), or brown midrib (bm) corn silage hybrids at the same concentration in the diets. a secondary objective was to determine lactation performance by dairy cows fed nutridense corn silage at a higher concentration in the diet. one hundred twenty-eight holstein and holstein × jersey cows (105 ± 38 d in milk) were stratified by breed and parity and randomly assigned to 16 pen ... | 2014 | 25282412 |
| effects of alfalfa and cereal straw as a forage source on nutrient digestibility and lactation performance in lactating dairy cows. | this study was conducted to investigate the nutrient digestibility and lactation performance when alfalfa was replaced with rice straw or corn stover in the diet of lactating cows. forty-five multiparous holstein dairy cows were blocked based on days in milk (164 ± 24.8 d; mean ± standard deviation) and milk yield (29.7 ± 4.7 kg; mean ± standard deviation) and were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments. diets were isonitrogenous, with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 45:55 [dry matter (dm) basi ... | 2014 | 25262188 |
| effects of altering alfalfa hay quality when feeding steam-flaked versus high-moisture corn grain on ruminal fermentation and lactational performance of dairy cows. | this experiment was performed to test a hypothesis that nutritive benefits of feeding high-moisture corn (hmc) would be different when fed with different qualities of alfalfa hay (ah) due to associative effects on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization efficiency. eight multiparous lactating holstein cows were used; 4 were surgically fitted with ruminal cannulas. days in milk averaged 184 ± 10.7 at the start of the experiment. the experiment was performed in a duplicate 4 × 4 latin square ... | 2014 | 25262185 |
| effect of unsaturated fatty acids and triglycerides from soybeans on milk fat synthesis and biohydrogenation intermediates in dairy cattle. | increased rumen unsaturated fatty acid (fa) load is a risk factor for milk fat depression. this study evaluated if increasing the amount of unsaturated fa in the diet as triglycerides or free fa affected feed intake, yield of milk and milk components, and feed efficiency. eighteen holstein cows (132 ± 75 d in milk) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 latin square design. treatments were a control (con) diet, or 1 of 2 unsaturated fa (ufa) treatments supplemented with either soybean oil (fa present a ... | 2014 | 25242428 |
| alfalfa baleage with increased concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates supplemented with a corn-based concentrate did not improve production and nitrogen utilization in early lactation dairy cows. | the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding alfalfa baleage with different concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates (nsc) supplemented with a common corn-based concentrate on performance, ruminal fermentation profile, n utilization, and omasal flow of nutrients in dairy cows during early lactation. ten multiparous (8 ruminally cannulated) and 8 primiparous holstein cows were randomly assigned to treatments (high- or low-nsc diet) in a crossover design. the differen ... | 2014 | 25173470 |
| effect of intake on fasting heat production, respiratory quotient and plasma metabolites measured using the washed rumen technique. | the objective was to investigate the effect of intake before fasting on concentrations of metabolites and hormones, respiratory quotient (rq) and fasting heat production (hp) using the washed rumen technique and to compare these values with those from the fed state. six holstein steers (360±22 kg) were maintained at 21°c and fed three different energy intakes within a replicated 3×3 latin square design with 21-day periods. steers were fed alfalfa cubes to provide 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0×nem during 19 d ... | 2015 | 25166735 |
| determination of mycotoxins in feedstuffs and ruminant's milk using an easy and simple lc-ms/ms multiresidue method. | mycotoxin contamination is a common problem on feedstuffs, that can be formed on crops in the field, during harvest, storage, processing or feeding. the scope of the current study was to investigate the levels of aflatoxin b1, aflatoxin b2, aflatoxin g1, aflatoxin g2, diacetoxyscirpenol, ochratoxin a, toxin ht-2, toxin t-2 and zearalenone in a variety of feedstuffs (maize silage, alfalfa hay, cottonseed cake, corn grain and concentrates) fed to ruminants and the possible contamination of milk th ... | 2014 | 25159373 |
| methane production, nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, n balance, and milk production of cows fed timothy silage- or alfalfa silage-based diets. | the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of changing forage source in dairy cow diets from timothy silage (ts) to alfalfa silage (as) on enteric ch₄ emissions, ruminal fermentation characteristics, digestion, milk production, and n balance. nine ruminally cannulated lactating cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 latin square design (32-d period) and fed (ad libitum) a total mixed ration (tmr; forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40, dry matter basis), with the forage portion consisti ... | 2014 | 25064648 |
| effects of combination of rice straw with alfalfa pellet on milk productivity and chewing activity in lactating dairy cows. | an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of diets containing coarse-texture rice straw and small particle size alfalfa pellets as a part of total mixed ration (tmr) on milk productivity and chewing activity in lactating dairy cows. sixteen multiparous holstein dairy cows (670±21 kg body weight) in mid-lactation (194.1±13.6 days in milk) were randomly assigned to tmr containing 50% of timothy hay (th) or tmr containing 20% of rice straw and 30% of alfalfa pellet mixture (rsap). geomet ... | 2014 | 25050037 |
| effects of forage sources on rumen fermentation characteristics, performance, and microbial protein synthesis in midlactation cows. | eight multiparous holstein cows (632±12 kg bw; 135±16 dim) were used in a replicated 4×4 latin square design to evaluate the effects of forage sources on rumen fermentation characteristics, performance, and microbial protein (mcp) synthesis. the forage portion of the diets contained alfalfa hay (ah), oat hay (oh), leymus chinensis (lc), or rice straw (rs) as the primary source of fiber. diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric, and cows were fed four corn silages based total mixed rations with e ... | 2014 | 25050001 |
| management practices and forage quality affecting the contamination of milk with anaerobic spore-forming bacteria. | anaerobic spore-forming bacteria (asfb) in milk derive from the farm environment, and the use of silages and management practices are the main responsible of milk asfb contamination. the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between feeding, milking routine and cow hygiene and milk and grana padano cheese (produced with and without lysozyme) asfb contamination. | 2015 | 25042169 |
| effects of supplementation level and particle size of alfalfa hay on growth characteristics and rumen development in dairy calves. | the aim of this study was to assess the effects of particle size (ps) of alfalfa hay on growth characteristics and rumen development in dairy calves at two levels of alfalfa supplementation. fifty newborn dairy calves (42.7 ± 2.2 kg bw) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the factors supplementation level (low, 8%; or high, 16% on dm basis) and ps (medium, 2.92 mm; or long, 5.04 mm as geometrical means) of alfalfa hay. in addition, a control group without alfalfa hay was used. hence, ... | 2015 | 25039298 |
| effects of meloxicam administration on physiological and performance responses of transported feeder cattle. | this experiment evaluated the effects of meloxicam administration on physiological and performance responses of transported cattle during feedlot receiving. eighty-four angus × hereford steers were ranked by bw on d -10 and assigned to 21 dry lot pens. from d -10 to 0, pens were fed alfalfa-grass hay ad libitum and 2.4 kg/steer daily (dm basis) of a corn-based concentrate. on d 0, pens were randomly assigned to 1) transport for 1,440 km in a livestock trailer and oral administration of meloxicam ... | 2014 | 25023798 |
| chewing, rumen pool characteristics, and lactation performance of dairy cows fed 2 concentrations of a corn wet-milling coproduct with different forage sources. | we used a novel corn wet-milling coproduct [cmp; approximately 70% dry matter, 28% crude protein, 36% neutral detergent fiber (ndf), and 18% nonstructural carbohydrates] in diets formulated to contain 18.4% forage ndf, 17.4% crude protein, 20.2% starch, and 3.7% sugar. six primiparous, rumen-cannulated jersey cows were assigned to a 6 × 6 latin square design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. diets were formulated to contain 20 and 30% cmp with 3 forage sources [corn silage (cs) a ... | 2014 | 24996267 |
| grape marc reduces methane emissions when fed to dairy cows. | grape marc (the skins, seeds, stalk, and stems remaining after grapes have been pressed to make wine) is currently a by-product used as a feed supplement by the dairy and beef industries. grape marc contains condensed tannins and has high concentrations of crude fat; both these substances can reduce enteric methane (ch4) production when fed to ruminants. this experiment examined the effects of dietary supplementation with either dried, pelleted grape marc or ensiled grape marc on yield and compo ... | 2014 | 24952778 |
| effects of feeding lauric acid or coconut oil on ruminal protozoa numbers, fermentation pattern, digestion, omasal nutrient flow, and milk production in dairy cows. | the objectives of this study were to evaluate the feeding of coconut oil (co), in which lauric acid (la) comprises about 50% of the fatty acid composition, as a practical rumen protozoa (rp) suppressing agent, to assess whether the source of la affects ruminal fermentation and animal performance and to test whether suppressing rp improves n utilization, nutrient digestion, nutrient flow at the omasal canal, and milk production. fifteen multiparous holstein cows (3 fitted with ruminal cannulas) a ... | 2014 | 24931520 |
| grazing increases the concentration of cla in dairy cow milka. | an experiment was conducted to examine whether increased cla in milk of dairy cows fed fresh pasture compared with alfalfa and corn silages was because of ruminal or endogenous synthesis. eight holsteins were fed a total mixed ration using alfalfa and corn silages as the forage source in confinement or grazed in a replicated crossover design. the proportion of total fatty acids as cla (primarily c9, t11-18:2) in g/100 g was 0.44 v. 0.28 in ruminal digesta, 0.89 v. 0.53 in omasal digesta and 0.71 ... | 2014 | 24785122 |
| effect of development system on growth and reproductive performance of beef heifers. | reproductive performance was evaluated in beef heifers born over a 2-yr period to determine the effects of target breeding weight (tbw) and development system (sys) on growth and subsequent reproductive efficiency. spring-born angus heifers (253 ± 0.7 kg) were randomly allocated over 2 consecutive yr (yr 1, n = 80; yr 2, n = 96) to be developed to either 55% (350 kg) of mature bw (moderate gain, mg) or 62% (395 kg) of mature bw (high gain, hg). each mg and hg group was further assigned to 1 of 2 ... | 2014 | 24778339 |
| effects of supplemental chromium propionate and rumen-protected amino acids on productivity, diet digestibility, and energy balance of peak-lactation dairy cattle. | chromium (cr) feeding in early lactation increased milk production in some studies, but responses to dietary cr during peak lactation have not been evaluated. furthermore, interactions of essential amino acids (aa) and cr have not been explored. our objective was to evaluate responses to crpr (kemtrace chromium propionate 0.04%, kemin industries inc., des moines, ia) and rumen-protected lys (lysipearl, kemin industries inc.) and met (metipearl, kemin industries inc.) and their interaction in pea ... | 2014 | 24731641 |
| importance of grass-legume choices on cattle grazing behavior, performance, and meat characteristics. | we determined if tall fescue in a mixture with either tannin-containing sainfoin or saponin-containing alfalfa affected cattle foraging behavior, performance, meat quality, and consumer acceptance of meat. foraging behavior, bw, and pasture biomass before and after grazing were monitored when cattle strip-grazed 3 replications of 2 treatments from may through september 2010 (12 calves/replication) and from june through september 2012 (8 calves/replication). animals were allowed a choice between ... | 2014 | 24671584 |
| biohydrogenation of fatty acids is dependent on plant species and feeding regimen of dairy cows. | rumen biohydrogenation (bh) of c18:3n-3 (ala) and c18:2n-6 (la) has been shown to be reduced in cows fed species-rich herbage, but plant species offering the best protection against bh are yet to be elucidated. the aim of the present study was to investigate differences in rumen in vitro bh of ala and la between single plant species and feeding regimens. rumen fluid was collected from cows fed either total mixed ration (tmr), species-rich silage (herb), or grass silage (grass). five single speci ... | 2014 | 24665875 |
| comparative digestibility by cattle versus sheep: effect of forage quality. | the objective was to determine the effect of forage quality on apparent total tract digestibility and ruminal fermentation in cattle versus sheep. five yearling english crossbred (hereford × angus) steers (440.4 ± 35.6 kg of initial bw) and 5 yearling whiteface (rambouillet × columbia × debouillet) wethers (44.4 ± 4.6 kg of initial bw), each fitted with a ruminal cannula, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 forage sources within ruminant specie, and the study was conducted over 3 periods. for forag ... | 2014 | 24663196 |
| diurnal variations of progesterone, testosterone, and androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione in the rumen and in vitro progesterone transformation by mixed rumen microorganisms of lactating dairy cows. | five holstein lactating dairy cows fed 5 total mixed rations (tmr) with different forage combinations were used in a 5 × 5 latin square design to investigate diurnal variations of progesterone (p4), testosterone, and androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (add) concentrations in the rumen. meanwhile, different p4 inclusion levels [0 (control), 2, 20, 40, 80, and 100 ng/ml in culture fluids] were incubated in vitro for 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h together with rumen mixed microorganisms grown on a maize-r ... | 2014 | 24630664 |
| metabolomics analysis reveals large effect of roughage types on rumen microbial metabolic profile in dairy cows. | the aim of our study was to determine the effect of diets with different types of roughage on the ruminal microbial metabolite profile in dairy cows. holstein dairy cows were fed a diet containing either corn stover (cs group) or a mixture of alfalfa hay, leymus chinensis hay and corn silage (mf group) at 0700 and 1900 h daily. rumen fluid was sampled from each cow through a ruminal cannula at 0630 and 1030 h, and the mixed ruminal fluid from 3 day in each cow was analysed using nuclear magnetic ... | 2014 | 24617926 |
| influence of different systems for feeding supplements to grazing dairy cows on milk fatty acid composition. | this study investigated the effects of different strategies for feeding supplements to grazing dairy cows on the proportions of fatty acids in milk. two hundred and sixteen cows were fed supplementary grain and forage according to one of 3 different strategies; (1) control: cows grazed perennial ryegrass pasture (14 kg dry matter/d) supplemented with milled barley grain fed in the milking parlour and pasture silage offered in the paddock; (2) partial mixed ration 1 (pmr1): same pasture allotment ... | 2014 | 24560061 |
| co-expression of bacterial aspartate kinase and adenylylsulfate reductase genes substantially increases sulfur amino acid levels in transgenic alfalfa (medicago sativa l.). | alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) is one of the most important forage crops used to feed livestock, such as cattle and sheep, and the sulfur amino acid (saa) content of alfalfa is used as an index of its nutritional value. aspartate kinase (ak) catalyzes the phosphorylation of aspartate to asp-phosphate, the first step in the aspartate family biosynthesis pathway, and adenylylsulfate reductase (apr) catalyzes the conversion of activated sulfate to sulfite, providing reduced sulfur for the synthesis o ... | 2014 | 24520364 |
| interactions of alfalfa hay and sodium propionate on dairy calf performance and rumen development. | the objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different levels of alfalfa hay (ah) and sodium propionate (pro) added to starter diets of holstein calves on growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics, and rumen development. forty-two male holstein calves (40±2kg of birth weight) were used in a complete randomized design with a 3×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. dietary treatments were as follows: (1) control = concentrate only; (2) pro = concentrate with 5% ... | 2014 | 24508441 |
| protected methionine prolonged provision improves summer production and reproduction of lactating dairy cows. | the objective was to establish prolonged effects of a rumen-protected met (rpm) product (smartaminem) on milk production and reproduction of high-producing early-lactation cows under extended very high ambient temperatures. twenty four fresh holstein cows (27 +/- 9 days in milk, 617 kg b.wt., 2.8 body condition score) including 12 second lactation and 12 higher lactation cows were randomly assigned to either control or rpm-supplemented total mixed rations (tmr, 520:480 g kg(-1) forage:concentrat ... | 2013 | 24494524 |
| interactive effects of bulk density of steam-flaked corn and concentration of sweet bran on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. | two hundred twenty-four steers (initial bw = 363 ± 1.57 kg) were used in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the interactive effects of concentration of wet corn gluten feed (wcgf) and bulk density (bd) of steam-flaked corn (sfc) on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and apparent total tract digestibility. diets consisted of 0, 15, or 30% wcgf (dm basis) with a bd of sfc at 283 or 360 g/l. the additional treatment consisted of 15% wcgf, sfc at 283 g/l, and a 6% ... | 2014 | 24492582 |
| short communication: comparison of 3 solid digesta passage markers in dairy cows. | this study investigated the usefulness of acid-detergent fiber-bound (15)n [acid detergent insoluble (adi)-(15)n] as a solid digesta passage marker in dairy cows compared with chromium (cr) and ytterbium (yb) (as labeled fiber or forage, respectively). intrinsically (adi-(15)n) or extrinsically (cr, yb) labeled alfalfa hay was pulse-dosed intraruminally to 7 lactating dairy cows. following marker administration, spot fecal samples were collected for up to 72 h for marker analyses. urine and milk ... | 2014 | 24472133 |
| residual feed intake of lactating holstein-friesian cows predicted from high-density genotypes and phenotyping of growing heifers. | a genomic prediction for residual feed intake (rfi) developed in growing dairy heifers (rfigro) was used to predict and test breeding values for rfi in lactating cows (rfilac) from an independent, industry population. a selection of 3,359 cows, in their third or fourth lactation during the study, of above average genetic merit for milk production, and identified as at least 15/16ths holstein-friesian breed, were selected for genotyping from commercial dairy herds. genotyping was carried out usin ... | 2014 | 24472127 |
| technical note: evaluation of markers for estimating duodenal digesta flow and ruminal digestibility: acid detergent fiber, sulfuric acid detergent lignin, and n-alkanes. | the amount of digesta flowing to the duodenum is a relevant measurement for the evaluation of nutrient supply to ruminants, which is usually estimated in animals fitted with a duodenal t-type cannula using internal or external markers. this study evaluated acid detergent fiber (adf) compared with external (c32n-alkane) and internal [sulfuric acid lignin (adl) and n-alkanes c31 and c33] markers for estimating duodenal flow and(or) ruminal digestibility of dry matter (dm) in cattle and sheep. in t ... | 2014 | 24440249 |
| milk fatty acid profiles in holstein dairy cows fed diets based on corn stover or mixed forage. | in this study the influence of modulated concentrate-to-roughage ratio on the fatty acid profile of milk fat was investigated in dairy cows. therefore, corn stover was compared with better-quality roughages. two groups of in total 24 holstein dairy cows (136 ± 37 days in milk) received either a high-forage diet (diet mf, forage-to-concentrate ratio [f:c] = 60:40) with alfalfa hay, corn silage and chinese wild rye as forage sources, or a low-forage diet with corn stover as forage source (diet cs, ... | 2014 | 24422608 |
| effect of feeding extruded flaxseed with different grains on the performance of dairy cows and milk fatty acid profile. | sixteen holsteins cows were used in a latin square design experiment to determine the effects of extruded flaxseed (ef) supplementation and grain source (i.e., corn vs. barley) on performance of dairy cows. extruded flaxseed diets contained 10% [dry matter (dm) basis] of an ef product that consisted of 75% flaxseed and 25% ground alfalfa meal. four lactating holsteins cows fitted with rumen fistulas were used to determine the effects of dietary treatments on ruminal fermentation. intakes of dm ( ... | 2014 | 24418278 |
| effect of varying dietary starch and fiber levels and inoculum source (mule deer vs. dairy cow) on simulated rumen fermentation characteristics. | this study measured starch and fiber digestion and microbial fermentation of three commercial exotic animal feeds using mule deer (md) or dairy cow (dc) rumen inoculum. diets were formulated to provide either high starch/low fiber (based on neutral detergent fiber fraction; ndf) with either alfalfa (diet a) or grain and oilseed byproducts (diet b) as the major fiber sources or low starch/high ndf (diet c). an initial batch culture incubation was run with diets inoculated with each rumen inoculum ... | 2014 | 24395284 |
| urea-n recycling in lactating dairy cows fed diets with 2 different levels of dietary crude protein and starch with or without monensin. | rumensin (monensin; elanco animal health, greenfield, in) has been shown to reduce ammonia production and microbial populations in vitro; thus, it would be assumed to reduce ruminal ammonia production and subsequent urea production and consequently affect urea recycling. the objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of 2 levels of dietary crude protein (cp) and 2 levels of starch, with and without rumensin on urea-n recycling in lactating dairy cattle. twelve lactating holstein d ... | 2014 | 24377801 |
| holstein-friesian calves selected for divergence in residual feed intake during growth exhibited significant but reduced residual feed intake divergence in their first lactation. | residual feed intake (rfi), as a measure of feed conversion during growth, was estimated for around 2,000 growing holstein-friesian heifer calves aged 6 to 9 mo in new zealand and australia, and individuals from the most and least efficient deciles (low and high rfi phenotypes) were retained. these animals (78 new zealand cows, 105 australian cows) were reevaluated during their first lactation to determine if divergence for rfi observed during growth was maintained during lactation. mean daily b ... | 2014 | 24377796 |
| effect of dietary forage sources on rumen microbiota, rumen fermentation and biogenic amines in dairy cows. | fifteen lactating holstein dairy cows were assigned to three diets in a 3 × 3 latin square design to evaluate the effects of dietary forage sources on rumen microbiota, rumen fermentation and biogenic amines. diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric, with a forage/concentrate ratio of 45:55 (dry matter basis) but different main forage sources, namely cornstalk (cs), leymus chinensis (lc) or alfalfa hay (ah). | 2014 | 24375419 |
| addition of potassium carbonate to continuous cultures of mixed ruminal bacteria shifts volatile fatty acids and daily production of biohydrogenation intermediates. | a recent study reported a 0.4 percentage unit increase in milk fat of lactating dairy cattle when dietary k was increased from 1.2 to 2% with potassium carbonate. because milk fat yield has been associated with ruminal production of certain conjugated linoleic acid (cla) isomers, 2 studies were conducted to determine if increasing potassium carbonate in the rumen would alter patterns of fermentation and biohydrogenation. in experiment 1, 5 dual-flow continuous fermenters were injected just befor ... | 2014 | 24359822 |
| investigation of bacterial diversity in the feces of cattle fed different diets. | the objective of this study is to investigate individual animal variation of bovine fecal microbiota including as affected by diets. fecal samples were collected from 426 cattle fed 1 of 3 diets typically fed to feedlot cattle: 1) 143 steers fed finishing diet (83% dry-rolled corn, 13% corn silage, and 4% supplement), 2) 147 steers fed late growing diet (66% dry-rolled corn, 26% corn silage, and 8% supplement), and 3) 136 heifers fed early growing diet (70% corn silage and 30% alfalfa haylage). ... | 2014 | 24352967 |
| effects of decreased dietary roughage concentration on energy metabolism and nutrient balance in finishing beef cattle. | the optimal roughage concentration required in feedlot diets changes continuously for many reasons such as source, availability, price, and interaction with other ingredients in the diet. wet distillers grains and solubles (wdgs) are common in finishing diets and they contain relatively high amounts of fiber compared with other grains they replace. therefore, concentration of roughage could be altered when wdgs are included in feedlot diets. there has been very little data published regarding th ... | 2014 | 24352959 |
| effect of substituting brown rice for corn on lactation and digestion in dairy cows fed diets with a high proportion of grain. | the effects of the substitution of brown rice (oryza sativa l.; br) for corn (zea mays l.) in ensiled total mixed ration (tmr) that had a high proportion of grain on feed intake, lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, digestion, and n utilization were evaluated. nine multiparous holstein cows (51 ± 9 d in milk) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 latin square design with 3 dietary treatments: a diet containing 0, 20, or 40% steam-flaked br and 40, 20, or 0% steam-flaked corn (dry matter basis) ... | 2014 | 24342688 |
| short communication: effects of molasses supplementation on performance of lactating cows fed high-alfalfa silage diets. | twelve holstein cows were used in a replicated latin square experiment to determine the effect of adding dried molasses to high-alfalfa silage diets on dairy cow performance. three isonitrogenous diets were formulated with a 68:32 forage:concentrate ratio, with alfalfa silage as the only forage source. dietary treatments were a control diet with no added molasses and 3 and 6% dried molasses diets. three lactating holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used to determine the effects of di ... | 2014 | 24315324 |
| milk production and composition of mid-lactation cows consuming perennial ryegrass-and chicory-based diets. | dry matter intakes (dmi), nutrient selection, and milk production responses of dairy cows grazing 3 herbage-based diets offered at 2 allowances were measured. the 2 allowances were 20 (low) and 30 (high) kg of dry matter (dm)/cow per day and these were applied to 3 herbage types: perennial ryegrass (prg) and chicory (chic+) monocultures and a mixed sward of chicory and perennial ryegrass (mix). the chic+ diet was supplemented with alfalfa hay (approximately 2 kg of dm/cow per day) to maintain di ... | 2014 | 24290818 |
| ruminant nutrition symposium: the utility of lipid extracted algae as a protein source in forage or starch-based ruminant diets. | two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of lipid extracted algae (lea) on om digestibility, n flow, and rumen fermentation. six samples of lea were evaluated representing 2 genus of microalgae (nannochloropsis spp. [n = 3] or chlorella spp. [n = 3]). four dual-flow continuous flow fermenters (2,700 ml) were used in a latin square design to evaluate lea in forage or concentrate diets compared with soybean meal. temperature (39 °c), ph, solid (5%/h) and liquid (10%/h) dilution ra ... | 2014 | 24243898 |
| a simulation-based approach for evaluating and comparing the environmental footprints of beef production systems. | a methodology was developed and used to determine environmental footprints of beef cattle produced at the u.s. meat animal research center (marc) in clay center, ne, with the goal of quantifying improvements achieved over the past 40 yr. information for marc operations was gathered and used to establish parameters representing their production system with the integrated farm system model. the marc farm, cow-calf, and feedlot operations were each simulated over recent historical weather to evalua ... | 2013 | 24146148 |
| effect of physical effectiveness on digestibility of ration for cows in early lactation. | a study was conducted to investigate the effects of a diet particle size on nutrient digestibility in cows in early lactation. treatments were diets with forage to concentrate ratio 43:57% in diet dry matter, with four different physically effective fibres (pendf) content based on different cut length of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. the physical effectiveness factors (pef) and pendf content of tmrs (total mixed ration) were determined using penn state particle separator (psps) with two (pef8 ... | 2014 | 24118628 |
| effect of selenium concentration on feed preferences by cattle and sheep. | selenium-accumulator plants are reputed to be unpalatable to livestock. the objective of this study was to determine if sheep and cattle could discriminate between forages and feeds with different concentrations of se. in the first study, cattle and sheep preferences for intermediate wheatgrass (thinopyrum intermedium), alfalfa (medicago sativa), and western aster (symphyotrichum ascendens) of varying se concentrations were assessed. the se concentrations ranged from 0.8 to 50 mg/kg (dm) in gras ... | 2013 | 24085414 |
| effects of alfalfa hay particle size in high-concentrate diets supplemented with unsaturated fat: chewing behavior, total-tract digestibility, and milk production of dairy cows. | this study evaluated the effects of increasing the physically effective neutral detergent fiber (pendf) intake of lactating dairy cows fed high-concentrate diets supplemented with unsaturated fat on intake, eating behavior, diet sorting, chewing activity, total-tract digestibility, and milk production and composition. diets contained 24% alfalfa hay (ah), 16% corn silage, 58% concentrate, and 2% yellow grease [dry matter (dm) basis], and dietary pendf content was increased by varying the particl ... | 2013 | 24054282 |
| rest stops during road transport: impacts on performance and acute-phase protein responses of feeder cattle. | angus×hereford steers (n = 42) and heifers (n = 21) were ranked by gender and bw on d 0 of the experiment and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) no transport and full access to feed and water (con); 2) continuous road transport for 1,290 km (trans), or 3) road transport for 1,290 km, with rest stops every 430 km (stop; total of 2 rest stops). treatments were applied from d 0 to 1 of the experiment. cattle from trans and stop treatments were transported in separate commercial livestock tr ... | 2013 | 23989870 |
| technical note: whole-pen assessments of nutrient excretion and digestibility from dairy replacement heifers housed in sand-bedded freestalls. | our objectives were to describe and test refined procedures for quantifying excreta produced from whole pens of dairy heifers. previous research efforts attempting to make whole-pen measurements of excreta output have been complicated by the use of organic bedding, which requires cumbersome analytical techniques to quantify excreta apart from the bedding. research pens equipped with sand-bedded freestalls offer a unique opportunity for refinement of whole-pen fecal collection methods, primarily ... | 2013 | 23965394 |
| enteric methane production from beef cattle that vary in feed efficiency. | we hypothesized that ch4 production will decrease with increased feed efficiency. two experiments were conducted to determine ch4 production of cattle that differed in feed efficiency. cattle in both studies were selected from larger contemporary groups. animals furthest from the confidence ellipse that resulted from regressing bw gain on dmi were selected. in the first experiment, 113 crossbred steers were evaluated for feed efficiency for 64 d. steers were 355 ± 1 d of age and weighed 456 ± 10 ... | 2013 | 23965389 |
| corn silage hybrid type and quality of alfalfa hay affect dietary nitrogen utilization by early lactating dairy cows. | this experiment was conducted to determine the effects of corn silage (cs) hybrids and quality of alfalfa hay (ah) in high-forage dairy diets on n utilization, ruminal fermentation, and lactational performance by early-lactating dairy cows. eight multiparous holstein cows were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 latin square experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. the 8 cows (average days in milk = 23 ± 11.2) were surgically fitted with ruminal cannula, and the 2 squares were ... | 2013 | 23958019 |
| effects of short-term variation in forage quality and forage to concentrate ratio on lactating dairy cows. | within-farm variation in forage composition can be substantial and potentially costly, and it presents challenges for sampling the forage accurately. we hypothesized that day-to-day variation in forage neutral detergent fiber (fndf) concentrations and diet variation caused by sampling error would have negative effects on production measures in lactating dairy cows. twenty-four holstein cows (73 d in milk) were used in 8 replicated 3 × 3 latin squares with 21-d periods. treatments were (1) contro ... | 2013 | 23958009 |
| enteric methane emission, diet digestibility, and nitrogen excretion from beef heifers fed sainfoin or alfalfa. | effects of plant-bound condensed tannin (ct)-containing sainfoin vs. ct-free alfalfa (or low-ct alfalfa-sainfoin mixture), plant stage of maturity, and their interaction on enteric methane (ch4) emissions, diet digestibility, and n excretion were studied, using 8 ruminally cannulated beef heifers in 2 sequential short-term experiments (exp. 1 and 2). in exp. 1, first growth legumes were harvested daily and offered fresh to heifers. heifers were assigned to 100% sainfoin or 80% alfalfa:20% sainfo ... | 2013 | 23942711 |
| alteration of fasting heat production during fescue toxicosis in holstein steers. | this study was designed to examine alteration of fasting heat production (fhp) during fescue toxicosis. six ruminally cannulated holstein steers (bw = 348 ± 13 kg) were bw-matched into pairs and used in a 2 period crossover design experiment. each period consisted of 2 temperature segments, one each at 22 and 30°c. during each period, 1 steer per pair was ruminally dosed twice daily with 0.5 kg of ground endophyte-infected fescue seed (e+) and the other with ground endophyte-free fescue seed (e- ... | 2013 | 23908162 |
| association of snp of neuropeptide y, leptin, and igf-1 genes with residual feed intake in confinement and under grazing condition in angus cattle. | in this study we quantify and compare the phenotypic variation in residual feed intake (rfi) in 2 groups of angus female calves: one carrying simultaneously putative favorable allelic variants (snp) of neuropeptide y, leptin, and igf-1 genes (val group) and another devoid of such alleles (con group). we performed 2 sequential trials: under confinement feeding a high-concentrate diet and under grazing condition. in confinement, 38 purebred angus female calves [mean age and bw of 247 d (sd = 15) a ... | 2013 | 23881687 |
| cattle and sheep develop preference for drinking water containing grape seed tannin. | ingestion of small amounts of some types of condensed tannins (cts) by ruminant livestock can provide nutritional, environmental and economic benefits. however, practical methods are needed to make these tannins more available to ruminant livestock. results from previous trials with crude quebracho and black wattle tannin indicated that cattle and/or sheep would not preferentially drink water containing these tannins. therefore, we conducted preference trials to determine if cattle and sheep wou ... | 2013 | 23880297 |
| effect of summer forage species grazed during finishing on animal performance, carcass quality, and meat quality. | angus-cross steers (n = 60) were used to assess the effect of forage species [alfalfa (al; medicago sativa l.), bermudagrass (bg; cynodon dactylon), chicory (ch; cichorium intybus l.), cowpea (co; vigna unguiculata l.), and pearl millet (pm; pennisetum glaucum (l. r br.)] in replicated 2-ha paddocks for finishing on cattle performance, carcass quality, and meat quality in a 2-yr study. steers were blocked by bw and assigned randomly to finishing-forage treatments before the start of the experime ... | 2013 | 23825343 |
| evaluation of a rapid determination of fasting heat production and respiratory quotient in holstein steers using the washed rumen technique. | the objective of this study was to validate use of the washed rumen (wr) technique for rapid measurement of fasting heat production (hp) and respiratory quotient (rq). sixteen holstein steers were divided into 2 groups of 8 for a comparison of measurements made during feeding (both groups; 16 steers) and fasting (8 steers; bw = 237 ± 17 kg) and using the wr model (8 steers; bw = 322 ± 30 kg). steers were maintained in a controlled temperature (21°c) environment and treated as follows: 10 d diet ... | 2013 | 23825338 |
| effects of roughage concentration in dry-rolled corn-based diets containing wet distillers grains with solubles on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers. | distillers grains and distillers solubles are by-products of grain fermentation used to produce ethanol and contain greater concentrations of ndf and adf, compared with other grains and concentrates they replace in feedlot diets. typical finishing diets in the united states contain 8.3% and 9.0% roughage. therefore, it is plausible that the dietary concentration of roughage can be altered when distillers grains are included in feedlot diets. the effects of roughage concentration in dry-rolled, c ... | 2013 | 23798521 |
| corn silage in dairy cow diets to reduce ruminal methanogenesis: effects on the rumen metabolically active microbial communities. | methane produced by the methanogenic archaea that inhabit the rumen is a potent greenhouse gas and represents an energy loss for the animal. although several strategies have been proposed to mitigate enteric ch4 production, little is known about the effects of dietary changes on the microbial consortia involved in ruminal methanogenesis. thus, the current study aimed to examine how the metabolically active microbes are affected when dairy cows were fed diets with increasing proportions of corn s ... | 2013 | 23769352 |
| effects of inclusion of graded amounts of soya bean hulls on feed intake, chewing activity and nutrient digestibility in dairy cows. | twelve multiparous holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 latin square changeover design to evaluate the effects of graded inclusion of soya bean hulls (shs) in replacement of diet forages at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of dietary dry matter (dm) basis on pendf > 8 and pendf > 1.18 contents of diets and their resulting effects on chewing activity, nutrient digestibility and milk production of dairy cattle. the control diet contained 50% forage, 50% concentrate and no sh. in the other three ... | 2014 | 23758335 |
| short communication: evaluation of acid-insoluble ash and indigestible neutral detergent fiber as total-tract digestibility markers in dairy cows fed corn silage-based diets. | the objective of this experiment was to evaluate acid-insoluble ash (aia) and indigestible ndf (indf) as intrinsic digestibility markers in comparison with total fecal collection (tc) in dairy cows fed corn silage- and alfalfa haylage-based diets. the experiment was part of a larger experiment, which involved 8 holstein cows [102±28.4 d in milk, 26.4±0.27 kg/d of dry matter (dm) intake, and 43±5.3 kg/d milk yield]. the experimental design was a replicated 4×4 latin square with the following trea ... | 2013 | 23746591 |
| effects of forage provision to young calves on rumen fermentation and development of the gastrointestinal tract. | fifteen holstein male calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments according to age and body weight (bw) to determine the effects of feeding different forages sources on rumen fermentation and gastrointestinal tract (git) development. treatments consisted of a starter (20% crude protein, 21% neutral detergent fiber) fed alone (con) or supplemented with alfalfa (ah) or with oat hay (oh). all calves received 2l of milk replacer (mr) at 12.5% dry matter twice daily until 49 d of age. ... | 2013 | 23706491 |