| mortality of a captive axis deer (axis axis) and a llama (lama glama) due to ingestion of wedelia glauca. | the current study describes a naturally occurring cluster of cases of wedelia glauca intoxication. seven of 14 axis deer (axis axis) and 1 of 8 llamas (lama glama) in a zoo of buenos aires province, argentina, died suddenly after ingestion of a new batch of alfalfa (medicago sativa) hay bales contaminated with the hepatotoxic plant w. glauca. necropsies of 1 deer and 1 llama were performed. pathological findings in both animals included severe diffuse acute centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis ... | 2012 | 22977113 |
| nimbolide b and nimbic acid b, phytotoxic substances in neem leaves with allelopathic activity. | neem (azadirachta indica) has been widely used as a traditional medicine and several bioactive compounds have been isolated from this species, but to date no potent allelopathic active substance has been reported. therefore, we investigated possible allelopathic property and phytotoxic substances with allelopathic activity in neem. an aqueous methanol extract of neem leaves inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of cress, lettuce, alfalfa, timothy, crabgrass, ryegrass, barnyard grass and jungl ... | 2014 | 24865604 |
| distribution of bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) biotypes in florida-investigating the q invasion. | after the 2004 discovery of the bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) q biotype in the united states, there was an urgent need to determine its distribution. as part of a coordinated country-wide effort, an extensive survey of b. tabaci biotypes was conducted in florida, with the cooperation of growers and state and federal agencies, to monitor the introduction and distribution of both the b and q biotypes. the biotype status of submitted b. tabaci samples was determined by polymer ... | 2009 | 19449648 |
| chromium concentrations in ruminant feed ingredients. | chromium (cr), in the form of cr propionate, has been permitted for supplementation to cattle diets in the united states at levels up to 0.50 mg of cr/kg of dm since 2009. little is known regarding cr concentrations naturally present in practical feed ingredients. the present study was conducted to determine cr concentrations in feed ingredients commonly fed to ruminants. feed ingredients were collected from dairy farms, feed mills, grain bins, and university research farms. mean cr concentratio ... | 2017 | 28237600 |
| impact of fat source and dietary fibers on feed intake, plasma metabolites, litter gain and the yield and composition of milk in sows. | sow lactation diets often include fat sources without considering the impact on digestion, metabolism and performance. fiber ingredients may reduce feed intake and are often completely excluded from lactation diets, although locally available ingredients may be cost-efficient alternatives to partly replace cereals in lactation diets. thus, a standard lactation diet low in dietary fiber, and two high-fiber diets based on sugar beet pulp (sbp) or alfalfa meal (alf) were formulated. the sbp diet wa ... | 2016 | 27903321 |
| shredded beet pulp substituted for corn silage in diets fed to dairy cows under ambient heat stress: feed intake, total-tract digestibility, plasma metabolites, and milk production. | the effects of substituting increasing concentrations of dried, shredded beet pulp for corn silage on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and milk production of lactating dairy cows was evaluated under conditions of ambient heat stress. four multiparous (126±13d in milk) and 4 primiparous (121±11d in milk) holstein cows were used in a 4×4 latin square design experiment with 4 periods of 21d. each period had 14d of adaptation and 7d of sampling, and p ... | 2016 | 27592434 |
| effects of different forage sources as a free-choice provision on the performance, nutrient digestibility, selected blood metabolites and structural growth of holstein dairy calves. | the objective of this study was to determine the effects of different forage sources on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites of dairy calves. individually housed calves (n = 40; body weight = 41.2 ± 3.5 kg) were randomly allocated (n = 10 calves per treatment: five males and five females) to one of the following four treatments: (i) starter without forage provision (con), (ii) starter plus chopped alfalfa hay (ah), (iii) starter plus chopped wheat straw (ws) and 4 ... | 2017 | 27277573 |
| effect of ensiling process of total mixed ration on fermentation profile, nutrient loss and in situ ruminal degradation characteristics of diet. | this experiment aimed to determine the changes in chemical composition, fermentation profile, in situ disappearance characteristics, and nutrient losses of ensiled total mixed ration (tmr) containing steam-flaked corn or brown rice (br) during storage. tmrs for dairy cows, containing either steam-flaked corn or br at 31.9% with 15.2% rye silage, 40.5% alfalfa silage, 5.0% beet pulp and 7.0% soybean meal, were prepared (dry matter (dm) basis). each tmr was placed in a plastic drum silo, stored at ... | 2017 | 27113019 |
| interaction between a tannin-containing legume and endophyte-infected tall fescue seed on lambs' feeding behavior and physiology. | it was hypothesized that a tannin-rich legume such as sainfoin attenuates the negative postingestive effects of ergot alkaloids in tall fescue. thirty-two 4-mo-old lambs were individually penned and randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 legume species, sainfoin (san; 2.9% condensed tannins) or cicer milkvetch (cic; without tannins) and a mixed ration containing tall fescue seed (50:30:20 seed:beet pulp:alfalfa) with 2 levels of endophyte infection (endophyte-infected tall fes ... | 2016 | 27065155 |
| effect of dietary sugar concentration and sunflower seed supplementation on lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, milk fatty acid profile, and blood metabolites of dairy cows. | previous research has shown that both sunflower seed (sf) and sucrose (sc) supplementation can result in variation in milk fat concentration and composition, possibly due to altered fermentation patterns and biohydrogenation of fatty acids in the rumen. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of different sugar concentrations with or without sf supplementation on lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, and milk fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows. eight multiparous h ... | 2016 | 26971160 |
| effect of type of fiber, site of fermentation, and method of analysis on digestibility of soluble and insoluble fiber in rabbits. | the effect of type of fiber, site of fermentation, method for quantifying insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, and their correction for intestinal mucin on fiber digestibility were examined in rabbits. three diets differing in soluble fiber were formulated (8.5% soluble fiber, on dm basis, in the low soluble fiber [lsf] diet; 10.2% in the medium soluble fiber [msf] diet; and 14.5% in the high soluble fiber [hsf] diet). they were obtained by replacing half of the dehydrated alfalfa in the msf die ... | 2015 | 26115273 |
| outcrossing potential between 11 important genetically modified crops and the chilean vascular flora. | the potential impact of genetically modified (gm) crops on biodiversity is one of the main concerns in an environmental risk assessment (era). the likelihood of outcrossing and pollen-mediated gene flow from gm crops and non-gm crops are explained by the same principles and depend primarily on the biology of the species. we conducted a national-scale study of the likelihood of outcrossing between 11 gm crops and vascular plants in chile by use of a systematized database that included cultivated, ... | 2016 | 26052925 |
| evaluation of lower-starch diets for lactating holstein dairy cows. | the objective of this experiment was to measure ruminal and lactational responses of holstein dairy cows fed diets containing 3 different starch levels: 17.7 (low; ls), 21.0 (medium; ms), or 24.6% (high; hs). twelve multiparous cows (118 ± 5 d in milk) were assigned randomly to dietary treatment sequence in a replicated 3 × 3 latin square design with 3-wk periods. all diets were fed as total mixed rations and contained approximately 30.2% corn silage, 18.5% grass silage, and 5.0% chopped alfalfa ... | 2014 | 25242424 |
| effect of flaxseed physical form on digestibility of lactation diets fed to holstein steers. | four multicannulated (rumen, duodenum, and ileum) holstein steers (459.7±46.4kg of initial body weight) were used in a 4×4 latin square design to determine the effect of flaxseed processing method on ruminal fermentation and digestibility. treatments were based on inclusion of (1) 7.5% linseed meal (control), (2) 10% whole flaxseed, (3) 10% rolled flaxseed, or (4) 10% ground flaxseed on a dry matter (dm) basis, and were formulated to mimic typical high-producing dairy cow lactation diets. the co ... | 2014 | 24952769 |
| prediction of digestible energy and gross energy digestibility of feeds and diets in ostriches. | 1. the aim of this study was to assess regression equations able to predict the digestible energy (de) and gross energy digestibility (ged) of feed ingredients and diets for ostriches. 2. results of chemical-nutritional characteristics from 17 ingredients (two varieties of maize, two barleys, oat, triticale, wheat bran, soybean meal, sunflower meal, beet pulp, maize silage, alfalfa hay, 4 alfalfa meals and lupin) and 12 experimental diets were used in a stepwise procedure. 3. acid detergent lign ... | 2014 | 24945235 |
| refined avian risk assessment for chlorpyrifos in the united states. | refined risk assessments for birds exposed to flowable and granular formulations ofcpy were conducted for a range of current use patterns in the united states. overall,the collective evidence from the modeling and field study lines of evidence indicate that flowable and granular cpy do not pose significant risks to the bird communities foraging in agro-ecosystems in the united states. the available information indicates that avian incidents resulting from the legal, registered uses of cpy have b ... | 2014 | 24723136 |
| responses of late-lactation cows to forage substitutes in low-forage diets supplemented with by-products. | in response to drought-induced forage shortages along with increased corn and soy prices, this study was conducted to evaluate lactation responses of dairy cows to lower-forage diets supplemented with forage substitutes. by-product feeds were used to completely replace corn grain and soybean feeds. forty-eight late-lactation cows were assigned to 1 of 4 diets using a randomized complete block design with a 2-wk covariate period followed by a 4-wk experimental period. the covariate diet contained ... | 2014 | 24612800 |
| standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in alfalfa meal, sugar beet pulp, and wheat bran compared to wheat and protein ingredients for growing pigs. | a total of 11 (8 + 3 for replacement) barrows with an initial bw of 23 kg and fitted with a simple t-cannula at the distal ileum were used in 2 consecutive experiments (exp. 1 and exp. 2) to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (sid) of aa in 7 assay feed ingredients according to 2 consecutive duplicated 4 × 4 latin square designs. in exp. 1, 3 corn starch-based assay diets were formulated to contain 170 g cp/kg (as-fed basis) from either soybean meal (sbm), canola meal (cm), or meat-a ... | 2014 | 24492581 |
| effects of phytase supplementation in mature horses fed alfalfa hay and pelleted concentrate diets. | an experiment was conducted to study p digestibility in mature horses because of the growing environmental concerns regarding p runoff and previous equine research focused mostly on young and growing animals or used ponies as a model. phytase supplementation of swine and poultry diets can result in greater phytate-p digestibility, leading to a decreased need for inorganic p supplementation and a decrease in p excreted to the environment; this, however, has not been demonstrated in the horse. six ... | 2013 | 23408815 |
| effects of increasing concentrations of glycerol in concentrate diets on nutrient digestibility, methane emissions, growth, fatty acid profiles, and carcass traits of lambs. | two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing concentrations of glycerol in concentrate diets on total tract digestibility, methane (ch4) emissions, growth, fatty acid profiles, and carcass traits of lambs. in both experiments, the control diet contained 57% barley grain, 14.5% wheat dried distillers grain with solubles (wddgs), 13% sunflower hulls, 6.5% beet pulp, 6.3% alfalfa, and 3% mineral-vitamin mix. increasing concentrations (7, 14, and 21% dietary dm) of glycerol i ... | 2013 | 23148243 |
| comparison of some aspects of the in situ and in vitro methods in evaluation of neutral detergent fiber digestion. | the objective of the present study was to compare digestion rates (kd) of ndf for different feeds estimated with the in situ method or derived from an automated gas in vitro system. a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate how in situ derived kd of ndf related to in vivo digestibility of ndf. furthermore, in vitro true digestibility of the feed samples incubated within filter bags or dispersed in the medium was compared, and kd for insoluble and soluble components of those feeds were estimated. ... | 2013 | 23148239 |
| effect of feeding olive-pulp ensiled with additives on feedlot performance and carcass attributes of fat-tailed lambs. | feed cost has a significant effect on the economic efficiency of feedlot lambs; therefore, the use of low-cost non-conventional feedstuffs, such as olive pulp (op), has the potential to decrease the production costs. because optimum inclusion of op-treated silages has not been determined in feedlot lambs, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of inclusion of op ensiled with additives in the diet on the feedlot performance and carcass attributes of feedlot lambs. ram lambs of mehrab ... | 2013 | 22820912 |
| effects of local and landscape factors on population dynamics of a cotton pest. | many polyphagous pests sequentially use crops and uncultivated habitats in landscapes dominated by annual crops. as these habitats may contribute in increasing or decreasing pest density in fields of a specific crop, understanding the scale and temporal variability of source and sink effects is critical for managing landscapes to enhance pest control. | 2012 | 22768147 |
| carcass performance and meat mineral content in balouchi lamb fed pistachio by-products. | this experiment investigated the effect of pistachio by-products (pb) in the feed of weaned balouchi lambs on their daily gain, carcass traits and on the levels of ca, zn, fe and cu of longissimus dorsi muscle. twenty eight male lambs were divided into four groups with 7 lambs each and fed separately for 90days. the first group (control) was fed a commercial concentrate, and the second, third and fourth (test) groups received diets in which 10, 20 and 30% pb was used in partial replacement of al ... | 2012 | 22578361 |
| molecular cloning of a bifunctional beta-xylosidase/alpha-l-arabinosidase from alfalfa roots: heterologous expression in medicago truncatula and substrate specificity of the purified enzyme. | glycoside hydrolases are often members of a multigene family, suggesting individual roles for each isoenzyme. various extracellular glycoside hydrolases have an important but poorly understood function in remodelling the cell wall during plant growth. here, msxyl1, a concanavalin a-binding protein from alfalfa (medicago sativa l.) belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 3 (beta-d-xylosidase branch) is characterized. transcripts of msxyl1 were detected in roots (particularly root tips), root ... | 2007 | 17615411 |
| caterpillar herbivory and salivary enzymes decrease transcript levels of medicago truncatula genes encoding early enzymes in terpenoid biosynthesis. | in response to caterpillar herbivory, alfalfa and related plant species defend themselves through the induction of saponin and volatile terpenoid biosynthesis. both these types of defensive compounds are derived from the metabolic intermediate, isopentenyl diphosphate (ipp). in plants, two distinct biosynthetic pathways can generate ipp; the cytosolic mevalonate pathway and the plastid-associated 2c-methyl erythritol 4-phosphate (mep) pathway. in medicago truncatula, transcript levels of key reg ... | 2006 | 16525889 |
| selenium biotransformations in an insect ecosystem: effects of insects on phytoremediation. | phytoremediation of selenium-contaminated soils may be influenced by higher trophic levels including insects. we examined how selenium affects the behavior, survival, and development of the wasp parasitoid cotesia marginiventris, parasitizing its natural host, the beet armyworm spodoptera exigua, feeding on alfalfa, medicago sativa, irrigated with water containing selenate. x-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify the selenium chemical forms in each trophic level. alfalfa partially tra ... | 2004 | 15296308 |
| relationships among absorbents on the reduction of grass silage effluent and silage quality. | effluent from grass silage is a threat to water quality and a loss of valuable forage nutrients from dairy farms. absorbents potentially reduce effluent loss when weather conditions are not ideal for field wilting. the objective was to determine the effectiveness of various absorbents at reducing silage effluent. first-harvest, direct-cut, perennial grass forage was ensiled with and without absorbents in medium-sized experimental silos for 3 consecutive yr. silos contained 4.54 kg of grass and o ... | 1998 | 9812269 |
| in vitro buffering capacity changes of seven commodities under controlled moisture and heating conditions. | effects of adding 0 or .25 g of water/g of feed and heating for 0, 20, or 40 h at 100 degrees c on buffering capacity of beet pulp, almond hulls, alfalfa hay, oat hay, wheat bran, oat bran, and barley were determined in vitro. feeds were examined for ash, n, ndf, adf, acid detergent lignin, total buffering capacity (ph 4 to 9), and physiological buffering capacity (ph 5.5 to 7). minerals were measured at 0 g of water/g of feed, 0 h of heat and at .25 g of water/g of feed, 40 h of heat; differenc ... | 1992 | 1317895 |
| [ergosterol as a measure for fungal growth in feed. 2. ergosterol content of mixed feed components and mixed feed]. | ergosterol was determined as a chemical indicator of fungal biomass in commodities which were used for the production of mixed feeds. it was found in all samples of each of the following components (content in mg/kg dm): wheat (2.6 +/- 1.0), low grade wheat flour (fibre less than or equal to 3.5%) (17.3 +/- 9.1), wheat semolina bran (fibre less than or equal to 10%) (29.4 +/- 16.8), wheat bran (35.2 +/- 9.4), grain corn (1.0 +/- 0.6), corn gluten feed (7.8 +/- 3.0), corn gluten (10.3 +/- 5.0), m ... | 1990 | 2400324 |
| relationships between the cryptic and temperate viruses of alfalfa, beet and white clover. | small isometric virus particles containing double-stranded rna have been independently reported in europe and japan from apparently healthy alfalfa (medicago sativa), beet (beta vulgaris), and white clover (trifolium repens). they have been called cryptic viruses in europe and temperate viruses in japan. serological comparison using immunoelectron microscopy, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the rnas indicate that alfalfa cryptic and temperate viruses are the same, beet cryptic virus is ... | 1986 | 3721811 |
| absorption, excretion and tissue distribution of stable zinc and 65zinc in ponies. | absorption excretion and tissue distribution of stable zn and 65zn in mature ponies were studied in three experiments. in the first experiment, the metabolism of stable, dietary zn and intravenously administered 65zn was studied in three ponies in a 3 x 3 latin square design. the ponies were fed a corn and beet pulp diet containing 35 mg zn/kg or the same diet with 250 or 520 mg of supplemental zn as zno. the ponies absorbed and retained more stable zn when fed 250 mg of supplemental zn that whe ... | 1980 | 7462116 |
| activation of polyphenol oxidase of chloroplasts. | polyphenol oxidase of leaves is located mainly in chloroplasts isolated by differential or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. this activity is part of the lamellar structure that is not lost on repeated washing of the plastids. the oxidase activity was stable during prolonged storage of the particles at 4 c or -18 c. the km (dihydroxyphenylalanine) for spinach leaf polyphenol oxidase was 7 mm by a spectrophotometric assay and 2 mm by the manometric assay. polyphenol oxidase activity in the ... | 1973 | 16658308 |
| moderating mycorrhizas: arbuscular mycorrhizas modify rhizosphere chemistry and maintain plant phosphorus status within narrow boundaries. | pastures often experience a pulse of phosphorus (p) when fertilized. we examined the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) in the uptake of p from a pulse. five legumes (kennedia prostrata, cullen australasicum, bituminaria bituminosa, medicago sativa and trifolium subterraneum) were grown in a moderate p, sterilized field soil, either with (+amf) or without (-amf) addition of unsterilized field soil. after 9-10 weeks, half the pots received 15 mg p kg(-1) of soil. one week later, we measur ... | 2014 | 24112081 |
| is meat quality of forage-fed steers comparable to the meat quality of conventional beef from concentrate-fed bulls? | replacing concentrates with forages in the diet of finishing cattle to satisfy societal demands and for economic reasons is a target for beef farmers, but this change may affect meat acceptance. in the mediterranean area, young bulls are usually finished on concentrates (conventional beef). alternatively, steers can be finished on grass with supplements (g-supp); however, if carcasses are too lean, meat quality may be negatively affected. to increase fat deposition, grazing steers were finished ... | 2017 | 28397330 |
| effects of feeding extruded linseed on production performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows: a meta-analysis. | the objectives of this study were to quantify the effects on production performance and milk fatty acid (fa) profile of feeding dairy cows extruded linseed (el), a feed rich in α-linolenic acid, and to assess the variability of the responses related to the dose of el and the basal diet composition. this meta-analysis was carried out using only data from trials including a control diet without fat supplementation. the dependent variables were defined by the mean differences between values from el ... | 2017 | 28390715 |
| dry anaerobic digestion of cow manure and agricultural products in a full-scale plant: efficiency and comparison with wet fermentation. | for years, anaerobic digestion processes have been implemented for the management of organic wastes, agricultural residues, and animal manure. wet anaerobic digestion still represents the most common technology, while dry fermentation, dedicated to the treatment of solid inputs (ts>20%) can be considered as an emerging technology, not in terms of technological maturity, but of diffusion. the first agricultural dry anaerobic digestion plant constructed in italy was monitored from the start-up, fo ... | 2017 | 28389052 |
| influence of forage source and forage inclusion level on growth performance, feeding behavior, and carcass characteristics in finishing steers. | two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of forage source (exp. 1) and forage inclusion level (exp. 2) in finishing diets on growth performance and feeding behavior. in exp. 1, sixty-four steers (394 ± 3.6 kg bw) were allotted by bw to 3 pens. within each pen, steers were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 dietary treatments containing different forage sources: 1) alfalfa hay, 2) corn silage, 3) wheat straw, and 4) corn stover. alfalfa hay was provided at 10% of the diet dm and the other ... | 2017 | 28380528 |
| effect of undigested neutral detergent fiber content of alfalfa hay on lactating dairy cows: feeding behavior, fiber digestibility, and lactation performance. | the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 alfalfa hays differing in undigested neutral detergent fiber content and digestibility used as the main forage source in diets fed to high producing cows for parmigiano-reggiano cheese production. diets were designed to have 2 different amounts of undigestible ndf [high (hu) and low (lu)], as determined by 240-h in vitro analysis (undf240). alfalfa hay in vitro digestibility [% of amylase- and sodium sulfite-treated ndf with ash cor ... | 2017 | 28342598 |
| carbohydrate and lipid spectroscopic molecular structures of different alfalfa hay and their relationship with nutrient availability in ruminants. | this study was conducted to determine molecular structures related to carbohydrates and lipid in alfalfa hay cut at early bud, late bud and early flower and in the afternoon and next morning using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ft/ir) and to determine their relationship with alfalfa hay nutrient profile and availability in ruminants. | 2017 | 28335093 |
| effects of moringa oleifera silage on milk yield, nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of lactating dairy cows. | this study investigated the effects of moringa oleifera (mo) as a partial substitute of alfalfa hay on milk yield, nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of dairy cows. mo was harvested at 120 days post-seeding. fresh mo was cut, mixed with chopped oat hay (425:575 on a dm basis), ensiled and stored for 60 days. sixty healthy holstein dairy cows were allocated to one of three groups: nm (no mo or control), lm (low mo; 25% alfalfa hay and 50% maize silage were replaced by m ... | 2017 | 28299866 |
| complementary transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal regulatory mechanisms of milk protein production in dairy cows consuming different forages. | forage plays a critical role in the milk production of dairy cows; however, the mechanisms regulating bovine milk synthesis in dairy cows fed high forage rations with different basal forage types are not well-understood. in the study, rice straw (rs, low-quality) and alfalfa hay (ah, high-quality) diets were fed to lactating cows to explore how forage quality affected the molecular mechanisms regulating milk production using rna-seq transcriptomic method with itraq proteomic technique. a total o ... | 2017 | 28290485 |
| replacing alfalfa silage with tannin-containing birdsfoot trefoil silage in total mixed rations for lactating dairy cows. | two lactation trials were conducted comparing the feeding value of silages made from birdsfoot trefoil (bft, lotus corniculatus l.) that had been selected for low (bftl), medium (bftm), and high (bfth) levels of condensed tannins (ct) to an alfalfa silage (as) when fed as the principal forage in total mixed rations. diets also included corn silage, high-moisture shelled corn, soybean meal, soy hulls, and supplemental fat. in trial 1, 32 lactating holstein cows were blocked by days in milk, assig ... | 2017 | 28259401 |
| replacing alfalfa hay with dry corn gluten feed and chinese wild rye grass: effects on rumen fermentation, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and lactation performance in lactating dairy cows. | this experiment was conducted to investigate nutrient digestibility, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and lactation performance when a portion of alfalfa was replaced with combinations of dry corn gluten feed (dcgf) and chinese wild rye grass in the diet of lactating cows. six multiparous and 3 primiparous chinese holsteins were arranged in a replicated 3 × 3 latin square experiment for 21-d periods. the animals were fed 1 of 3 treatment diets during each period: (1) 0% dcgf (0dcgf); (2) 6.5% ... | 2017 | 28215882 |
| effects of alfalfa flavonoids extract on the microbial flora of dairy cow rumen. | the effect of flavonoids from alfalfa on the microbial flora was determined using molecular techniques of 16s ribosome deoxyribonucleic acid (rdna) analysis. methods:four primiparous holstein heifers fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 latin square design and fed a total mixed ration (tmr) to which alfalfa flavonoids extract (afe) was added at the rates of 0 (a, control), 20 (b), 60 (c) or 100 (d) mg per kg of heifer body weight (bw) . | 2017 | 28183168 |
| short communication: associations between feed push-up frequency, feeding and lying behavior, and milk yield and composition of dairy cows. | feeding management factors have great potential to influence activity patterns and feeding behavior of dairy cows, which may have implications for performance. the objectives of this study were to assess the effects of feed push-up frequency on the behavioral patterns of dairy cows, and to determine associations between behavior and milk yield and composition. lactating holstein dairy cows (n = 28, parity = 1.9 ± 1.1; mean ± sd) were housed in tiestalls, milked twice per day, and offered ad libi ... | 2017 | 28088413 |
| growth performance, feeding behavior, and selected blood metabolites of holstein dairy calves fed restricted amounts of milk: no interactions between sources of finely ground grain and forage provision. | the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of grain sources and forage provision on growth performance, blood metabolites, and feeding behaviors of dairy calves. sixty 3-d-old holstein dairy calves (42.2 ± 2.5 kg of body weight) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with the factors being grain sources (barley and corn) and forage provision (no forage, alfalfa hay, and corn silage). individually housed calves were randomly assigned (n = 10 calves per treatment: 5 males and 5 ... | 2017 | 28012617 |
| effects of forage provision to dairy calves on growth performance and rumen fermentation: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. | a meta-analysis of the potential effect of forage provision on growth performance and rumen fermentation of dairy calves was conducted using published data from the literature (1998-2016). meta-regression was used to evaluate the effects of different forage levels, forage sources, forage offering methods, physical forms of starter, and grain sources on the heterogeneity of the results. we considered 27 studies that reported the effects of forage provision to dairy calves. estimated effect sizes ... | 2017 | 27939538 |
| an insufficient glucose supply causes reduced lactose synthesis in lactating dairy cows fed rice straw instead of alfalfa hay. | the objective of the present study was to investigate the nutrient availability for milk production in the mammary gland of lactating cows fed different forage-based diets. the 3 diets contained 30% corn stover (cs), 30% rice straw (rs), or 23% alfalfa hay plus 7% chinese wild rye hay (ah) as a forage source. all diets contained 15% of dm as corn silage and 55% of dm as concentrate. the percentage of milk lactose was always lower in the rs-fed cows than in the cows fed ah or cs during the 12-wk ... | 2016 | 27898934 |
| altering the time of vaccination against respiratory pathogens to enhance antibody response and performance of feeder cattle. | ninety angus × hereford calves were ranked by sex, bw, and age and assigned to 1 of 3 vaccination schemes against the bovine respiratory disease complex: 1) vaccination at weaning (d 0) and a booster at feedlot entry (d 30; con; = 30), 2) vaccination 15 d before weaning (d -15) and a booster 15 d before feedlot entry (d 15; early; = 30), and 3) vaccination 15 d after weaning (d 15) and a booster 15 d after feedlot entry (d 45; delayed; = 30). from d -15 to 7, calves were maintained as a single g ... | 2016 | 27898919 |
| enteric methane and carbon dioxide emissions measured using respiration chambers, the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique, and a greenfeed head-chamber system from beef heifers fed alfalfa silage at three allowances and four feeding frequencies. | the objective of this study was to determine methane (ch) and carbon dioxide (co) emissions from 8 beef heifers (approximately 20 mo of age and 382 ± 24.3 kg bw) measured by respiration chambers and the sulfur hexafluoride (sf) tracer technique and a mobile head-chamber, spot-sampling system (greenfeed; c-lock inc., rapid city, sd) when fed alfalfa silage at 3 feeding levels and 4 feeding frequencies. feeding frequency may affect ch yield (g/kg dmi), and measurement systems (such as greenfeed or ... | 2016 | 27898854 |
| analysis of pasture supplementation strategies by means of a mechanistic model of ruminal digestion and metabolism in the dairy cow. | effective pasture supplementation is critical to the efficiency of resource management in milk production. we understand a great deal about ruminal and metabolic processes in dairy cattle that control efficiency but we need to improve our ability to predict effects of practical feeding strategies based on the basic biological processes of the cow. therefore, a large-scale pasture supplementation study was used to explore the details of both practical management and the underlying biological prin ... | 2017 | 27889125 |
| effect of particle size and partial replacement of alfalfa hay by soya bean hulls on nutrient intake, total tract digestibility and rumen degradability of diets by holstein steers. | this study examined the effect of alfalfa hay (ah) particle size and the replacement of soya bean hull (sh) for ah within the diet of restricted fed holstein steers on dry matter intake (dmi), total tract digestion, ruminal digestion, ruminal ph and ammonia nitrogen content, and faecal ph. four rumen-cannulated holstein steers averaging 353 ± 9.6 kg of bw were assigned to a 4 × 4 latin square experiment with four periods and a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. factor a was ah particle s ... | 2016 | 27859733 |
| the effects of feeding rations that differ in fiber and fermentable starch within a day on milk production and the daily rhythm of feed intake and plasma hormones and metabolites in dairy cows. | a daily pattern of feed intake, milk synthesis, and plasma metabolites and hormones occurs in dairy cows fed a total mixed ration once or twice a day. the objective of this study was to determine if feeding multiple rations within a day, complementing these rhythms, would improve milk production. twelve holstein cows were used in a replicated 3×3 latin square design with 21-d periods. cows were housed in tie stalls with feed tubs, and feed weight was recorded every 10 s for observation of feedin ... | 2017 | 27837979 |
| using single or multiple liquor-donor cows for in vitro digestibility of amylase- and sodium sulfite-treated neutral detergent fiber with ash correction. | in vitro methods requiring ruminal microorganisms to ferment and digest feeds have been used for decades. though commonly accepted, collecting and pooling rumen fluid from different donor animals to avoid individual characteristics could affect in vitro fermentations. the current study evaluated the effects of individual or pooled liquors on in vitro digestibility of amylase- and sodium sulfite-treated ndf with ash correction (andfom). the study was conducted on 24 samples (8 alfalfa hays, 8 gra ... | 2016 | 27743664 |
| methane emissions changed nonlinearly with graded substitution of alfalfa silage with corn silage and corn grain in the diet of sheep and relation with rumen fermentation characteristics in vivo and in vitro. | feeding grain and corn silage have been proposed as practices to reduce enteric methane (ch) emissions per unit of intake from ruminants, but the inclusion level required in the diet is normally not specified. the objectives of the current study were to determine the ch emission factor (g/kg dmi) of sheep fed alfalfa silage substituted with increasing levels of corn silage or corn grain at a fixed dmi level (2% of bw) and determine its relationship with rumen fermentation characteristics and mic ... | 2016 | 27695787 |
| technical note: impact of a molasses-based liquid feed supplement on the feed sorting behavior and growth of grain-fed veal calves. | this study was designed to determine the effect of adding a molasses-based liquid feed (lf) supplement to a high-grain mixed ration on the feed sorting behavior and growth of grain-fed veal calves. twenty-four holstein bull veal calves (90.2 ± 2.6 d of age, weighing 137.5 ± 16.9 kg) were split into groups of 4 and exposed, in a crossover design with 35-d periods, to each of 2 treatment diets: 1) control diet (76.0% high-moisture corn, 19.0% protein supplement, and 5.0% alfalfa/grass haylage) and ... | 2016 | 27695780 |
| short communication: relationship of activity and rumination to abundance of pest flies among organically certified cows fed 3 levels of concentrate. | the objectives of this study were to evaluate activity, rumination time, and their association with 3 kinds of pasture flies for organic dairy cows (n=57) fed 3 grain supplementation strategies during the grazing season from may to september 2013. cows were assigned to 1 of 3 replicate supplementation groups: (1) no corn-grain supplementation (100% pasture, pas, n=19); (2) low corn-grain (2.72kg/cow per day, lg, n=19); and (3) high corn-grain (5.44kg/cow per day, hg, n=19). cows calved during 2 ... | 2016 | 27692720 |
| characterization and comparison of the temporal dynamics of ruminal bacterial microbiota colonizing rice straw and alfalfa hay within ruminants. | three ruminally cannulated holstein cows were used to characterize the dynamics of bacterial colonization of rice straw and alfalfa hay and to assess the differences in the composition and inferred gene function of the colonized microbiota between these 2 forages. nonincubated (0h) rice straw and alfalfa hay samples and residues in nylon bags incubated for 0.5, 2, 6, 16, and 48h were analyzed for dry matter and were used for dna extraction and miseq (illumina inc., san diego, ca) sequencing of t ... | 2016 | 27692708 |
| response of lactating dairy cows to degree of steam-flaked barley grain in low-forage diets. | this study was conducted to investigate the effects of processing method (grinding vs. steam flaking) and increasing densities of steam-flaked barley grain on dry matter intake (dmi), rumen ph and fermentation characteristics, digestibility of dry matter in the total digestive tract (ddtt), and milk production of dairy cows. eight multiparous mid-lactation holstein cows averaging 103 ± 24 dim, 44.5 ± 4.7 kg milk/day and weighing 611 ± 43 kg at the start of the experiment were used in a replicate ... | 2016 | 27666739 |
| biomarker and pathway analyses of urine metabolomics in dairy cows when corn stover replaces alfalfa hay. | alfalfa hay and corn stover are different type of forages which can significantly impact a cow's lactation performance, but the underlying metabolic mechanism has been poorly studied. we used biomarker and pathway analyses to characterize related biomarkers and pathways based on urine metabolomics data from different forage treatments. urine was collected from 16 multiparous holstein dairy cows fed alfalfa hay (ah, high-quality forage, n = 8) and corn stover (cs, low-quality forage, n = 8) respe ... | 2016 | 27583137 |
| high-concentrate diets based on forages harvested at different maturity stages affect ruminal synthesis of b vitamins in lactating dairy cows. | effects of plant maturity on apparent ruminal synthesis and post-ruminal supply of b vitamins were evaluated in two feeding trials. diets containing alfalfa (trial 1) or orchardgrass (trial 2) silages harvested either (1) early cut, less mature (ec) or (2) late cut, more mature (lc) as the sole forage were offered to ruminally and duodenally cannulated lactating holstein cows in crossover design experiments. in trial 1, conducted with 16 cows (569±43 kg of empty bw (ruminal content removed) and ... | 2017 | 27573890 |
| triennial reproduction symposium: beef heifer development and lifetime productivity in rangeland-based production systems. | nutritional and environmental factors have been shown to cause epigenetic changes that influence characteristics of the offspring throughout life. in livestock, small differences in nutrition during gestation may alter lifetime production efficiency of offspring. therefore, the potential for fetal programing should be considered when determining supplemental feeding strategies during gestation. for example, female offspring born to cows grazing dormant winter pasture supplemented with 1.1 kg/d o ... | 2016 | 27482658 |
| fish oil-induced milk fat depression and associated downregulation of mammary lipogenic genes in dairy ewes. | several studies in dairy cows have shown a relationship between milk fat depression (mfd) and alterations caused in lipogenic gene expression by dietary nutrients. however, information on small ruminants is not only scarce but also inconsistent. therefore, this experiment was conducted in dairy ewes to study the effect of a diet known to induce mfd on milk fatty acid (fa) composition and mrna abundance of key candidate genes involved in mammary lipogenesis. twelve lactating assaf ewes (on averag ... | 2016 | 27474983 |
| effects of purified lignin on in vitro rumen metabolism and growth performance of feedlot cattle. | the objectives were to assess the effects of purified lignin from wheat straw (sodium hydroxide dehydrated lignin; shdl) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and on the growth performance of feedlot cattle. | 2017 | 27456424 |
| ruminal methanogen community in dairy cows fed agricultural residues of corn stover, rapeseed, and cottonseed meals. | the purpose was to reveal changes in the methanogen community in the rumen of dairy cows fed agricultural residues of corn stover, rapeseed, and cottonseed meals, compared with alfalfa hay or soybean meal. analysis was based on cloning and sequencing the methyl coenzyme m reductase α-subunit gene of ruminal methanogens. results revealed that predicted methane production was increased while population of ruminal methanogens was not significantly affected when cows were fed diets containing variou ... | 2016 | 27322573 |
| changes in fermentation and biohydrogenation intermediates in continuous cultures fed low and high levels of fat with increasing rates of starch degradability. | excessive levels of starch in diets for lactating dairy cattle is a known risk factor for milk fat depression, but little is known about how this risk is affected by differences in rates of starch degradability (kd) in the rumen. the objective of this study was to compare accumulation of biohydrogenation intermediates causing milk fat depression, including conjugated linoleic acid (cla), when corn with low or high kd were fed to continuous cultures. diets contained (dry matter basis) 50% forage ... | 2016 | 27265165 |
| variation in feeding behavior and milk production among dairy cows when supplemented with 2 amounts of mixed ration in combination with 2 amounts of pasture. | variation in feeding behavior and milk production of grazing dairy cows fed a mixed ration was measured. experiments were conducted in spring (early lactation) and autumn (late lactation) with 48 holstein-friesian dairy cows. pasture allowance (low vs. high) and amounts of supplement (low vs. high) were applied to determine the effect on variation among cows in feeding behavior and milk production. the experiments investigated 4 dietary treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. da ... | 2016 | 27265164 |
| particle length of silages affects apparent ruminal synthesis of b vitamins in lactating dairy cows. | effects of particle length of silages on apparent ruminal synthesis (ars) and postruminal supply of b vitamins were evaluated in 2 feeding trials. diets containing alfalfa (trial 1) or orchardgrass (trial 2) silages, chopped to either 19mm (long cut, lc) or 10mm (short cut, sc) theoretical particle length, as the sole forage were offered to ruminally and duodenally cannulated lactating holstein cows in crossover design experiments. forages chopped to a theoretical particle length of 19 and 10mm ... | 2016 | 27236755 |
| effects of partial replacement of corn and alfalfa silage with tall fescue hay on total-tract digestibility and lactation performance in dairy cows. | our objective was to evaluate the effects of replacing either corn or alfalfa silage with tall fescue hay on total-tract neutral detergent fiber (ndf) digestibility and lactation performance in dairy cows. twenty-four primiparous (75±35 d in milk) and 40 multiparous (68±19 d in milk) holstein cows were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups in a pen equipped with 32 feeding gates to record intake by cow. each gate was randomly assigned to 1 treatment group; thus, each ... | 2016 | 27179850 |
| the effects of calcium hydroxide-treated whole-plant and fractionated corn silage on intake, digestion, and lactation performance in dairy cows. | the objective of this trial was to evaluate, in dairy cattle, the effects of calcium hydroxide treatment of whole-plant corn and a treatment applied to the bottom stalk fraction of the corn plant, achieved by harvesting corn in 2 crop streams. the treatments were calcium hydroxide-treated corn silage (trtcs), toplage supplemented with calcium hydroxide-treated stalklage (tpl), a positive control of brown midrib corn silage (bmr), and a negative control of conventional whole-plant corn silage (wp ... | 2016 | 27157570 |
| deviation from the formulated target weight of ingredients loaded into high milk yield cow recipes on california dairies. | nutrient composition of the feed and formulated ration often differ depending on uncertainties in dm content and nutrient composition of ingredients, as well as from feeder errors during loading. the objective of this study was to describe the deviation from target weight for the high-producing cow ration (hcr) and premix (hcp) on 26 california dairies ranging in size from 1,100 to 6,900 cows. records from a consecutive 12-mo period were extracted from feedwatch 7 (valley agricultural software i ... | 2016 | 27132099 |
| sustainability evaluation of pasteurized milk production with a life cycle assessment approach: an iranian case study. | agro-food systems play a significant role in the economies of all nations due to energy use and the resulting environmental consequences. the sustainability of these systems is determined by a multitude of interacting economic, social and environmental factors. dairy production presents a relevant example of the sustainability trade-offs that occur within such systems. on the one hand, dairy production constitutes an important part of the human diet, but it is also responsible for significant em ... | 2016 | 27110976 |
| brazilian propolis extract used as an additive to decrease methane emissions from the rumen microbial population in vitro. | propolis is a product that is rich in phenolic compounds and can be utilized in animal nutrition as a dietary additive. in this study, the effects of a brazilian green propolis extract on rumen fermentation and gas production were determined. the fate of propolis phenolic compounds in the rumen medium was also investigated. fermentation was done in 24-h batches over three periods. inoculates were obtained from cows fed on grassland hay and concentrate. propolis extract in a hydroalcoholic soluti ... | 2016 | 27105625 |
| prediction of rumen fiber pool in cattle from dietary, fecal, and animal variables. | feed intake control in ruminants is based on the integration of physical constraints and metabolic feedbacks. physical constraints are related to the fill caused by the weight or volume of digesta in the reticulo-rumen. the amount of neutral detergent fiber (ndf) in the rumen (rndf) may be used as an indicator of rumen fill. the objective of this study was to develop equations predicting rndf from diet and animal characteristics using a meta-analysis technique. a treatment mean data set (n=314) ... | 2016 | 27085408 |
| using sweet bran instead of forage during grain adaptation in finishing feedlot cattle. | two trials evaluated adapting cattle to a finishing diet using wet corn gluten feed compared with traditional methods using forage. a 33-d grain adaptation metabolism trial (exp. 1) compared decreasing wet corn gluten feed (sweet bran; corn milling unit, cargill corn milling, blair, ne) while increasing corn inclusion (sb) and a traditional grain adaptation system decreasing alfalfa hay while increasing corn with no sweet bran inclusion (con). ruminal ph, intake characteristics, and 24-h in situ ... | 2016 | 27065276 |
| effect of different alfalfa hay levels on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and structural growth of holstein dairy calves. | introducing forage in dairy calf diets during the preweaning period stimulates development of rumen capacity and function and gut wall integrity. it was hypothesized that calves fed alfalfa hay (ah) at greater levels (up to 25% of dm) would result in an increase in starter diet intake and growth performance. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing levels of supplemental ah on growth performance, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and feeding behavior in intact ... | 2016 | 27065275 |
| effect of maturity at harvest for whole-crop barley and oat on dry matter intake, sorting, and digestibility when fed to beef cattle. | the objectives were to evaluate the effect of harvest maturity of whole-crop oat (study 1) and whole-crop barley (study 2) on forage intake and sorting, ruminal fermentation, ruminal digestibility, and total tract digestibility when fed to beef heifers. in study 1, 3 ruminally cannulated heifers (417 ± 5 kg) were used in a 3 × 3 latin square design with 24-d periods. whole-crop oat forage harvested at the late milk (lmilk), hard dough (hd), or ripe (rp) stages was fed for ad libitum intake and h ... | 2016 | 27065140 |
| incorporating mixed rations and formulated grain mixes into the diet of grazing cows: effects on milk composition and coagulation properties, and the yield and quality of cheddar cheese. | effects of different strategies for feeding supplements to grazing dairy cows on the composition and coagulation properties of milk and the subsequent yield and quality of cheddar cheese were measured. the experiment used milk from 72 holstein-friesian cows, averaging 45d in milk, fed according to 1 of 3 feeding strategies: (1) cows grazed a restricted allowance of perennial ryegrass pasture [approximately 14kg of dry matter (dm)/cow per day, to ground level] supplemented with milled wheat grain ... | 2016 | 27016826 |
| production, composition, and oxidative stability of milk highly enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids from dairy cows fed alfalfa protein concentrate or supplemental vitamin e. | given its elevated content of carotenoids, alfalfa protein concentrates (apc) have the potential to prevent oxidation of milk enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids. the effects of feeding apc or supplemental vitamin e on production, composition, and oxidative stability of milk enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids were evaluated using 6 lactating holstein cows (224±18d in milk) in a replicated 3×3 latin square (21-d periods, 14d for adaptation). treatment diets contained (dry matter basis) ( ... | 2016 | 26995133 |
| optimal management of on-farm resources in small-scale dairy systems of central mexico: model development and evaluation. | this study evaluates the available on-farm resources of five case studies typified as small-scale dairy systems in central mexico. a comprehensive mixed-integer linear programming model was developed and applied to two case studies. the optimal plan suggested the following: (1) instruction and utilization of maize silage, (2) alfalfa hay making that added us$140/ha/cut to the total net income, (3) allocation of land to cultivated pastures in a ratio of 27:41(cultivated pastures/maize crop) rathe ... | 2016 | 26992734 |
| metals in agricultural produce associated with acid-mine drainage in mount morgan (queensland, australia). | acid-mine drainage (amd) into the dee river from the historic gold and copper mine in mount morgan, queensland (australia) has been of concern to farmers in the area since 1925. this study sought to determine the levels of amd-related metals and sulfur in agricultural produce grown near the mine-impacted dee river, compare these with similar produce grown in reference fields (which had no known amd influence), and assess any potential health risk using relevant australian or us guidelines. analy ... | 2016 | 26979303 |
| skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin signaling is maintained in heat-stressed lactating holstein cows. | multiparous cows (n=12; parity=2; 136±8 d in milk, 560±32kg of body weight) housed in climate-controlled chambers were fed a total mixed ration (tmr) consisting primarily of alfalfa hay and steam-flaked corn. during the first experimental period (p1), all 12 cows were housed in thermoneutral conditions (18°c, 20% humidity) with ad libitum intake for 9 d. during the second experimental period (p2), half of the cows were fed for ad libitum intake and subjected to heat-stress conditions [wfhs, n=6; ... | 2016 | 26971163 |
| improving the performance of dairy cattle with a xylanase-rich exogenous enzyme preparation. | the objective of this experiment was to examine effects of adding 2 exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (efe) to the total mixed ration (tmr) on the performance of lactating dairy cows (experiment 1) and the kinetics of ruminal degradation of the diet (experiment 2). twelve efe had been screened in a series of in vitro assays that identified the most potent efe and their optimal doses for increasing the digestibility of bermudagrass. in experiment 1, 66 holstein cows (21±5 d in milk) were grouped by pr ... | 2016 | 26947292 |
| effects of forage offering method on performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility and nutritional behaviour in holstein dairy calves. | the potential effect of dietary forage supplementation on the performance and rumen development in dairy calves is well established. however, limited research has been directed to the comparative effects of forage offering methods on calf performance. the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of forage provision methods (total mixed ration or free choice) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and nutritional behaviour in newborn calves. forty-five h ... | 2016 | 26869510 |
| effects of physical form of starter and forage provision to young calves on blood metabolites, liver composition and intestinal morphology. | this study evaluated the effects of physical form of starter feed and forage provision on the performance, blood metabolites, liver composition and intestinal morphology of dairy calves. individually housed calves (n = 52; body weight = 41.5 ± 2.5 kg) were randomly allocated (n = 13 per treatment) to one of the following four treatments: (i) ground starter feed (gs; mean particle size = 0.72 mm in diameter), (ii) textured starter feed (ts; mean particle size = 3.61 mm in diameter, including stea ... | 2016 | 26841335 |
| effects of forage family on apparent ruminal synthesis of b vitamins in lactating dairy cows. | effects of forage family (legume vs. grass) on apparent ruminal synthesis (ars) and postruminal supply of b vitamins were evaluated in 2 experiments. diets containing either alfalfa (al) or orchardgrass (og) silages as the sole forage were offered to ruminally and duodenally cannulated lactating holstein cows in crossover design experiments. experiment 1 compared diets containing al and og [~23% forage neutral detergent fiber (ndf) and ~27% total ndf] offered to 8 cows in two 15-d treatment peri ... | 2016 | 26774713 |
| short communication: comparison of predicted dietary phosphorus balance using bioavailabilities from the nrc (2001) and virginia tech model. | the objective of the current work was to use digestion coefficients from the feng et al. (2015) model (virginia tech model) to calculate p bioavailability of common feeds used in dairy production. compared with the bioavailability calculated by the virginia tech model, using the nrc (2001) p absorption coefficient of 0.64 for forages would underestimate the bioavailabilities of alfalfa hay, alfalfa silage, corn silage, grass hay, and mixed mainly legume silage. for concentrates, using the nrc (2 ... | 2016 | 26709165 |
| global transcriptome profiling analysis reveals insight into saliva-responsive genes in alfalfa. | we studied the genome-wide multiple time-course transcriptome dynamics after saliva deposition in alfalfa and demonstrate that saliva deposition functions as a stress that negatively affects the regrowth of alfalfa. saliva deposition is one of the key factors influencing plant-herbivore interactions during grazing. although many studies have focused on the effects of saliva deposition on plant regrowth, no consistent conclusions have been reached. alfalfa is the most extensively cultivated forag ... | 2016 | 26645698 |
| technical note: collection and preparation techniques change nutrient composition of masticate collected from esophageally fistulated cattle. | two experiments determined effects of collection and preparation techniques on nutrient composition of masticate samples from esophageally fistulated cattle. in exp. 1, 12 esophageally fistulated cattle were maintained on 2 precollection diets, high cp (24% cp; = 6) or low cp (7.7% cp; = 6), for 8 d. on d 9, the esophageal plug was removed, screen bottom bags were attached, and each cow was offered fresh grass. immediately after fresh grass sample collection was complete, dry grass (hay) was off ... | 2015 | 26641187 |
| ability of 3 tanniferous forage legumes to modify quality of milk and gruyère-type cheese. | condensed tannins (ct) may affect ruminal biohydrogenation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. a feeding experiment was conducted with 24 holstein cows to evaluate whether diets containing ct from different forage legumes can increase polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially n-3 fatty acid content in milk and cheese, without affecting negatively their physicochemical and sensorial properties. cows were assigned to 4 treatment groups (n=6) for 52 d, divided into 2 periods: a control period (co ... | 2016 | 26601586 |
| milk production responses to different strategies for feeding supplements to grazing dairy cows. | milk production responses of grazing cows offered supplements in different ways were measured. holstein-friesian cows, averaging 45 d in milk, were allocated into 8 groups of 24, with 2 groups randomly assigned to each of 4 feeding strategies. these were control: cows grazed a restricted allowance of perennial ryegrass pasture supplemented with milled wheat grain fed in the milking parlor and alfalfa hay offered in the paddock; fgm: same pasture and allowance as the control supplemented with a f ... | 2016 | 26585473 |
| determining optimum age of holstein dairy calves when adding chopped alfalfa hay to meal starter diets based on measures of growth and performance. | the present study was conducted to determine the optimum age of holstein dairy calves for an effective inclusion of alfalfa hay (ah) in starter feed on performance, apparent digestibility and feeding behavior. a total of 40 holstein dairy calves (20 female and 20 male) were used in a completely randomized design in which calves were randomly assigned to one of four different dietary treatments including control (con) calves fed starter feed without any forage and three treatments consisting of t ... | 2016 | 26567925 |
| glutamine synthetase and alanine transaminase expression are decreased in livers of aged vs. young beef cows and gs can be upregulated by 17β-estradiol implants. | aged beef cows (≥ 8 yr of age) produce calves with lower birth and weaning weights. in mammals, aging is associated with reduced hepatic expression of glutamine synthetase (gs) and alanine transaminase (alt), thus impaired hepatic gln-glu cycle function. to determine if the relative protein content of gs, alt, aspartate transaminase (ast), glutamate transporters (eaac1, glt-1), and their regulating protein (gtrap3-18) differed in biopsied liver tissue of (a) aged vs. young (3 to 4 yr old) nonlac ... | 2015 | 26440349 |
| effects of roughage source and inclusion in beef finishing diets containing corn wet distillers' grains plus solubles. | two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of roughage source and inclusion in diets containing wet distillers' grains plus solubles (wdgs) on finishing cattle performance and ruminal metabolism. in exp. 1, 385 crossbred steer calves (initial bw = 346 kg [sd 29]) were used in a finishing trial. a control diet with no roughage inclusion was compared with 6 diets containing either alfalfa hay (alf), corn silage (csil), or corn stalks (cstk) at 2 inclusions as a 3 × 2 factorial. alfalf ... | 2015 | 26440336 |
| the effect of restricted milk feeding through conventional or step-down methods with or without forage provision in starter feed on performance of holstein bull calves. | the objective of the current study was to examine whether step-down (stp) milk feeding method together with forage provision would improve performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and structural growth of calves. holstein bull calves ( = 40) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. treatments were 1) conventional (cov) milk feeding without forage provision (cov-nf), 2) cov milk feeding wit ... | 2015 | 26440178 |
| soluble phenolic compounds in different cultivars of red clover and alfalfa, and their implication for protection against proteolysis and ammonia production in ruminants. | red clover (trifolium pratense) contains soluble phenolic compounds with roles in inhibiting proteolysis and ammonia production. alfalfa (medicago sativa) has been found to have a low phenolic content, but few alfalfa and red clover cultivars have been compared for phenolic content. total soluble phenolics were quantified by a folin-ciocalteu colorimetric assay in nine red clover and 27 alfalfa cultivars. mean total phenolic contents of red clover and alfalfa were 36.5 ± 4.3 mg/gdw and 15.8 ± 1. ... | 2015 | 26411026 |
| herbage intake and milk production of late-lactation dairy cows offered a second-year chicory crop during summer. | chicory (cichorum intybus l.) is a summer-active forage herb which has been proposed as an option to increase summer feed supply, increase dry matter intake, nutrient intake, and milk yield from nonirrigated dairy production systems in southern australia. dry matter intake, nutrient intake, milk yield, and yield of milk fat and protein of predominantly holstein-friesian dairy cows in late lactation consuming 3 herbage-based diets (4 replicates per treatment) were measured. the 3 grazed herbages ... | 2015 | 26409973 |
| prediction of enteric methane emissions from holstein dairy cows fed various forage sources. | milk fatty acid (fa) profile has been previously used as a predictor of enteric ch4 output in dairy cows fed diets supplemented with plant oils, which can potentially impact ruminal fermentation. the objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between milk fa and enteric ch4 emissions in lactating dairy cows fed different types of forages in the context of commonly fed diets. a total of 81 observations from three separate 3×3 latin square design (32-day periods) experiments incl ... | 2016 | 26399308 |
| effects of feeding birdsfoot trefoil hay on neutral detergent fiber digestion, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and lactational performance by dairy cows. | this experiment was conducted to determine effects of feeding birdsfoot trefoil hay-based diets in comparison with an alfalfa hay-based diet on n utilization efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and lactational performance by mid-lactation dairy cows. nine multiparous lactating holstein cows (131 ± 22.6 d in milk), 3 of which were rumen fistulated, were fed 3 experimental diets in a replicated 3 × 3 latin square design with 3 periods of 14 d of adaptation and 7 d of data and sample collection. with ... | 2015 | 26364095 |