| [in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against multiresistant microorganisms isolated from cases of hospital infection]. | | 1987 | 3129763 |
| specific pulmonary defences against pseudomonas aeruginosa after local immunization with temperature-sensitive mutants. | the specificity of the enhancement in lung defences after local immunization of mice with three temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. the three selected mutants display altered growth characteristics when transferred from 29 degrees c to mammalian body temperature. mice immunized with the live ts mutants by aerosol exposure or multiple intranasal inoculations were challenged with aerosols containing wild-type (wt) p. aeruginosa. aerosol immunization with ... | 1987 | 3130459 |
| septicaemia resulting from inadvertent intravenous administration of enteral nutrient solution. a case report. | septicaemia caused by inadvertent intravenous administration of enteral nutrition solution (ens) is a potentially lethal complication of continuous enteral tube feeding. this report highlights the problem and makes a plea for administration sets that are not compatible with intravenous cannulas, and more stringent national bacteriological standards of preparation of ens. | 1988 | 3131887 |
| [the use of uv rays for the disinfection of water. i. microbiologic studies of drinking water]. | as a physical disinfection method without chemicals required the ultraviolet irradiation was tested for disinfection of drinking water. the survival was measured as a function of exposure to radiation for s. enteritidis, e. cloacae, c. freundii, s. marcescens, e. coli, k. pneumoniae und s. faecium. the bacteria were grown in trypton soya broth until they were well into the exponential phase. two different uv-disinfection units were tested. both consist of cylindrical shaped chambers with one low ... | 1988 | 3131986 |
| raised titres of anti-klebsiella iga in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. | serum titres of iga are raised in ankylosing spondylitis and increased titres of antibodies to klebsiella have also been reported. the humoral response was investigated in ankylosing spondylitis and other inflammatory disorders. iga antibodies to klebsiella pneumoniae k43 were measured in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and rheumatoid arthritis and in controls. significantly raised median titres of anti-klebsiella iga, measured as optical density at 405 ... | 1988 | 3132277 |
| [pseudomonas aeruginosa and surgical intensive care units]. | the prevalence of pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care unit (icu) is 19 per cent although its incidence in blood culture is only 3.5 per cent and remains the same even though the total prevalence of this bacterium increases. a review of the clinical results shows that this germ causes severe complications in only 3 per cent of patients. a study by epidemiological markers reveals the presence of 16 different iats serotypes in the icu, this distribution of the serotypes being similar to this o ... | 1988 | 3132871 |
| [resistance to fosfomycin trometamol (monuril): relation to bacterial virulence and the significance of "in" colonies]. | | 1987 | 3132876 |
| enzyme kinetic studies with beta-lactamases against cefotaxime and other cephalosporins. | | 1987 | 3133166 |
| the influence of pyrithione on the growth of micro-organisms. | pyrithione was active against a range of micro-organisms, the most resistant being gram-negative bacteria. the growth curves for klebsiella pneumoniae and bacillus licheniformis showed a drug-dependent lag phase. candida albicans grew with a drug-dependent growth rate. edta antagonized the effects of pyrithione. | 1988 | 3133347 |
| cloning of nifhd from nostoc commune utex 584 and of a flanking region homologous to part of the azotobacter vinelandii nifu gene. | the heterocystous cyanobacterium nostoc commune utex 584 contains two nifh-like sequences (nifh1 and nifh2) in addition to nifhd. a region of dna 1 kilobase upstream from the 5' end of nifh showed considerable sequence similarity to part of the published nifu sequences of azotobacter vinelandii and klebsiella pneumoniae. | 1988 | 3133363 |
| plasmid profiles and klebocin types in epidemiologic studies of infections by klebsiella pneumoniae. | the epidemiological methods of klebocin typing, antibiogram and plasmid dna profile were evaluated using organisms isolated from a suspected epidemic of gentamicin-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae and unrelated strains from different geographical areas as controls. the electrophoretic analysis of plasmid dnas from klebsiella pneumoniae showed the presence of at least one and up to as many as seven plasmids in each strain. the molecular weight of plasmid dnas ranged from 1 to greater than 70 mega ... | 1988 | 3134232 |
| the differential expression of genes for the pse-4 beta-lactamase in pseudomonas aeruginosa and the enterobacteriaceae. | the pse-4 beta-lactamase has been identified, for the first time, in two non-pseudomonal strains. the gene in klebsiella pneumoniae 241 (dal1) was located on a plasmid (puk700) and was freely transferable to other enterobacterial strains and pseudomonas aeruginosa. on the other hand, the gene in enterobacter cloacae a113 (dal2) could only be transferred in the presence of a mobilizing plasmid. when both these genes were transferred within the enterobacteriaceae, the beta-lactamase produced was s ... | 1988 | 3134317 |
| activity of e-3846, a new fluoroquinolone, in vitro and in experimental cystitis and pyelonephritis in rats. | the in vitro antibacterial activity of e-3846, a new fluoroquinolone carboxylic acid derivative with a pyrrol ring substituent at position 7, was evaluated in comparison with norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. e-3846 was more active than the reference quinolones against staphylococcus species, including methicillin-resistant strains. e-3846 was similar to ciprofloxacin and more active than norfloxacin against streptococcus (enterococcus) faecalis. in general, e-3846 was more active than norfloxacin ... | 1988 | 3134844 |
| antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery after vesico-ureteral reflux in children. | | 1988 | 3135164 |
| a regional survey of the resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in clinical isolates of (facultative) aerobic micro-organisms. | from 1980 to 1986 a regional survey was performed to investigate the susceptibility of beta-lactam antibiotics in clinical isolates of escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae and pseudomonas aeruginosa in 6 hospitals located in the southern part of the netherlands. each year 300 to 400 strains were tested. the susceptibility to representatives of the older and the newer beta-lactam antibiotics was determined by a microbroth dilution assay using an inoculu ... | 1988 | 3135169 |
| in vitro activity of desacetylcefotaxime and the interaction with its parent compound, cefotaxime. | antibacterial activities of cefotaxime and its major metabolite, desacetylcefotaxime, against 178 strains (of 10 species) were assessed in terms of minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic50 and mic80), and were compared with those of cefoperazone and ceftazidime. the activity of desacetylcefotaxime was several times less than that of cefotaxime against almost all of the species tested. against staphylococcus aureus, morganella morganii, enterobacter cloacae and pseudomonas aeruginosa, the mic80 v ... | 1988 | 3135170 |
| comparison of in vitro activity of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime alone and in combination against 320 gram-negative clinical isolates. | the antimicrobial activity of cefotaxime and its intermediate metabolite, desacetylcefotaxime, against 320 gram-negative bacterial strains was analysed to investigate whether combination of the 2 substances led to increased bactericidal activity. the in vitro study of the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) showed the combination to be more effective against escherichia coli, klebsiella spp., enterobacter spp. and proteus mirabilis, requiring less than or equal to 50% of the concentration of ... | 1988 | 3135171 |
| comparative susceptibility patterns of common clinical isolates to cefoperazone: 1981 to 1987. | it has been postulated that the widespread use of broad-spectrum cephalosporins might lead to increased bacterial resistance to such agents. to determine if such increased resistance to cefoperazone might be detectable, the susceptibility patterns of common clinical isolates to cefoperazone were examined from the pathology laboratories at baptist medical center, jacksonville, florida, from 1981, prior to approval by the food and drug administration, to the present. gram-negative aerobic and facu ... | 1988 | 3135749 |
| [evolution from 1976 to 1986 of bacterial prevalence and sensitivity to urinary antibiotics of bacteria isolated from urine cultures at a city microbiology laboratory]. | the evolution of the prevalence of the bacterial strains isolated from uti cases (bacteriuria greater than or equal to 10(5)/ml has been studied over a 11 year-period from 1976 to 1986, in a clinical practice microbiological laboratory from a rural area. e. coli was the overall most frequently isolated species, followed by p. mirabilis (74.4% and 11.2% respectively), by the klebsiella-enterobacter group (4.8%), and staphylococci (represented by coagulase negative staphylococci) (4.9%). the relat ... | 1988 | 3136425 |
| comparative in vitro activity of the new oral cephalosporin cefixime. | cefixime was 8 to 10 times more active than cefaclor and augmentin against isolates of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae and salmonella typhi, mic90 values ranging from 0.06 to 0.25 micrograms/ml. however, none of these three drugs was particularly active against isolates of more resistant gram-negative bacilli such as enterobacter, serratia, citrobacter, acinetobacter, providencia and achromobacter spp. the lowest mic values for gram-negative bacilli were seen with ciprofloxacin, except f ... | 1988 | 3137053 |
| modulation of infection by gamma interferon treatment following trauma. | gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) has been shown to be able to modulate several microbiol infections, perhaps as a result of the immunoregulatory properties of this interferon. the present study was designed to determine the efficacy of ifn-gamma treatment in a mouse model of infection that simulates clinical conditions occurring following abdominal trauma. in this model, mice were first infected intraperitoneally with escherichia coli and then underwent immediate surgical laparotomy. finally the mic ... | 1988 | 3137168 |
| effect of interferon-gamma treatment on the course of a burn wound infection. | interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) has been shown to have immunoregulatory properties and is able to modulate resistance to several microbial infections. this study was designed to determine the efficacy of ifn-gamma treatment in a murine burn wound infection model. bacterial challenge consisted of klebsiella pneumoniae (10(8) organisms/ml) or pseudomonas aeruginosa (10(8) organisms/ml), applied topically immediately after burning. groups of cba/j mice received either ifn-gamma or rpmi-1640 medium (co ... | 1988 | 3137276 |
| [adherence of gram-negative bacilli to acid-injured rat tracheal epithelium]. | | 1988 | 3137291 |
| mutagenic activity of acrylamide in eukaryotic systems but not in bacteria. | the vinyl monomer acrylamide (aa) was studied for its activity in a range of genotoxicity tests, including the salmonella/microsome test, the fluctuation test using klebsiella pneumoniae, the test for gene mutations at the tk and hprt loci in l5178y mouse lymphoma cells, tests for chromosomal aberrations and sces in v79 chinese hamster cells, the sex-linked recessive lethal (slrl) and somatic mutation and recombination (smart) assays in drosophila melanogaster and the mouse bone marrow micronucl ... | 1988 | 3137422 |
| synthesis of biologically active pseudo-trehalosamine: [(1s)-(1,2,4/3,5)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1-cyclohexyl] 2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranoside. | | 1988 | 3138025 |
| [a report of 11 cases of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]. | | 1988 | 3138317 |
| [salmonella montevideo from a hospital outbreak with different antibiograms determined by a plasmid]. | from may to june 1984 an outbreak of salmonella montevideo occurred in the neonatal ward of a district's hospital. 26 babies were involved and mild forms of disease were observed in the most cases. the infants were hospitalized from different reasons and treated chemotherapeutically prior to the nosocomial infection. the salmonella montevideo strains isolated from the faeces of the infants showed five different antibiograms. in all strains the multiple drug resistance was determined by a single ... | 1988 | 3138835 |
| modulation of klebsiella pneumoniae infection of mice by interferon-gamma. | the aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) as prophylaxis and therapy in a wound infection model with a 'surgical' pathogen. the bacterial challenge consisted of intramuscular injections of klebsiella pneumoniae (10(3) organisms in 0.1 ml). groups of 12 cba/j mice had either ifn-gamma or rpmi-1640 medium (controls) injected subcutaneously. mice pretreated with ifn-gamma in a dose of 7,500 or 750 units per day, followed by infection and 2 days additional i ... | 1988 | 3139342 |
| [expression of the nif and ntr genes of klebsiella pneumoniae in rhodobacter sphaeroides cells]. | the genes glna, ntr, nif or their promoters from klebsiella pneumoniae cloned on the vectors, based on the plasmid rsf1010, were introduced into rhodobacter sphaeroides cells. it was found that k. pneumoniae genes glna, nifb, nife, nifl and nifh are not expressed in r. sphaeroides. neither was the glna gene from cyanobacterium anabaena 7120 expressed in r. sphaeroides. no functional activity of k. pneumoniae product of ntra gene which is expressed from its own promoter, and the product of the ge ... | 1988 | 3139488 |
| the role of activator binding sites in transcriptional control of the divergently transcribed niff and nifla promoters from klebsiella pneumoniae. | the regulatory region spanning the divergently transcribed niff and nifla promoters contains a nifa-specific upstream activator sequence (uas) located around +59, and two ntrc binding sites centred at -142 and -163 with respect to the nifla transcription start site. we have constructed mutations in each of these binding sites and examined their role in transcriptional activation of the divergently transcribed promoters. analysis of a mutation at +60 confirms that the uas is required for efficien ... | 1988 | 3139967 |
| [infectious cutaneous gangrene in infants]. | the authors review 6 cases of severe cutaneous gangrene complicating infectious diseases in more or less debilitated infants. the evoked diagnoses were 1 case of septicemic gangrene, 4 cases of extensive cutaneous necrosis of the infant, and 1 severe case of ecthyma gangrenosum. however, the authors believe this classic nosological background while being precise, is restricting and poses the problem of knowing how to classify necrotizing fasciitis. | 1988 | 3140366 |
| [chemical and immunochemical characteristics of antigenic preparations from staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella pneumoniae as the components for an associated vaccine]. | s. aureus aqueous extract and k. pneumoniae hydroxylamine vaccine were studied by means of chemical and immunochemical analytical techniques. the preparations were found to contain, respectively, 7.0% nad 53.5% of neutral monosaccharides, 6.5% and 0.7% of nucleic acids, as well as protein in approximately equal amounts (11.63-14.0%). in experiment of immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and rocket immunoelectrophoresis in homologous systems with hyperimmune antimicrobial sera the preparations ... | 1988 | 3140544 |
| electron-transfer studies involving flavodoxin and a natural redox partner, the iron protein of nitrogenase. conformational constraints on protein-protein interactions and the kinetics of electron transfer within the protein complex. | the kinetics of electron-transfer reactions involving flavodoxins from klebsiella pneumoniae (kpfld), azotobacter chroococcum (acfld), anacystis nidulans (anfld) and megasphaera elsdenii (mefld), the free, mgadp-bound and mgatp-bound forms of the fe protein component of nitrogenase from k. pneumoniae [kp2, kp2(mgadp)2 and kp2(mgatp)2] and na2s2o4 were studied by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. kinetic evidence was obtained for the formation of binary protein complexes involving kpfldsq (semiquin ... | 1988 | 3140782 |
| distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of extraintestinal clinical isolates of klebsiella, enterobacter and serratia species. | a total of 451 extraintestinal, clinically relevant strains of the klebsiella, enterobacter and serratia spp. isolated over a nine-month period from hospitalized patients at four different centers in italy were investigated. identification using the api 20e system showed that isolates belonged to 12 different species. overall, strains of klebsiella, enterobacter and serratia were in a ratio of approximately 3.4:2:1. fifty-nine per cent of all strains were from urinary specimens, 12% from respira ... | 1988 | 3141156 |
| laboratory evaluation of disposable and reusable disinfectant cloths for cleaning food contact surfaces. | a comparison of five methods of cleaning formica surfaces contaminated with bacteria dried in milk has been carried out. a standardized procedure was developed, and impression plates were found to be at least as sensitive as a swab-rinse method for detecting bacteria on the surfaces. the most satisfactory results were obtained with one type of disposable alcohol-impregnated wipe and with a detergent/hypochlorite solution applied with paper. a reusable cloth impregnated with disinfectant initiall ... | 1988 | 3141202 |
| purification and properties of dinitrogenase reductase adp-ribosyltransferase from the photosynthetic bacterium rhodospirillum rubrum. | the enzyme that catalyzes the adp-ribosylation and concomitant inactivation of dinitrogenase reductase in rhodospirillum rubrum has been purified greater than 19,000-fold to near homogeneity. we propose dinitrogenase reductase adp-ribosyltransferase (drat) as the working name for the enzyme. drat activity is stabilized by nacl and adp. the enzyme is a monomer with a molecular mass of 30 kda and is a different polypeptide than dinitrogenase reductase activating glycohydrolase. nad (km = 2 mm), et ... | 1988 | 3141411 |
| in vitro quantitative model of catheter infection during simulated parenteral nutrition. | we developed a quantitative in vitro model of catheter infection. colonization was initiated by inoculating the catheter lumen with a small number of bacteria (approximately 5 x 10(3) viable organisms). then the inoculated catheters were used for simulated total parenteral nutrition therapy consisting of infusions for 9 h a day, and bacteria were counted in the effluent fluid against time, enabling us to monitor catheter colonization quantitatively. bacterial colonization of prosthetic devices i ... | 1988 | 3141464 |
| [influence of different types of experimental obesity on resistance of the mouse to infection by salmonella typhimurium and klebsiella pneumoniae]. | resistance to infections inducing two types of immune response, humoral and cell-mediated, has been measured in mice after salmonella typhimurium and klebsiella pneumoniae inoculation; the animals exhibited different kinds of obesity: genetic, ob/ob and db/db mutants, induced by fat diet or gold thioglucose (aurothioglucose) injection (determining obesity of central origin). klebsiella infection was aggravated in all types of obesity. salmonella infection was aggravated in genetically diabetic a ... | 1988 | 3142335 |
| synthesis and structure-activity relationships in the cefpirome series. i. 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(z)-oxyiminoacetamido]-3-[(su bstituted-1-pyridinio)methyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylate s. | 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(z)-oxyiminoacetamido]-3-[(s ubs tituted-1-pyridinio)methyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylates ii are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics with extraordinary high antibacterial activity. the promising member of this group, cefpirome (hr 810, ii-1) is a candidate for clinical use. synthetic pathways to ii starting from cefotaxime derivatives i or 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-aca) are described. a preferred method for the conversion of i to ii or 7-aca to precursors iii respecti ... | 1988 | 3142844 |
| regulation of the galactose-inducible lac operon and the histidine utilization operons in pts mutants of klebsiella aerogenes. | galactose appears to be the physiological inducer of the chromosomal lac operon in klebsiella aerogenes. both lactose and galactose are poor inducers in strains having a functional galactose catabolism (gal) operon, but both are excellent inducers in gal mutants. thus the slow growth of k. aerogenes on lactose reflects the rapid degradation of the inducer. several pts mutations were characterized and shown to affect both inducer exclusion and permanent catabolite repression. the beta-galactosida ... | 1988 | 3142852 |
| bacterial pneumonia in the elderly. | | 1988 | 3142909 |
| [comparative characteristics of the adhesive properties of microorganisms isolated from the urine of children with chronic obstructive pyelonephritis]. | the adhesive properties of 215 cultures, including 215 escherichia coli strains, 43 klebsiella pneumoniae strains and 60 pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from the urine of 124 children with chronic obstructive pyelonephritis were studied in the direct hemagglutination test simultaneously with those of 30 e. coli strains and 20 k. pneumoniae strains isolated from the feces of 50 healthy children, as well as 60 p. aeruginosa strains isolated from children with parenteral infections of other ... | 1988 | 3143207 |
| evaluation of plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase resistance in escherichia coli blood culture isolates. | the frequency of beta-lactam resistance was determined among 313 strains of escherichia coli, 119 of enterobacter/klebsiella/proteus spp., and 48 of pseudomonas spp. isolated from blood cultures (at turku university central hospital and turku city hospital) in 1983-1987. during this period the mic50 of ampicillin for escherichia coli increased from 8 to 32 micrograms/ml, the mic90 of piperacillin from 16 to greater than 32 micrograms/ml and the mic90 of cefuroxime from 4-8 to 16 micrograms/ml. a ... | 1988 | 3143575 |
| in vitro activity of florphenicol. | florphenicol was active at a lower concentration than chloramphenicol against over half of 234 recent clinical bacterial isolates. the majority (98%) of the isolates were inhibited by florphenicol at a concentration of 8 mg/l or less. florphenicol was particularly effective against chloramphenicol resistant strains of haemophilus influenzae. klebsiella aerogenes and bacteroides spp. florphenicol was bacteristatic for salmonellae and escherichia coli but bactericidal for haemophilus influenzae. f ... | 1988 | 3143587 |
| effect of certain chelating agents on the antibacterial action of silver nitrate. | edta and egta when used in conjunction with agno3 enhanced the antibacterial action of the latter significantly, so that strains of klebsiella pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus resistant to 70 micrograms/ml of agno3 were observed to became sensitive to 10 micrograms/ml of this compound. the synergistic effect of edta appears to be due to a mechanism other than the removal of lipopolysaccharide from outer membrane, as its effect could be observed in even non-lps containing gram positive s. aur ... | 1988 | 3143759 |
| [two cases of metastatic klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis]. | | 1988 | 3143790 |
| effects of interferon-gamma treatment on surgically simulated wound infection in mice. | interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) has been shown to have immunoregulatory properties and is able to modulate resistance to several microbial infections. this study was designed to determine the efficacy of ifn-gamma treatment in a mouse model of infection that simulates many clinical conditions associated with surgical wound infection: viz, a bacteria laden suture and tissue injury. the test bacteria were klebsiella pneumoniae. groups of cba/j mice received either ifn-gamma or rpmi-1640 medium (contr ... | 1988 | 3143895 |
| comparative studies of fleroxacin and ofloxacin in experimental pyelonephritis. | two quinolones, fleroxacin and ofloxacin were used as oral treatment in a model of experimental pyelonephritis in rats. the infecting strains were escherichia coli, klebsiella oxytoca and pseudomonas aeruginosa. compared to untreated control rats, the rats treated with the quinolones showed a great reduction in bacterial counts in kidney tissue and urine. at lower dosages, fleroxacin had a greater bacterial killing effect than ofloxacin. | 1988 | 3144529 |
| therapeutic effect of fleroxacin against experimental pneumonia in mice. | fleroxacin is a newly developed quinolone derivative with marked antimicrobial activity. in this study, we have compared the therapeutic effects of fleroxacin with those of ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pipemidic acid and cefaclor against pneumonia in mice caused by klebsiella pneumoniae. fleroxacin showed a high therapeutic effect against the experimental pneumonia with an ed50 of 3.4 mg/kg/day, after three times a day oral administration. it was about twice as effective as ofloxacin a ... | 1988 | 3144531 |
| in-vitro activity of fleroxacin against urinary tract and genital tract pathogens. | the activity of fleroxacin was compared to those of nalidixic acid, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, tetracycline and penicillin against a total of 452 strains isolated from urinary tract and genital tract infections. these included strains resistant to gentamicin, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and beta-lactamase producing strains. mics were determined by a standard agar dilution procedure using mueller-hinton agar. fleroxacin inhibited 90% of escherichia coli, klebsiell ... | 1988 | 3144546 |
| [influence of human albumin on bactericidal or antibacterial activities of cephems and monobactams]. | influence of human albumin on bactericidal or antibacterial activities of 11 beta-lactams were examined. the 11 beta-lactams included second generation cephems (cefsulodin, cefotiam and cefmetazole), third generation cephems (ceftazidime, latamoxef, cefmenoxime, cefoperazone, cefotetan and cefpiramide) and monobactams (carumonam and aztreonam). the micro-broth-dilution method was used to determine antibacterial activities. bactericidal activities were determined using the time-kill method. used ... | 1988 | 3144613 |
| [susceptibility of clinically isolated strains to aztreonam]. | in vitro antibacterial activities of aztreonam (azt) and cephems against clinically isolated 334 strains were investigated. the results obtained in the study are summarized as follows: 1. azt showed excellent antibacterial activities against clinically isolated 334 strains. 2. azt showed potent activities against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus spp., enterobacter aerogenes and citrobacter freundii. 3. antibacterial activities of azt were superior against enterobacter cloacae, se ... | 1988 | 3145344 |
| role of sublethal injury in decline of bacterial populations in lake water. | following their addition to lake water, the populations of escherichia coli and of antibiotic-resistant strains of pseudomonas fluorescens, agrobacterium tumefaciens, micrococcus flavus, rhizobium meliloti, and klebsiella pneumoniae declined rapidly, as determined by counting on media containing antibacterial compounds. the estimates of population sizes were occasionally higher if procedures were used that permitted possible resuscitation of injured cells. no resuscitation procedure yielded cons ... | 1988 | 3145714 |
| emergence of bacterial resistance to cefamandole in vivo due to outer membrane protein deficiency. | cefamandole therapy in a patient with suppurative thrombophlebitis failed due to selection of a resistant variant of the causative organism klebsiella pneumoniae. analysis of the resistance mechanism revealed that in the resistant variant one of the major outer membrane proteins, ompf, was missing. resistance of this type has implications for therapy with other antibiotics including non-beta-lactam antibiotics. this report demonstrates the role of outer membrane permeation in the emergence of ba ... | 1988 | 3145861 |
| dissemination in five french hospitals of klebsiella pneumoniae serotype k25 harbouring a new transferable enzymatic resistance to third generation cephalosporins and aztreonam. | a strain of klebsiella pneumoniae k25 resistant to newer beta-lactam drugs was isolated in clusters in five hospitals in the paris area. the mics of ceftazidime and aztreonam (greater than or equal to 128 mg/l) were higher than that of cefotaxime (16 mg/l) for the strain but, when measured in the presence of clavulanic acid, they were less than or equal to 1 mg/l. the donor strains and derivatives produced a beta-lactamase with a pi of 7.75-7.8 and hydrolysing activity against a wide spectrum of ... | 1988 | 3145863 |
| [study of the pathogenicity of enterococcus faecalis--experimental mice with mixed infection with e. faecalis and other organisms]. | | 1988 | 3147302 |
| bacteria of public health significance in blackcurrant juice. | a total of 192 samples of blackcurrant juice were investigated for hygienic quality and drug resistance. the average aerobic bacteria in 1 ml of the blackcurrant juice was 4.8 x 10(8) and the average mpn was 8.4 x 10(2) coliform/100 ml. the percentage of the samples contaminated with coliform bacteria was 23.4. the incidence of escherichia coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus and faecal streptococci were 19.8, 9.9, 29.2, 14.0 and 18.2%, respectively. biochemical and se ... | 1988 | 3149397 |
| a bacterial pathogenicity determinant associated with necrotizing enterocolitis. | predominant enterobacteria from infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) were examined for an unusual ability to ferment lactose. one such isolate, a klebsiella pneumoniae strain, was partially induced for lactose operon expression in tryptone containing media, and was also pathogenic in a rabbit ileal loop model for nec. a spontaneous segregant of this strain was no longer partially induced for lactose operon expression, and was no longer pathogenic in the rabbit model. the gene responsible ... | 1988 | 3149708 |
| antibacterial activity after a single-dose of norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pipemidic acid detected in urine of volunteers. | six healthy volunteers received in a triple-crossover design a single oral dose of norfloxacin, ofloxacin or pipemidic acid. urine samples were collected during the 24 h following the administration and were tested for inhibitory and bactericidal activity against selected strains of enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa. norfloxacin and ofloxacin inhibited the urinary growth of sensitive strains during the 24 h of sampling time at dilutions much higher than those generally considered sat ... | 1988 | 3150350 |
| [a case of klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia associated with bacteremia and a giant cavity on the chest roentgenogram]. | | 1988 | 3150415 |
| [the action of low-frequency ultrasound on gram-positive and gram-negative pyogenic microflora in vitro]. | | 1987 | 3150498 |
| minimum inhibitory concentrations of some newly developed antimicrobials against common urinary and blood pathogens. | | 1987 | 3151347 |
| deferoxamine (desferal)-induced ocular toxicity. | a 4-year-old girl with juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia relapsed after an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (bmt) and became refractory to conventional chemotherapy. treatment with two courses of high-dose deferoxamine, an iron chelator (130-180 mg/kg/day), along with low-dose ara-c (5 mg/kg/day) caused a remarkable decrease of the wbc and fetal hb. three days following the last dose of deferoxamine, the patient experienced an acute visual loss, confirmed by electroretinogram (erg) and vis ... | 1988 | 3152975 |
| fixing on an enigma. | | 1987 | 3153172 |
| entire nucleotide sequence of the pullulanase gene of klebsiella aerogenes w70. | we determined the entire nucleotide sequence of the klebsiella aerogenes w70 pullulanase gene (pula) contained on a 4.2-kilobase-pair fragment of plasmid ppb174. the amino acid composition deduced from an open reading frame of 3,288 base pairs agreed closely with that determined for the intracellular pullalanase. the precursor enzyme consisted of 1,096 amino acid residues and contained a hydrophobic n-terminal signal peptide and the consensus sequence for the bacterial prelipoprotein signal pept ... | 1987 | 3155373 |
| in-vitro activity of pefloxacin compared to enoxacin, norfloxacin, gentamicin and new beta-lactams. | the in-vitro activity of pefloxacin was compared with that of norfloxacin, enoxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and, where appropriate, other beta-lactams against a total of 363 recent clinical isolates. an agar dilution procedure was used to determine mics and two inocula (10(4) and 10(6) cfu) were used throughout. pefloxacin inhibited 90% of isolates of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, indole-positive proteus spp., enterobacter spp., shigella ... | 1985 | 3156112 |
| bacterial reduction of fensulfothion and its hydrolysis product 4-methylsulfinyl phenol. | oxygen-limited cultures of klebsiella pneumoniae reduced 4-methylsulfinyl phenol to 4-methylthiophenol. a study of the effect of 4-methylthiophenol on the growth of k. pneumoniae revealed that the specific growth rate was retarded by 40% in the presence of 200 micrograms of the phenol per ml. a soil bacterium, hafnia sp., was isolated that could reduce the organophosphorus insecticide fensulfothion to fensulfothion sulfide. | 1985 | 3156557 |
| effect of subinhibitory concentrations of cephalosporins on surface properties and siderophore production in iron-depleted klebsiella pneumoniae. | subinhibitory mics (sub-mics) of several cephalosporins significantly reduced the enterochelin production of klebsiella pneumoniae 327 grown under iron-depleted conditions and also reduced capsule formation regardless of iron availability. the surface hydrophobicity of k. pneumoniae 327 increased significantly when the bacteria were grown in either iron-sufficient or iron-depleted media in the presence of sub-mics of all the cephalosporins used in this study. antisera raised against a non-encaps ... | 1985 | 3157345 |
| studies of the inhibition by malto-oligosaccharides of the cyclisation reaction catalysed by the cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from klebsiella pneumoniae m 5 al with glycogen. | the substrate qualities of malto-oligosaccharides for the disproportionation reaction catalysed by the cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase [(1----4)-alpha-d-glucan:[(1----4)-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl]transferase (cyclising) ec 2.4.1.19] from klebsiella pneumoniae m 5 al have been re-investigated. maltose failed to be homologised with measurable velocity. the initial rates of disproportionation and the affinities of the enzyme increased with the chain lengths of the substrates. maltopentaose was the sm ... | 1985 | 3157455 |
| in vitro antibacterial activity of norfloxacin and other agents against ocular pathogens. | 302 clinical isolates representing 16 bacterial species most often implicated in ocular infections were tested in vitro against norfloxacin and a panel of antibacterial agents. on the basis of the 90% minimal inhibitory concentration (mic90) data, norfloxacin was 4-32 times more active than the next best antimicrobial tested against citrobacter freundii, escherichia coli, morganella morganii, proteus mirabilis, proteus vulgaris, haemophilus influenzae, neisseria gonorrhoeae and staphylococcus ep ... | 1985 | 3157551 |
| controlled evaluation of trypticase soy broth in agar slide and conventional blood culture systems. | a commercially available biphasic blood culture system that utilizes an attachable agar slide paddle and trypticase soy broth (bbl microbiology systems, cockeysville, md.) was compared with a conventional trypticase soy broth blood culture bottle in 6,867 paired blood cultures from adult patients. both systems were inoculated with equal volumes of blood (5 ml) and incubated aerobically (vented) for 2 weeks. more clinically important bacteria and fungi, including staphylococcus epidermidis, strep ... | 1985 | 3157701 |
| the pharmacokinetics and serum and urine bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin. | ciprofloxacin is an investigational quinolone agent possessing an impressive antibacterial spectrum. its pharmacokinetics were studied in six volunteers after 250-mg and 500-mg single oral doses, and its bactericidal activity compared to that of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole given to the same volunteers. mean peak serum levels were 1.45 micrograms/ml and 2.46 micrograms/ml for 250-mg and 500-mg doses, and time to peak was 1 and 1.3 hours. the 12-hour levels were 0.12 micrograms and 0.22 microgra ... | 1985 | 3157705 |
| comparative in vitro activity of three new quinolone antibiotics against recent clinical isolates. | new orally absorbable quinolone derivatives, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin demonstrated excellent activity in vitro against clinical isolates of escherichia coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus mirabilis, proteus sp. indole-positive, pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes and enterococci. none of the 3 drugs was more than moderately effective against bacteroides fragilis. ciprofloxacin was 2-4 times more effective against most gr ... | 1985 | 3158070 |
| comparative in vitro activity of norfloxacin and seven other antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates from urinary tract infections. | the in vitro activity of norfloxacin, a new quinolone derivative, was tested against 469 clinical isolates derived mainly from urinary samples from outpatients. it inhibited all escherichia coli, klebsiella oxytoca and proteus strains at a concentration of 0.25 micrograms/ml, and all pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterobacter, klebsiella pneumoniae, staphylococcus and enterococcus strains at a concentration of 8 micrograms/ml or less. norfloxacin proved to be more effective than nalidixic acid, trimet ... | 1985 | 3158071 |
| [gram-negative bacteria in a medical resuscitation unit. distribution of species and antibiotic sensitivity]. | the distribution of gram-negative bacilli species and their susceptibility to various antibiotics were surveyed over a 18-month period in an intensive care unit. gram-negative bacilli were isolated from blood cultures (65), urine cultures (191), respiratory tract samples (176) or miscellaneous samples (69). the bacilli most frequently isolated from blood cultures were enterobacteriaceae (95%), including escherichia coli (46%), proteus (22%) and klebsiella pneumoniae (12%). pseudomonas aeruginosa ... | 1985 | 3158892 |
| [frequency of in vitro sensitivity to netilmicin and ceftizoxime on selected highly resistant flora in surgical intensive therapy]. | the in vitro sensitivity of 132 gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains to netilmycin and ceftizoxime was assessed in order to update the statistics on the a priori efficacy of the antibacterial drugs. the flora studied were carefully selected as an extreme case of resistance to the standard antibiotics. netilmycin was found to be effective against staphylococci, pseudomonas and enterobacter, ceftizoxime against serratia, acinetobacter, proteus and klebsiella. both drugs were equally e ... | 1988 | 3162558 |
| [susceptibilities of clinical isolates to antibacterial agents. focusing mainly on ofloxacin (first report). reported by the research group for testing ofloxacin susceptibility of clinical isolates]. | susceptibility tests were carried out on a variety of clinically isolated pathogens using the susceptibility disc method at 197 hospitals in japan between may, 1985 through march, 1986. these tests were organized by the research group for testing ofloxacin susceptibility on clinical isolates, and the results were statistically analyzed. this paper describes a comparison of susceptibilities of clinical isolates including staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, enterococcus faecalis, st ... | 1988 | 3163383 |
| in vitro activity of lomefloxacin (sc-47111; ny-198), a difluoroquinolone 3-carboxylic acid, compared with those of other quinolones. | lomefloxacin (sc-47111; ny-198) is a new difluoroquinolone agent. it inhibited 90% of escherichia coli, klebsiella spp., enterobacter spp., citrobacter spp., proteus mirabilis, morganella morganii, proteus vulgaris, serratia marcescens, salmonella spp., shigella spp., aeromonas spp., yersinia spp., haemophilus influenzae, and neisseria gonorrhoeae at less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml. lomefloxacin inhibited 90% of pseudomonas aeruginosa at 4 micrograms/ml. lomefloxacin was equal in activity ... | 1988 | 3164987 |
| bacteriophage degradation of the capsular polysaccharide of klebsiella k24 and determination of the position of the o-acetyl group. | | 1988 | 3167888 |
| nucleotide sequence of the regulatory gene xylr of the tol plasmid from pseudomonas putida. | we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the xylr gene for a transcriptional activator for the degradative pathway of aromatic hydrocarbons on the tol plasmid from pseudomonas putida. the 1698-bp sequence for a 566-amino acid (aa) protein (mr 63741) was identified as the xylr-encoding sequence. three regions in xylr show homology to klebsiella pneumoniae ntrc and nifa, both of which are transcriptional activators for the ntr and nif genes involved in the nitrogen metabolism. the central reg ... | 1988 | 3169574 |
| morphological differentiation of human lymphocyte subpopulations following polyclonal stimulation with bacteria and lectin. | mononuclear cells (mnc) were stimulated with different heat-treated gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and the lymphocyte subpopulation interaction, the proliferative response, and the immunoglobulin secretion were analyzed. it can be demonstrated that beta haemolytic streptococci and staphylococcus aureus have a similar stimulation pattern: early stimulation of helper t cells, cell contacts of helper t cells and b cells, maximum proliferation on day 5 and 7, and ig secretion peak on day 7. k ... | 1988 | 3169839 |
| renal dysfunction in dogs with pyometra. | renal function and pathologic changes in 27 dogs with pyometra were studied. evaluation included cbc; serum biochemical evaluation; urinalysis; urine and uterine bacteriologic culture; uterine morphologic features; and light, electron, and immunofluorescent microscopic evaluation of renal tissues. measurements of 24-hour creatinine clearance, protein excretion, na excretion, and urine volume were made in 12 dogs without azotemia. of 27 dogs, 26% were azotemic and 89% had a urine sp gr less than ... | 1988 | 3170321 |
| rna polymerase as a repressor of transcription in the hut(p) region of mutant klebsiella aerogenes histidine utilization operons. | mutants of klebsiella aerogenes able to express the hutuh operon in the absence of positive effectors were isolated and characterized. these mutations improve the hutuh promoter (puh) by changing the -10 region to match the consensus sequence more closely. these mutations also affect another, oppositely oriented promoter in this region, pc. although the mutations lie far outside pc, they cause pc to be inactive, apparently because binding of rna polymerase to the puh promoter blocks the overlapp ... | 1988 | 3170491 |
| [clinical study of cefuzonam in the field of obstetrics and gynecology]. | cefuzonam (czon, l-105) was used clinically for the treatment of obstetrical and gynecological infections at a dosage of 1 g once or twice daily by intravenous drip infusion. the results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. clinical effects of czon were analyzed in 10 patients, including 5 patients with intrapelvic infections, 3 with intrauterine infections, and 1 each with adnexitis and an external genital infection. excellent responses were observed in 1 patient (11.1%), good responses in 7 ... | 1988 | 3172464 |
| [pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of ceftizoxime in newborn infants]. | pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of ceftizoxime (czx) were performed in infants given intravenously. the obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. serum concentrations of czx in 2 and 3 day-old mature infants given 20 mg/kg by one shot intravenous injection peaked at 49.0 and 57.9 micrograms/ml in 1 hour and decreased to 14.4 and 24.9 micrograms/ml in 8 hours after dosing, respectively. half-lives were 3.9 and 5.6 hours, respectively. in 5 day-old or older mature infants, peak serum lev ... | 1988 | 3172466 |
| [non-pigmented serratia: utility of hydrolysis of tween 80 in its identification]. | the ability of serratia sp. to hydrolyze tween 80 and the usefulness of this test for differentiating it from other gram negative bacilli was studied, comparing it with the capacity of production of dnasa by the same strains using the o-toluidine blue method. the total number of strains assayed was 88. the sensitivity obtained was 83.9% and specificity 91.3%, with a positive predictive value of 83.9% and a negative predictive value of 91.2%. using this method to differentiate only non-pigmented ... | 1988 | 3175019 |
| [osteochondroplastic tracheopathy and spontaneous chylothorax: report of a case]. | | 1988 | 3175141 |
| [susceptibility of gram-negative bacterial isolates to six beta-lactam and two aminoglycoside antibiotics at our university hospital]. | susceptibilities of gram-negative bacterial strains isolated at the university hospital in 1987 to six beta-lactam antibiotics (azthreonam cefmetazole, ceftizoxime, latamoxef, aminobenzyl-penicillin and piperacillin) and two aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin and amikacin) were examined by agar dilution and the agar diffusion method. results obtained from both methods correlated well in most of the strains. most of the strains belonging to escherichia coli, klebsiella oxytoca, klebsiella pne ... | 1988 | 3175388 |
| evaluation of a latex kit reagent for the detection and identification of pneumococci. | the ability of a commercial latex kit to detect pneumococcal antigen in 50 csf samples, 150 ear swabs and 80 sputum samples was investigated. results were compared with microscopic and culture findings. 18/19 culture-positive specimens were latex-positive. 7 latex-positive specimens yielded organisms other than s. pneumoniae which agglutinated the latex, 4 klebsiella spp, 2 staphylococcus aureus and 1 haemophilus influenzae. for 11 other specimens latex agglutination was positive and culture neg ... | 1988 | 3179073 |
| predominance of the igg1 subclass in the hypergammaglobulinemia observed in pre-aids and aids. | in addition to the well-known t-cell dysfunctions in aids, hypergammaglobulinemia, mostly igg, and autoimmune phenomena indicate that b cells are also involved. reports of hiv-infected and activated b cells suggest t cell-independent b-cell abnormalities. in order to assess the igg subclasses involved in hypergammaglobulinemia, we examined all four igg subclasses in sera and in vitro with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the in vitro studies included 7-day cultures of mononuclear ce ... | 1988 | 3180125 |
| serum bactericidal activity against aerobes and anaerobes of volunteers receiving cefoxitin or cefotetan. | six volunteers received intravenously a single 1 g dose of cefoxitin or cefotetan. the 2 groups were crossed after a week of washout. five strains each of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, bacteroides fragilis and bacteroides thetaiotaomicron susceptible to the administered drugs were tested for serum bactericidal activity (sba). blood samples were obtained before and 0.5, 3.0 and 12.0 hours after antibiotic injection. sba was determined using microtitre procedures. anaerobic bacteria wer ... | 1988 | 3180306 |
| time-kill studies and synergy testing of broad-spectrum antibiotics against blood culture isolates. | time-kill studies and synergy testing were performed with blood culture isolates from 80 patients with septicemia. ten isolates each of escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, indole-positive proteus, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci were included. the isolates were tested against netilmicin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cefotaxime, alone and in different combinations. cefotaxime was the most ... | 1988 | 3180908 |
| survival time, causes of death, and tumor/treatment-related morbidity in 100 women with ovarian cancer. | one hundred cases of ovarian cancer were studied at autopsy to determine the effect of morphologic and clinical factors on survival time, the primary cause of death, and tumor/treatment-related morbidity. the mean survival time was 19 months (0 to 174 months). increasing neoplastic histologic grade and increasing clinical stage at diagnosis were each associated with decreased survival time. in grade i tumors, the mean survival time was 84 months; in grade ii tumors, it was 18 months; and in grad ... | 1988 | 3181948 |
| in-vitro and in-vivo activities of t-3262, a new pyridone carboxylic acid. | t-3262[p-toluenesulfonic acid salt of dl-7-(3-amino-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-4-oxo-1, 8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid monohydrate] is a new pyridone carboxylic acid with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the activity of t-3262 against most enterobacteriaceae was comparable with that of ciprofloxacin except proteus spp. and providencia rettgeri and exceeded that of ofloxacin and norfloxacin. the activ ... | 1988 | 3182417 |
| comparative in-vitro activity of tigemonam, a new monobactam. | the in-vitro activity against gram-negative aerobic bacterial pathogens of a new oral monobactam, tigemonam, was compared with those of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefaclor, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole and gentamicin, by an agar-dilution method. tigemonam inhibited 90% of strains tested of escherichia coli, klebsiella spp., proteus spp., salmonella spp., haemophilus influenzae and branhamella catarrhalis at concentrations of 0.25 mg/l or below. the mic90 fo ... | 1988 | 3182428 |
| antimicrobial activity of ly163892, an orally administered 1-carbacephem. | ly163892 was found to be similar to cefaclor and slightly superior to cephalexin in antimicrobial activity and spectrum. bacteria with mic50 less than or equal to 8.0 mg/l included escherichia coli, klebsiella spp., proteus mirabilis, citrobacter diversus, haemophilus influenzae, branhamella catarrhalis, pathogenic neisseria spp., oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci, and streptococcus spp. strains that produced plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases generally remained susceptible to ly163892. ly163892 ... | 1988 | 3182429 |
| resistance studies with ofloxacin. | the selection of ofloxacin-resistant mutants from susceptible wild-type bacterial populations was investigated by three methods. resistant mutants selected from populations of escherichia coli (nctc 10418) and staphylococcus aureus (nctc 6571) by single-step passage at either four or eight times the mic occurred at a frequency of less than 1 x 10(-10). ofloxacin-resistant mutants of pseudomonas aeruginosa (nctc 10662), selected at four times the mic, occurred with a 100-fold greater frequency at ... | 1988 | 3182460 |
| detection with monoclonal antibody of salmonella typhi antigen 9 in specimens from patients. | monoclonal antibodies were raised against barber antigen (ba) of salmonella typhi 0901. antibodies produced to antigen 9 of group d salmonellae were used in double- and triple-sandwich antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for detecting antigen 9 in urine and plasma specimens from three groups of patients and 49 controls. the triple-antibody elisa detected the antigen in urine samples from 11 of 18 (65%) patients with hemoculture-proven typhoid (group 1) and 12 of 39 (31%) patient ... | 1988 | 3183027 |
| conservation of nif sequences in frankia. | southern blots of frankia total dnas were hybridized with nifhdk probes from rhizobium meliloti, klebsiella pneumoniae and frankia strain arl3. differences between strains were noted in the size of the hybridizing restriction fragments. these differences were more pronounced among elaeagnus-compatible strains than among alnus- or casuarina-compatible strains. gene banks constructed for frankia strains eun1f, hrn18a, ced and acon24d were used to isolate nif-hybridizing restriction fragments for s ... | 1988 | 3185502 |
| [prognostic significance of the onset of infection in newborn infants]. | between september 86 and may 87 we reviewed the case histories of 25 newborns (gestational age: 33-41 weeks, birth weight: 1280-3600 g) with septicaemia proved by positive blood cultures. two groups are formed: group a: onset of sepsis within the first 48 hours of life (10 newborns), group b: onset of sepsis after 48 hours of life (15 newborns). no differences in gestational age and birth weight were found between the groups. amnionitis was found in 8 mothers (80%) of group a, however, we found ... | 1988 | 3188529 |