| generation and characterization of an scfv directed against site ii of rabies glycoprotein. | recombinant antibody phage display technology is a vital tool that facilitates identification of specific binding molecules to a target enabling the rapid generation and selection of high affinity, fully human, or mouse antibody product candidates essentially directed towards disease target appropriate for antibody therapy. in this study, a recombinant single-chain fv antibody fragment (scfv) a11 was isolated from immune spleen cells obtained from mice immunized with inactivated rabies virus (pa ... | 2011 | 22007309 |
| rabies virus in molossus molossus (chiroptera: molossidae) in the state of pernambuco, northeastern brazil. | rabies virus was detected in bats (molossus molossus) from an urban area in the city of recife, state of pernambuco, brazil. four individuals were found during the day in visible, non-habitual places, lying on the ground, but still alive. no contact occurred with people or animals. of these, only two were identified; it was not possible to identify two specimens, since they were incinerated prior to identification. diagnosis was positive by direct immunofluorescence and intracerebral inoculation ... | 2011 | 21860906 |
| role of apoptosis in rabies viral encephalitis: a comparative study in mice, canine, and human brain with a review of literature. | to evaluate the role of apoptosis in rabies encephalitis in humans and canines infected with wild-type street virus, in comparison with rodent model infected with street and laboratory passaged cvs strain, we studied postmortem brain tissue from nine humans, six canines infected with street rabies virus, and swiss albino mice inoculated intramuscularly (im) and intracerebrally (ic) with street and cvs strains. encephalitis and high rabies antigen load were prominent in canine and human brains co ... | 2011 | 21876844 |
| prevalence of antibody against rabies among confined, free-roaming and stray dogs in a transit city of nigeria. | the prevalence of anti-glycoprotein antibodies against rabies virus is studied in the sera of confined, free-roaming and stray dogs in ilorin, the capital city of kwara state, nigeria. a quantitative indirect enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (i-elisa) was used to detect rabies virus anti-glycoprotein antibodies in sera from 116 confined, 61 free-roaming, and 13 stray dogs. the sera were collected between june and december 2008 from apparently healthy dogs. of these 190 dogs, 81 (42.6%), consis ... | 2011 | 22194227 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in vietnam (2006-2009). | this study was aimed at determining the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus (rabv) circulating in vietnam. intra vitam samples (saliva and cerebrospinal fluid) were collected from 31 patients who were believed to have rabies and were admitted to hospitals in northern provinces of vietnam. brain samples were collected from 176 sick or furious rabid dogs from all over the country. the human and canine samples were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. the findin ... | 2011 | 21937820 |
| inactivated or live-attenuated bivalent vaccines that confer protection against rabies and ebola viruses. | the search for a safe and efficacious vaccine for ebola virus continues, as no current vaccine candidate is nearing licensure. we have developed (i) replication-competent, (ii) replication-deficient, and (iii) chemically inactivated rabies virus (rabv) vaccines expressing zaire ebola virus (zebov) glycoprotein (gp) by a reverse genetics system based on the sad b19 rabv wildlife vaccine. zebov gp is efficiently expressed by these vaccine candidates and is incorporated into virions. the vaccine ca ... | 2011 | 21849459 |
| reviewing host proteins of rhabdoviridae: possible leads for lesser studied viruses. | rhabdoviridae, characterized by bullet-shaped viruses, is known for its diverse host range, which includes plants, arthropods, fishes and humans. understanding the viral-host interactions of this family can prove beneficial in developing effective therapeutic strategies. the host proteins interacting with animal rhabdoviruses have been reviewed in this report. several important host proteins commonly interacting with animal rhabdoviruses are being reported, some of which, interestingly, have mo ... | 2011 | 22116291 |
| Human rabies--Wisconsin, 2010. | In late December 2010, a male resident of Wisconsin, aged 70 years, sought treatment for progressive right shoulder pain, tremors, abnormal behavior, and dysphagia at an emergency department (ED). He was admitted for observation and treated with benzodiazepines and haloperidol, a neuroleptic, for presumed alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The next day, he had rhabdomyolysis, fever, and rigidity, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome was diagnosed. The neuroleptic was discontinued, but the patient's clin ... | 2011 | 21881547 |
| rare, unusual, and less common virus infections after organ transplantation. | the present article reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention, and management of rare, unusual, and less common viruses that infect transplant recipients. | 2011 | 22001713 |
| innate immune response gene expression profiles in central nervous system of mice infected with rabies virus. | the present study was focused on the modulation of innate immune response genes in cns of mouse in response to rabies virus (rabv) infection. the global gene expression changes in brains of rabv- or mock-infected mice were investigated using dna microarray analysis and quantitative real-time pcr. then functional enrichment of the differentially expressed mrnas was performed. microarray analysis showed that 390 genes in brain were significantly (p<0.01) regulated in response to rabv infection, wi ... | 2011 | 22005334 |
| New rabies virus variants for monitoring and manipulating activity and gene expression in defined neural circuits. | Glycoprotein-deleted (?G) rabies virus is a powerful tool for studies of neural circuit structure. Here, we describe the development and demonstrate the utility of new resources that allow experiments directly investigating relationships between the structure and function of neural circuits. New methods and reagents allowed efficient production of 12 novel ?G rabies variants from plasmid DNA. These new rabies viruses express useful neuroscience tools, including the Ca(2+) indicator GCaMP3 for mo ... | 2011 | 21867879 |
| Enhanced Expression of Rabies Virus Surface G-Protein in Escherichia coli using SUMO Fusion. | Fusion systems are known to increase the expression of difficult to express recombinant proteins in soluble form to facilitate their purification. Rabies glycoprotein was also tough to express at sufficient level in soluble form in both E. coli and plant. The present work was aimed to over-express and purify this membrane protein from soluble extract of E. coli. Fusion of Small Ubiqutin like Modifier (SUMO) with rabies glycoprotein increased ~1.5 fold higher expression and ~3.0 fold solubility i ... | 2012 | 22134654 |
| Expression of rabies virus glycoprotein gene into eukaryotic system and determination of potential T-cell epitopes. | The present study was undertaken to clone, express rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) and to identify potential T-cell epitopes on it. RVG gene (1590 bp) was amplified using gene specific primers. The amplified product was cloned into pTZ57R/T cloning vector by TA cloning. RVG gene was subcloned into pcDNA3.1 (+) expression vector. In this study, cloning and expression of rabies virus glycoprotein gene was done under CMV promoter and an expression construct (pcDNA.RVG) was prepared and clones were ... | 2011 | 21870427 |
| Treatment of rabies in the 21st century: curing the incurable? | Despite the extreme case fatality attributable to rabies, reports of survivors provide a faint glimpse of a possibility of overcoming this deadly disease, even after clinical symptoms manifest. At present, no existing approach fulfills modern medical criteria for the optimal therapy of rabies. Until new efficacious antiviral compounds and optimized treatment protocols are developed, animal population management and vaccination of major reservoirs and vectors, minimization of the risk of viral ex ... | 2011 | 22004032 |
| Nanobodies®: new ammunition to battle viruses. | In 1989, a new type of antibody was identified, first in the sera of dromedaries and later also in all other species of the Camelidae family. These antibodies do not contain a light chain and also lack the first constant heavy domain. Today it is still unclear what the evolutionary advantage of such heavy chain-only antibodies could be. In sharp contrast, the broad applicability of the isolated variable antigen-binding domains (VHH) was rapidly recognized, especially for the development of thera ... | 2011 | 21939690 |
| [Risk model to assess livestock rabies exposure in the state of São Paulo, Brazil]. | To propose a qualitative risk assessment model for the study of livestock exposure to rabies virus from the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus (antigenic variant 3) in the Paraíba do Sul river valley, state of São Paulo, Brazil. | 2011 | 22124696 |
| Erratum to: Molecular characterization of Indian rabies virus isolates by partial sequencing of nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes. | | 2011 | 21922292 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2010. | during 2010, 48 states and puerto rico reported 6,154 rabid animals and 2 human rabies cases to the cdc, representing an 8% decrease from the 6,690 rabid animals and 4 human cases reported in 2009. hawaii and mississippi did not report any laboratory-confirmed rabid animals during 2010. approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,246 raccoons (36.5%), 1,448 skunks (23.5%), 1,430 bats (23.2%), 429 foxes (6.9%), 30 ... | 2011 | 21916759 |
| Rabies in the critical care unit: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. | Worldwide, human rabies is prevalent where there is endemic dog rabies, but the disease may present unexpectedly in critical care units when suggestive clinical features have passed. In North America transmission from bats is most common and there is often no history of a bat bite or even contact with bats. Laboratory diagnostic evaluation for rabies includes serology plus skin biopsy, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva specimens for rabies virus antigen and/or RNA detection. Rare patients have sur ... | 2011 | 21856570 |
| immunogenicity studies in carnivores using a rabies virus construct with a site-directed deletion in the phosphoprotein. | different approaches have been applied to develop highly attenuated rabies virus vaccines for oral vaccination of mesocarnivores. one prototype vaccine construct is sad dind1, which contains a deletion in the p-gene severely limiting the inhibition of type-1 interferon induction. immunogenicity studies in foxes and skunks were undertaken to investigate whether this highly attenuated vaccine would be more immunogenic than the parental sad b19 vaccine strain. in foxes, it was demonstrated that sad ... | 2011 | 21991446 |
| pathology associated with a human case of rabies in the united kingdom caused by european bat lyssavirus type-2. | human infection with the rabies-related virus european bat lyssavirus type-2 (eblv-2) has only been reported on two occasions. here we report the pathology observed within spinal cord and visceral tissues associated with eblv-2 infection for the first time. neuronal labelling with an anti-rabies nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody was observed and appeared indistinguishable from the labelling reported from human infection with rabies virus. © 2011 crown copyright. published by s. karger ag, basel. | 2011 | 22142887 |
| Oral immunisation of mice with a recombinant rabies virus vaccine incorporating the heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit of Escherichia coli in an attenuated Salmonella strain. | To investigate effective new rabies vaccines, a fusion protein consisting of the rabies virus (RV) glycoprotein and the heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit of Escherichia coli (LTB) was successfully constructed and delivered in a live attenuated Salmonella strain LH430. Mice were immunised with LH430 carrying pVAX1-G, pVAX1-G-LTB or pVAX1-ori-G-LTB. The antibody titres of mice immunised with oral LH430 carrying pVAX1-G-LTB or pVAX1-ori-G-LTB were significantly higher than those of pVAX1-G-immunise ... | 2011 | 22019192 |
| Naturally Acquired Rabies Virus Infections in Wild-Caught Bats. | Abstract The study of a zoonotic disease requires an understanding of the disease incidence in animal reservoirs. Rabies incidence in bats submitted to diagnostic laboratories does not accurately reflect the true incidence in wild bat populations as a bias exists for testing bats that have been in contact with humans or pets. This article details the rabies incidence in two species of bats collected from natural settings without such bias. In this study, brain smears from 0.6% and 2.5% of wild-c ... | 2011 | 21923271 |
| interferon response and viral evasion by members of the family rhabdoviridae. | like many animal viruses, those of the rhabdoviridae family, are able to antagonize the type i interferon response and cause disease in mammalian hosts. though these negative-stranded rna viruses are very simple and code for as few as five proteins, they have been seen to completely abrogate the type i interferon response early in infection. in this review, we will discuss the viral organization and type i interferon evasion of rhabdoviruses, focusing on vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabi ... | 2009 | 21994572 |
| [insertion of glycoprotein gene between p and m gene influences the pathogenicity of the rabies virus flury lep]. | to study the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of a recombinant rabies virus flury lep (low egg passage) that has two glycoprotein genes (g gene). | 2011 | 22097775 |
| intracerebral delivery of small interfering rnas (sirnas) using adenoviral vector protects mice against lethal peripheral rabies challenge. | to investigate the potential of rna interference (rnai) as antiviral agent against rabies, two small interfering rnas (sirnas) targeting rabies virus (rabv) nucleoprotein (n) and polymerase (l) genes were designed and evaluated. both sirnas knockdown or silenced the target rabv genes as evaluated in a plasmid based transient expression model. for efficient delivery, adenoviruses expressing the sirnas were constructed and antiviral potential of the delivered sirnas was investigated in bhk-21 cell ... | 2011 | 21864591 |
| highly efficient method of preparing human catalytic antibody light chains and their biological characteristics. | the ultimate goal of catalytic antibody research is to develop new patient therapies that use the advantages offered by human catalytic antibodies. the establishment of a high-throughput method for obtaining valuable candidate catalytic antibodies must be accelerated to achieve this objective. in this study, based on our concept that we can find antibody light chains with a high probability of success if they include a serine protease-like catalytic triad composed of ser, his, and asp on a varia ... | 2011 | 22205784 |
| rabies in southeast brazil: a change in the epidemiological pattern. | this epidemiological study was conducted using antigenic and genetic characterisation of rabies virus isolates obtained from different animal species in the southeast of brazil from 1993 to 2007. an alteration in the epidemiological profile was observed. one hundred two samples were tested using a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies, and 94 were genetically characterised by sequencing the nucleoprotein gene. from 1993 to 1997, antigenic variant 2 (agv-2), related to a rabies virus maintained in ... | 2011 | 22033596 |
| raccoon dog rabies surveillance and post-vaccination monitoring in lithuania 2006 to 2010. | abstract: | 2011 | 22085767 |
| generation of a recombinant rabies flury lep virus carrying an additional g gene creates an improved seed virus for inactivated vaccine production. | the rabies flury low egg passage virus (lep) has been widely used as a seed virus to generate inactive vaccine. here, we established a reverse genetic system for lep and generated a recombinant lep virus (rlep-g) that carries two identical g genes. this recombinant virus showed similar properties to those of lep with respect to in vitro growth, neurotropism index, and virulence in mice. rlep-g produced 4.3-fold more g protein than did lep in bhk-21 cells. the inactivated vaccine generated from r ... | 2011 | 21943337 |
| gene expression analysis of host innate immune responses in the central nervous system following lethal cvs-11 infection in mice. | the central nervous system (cns) tissue of mice infected with the cvs-11 strain of rabies virus (rabv) was subjected to gene expression analysis using microarray and canonical pathway analyses. genes associated with innate immunity as well as inflammatory responses were significantly up-regulated, corroborating with the previous findings obtained using attenuated viruses that did not induce a fatal outcome in infected mice. histopathological examination showed that neurons in the cerebellum ... | 2011 | 22116324 |
| cerebellar vermis is a target of projections from the motor areas in the cerebral cortex. | the cerebellum has a medial, cortico-nuclear zone consisting of the cerebellar vermis and the fastigial nucleus. functionally, this zone is concerned with whole-body posture and locomotion. the vermis classically is thought to be included within the "spinocerebellum" and to receive somatic sensory input from ascending spinal pathways. in contrast, the lateral zone of the cerebellum is included in the "cerebro-cerebellum" because it is densely interconnected with the cerebral cortex. here we repo ... | 2011 | 21911381 |
| immunogenicity of simulated pcecv postexposure booster doses 1, 3, and 5 years after 2-dose and 3-dose primary rabies vaccination in schoolchildren. | objectives. to assess the immunogenicity of intradermal (id) booster doses of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv, rabipur) administered to thai schoolchildren one, three and five years after a primary id pre-exposure (prep) vaccination series. methods. in this follow-up study of a randomized, open-label, phase ii clinical trial, two simulated post-exposure booster doses of pcecv were administered on days 0 and 3 intradermally to 703 healthy schoolchildren, one, three or five years ... | 2011 | 21991438 |
| molecular characterization of china rabies virus vaccine strain. | abstract: | 2011 | 22093774 |
| animal bites, active and reserve components, u.s. armed forces, 2001-2010. | from 2001 to 2010, there were 20,522 diagnoses of animal bites among u.s. military members. of these, 643 (3.1%) were documented during medical encounters in combat theater. the majority of bites were "dog bites" and occurred more in males, soldiers, and those in infantry and law enforcement occupations. a small proportion of animal bites received documentation of exposure to or post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies virus. animal bite avoidance and rabies education should be reinforced before mem ... | 2011 | 21988341 |
| recent emergence of the arctic rabies virus lineage. | the rabies viruses that circulate in arctic countries and in much of northern and central asia are phylogenetically closely related and collectively referred to as the arctic/arctic-like (al) lineage. the emergence and spread of this lineage is of significant interest given that rabies remains a serious zoonotic disease in many parts of asia, especially in india where the prevalence of dog rabies leads to frequent human exposures and deaths. previous molecular epidemiological studies of rabies v ... | 2011 | 22100340 |
| novel sylvatic rabies virus variant in endangered golden palm civet, sri lanka. | information is scarce about sylvatic rabies virus in asia and about rabies in palm civets. we report a novel sylvatic rabies virus variant detected in a golden palm civet in sri lanka. evolutionary analysis suggests the virus diverged from canine rabies viruses in sri lanka in ≈1933 (range 1886-1963). | 2011 | 22172202 |
| lentiviral gene transfer into the dorsal root ganglion of adult rats. | lentivector-mediated gene delivery into the dorsal root ganglion (drg) is a promising method for exploring pain pathophysiology and for genetic treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. in this study, a series of modified lentivector particles with different cellular promoters, envelope glycoproteins, and viral accessory proteins were generated to evaluate the requirements for efficient transduction into neuronal cells in vitro and adult rat drg in vivo. | 2011 | 21861915 |
| differentiation of the seven major lyssavirus species by oligonucleotide microarray. | an oligonucleotide microarray, lyssachip, has been developed and verified as a highly specific diagnostic tool for differentiation of the 7 major lyssavirus species. as with conventional typing microarray methods, the lyssachip relies on sequence differences in the 371-nucleotide region coding of the nucleoprotein. this region was amplified using nested rt-pcr primers binding to the 7 major lyssaviruses. the lyssachip includes 57 pairs of species-typing and corresponding control oligonucleotide ... | 2011 | 22189108 |
| changes in microrna expression induced by rabies virus infection in mouse brains. | micrornas (mirnas) are small rna (≈ 22 nt) molecules expressed endogenously in cells. they are involved in the regulation of gene expression. recently, evidence has shown that cellular mirnas have key regulatory roles in virus-host interactions. the rabies virus (rabv) causes a fatal infection of the central nervous systems (cns) of warm-blooded animals, yet its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. to gain more insight into the pathogenesis of rabv, a mirna microarray was performed as part of ... | 2012 | 22015383 |
| Rabid dog illegally imported to France from Morocco, August 2011. | In August 2011, a case of canine rabies was notified to the French veterinary services. The dog was a three-month-old puppy illegally imported from Morocco that presented behavioural changes on 1 August and was admitted to a veterinary clinic on 6 August. It died the following day and the body was shortly sent to the national reference centre where rabies was laboratory-confirmed on 11 August. Contact tracing and post-exposure treatment were initiated immediately. | 2011 | 21871230 |
| Molecular epidemiology and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for diagnosis of infection with rabies virus in Zambia. | The National Livestock Epidemiology and Information Center (NALEIC) in Zambia reported over 132 cases of canine rabies diagnosed by the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) from 2004 to 2009. In this study, the lineage of rabies virus (RABV) in Zambia was determined by phylogenetic analysis of the nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) gene sequences. Total RNA was extracted from 87-DFAT brain specimens out of which only 35 (40%) were positive on nested reverse transcription polymerase chain ... | 2011 | 21930165 |
| preliminary evaluation of raboral v-rg® oral rabies vaccine in arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus). | we tested the raboral v-rg® recombinant oral rabies vaccine for its response in arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus), the reservoir of rabies virus in the circumpolar north. the vaccine, which is currently the only licensed oral rabies vaccine in the united states, induced a strong antibody response and protected foxes against a challenge of 500,000 mouse intracerebral lethal dose 50% of an arctic rabies virus variant. however, one unvaccinated control fox survived challenge with rabies virus, either i ... | 2011 | 22102679 |
| a novel neuroprotective therapy for parkinson's disease using a viral noncoding rna that protects mitochondrial complex i activity. | parkinson's disease (pd) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in the loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. the etiology of this cell loss is unknown, but it involves abnormalities in mitochondrial function. in this study, we have demonstrated that the administration of a novel noncoding p137 rna, derived from the human cytomegaloviral β2.7 transcript, can prevent and rescue dopaminergic cell death in vitro and in animal models of pd by protecting mitochondrial complex i activity. furth ... | 2011 | 22184634 |
| Enhanced pseudotyping efficiency of HIV-1 lentiviral vectors by a rabies/vesicular stomatitis virus chimeric envelope glycoprotein. | Rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) can pseudotype lentiviral vectors, although at a lower efficiency to that of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG). Transduction with VSVG-pseudotyped vectors of rodent central nervous system (CNS) leads to local neurotropic gene transfer, whereas with RVG-pseudotyped vectors additional disperse transduction of neurons located at distal efferent sites occurs via axonal retrograde transport. Attempts to produce high-titre RVG-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors ... | 2011 | 21900965 |
| Intracerebral administration of recombinant rabies virus expressing GM-CSF prevents the development of rabies after infection with street virus. | Recently it was found that prior immunization with recombinant rabies virus (RABV) expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (LBNSE-GM-CSF) resulted in high innate/adaptive immune responses and protection against challenge with virulent RABV (Wen et al., JVI, 2011). In this study, the ability of LBNSE-GM-CSF to prevent animals from developing rabies was investigated in mice after infection with lethal doses of street RABV. It was found that intracerebral administration ... | 2011 | 21980450 |
| subcellular trafficking in rhabdovirus infection and immune evasion: a novel target for therapeutics. | vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus (rabv) are the prototypic members of the rhabdovirus family. these viruses have a particularly broad host range, and despite the availability of vaccines, rabv still causes more than 50,000 human deaths a year. trafficking of the virion or viral particles is important at several stages of the replicative life cycle, including cellular entry, localization into the cytoplasmic inclusion bodies which primarily house the transcription and replication ... | 2011 | 22034934 |
| Evidence for inter- and intra-clade recombinations in rabies virus. | Homologous recombination is considered rare in negative-strand RNA viruses and has not been reported for rabies virus. In this study, full-length genomes of 44 rabies virus strains were analyzed for potential homologous recombination events. Phylogenetic analysis classified these strains into three clades. By applying six different recombination detection methods, one inter-clade and one intra-clade potential recombination events were identified with high confidence values. Software-predicted re ... | 2011 | 22041506 |
| A Spatial Model to Forecast Raccoon Rabies Emergence. | Abstract Although raccoons are widely distributed throughout North America, the raccoon rabies virus variant is enzootic only in the eastern United States, based on current surveillance data. This variant of rabies virus is now responsible for >60% of all cases of animal rabies reported in the United States each year. Ongoing national efforts via an oral rabies vaccination (ORV) program are aimed at preventing the spread of raccoon rabies. However, from an epidemiologic perspective, the relati ... | 2011 | 21995266 |
| molecular characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of n gene of human derived rabies virus. | to investigate the relationship between the molecular characteristics and phylogenetic evolution of rabies n gene. | 2011 | 22108333 |
| laboratory surveillance of rabies in humans, domestic animals, and bats in madagascar from 2005 to 2010. | background. rabies virus (rabv) has circulated in madagascar at least since the 19th century. objectives. to assess the circulation of lyssavirus in the island from 2005 to 2010. materials and methods. animal (including bats) and human samples were tested for rabv and other lyssavirus using antigen, ribonucleic acid (rna), and antibodies detection and virus isolation. results. half of the 437 domestic or tame wild terrestrial mammal brains tested were found rabv antigen positive, including 54% o ... | 2011 | 21991442 |
| Public health implications of an outbreak of rabies in arctic foxes and reindeer in the Svalbard archipelago, Norway, September 2011. | | 2011 | 21996377 |
| Peptides targeting the PDZ domain of PTPN4 are efficient inducers of glioblastoma cell death. | PTPN4, a human tyrosine phosphatase, protects cells against apoptosis. This protection could be abrogated by targeting the PDZ domain of this phosphatase with a peptide mimicking the C-terminal sequence of the G protein of an attenuated rabies virus strain. Here, we demonstrate that glioblastoma death is triggered upon intracellular delivery of peptides, either from viral origin or from known endogenous ligands of PTPN4-PDZ, such as the C terminus sequence of the glutamate receptor subunit GluN2 ... | 2011 | 22000519 |
| [Preparation and application of a colloidal gold strip to detect the rabies antibody]. | To develop a specific, rapid, and convenient immunochromatography assay (ICA) to detect the rabies antibody in clinical sample from immuned dogs by rabies vaccine. Colloidal gold particles labeled with purified rabies virus (CVS11) were used as the detector reagent. The staphylococcal protein A (SPA) and pured rabbit anti-rabies virus IgG were blotted on the test and control regions of nitrocellulose membrane. Then the strip was assembled with sample pad, absorbing pad, and dorsal shield. The as ... | 2011 | 21845847 |
| [Development of SPA-ELISA for detection of antibodies against rabies virus based on expression of main antigenic determinant of nucleoprotein]. | To evaluate the effectiveness of rabies vaccination, we developed the SPA-ELISA method to detect the antibodies against rabies virus (RV) using the main antigenic determinant of nucleoprotein (RV N1) as antigen. The complete Nucleoprotein (N) gene and the partial N1 gene (1 000-1 353 bp) of RV Flury LEP strain were amplified using RT-PCR and PCR approaches. The two fragments were inserted into pGEX-6P-1 respectively. Then we transformed the recombinant plasmids into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) st ... | 2011 | 22097803 |
| exosome nanotechnology: an emerging paradigm shift in drug delivery: exploitation of exosome nanovesicles for systemic in vivo delivery of rnai heralds new horizons for drug delivery across biological barriers. | the demonstration that dendritic cell (dc)-derived exosomes can be exploited for targeted rnai delivery to the brain after systemic injection provides the first proof-of-concept for the potential of these naturally occurring vesicles as vehicles of drug delivery. as well as being amenable to existing in vivo targeting strategies already in use for viruses and liposomes, this novel approach offers the added advantages of in vivo safety and low immunogenicity. fulfilment of the potential of exosom ... | 2011 | 21932222 |
| immune response after rabies vaccine in a kidney transplant recipient. | a 48-year-old male kidney-transplant recipient was bitten by a rabid dog. his immunosuppressive treatment consisted of cyclosporine 60 mg b.i.d., mycophenolate mofetil (mmf) 250 mg t.i.d., and prednisone 5 mg. after wound care, he received 5 doses of purified vero cell rabies vaccine on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28, and human rabies immunoglobulin, according to international guidelines. adequate levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were observed after the administration of the third vaccin ... | 2011 | 21883758 |
| drosophila melanogaster s2 cells for expression of heterologous genes: from gene cloning to bioprocess development. | in the present review we discuss strategies that have been used for heterologous gene expression in drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells using plasmid vectors. since the growth of s2 cells is not dependent on anchorage to solid substrates, these cells can be easily cultured in suspension in large volumes. the factors that most affect the growth and gene expression of s2 cells, namely cell line, cell passage, inoculum concentration, culture medium, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentr ... | 2011 | 22079894 |
| rabies in the arctic fox population, svalbard, norway. | arctic foxes, 620 that were trapped and 22 found dead on svalbard, norway (1996-2004), as well as 10 foxes trapped in nenets, north-west russia (1999), were tested for rabies virus antigen in brain tissue by standard direct fluorescent antibody test. rabies antigen was found in two foxes from svalbard and in three from russia. blood samples from 515 of the fox carcasses were screened for rabies antibodies with negative result. our results, together with a previous screening (1980-1989, n=817) in ... | 2011 | 22102665 |
| High vero cell density and rabies virus proliferation on fibracel disks versus cytodex-1 in spinner flask. | To achieve higher titer of rabies virus higher density of host cells will need. In this study, capability of FibraCel disks packed in 500 mL spinner basket versus Cytodex-1 in 500 mL spinner flask was investigated for propagation of Vero cells and PV rabies virus proliferation. Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) + 10% Foetal Calf Serum (FCS) and Virus Production- Serum Free Medium (VP-SFM) +4 mM L-glutamine were used in growth phase and MEM+ 0.2% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and VP-SFM were used in vi ... | 2011 | 21902056 |
| process optimization and scale-up for production of rabies vaccine live adenovirus vector (adrg1.3). | rabies virus is an important causative agent of disease resulting in an acute infection of the nervous system and death. although curable if treated in a timely manner, rabies remains a serious public health issue in developing countries, and the indigenous threat of rabies continues in developed countries because of wildlife reservoirs. control of rabies in wildlife is still an important challenge for governmental authorities. there are a number of rabies vaccines commercially available for con ... | 2012 | 22079076 |
| [Construction and recovery of chimeric rabies virus expressing envelop proteins E1E2 of hepatitis C]. | Construction and recovery of chimeric rabies virus expressing HCV envelop proteins E1E2. | 2011 | 21977582 |
| [Generation and preliminary immunological efficacy of a recombinant human adenovirus-rabies virus glycoprotein]. | To construct a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 expressing glycoprotein (GP) of attenuated rabies virus SRV9 and testing immunological efficacy on the immunized mice. Open reading frame of rabies virus GP gene of SRV9 strain was cloned into the shuttle vector of adenovirus expression system in multiple cloning sites to construct the recombinant shuttle plasmid pacAd5 CMV-Gs9, cotransfection was performed into 293AD cells mediated by FuGENE Transfection Reagent with linearized backbone plasmid ... | 2011 | 21998956 |
| Trypsin promotes efficient influenza vaccine production in MDCK cells by interfering with the antiviral host response. | Trypsin is commonly used in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture-based influenza vaccine production to facilitate virus infection by proteolytic activation of viral haemagglutinin, which enables multi-cycle replication. In this study, we were able to demonstrate that trypsin also interferes with pathogen defence mechanisms of host cells. In particular, a trypsin concentration of 5 BAEE U/mL (4.5 µg/mL porcine trypsin) used in vaccine manufacturing strongly inhibited interferon (IFN) sig ... | 2011 | 21915610 |
| imported human rabies - new jersey, 2011. | on july 8, 2011, the new jersey department of health and senior services (njdhss) contacted cdc about possible rabies in a hospitalized haitian woman aged 73 years. rabies was included in the differential diagnosis because she had acute, progressive encephalitis of unknown etiology. no history of animal exposure had been reported at the time of hospitalization. on july 18, cdc confirmed rabies virus infection, later identified as a canine rabies virus variant present in haiti. the patient's neur ... | 2012 | 22217622 |
| post-exposure treatment with the live-attenuated rabies virus (rv) vaccine trigas triggers the clearance of wild-type rv from the cns through the rapid induction of genes relevant to adaptive immunity in cns tissues. | post-exposure treatment (pet) of wild-type rabies virus (rv)-infected mice with the live-attenuated triple glycoprotein rv variant (trigas) promotes survival but does not prevent the pathogenic rv from invading and replicating in the brain. successful pet is associated with the induction of a robust virus-neutralizing antibody response and clearance of the wild-type rv from brain tissues. comparison of the transcriptomes of normal mouse brain with those of wild-type rv-infected mice that had rec ... | 2012 | 22238315 |
| molecular characterization of rabies virus isolated from non-haematophagous bats in brazil. | rabies is an important zoonosis that causes thousands of deaths worldwide each year. although the terrestrial cycle, mainly transmitted by dogs, is controlled in brazil, the aerial cycle remains a serious public health issue, besides the economic problem. in the aerial cycle, the haematophagous bat desmodus rotundus is the main source of infection, where several different species of non-haematophagous bats can be infected and can transmit the virus. | 2011 | 22231241 |
| [analysis on nucleoprotein gene sequence of 25 rabies virus isolates in guizhou province, china]. | to analyze 25 nucleoprotein gene (n gene) sequences of rabies viruses circulating in guizhou province during 2005-2010, china, and to explore the epidemic characteristics and the probable mutant of rabies in guizhou province. rabies virus rna in human brain tissues, human saliva, and domestic dog brain tissues derived from different prefectures of guizhou province were detected with rt-nested pcr, and the amplified products were then sequenced. bioinformatics software was used to determine the g ... | 2011 | 22263267 |
| contact with domestic dogs increases pathogen exposure in endangered african wild dogs (lycaon pictus). | infectious diseases have contributed to the decline and local extinction of several wildlife species, including african wild dogs (lycaon pictus). mitigating such disease threats is challenging, partly because uncertainty about disease dynamics makes it difficult to identify the best management approaches. serious impacts on susceptible populations most frequently occur when generalist pathogens are maintained within populations of abundant (often domestic) "reservoir" hosts, and spill over into ... | 2012 | 22238695 |
| a case study of rabies diagnosis from formalin-fixed brain material. | rabies is caused by several lyssavirus species, a group of negative sense rna viruses. although rabies is preventable, it is often neglected particularly in developing countries in the face of many competing public and veterinary health priorities. epidemiological information based on laboratory-based surveillance data is critical to adequately strategise control and prevention plans. in this regard the fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus antigen in brain tissues is still considered the b ... | 2011 | 22616442 |
| stability of vaccinia-vectored recombinant oral rabies vaccine under field conditions: a 3-year study. | rabies is an incurable zoonotic disease caused by rabies virus, a member of the rhabdovirus family. it is transmitted through the bite of an infected animal. control methods, including oral rabies vaccination (orv) programs, have led to a reduction in the spread and prevalence of the disease in wildlife. this study evaluated the stability of raboral, a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine that is used in oral rabies vaccination programs. the vaccine was studied in various field microenvironments i ... | 2011 | 22468025 |
| pathological, immunological and molecular diagnosis of rabies in clinically suspected animals of different species using four detection techniques in jordan. | a total of 29 brain tissue samples (bts) were examined for rabies infection by different diagnostic techniques. none of the examined brain tissues were presented as a whole intact brain. twenty-seven brain tissue samples from various animal species - dog (13 cases), cat (one case), fox (one case), pig (one case), cow (three cases), sheep (two cases), goat (one case), camel (one case), horse (one case) and donkey (three cases) - were provided by the vaccine and sera department/al-bashir central h ... | 2011 | 22390575 |
| evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test strip for detection of rabies virus in dog saliva samples. | an immunochromatographic test strip for rabies virus was evaluated with dog saliva samples. the test was initially validated against 237 dogs of known infection status, and then evaluated in the field with 1,290 live dogs. by validation of paired saliva-brain specimens obtained from dogs at necropsy, the saliva strip test was 94.4% specific and 93.0% sensitive when compared to the gold standard fluorescent antibody test (fat) on brain smears. the sensitivity and specificity of a nested polymeras ... | 2011 | 22362801 |
| [surveillance on the etiology and genetic characteristics of rabies in hunan province, from 2008 to 2009]. | to analyze the etiology of rabies in hunan province and the genetic characteristics of rabies n gene isolated from 2008 to 2009. | 2011 | 22333083 |
| comparative analysis of routine laboratory diagnostic tests for rabies. | present study was undertaken to compare various routine laboratory diagnostic tests for rabies detection. seller's staining, mouse inoculation test (mit), dot-elisa, agar gel precipitation test (agpt) and counter immunoelectrophoresis test (ciet) were the main basic tests performed in the laboratory for the rabies diagnosis. out of 200 brain specimens, negri bodies were observed in 52 brain samples by seller's staining. rabies virus was isolated in 56 samples by intra-cerebral inoculation in new ... | 2011 | 23637517 |
| rabies in south indian cows: an evidence of sri lankan rabies virus variant infection based on the analysis of partial nucleoprotein gene. | rabies is a highly fatal non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, caused by the rabies virus. dogs are the major reservoir of rabies in india and are the source of infection to other domestic animals. in this report, laboratory investigation and molecular characterization of isolates from two cows with paralytic rabies is described. necropsy brain samples from the two cows were tested for the presence of rabies antigen using a fluorescent antibody test and the results were confirmed using rt-pcr. rabi ... | 2011 | 23637516 |
| the who rabies bulletin europe: a key source of information on rabies and a pivotal tool for surveillance and epidemiology. | rabies is one of the most, if not the most, prominent and feared zoonotic diseases in the world and the world health organization (who) estimates that 55,000 people die of the disease every year. most of these deaths occur in asia and africa and are usually the result of dog-mediated rabies. in europe, the red fox is considered the main reservoir species for wildlife rabies caused by the rabies virus. besides foxes, bats have also been identified as a reservoir for european bat lyssaviruses in m ... | 2012 | 23520734 |
| rabies virus and canine distemper virus in wild and domestic carnivores in northern kenya: are domestic dogs the reservoir? | rabies virus (rv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) can cause significant mortality in wild carnivore populations, and rv threatens human lives. we investigated serological patterns of exposure to cdv and rv in domestic dogs (canis familiaris), african wild dogs (lycaon pictus), black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas), spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta), striped hyenas (hyaena hyaena) and african lions (panthera leo), over a 10-year period, in a kenyan rangeland to assess the role domestic dogs may ... | 2012 | 23459924 |
| pathobiology of rabies virus and the european bat lyssaviruses in experimentally infected mice. | a comparison of the clinicopathology of european bat lyssavirus (eblv) types-1 and -2 and of rabies virus was undertaken. following inoculation of mice at a peripheral site with these viruses, clinical signs of rabies and distribution of virus antigen in the mouse brain were examined. the appearance of clinical signs of disease varied both within and across the different virus species, with variation in incubation periods and weight loss throughout disease progression. the distribution of viral ... | 2012 | 23274107 |
| multisynaptic inputs from the medial temporal lobe to v4 in macaques. | retrograde transsynaptic transport of rabies virus was employed to undertake the top-down projections from the medial temporal lobe (mtl) to visual area v4 of the occipitotemporal visual pathway in japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata). on day 3 after rabies injections into v4, neuronal labeling was observed prominently in the temporal lobe areas that have direct connections with v4, including area tf of the parahippocampal cortex. furthermore, conspicuous neuron labeling appeared disynaptically in ... | 2012 | 23272220 |
| design of different strategies of multivalent dna-based vaccination against rabies and canine distemper in mice and dogs. | during the vaccination campaigns, puppies younger than 3 months old are not targeted and remain unvaccinated for at least the first year of their lives. almost half of the reported rabid dogs are 6 months or younger. hence, we should recommend the vaccination against rabies of young puppies. unfortunately, owing to the exposure of puppies to infections with either canine parvovirus (cpv) or distemper virus (cdv) after the intervention of the vaccinators, owners are reluctant to vaccinate puppies ... | 2012 | 23270301 |
| a novel rabies vaccine based on a recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 expressing rabies virus glycoprotein. | untreated rabies virus (rabv) infection leads to death. vaccine and postexposure treatment have been effective in preventing rabv infection. however, due to cost, rabies vaccination and treatment have not been widely used in developing countries. there are 55,000 human death caused by rabies annually. an efficacious and cost-effective rabies vaccine is needed. parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) is thought to contribute to kennel cough, and kennel cough vaccines containing live piv5 have been used in d ... | 2012 | 23269806 |
| rabies virus glycoprotein is an important determinant for the induction of innate immune responses and the pathogenic mechanisms. | our previous studies have suggested that street and fixed rabies viruses (rabvs) induce diseases in the mouse model via different mechanisms. in the present study, attempts were made to determine if it is the glycoprotein (g) that is responsible for the observed differences in the pathogenic mechanisms. to this end, an infectious clone from fixed virus b2c was established and used as a backbone for exchange of the g from street viruses. the rate of viral replication, expression of viral proteins ... | 2012 | 23265241 |
| phylogeography of rabies virus isolated from herbivores and bats in the espírito santo state, brazil. | rabies is enzootic in the state of espírito santo, brazil. every year, cattle and horses die from rabies that is transmitted by the vampire bat desmodus rotundus. this paper describes the spread of the rabies virus by the continuous diffusion model using relaxed random walks with beast software. forty-one (41) sequences of gene g from the rabies virus that was isolated from bats and domestic herbivores from several areas of the state between 2006 and 2010 were analyzed. the phylogenetic tree sho ... | 2012 | 23264105 |
| establishment and preliminary application of a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) for rabies virus. | the world health organization (who) standard assay for determining levels of the rabies virus neutralization antibody (rvna) is the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit), which is used to evaluate the immunity effect after vaccination against rabies. for rffit, cvs-11 was used as the challenge virus, bsr cells as the adapted cells, and who rabies immunoglobulin (who std) as the reference serum in this study. with reference to who and pasteur rffit procedures, a micro-rffit procedure ad ... | 2013 | 23913179 |
| climate change and infectious diseases in the arctic: establishment of a circumpolar working group. | the arctic, even more so than other parts of the world, has warmed substantially over the past few decades. temperature and humidity influence the rate of development, survival and reproduction of pathogens and thus the incidence and prevalence of many infectious diseases. higher temperatures may also allow infected host species to survive winters in larger numbers, increase the population size and expand their habitat range. the impact of these changes on human disease in the arctic has not bee ... | 2014 | 25317383 |
| viral aetiology of central nervous system infections in adults admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in southern vietnam over 12 years. | central nervous system (cns) infections are important diseases in both children and adults worldwide. the spectrum of infections is broad, encompassing bacterial/aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. viruses are regarded as the most common causes of encephalitis and aseptic meningitis. better understanding of the viral causes of the diseases is of public health importance, in order to better inform immunization policy, and may influence clinical management. | 2014 | 25165820 |
| synergic effects between ocellatin-f1 and bufotenine on the inhibition of bhk-21 cellular infection by the rabies virus. | rabies is an incurable neglected zoonosis with worldwide distribution characterized as a lethal progressive acute encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. animal venoms and secretions have long been studied as new bioactive molecular sources, presenting a wide spectrum of biological effects, including new antiviral agents. bufotenine, for instance, is an alkaloid isolated from the skin secretion of the anuran rhinella jimi that inhibits cellular penetration by the rabies virus. antimicrobial peptide ... | 2015 | 26635873 |
| internalization and fusion mechanism of vesicular stomatitis virus and related rhabdoviruses. | members of the rhabdoviridae infect a wide variety of animals and plants, and are the causative agents of many important diseases. rhabdoviruses enter host cells following internalization into endosomes, with the glycoprotein (g protein) mediating both receptor binding to host cells and fusion with the cellular membrane. the recently solved crystal structure of vesicular stomatitis virus g has allowed considerable insight into the mechanism of rhabdovirus entry, in particular the low ph-dependen ... | 0 | 23516023 |
| rabies control and treatment: from prophylaxis to strategies with curative potential. | rabies is an acute, fatal, neurological disease that affects almost all kinds of mammals. vaccination (using an inactivated rabies vaccine), combined with administration of rabies immune globulin, is the only approved, effective method for post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies in humans. in the search for novel rabies control and treatment strategies, live-attenuated viruses have recently emerged as a practical and promising approach for immunizing and controlling rabies. unlike the conventio ... | 2016 | 27801824 |
| virus infections in the nervous system. | virus infections usually begin in peripheral tissues and can invade the mammalian nervous system (ns), spreading into the peripheral (pns) and more rarely the central (cns) nervous systems. the cns is protected from most virus infections by effective immune responses and multilayer barriers. however, some viruses enter the ns with high efficiency via the bloodstream or by directly infecting nerves that innervate peripheral tissues, resulting in debilitating direct and immune-mediated pathology. ... | 0 | 23601101 |
| a new rabies vaccine based on a recombinant orf virus (parapoxvirus) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. | the present study describes the generation of a new orf virus (orfv) recombinant, d1701-v-rabg, expressing the rabies virus (rabv) glycoprotein that is correctly presented on the surface of infected cells without the need of replication or production of infectious recombinant virus. one single immunization with recombinant orfv can stimulate high rabv-specific virus-neutralizing antibody (vna) titers in mice, cats, and dogs, representing all nonpermissive hosts for the orfv vector. the protectiv ... | 2012 | 23175365 |
| an anterograde rabies virus vector for high-resolution large-scale reconstruction of 3d neuron morphology. | glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus (rabv ∆g) is a powerful tool for the analysis of neural circuits. here, we demonstrate the utility of an anterograde rabv ∆g variant for novel neuroanatomical approaches involving either bulk or sparse neuronal populations. this technology exploits the unique features of rabv ∆g vectors, namely autonomous, rapid high-level expression of transgenes, and limited cytotoxicity. our vector permits the unambiguous long-range and fine-scale tracing of the entire axonal ... | 2014 | 24723034 |
| rabies virus envelope glycoprotein targets lentiviral vectors to the axonal retrograde pathway in motor neurons. | rabies pseudotyped lentiviral vectors have great potential in gene therapy, not least because of their ability to transduce neurons following their distal axonal application. however, very little is known about the molecular processes that underlie their retrograde transport and cell transduction. using multiple labeling techniques and confocal microscopy, we demonstrated that pseudotyping with rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (rv-g) enabled the axonal retrograde transport of two distinct subt ... | 2014 | 24753246 |
| infection with street strain rabies virus induces modulation of the microrna profile of the mouse brain. | rabies virus (rabv) causes a fatal infection of the central nervous systems (cns) of warm-blooded animals. once the clinical symptoms develop, rabies is almost invariably fatal. the mechanism of rabv pathogenesis remains poorly understood. recent studies have shown that microrna (mirna) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of viral infections. our recent findings have revealed that infection with laboratory-fixed rabies virus strain can induce modulation of the microrna profile of mouse b ... | 2012 | 22882874 |
| evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based rapid immunochromatographic test for direct detection of rabies virus in the brain of humans and animals. | rabies diagnosis uses a direct fluorescent antibody test (fat) that is difficult, costly, and time-consuming, and requires trained personnel. we developed a rapid immunochromatographic test (rict) for the diagnosis of rabies. the efficacy of the rict was compared with that of the fat. brain samples were collected from humans, dogs, cats, and other animals in sri lanka (n = 248), bhutan (n = 27), and thailand (n = 228). the sensitivity (0.74-0.95), specificity (0.98-1.0), positive predictive valu ... | 0 | 22492163 |
| encephalitis caused by pathogens transmitted through organ transplants, united states, 2002-2013. | the cause of encephalitis among solid organ transplant recipients may be multifactorial; the disease can result from infectious or noninfectious etiologies. during 2002-2013, the us centers for disease control and prevention investigated several encephalitis clusters among transplant recipients. cases were caused by infections from transplant-transmitted pathogens: west nile virus, rabies virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and balamuthia mandrillaris amebae. in many of the clusters, iden ... | 0 | 25148201 |
| visual detection of west nile virus using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a vertical flow visualization strip. | west nile virus (wnv) causes a severe zoonosis, which can lead to a large number of casualties and considerable economic losses. a rapid and accurate identification method for wnv for use in field laboratories is urgently needed. here, a method utilizing reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a vertical flow visualization strip (rt-lamp-vf) was developed to detect the envelope (e) gene of wnv. the rt-lamp-vf assay could detect 10(2) copies/μl of an wnv rna sta ... | 2016 | 27148234 |
| role of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of human rabies. | traditionally, rabies diagnosis is made by demonstration of rabies viral antigen by direct immunofluorescence (dif) and mouse inoculation test (mit). the present study was carried out to evaluate the role of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in comparison with these conventional techniques for the diagnosis of rabies. | 0 | 22825603 |
| rabies virus is recognized by the nlrp3 inflammasome and activates interleukin-1β release in murine dendritic cells. | inflammasome activation is important for the development of an effective host defense against many pathogens, including rna viruses. however, the mechanism by which the inflammasome recognizes rna viruses and its role in rabies virus (rabv) pathogenicity and immunogenicity remain poorly defined. to determine the function of the inflammasome in response to rabv infection, we infected murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmdcs) with rabv. our results indicate that the infection of bmdcs wit ... | 2013 | 23487464 |