| use of plant extracts to control and treat ab5 enterotoxin-related diarrhea. | plants contain a broad spectrum of small molecules with potential antimicrobial properties. here, we review the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts against enterotoxic bacteria encoding ab5 toxins, including vibrio cholerae, shigella dysenteriae and enterotoxic escherichia coli strains. several plant extracts have strong antimicrobial effects and the potential to boost oral rehydration therapy, which is the first line of treatment for acute diarrhea. | 2014 | 25033656 |
| new high-affinity monoclonal antibodies against shiga toxin 1 facilitate the detection of hybrid stx1/stx2 in vivo. | shiga toxin-producing e. coli (stec) are a group of common and potentially deadly intestinal pathogens expressing shiga toxin (stx) as a primary virulence factor. of the two types of stx, stx2 is responsible for more severe symptoms during infection, while stx1 is almost identical to the shiga toxin from shigella dysenteriae, a ubiquitous pathogen in developing countries. although antibodies against stx1 have been reported, few have reached the affinity needed for assembling highly sensitive imm ... | 2014 | 24914553 |
| faecal pollution loads in the wastewater effluents and receiving water bodies: a potential threat to the health of sedibeng and soshanguve communities, south africa. | the discharge of untreated or inadequately treated effluents has been identified among the activities responsible for the spread of a wide range of potentially infectious agents. the aim of this study was to determine whether inadequate treatment of wastewater and the faecal pollution load of effluents and receiving water bodies in sedibeng district and soshanguve peri-urban area of the tshwane metropolitan municipality could be a potential threat to the health of the surrounding communities. va ... | 2014 | 24838129 |
| hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with acinetobacter hemolyticus. | shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae have been associated with bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) in humans. however, there have been only a couple of reports describing bloody diarrhea associated with acinetobacter spp. and there are no reports of these bacteria causing hus in children. here, we report the case of a nine-month-old boy with bloody diarrhea who developed non-oliguric renal failure. the clinical and laboratory findings supported the diag ... | 2014 | 24828697 |
| rapid sanger sequencing of the 16s rrna gene for identification of some common pathogens. | conventional sanger sequencing remains time-consuming and laborious. in this study, we developed a rapid improved sequencing protocol of 16s rrna for pathogens identification by using a new combination of sybr green i real-time pcr and sanger sequencing with fta® cards. to compare the sequencing quality of this method with conventional sanger sequencing, 12 strains, including three kinds of strains (1 reference strain and 3 clinical strains, which were previously identified by biochemical tests) ... | 2014 | 24551186 |
| shiga toxins expressed by human pathogenic bacteria induce immune responses in host cells. | shiga toxins are a family of genetically and structurally related toxins that are the primary virulence factors produced by the bacterial pathogens shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and certain escherichia coli strains. the toxins are multifunctional proteins inducing protein biosynthesis inhibition, ribotoxic and er stress responses, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. the regulated induction of inflammatory responses is key to minimizing damage upon injury o ... | 2013 | 24385347 |
| antibacterial and antiviral evaluation of sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride: a glycolipid isolated from azadirachta indica leaves. | assessment of antibacterial as well as antiherpes virus activity of sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride (sqdg), a glycolipid, isolated from the leaves of azadirachta indica has been described. antimicrobial activity was evaluated against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and herpes simplex virus. sqdg showed significant inhibitory activity against salmonella typhi and two isolates of shigella dysenteriae with mic values 32 μg ml(-1) , while three isolates of salm. typhi, escherichia coli and vi ... | 2014 | 24118020 |
| bacteriology of a most popular street food (panipuri) and inhibitory effect of essential oils on bacterial growth. | bacteriology of panipuri was studied and the antibacterial effect of eight essential oils (eos) was established on pathogens found in panipuri. samples were collected from twelve respective vendors from different locations in baripada city, orissa. samples were fractionated into two parts viz. khatta pani and smashed potato masala used in panipuri. total plate count and isolation of pathogenic bacteria were done on both basal and selective media. coliforms were detected primarily by presumptive ... | 2012 | 24082267 |
| antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of phenolic rich fraction of seabuckthorn (hippophae rhamnoides l.) leaves in vitro. | phenolic rich fraction (prf) from seabuckthorn leaves was prepared by sequential fractionation. total phenolic content of prf estimated as gallic acid equivalent was found to be 319.33±7.02 mg/g of prf. its major constituents gallic acid, rutin, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, were found in the range of 1.551-196.89 mg/g of prf as determined by rp-hplc. antioxidant activity of prf evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, su ... | 2013 | 23993505 |
| [studies on the mode of action of bacterial ab5 toxins]. | bacterial ab5 toxins are proteins, produced by pathogenic bacteria including of vibrio cholerae, shigella dysenteriae, and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli, which are usually released into the extracellular medium and cause disease by killing or altering the metabolism of target eukaryotic cells. the toxins are usually composed of one a subunit (a toxic domain) and five b subunits (a receptor-binding domain). this article overviews the characteristics and mode of actions of ab5 toxins includi ... | 2013 | 23985936 |
| haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis. | haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus) is a recognized complication of infection with shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) and shigella dysenteriae type 1. infections with other micro-organisms, especially streptococcus pneumoniae, have been cited as causes of hus. in addition, influenza virus and other viruses may rarely be associated with this syndrome. a 2-year-old girl presented with severe pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis with renal failure and ecthyma gangrenosum. further investigations r ... | 2013 | 23924661 |
| oxalis corniculata (oxalidaceae) leaf extract exerts in vitro antimicrobial and in vivo anticolonizing activities against shigella dysenteriae 1 (nt4907) and shigella flexneri 2a (2457t) in induced diarrhea in suckling mice. | in this study, the extract of a green leafy vegetable oxalis corniculata (oxalidaceae) was evaluated for its in vitro antibacterial and in vivo anti colonizing effect against common intestinal pathogenic bacteria. methanolic extract (80%) of oxalis corniculata (oxalidaceae) leaf contained a polyphenol content of 910 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight and the yield was 8%. the flavonoid content was 2.353 g quercetin equivalent per 100 g of the extract. in vitro studies indicated tha ... | 2013 | 23909903 |
| whole genome sequencing of an unusual serotype of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli. | shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli serotype o117:k1:h7 is a cause of persistent diarrhea in travelers to tropical locations. whole genome sequencing identified genetic mechanisms involved in the pathoadaptive phenotype. sequencing also identified toxin and putative adherence genes flanked by sequences indicating horizontal gene transfer from shigella dysenteriae and salmonella spp., respectively. | 2013 | 23877005 |
| failure of manganese to protect from shiga toxin. | shiga toxin (stx), the main virulence factor of shiga toxin producing escherichia coli, is a major public health threat, causing hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. currently, there are no approved therapeutics for these infections; however manganese has been reported to provide protection from the stx1 variant isolated from shigella dysenteriae (stx1-s) both in vitro and in vivo. we investigated the efficacy of manganese protection from stx1-s and the more potent stx2a isoform, u ... | 2013 | 23875002 |
| shigella takes the temperature. | for bacteria, temperature is a fairly reliable cue for entry into a vertebrate host. many pathogenic bacteria sense elevated temperatures (37°c) and turn on virulence and metabolic genes appropriate for survival and growth within the host. a recent study demonstrated that the expression of a heme uptake protein in shigella dysenteriae and pathogenic escherichia coli was dependent on an rna thermometer. | 2015 | 23851363 |
| anti-platelet-activating factor, antibacterial, and antiradical activities of lipids extract from silver carp brain. | epidemiological studies have verified the protective role of fish lipids in cardiovascular diseases. however, the effects of fish lipids on health boost remain undefined. large amounts of by-products, such as fish brain which contains high level of lipids, are produced with silver carp processing. fish brain is rich in bioactive lipids which are overwhelmingly effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases. the aim of this study was to elucidate the pharmacological activities of silver carp bra ... | 2013 | 23805935 |
| rna-mediated thermoregulation of iron-acquisition genes in shigella dysenteriae and pathogenic escherichia coli. | the initiation, progression and transmission of most bacterial infections is dependent upon the ability of the invading pathogen to acquire iron from each of the varied environments encountered during the course of a natural infection. in total, 95% of iron within the human body is complexed within heme, making heme a potentially rich source of host-associated nutrient iron for invading bacteria. as heme is encountered only within the host, pathogenic bacteria often regulate synthesis of heme ut ... | 2013 | 23704938 |
| a study of in vitro antibacterial activity of lanthanides complexes with a tetradentate schiff base ligand. | to establish the antibacterial activity of lanthanides complexes with a tetradentate schiff base ligand l. | 2013 | 23646299 |
| recombinant heat shock protein 60 (hsp60/groel) of salmonella enterica serovar typhi elicits cross-protection against multiple bacterial pathogens in mice. | heat shock proteins (hsps) or stress proteins are recognized as protective antigens against a wide range of bacterial diseases. conservation of hsps across different life forms also appears to contribute to the antigenicity of these proteins. due to their high sequence homology, there exists an immunological cross-recognition between different bacterial species. in the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of recombinant groel of salmonella enterica serovar typhi as a vaccine candidate agains ... | 2013 | 23474314 |
| monitoring of growth and physiological activities of biofilm during succession on polystyrene from activated sludge under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. | the present research work monitored the successive biofilm development and its catabolic role in the degradation of polystyrene (ps). ps material was artificially colonized with biofilm by incubating it with activated sludge under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. biofilm formation was monitored by gravimetric weight analysis, spectrophotometric absorbance technique, heterotrophic plate count, and scanning electron microscopy under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. the wet weight (1.59 and 1.17 ... | 2013 | 23361646 |
| recombinant salmonella vaccination technology and its application to human bacterial pathogens. | salmonella enterica is a gram-negative intracellular bacterial pathogen which causes salmonellosis in humans and animals. during the past several decades, extensive studies have shown that the attenuated salmonella vaccine vector is an optimal vehicle for delivering passenger antigens to mucosal sites to induce humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity. this immunity leads to protection against challenges with the wild-type pathogens from which the passenger antigens were derived. a myriad of stud ... | 2013 | 23360265 |
| crystal structure, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of a new complex of bismuth(iii) with sulfapyridine. | a new complex of bi(iii) and sulfapyridine was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry, conductivity analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (esi-ms), infrared spectroscopy, and single crystal x-ray diffraction methods. the antimicrobial and the cytotoxic activities of the compound were investigated. elemental and conductivity analyses are in accordance to the formulation [bicl₃(c₁₁h₁₁n₃o₂s)₃]. the structure of the complex reveals a distort ... | 2013 | 23348999 |
| modification in media composition to obtain secretory production of stxb-based vaccines using escherichia coli. | shiga toxin b-subunit (stxb) from shigella dysenteriae targets in vivo antigen to cancer cells, dendritic cells (dc) and b cells, which preferentially express the globotriaosylceramide (gb3) receptor. this pivotal role has encouraged scientists to investigate fusing stxb with other clinical antigens. due to the challenges of obtaining a functional soluble form of the recombinant stxb, such as formation of inclusion bodies during protein expression, scientists tend to combine stxb with vaccine ca ... | 2013 | 23329470 |
| structural studies of the o-antigen polysaccharide from escherichia coli o115 and biosynthetic aspects thereof. | the structure of the o-antigen polysaccharide (ps) of escherichia coli o115 has been investigated using a combination of component analysis and 1d and 2d nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy experiments. the repeating unit of the o-antigen was elucidated using the o-deacetylated ps and has the following branched pentasaccharide structure: →3)[β-l-rhap-(1 → 4)]-β-d-glcpnac-(1 → 4)-α-d-galpa-(1 → 3)-α-d-manp-(1 → 3)-β-d-glcpnac-(1→. cross-peaks of low intensity, corresponding to a β-l-rha ... | 2013 | 23193180 |
| haemolytic-uraemic syndrome as a sequela of diarrhoeal disease. | haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus) is a serious sequela of diarrhoea and results in a high mortality rate. this systematic review aimed at estimating the proportion of hus cases that are linked to prior infection due to shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) or shigella dysenteriae type 1. a systematic review of the existing literature was done to identify cohort and case-control studies that examined the relationship between stec and s. dysenteriae type 1 and hus. after screening 2,516 ar ... | 2012 | 23082627 |
| shiga toxins. | shiga toxins are virulence factors produced by the bacteria shigella dysenteriae and certain strains of escherichia coli. there is currently no available treatment for disease caused by these toxin-producing bacteria, and understanding the biology of the shiga toxins might be instrumental in addressing this issue. in target cells, the toxins efficiently inhibit protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes, and they may induce signaling leading to apoptosis. to reach their cytoplasmic target, shig ... | 2012 | 22960449 |
| regulation of cytokine and chemokine expression by the ribotoxic stress response elicited by shiga toxin type 1 in human macrophage-like thp-1 cells. | shiga toxins (stxs) are cytotoxins produced by the enteric pathogens shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec). stxs bind to a membrane glycolipid receptor, enter cells, and undergo retrograde transport to ultimately reach the cytosol, where the toxins exert their protein synthesis-inhibitory activity by depurination of a single adenine residue from the 28s rrna component of eukaryotic ribosomes. the depurination reaction activates the ribotoxic stress res ... | 2012 | 22431646 |
| in vitro adherence patterns of shigella serogroups to bovine recto-anal junction squamous epithelial (rse) cells are similar to those of escherichia coli o157. | the aims of this study were to determine whether shigella species, which are human gastrointestinal pathogens, can adhere to cattle recto-anal junction squamous epithelial (rse) cells using a recently standardized in vitro adherence assay, and to compare their adherence patterns with that of escherichia coli o157. shigella dysenteriae (serogroup a), s. flexneri (serogroup b), s. boydii (serogroup c), and s. sonnei (serogroup d) were tested in adherence assays using both rse and hep-2 cells, in t ... | 2012 | 22401271 |
| sequential use of ultraviolet light and chlorine for reclaimed water disinfection. | several disinfection processes of ultraviolet (uv), chlorine or uv followed by chlorine were investigated in municipal wastewater according to the inactivation of escherichia coli, shigella dysenteriae and toxicity formation. the uv inactivation of the tested pathogenic bacteria was not affected by the quality of water. it was found that the inactivated bacteria were obviously reactivated after one day in dark. fluorescent light irradiation increased the bacteria repair. the increase of uv dosag ... | 2011 | 22432254 |
| shiga toxins: potent poisons, pathogenicity determinants, and pharmacological agents. | the shiga toxins (stxs), also known as vero toxins and previously called shiga-like toxins, are a family of potent protein synthesis inhibitors made by shigella dysenteriae type 1 and some serogroups of escherichia coli that cause bloody diarrhea in humans. stxs act as virulence factors for both s. dysenteriae and e. coli and contribute to the disease process initiated by those organisms both directly and indirectly. a handful of methods exist for toxin purification, and the toxins can now even ... | 2005 | 26443514 |
| [effect of streptomycin and of chlortetracycline on catalase and on certain dehydrases in escherichia coli and in shigella dysenteriae]. | | 2014 | 24544605 |
| some inadequacies of culture transfer data as indices of drug resistance rates. | | 1956 | 24544153 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a candidate bioconjugate vaccine against shigella dysenteriae type 1 administered to healthy adults: a single blind, partially randomized phase i study. | shigellae cause severe disease in endemic countries, especially in children. several efficacy trials have been conducted with candidate vaccines against shigellae, but the lack of protection, the safety concerns, or manufacturing challenges hindered successful market approval. conjugated vaccines have been shown to be safe and effective for different pathogens (i.e., neisseria meningitidis, shigella pneumonia, haemophilus influenzae). the bio-conjugation technology, exploited here for the shigel ... | 2015 | 26162850 |
| antimicrobial properties of a potential probiotic lactobacillus from thai newborn feces. | probiotics are increasingly used to treat infectious diarrhea and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. many probiotic bacteria are classified in general such as lactobacillus and are able to colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of infants. | 2015 | 26817219 |
| [blood groups - minuses and pluses. do the blood group antigens protect us from infectious diseases?]. | human blood can be divided into groups, which is a method of blood classification based on the presence or absence of inherited erythrocyte surface antigens that can elicit immune response. according to the international society of blood transfusion, there are 341 blood group antigens collected in 35 blood group systems. these antigens can be proteins, glycoproteins or glycosphingolipids, and function as transmembrane transporters, ion channels, adhesion molecules or receptors for other proteins ... | 2015 | 26206987 |
| prevention and inhibition of tc-1 cell growth in tumor bearing mice by hpv16 e7 protein in fusion with shiga toxin b-subunit from shigella dysenteriae. | for immunotherapy of human papillomavirus (hpv) -16-associated cervical cancers the e7 protein is considered a prime candidate. however it is a poor inducer of cytotoxic t-cell response, when being used as a singular antigen in protein vaccination. hence, in this study we focused on the utilization of a vaccine delivery system for prevention or treatment of cervical cancer. | 2013 | 23862120 |
| screening of furanone in cucurbita melo and evaluation of its bioactive potential using in silico studies. | the work presented here attempts to screen for the presence of 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2h)-furanone in fruits and also any bioactive potential present in the fruit extracts. curcurbita melo was selected for the study, and the fruit was crushed, filtered and extracted with ethyl acetate as the solvent. the resulting extract was subjected to disk diffusion test using kirby bauer method for checking its antimicrobial potential. melon extract showed promising results against different clinical path ... | 2016 | 27013507 |
| characterization of indigenous lactobacillus strains for probiotic properties. | probiotics are defined as adequate amount of live microorganisms able to confer health benefits on the host. currently, most commercially available probiotic products in the market belong to genera lactobacillus. traditional dairy products are usually rich source of lactobacillus strains with significant health benefits. in order to evaluate the probiotic potential of these bacteria, it is essential to assess their health benefits, efficacy, and safety. | 2015 | 25793099 |
| factors affecting inducible expression of outer membrane protein a (ompa) of shigella dysenteriae type-1 in lactococcus lactis using nisin inducible controlled expression (nice). | potential use of lactococcus lactis (l. lactis) as a heterologous protein expression host as well as for delivery of multiple therapeutic proteins has been investigated extensively using nisin inducible controlled expression (nice) system. optimum inducible expression of heterologous protein by nice system in l. lactis depends on multiple factors. to study the unexplored role of factors affecting heterologous protein expression in l. lactis using nice, the present study outlines the optimization ... | 2016 | 26843700 |
| chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oil and extracts of tragopogon graminifolius, a medicinal herb from iran. | tragopogon graminifolius dc., family compositae, is widely consumed as a green vegetable in the west of iran and for the treatment of gastrointestinal and hepatic ailments. in this study, the chemical composition of the essential oil from t. graminifolius aerial parts was evaluated by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. moreover, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and various extracts of t. graminifolius were determined. fifty-eight compounds rep ... | 2014 | 24660479 |
| isolation of pathogenic bacteria from hospital staff apparel in nigeria. | a survey of bacteria contamination of hospital staff apparel in use in anambra state, nigeria, was carried out to determine the extent of contamination by clinically important bacteria. of a total of 125 swab samples of hospital staff apparel, 72 (58%) showed bacterial contamination including 32 (70%) of 46 samples from hand gloves, 28 of 45 (62%) samples from protective gowns, and 12 of 34 (35%) samples from face-shields. the potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated were salmonella spp, proteus ... | 2005 | 27529000 |
| isolation and molecular characterization of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella spp. from meat and dairy products in egypt. | foodborne pathogens are a major threat to food safety, especially in developing countries where hygiene and sanitation facilities are often poor. salmonella enterica, escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella spp. are among the major causes of outbreaks of foodborne diseases. this large-scale study investigated the prevalence of these foodborne pathogens in meat (beef and chicken) and dairy products collected from street vendors, butchers, retail markets and slaughterhouses in egypt. a total of 1600 ... | 2014 | 24239976 |
| mait cells detect and efficiently lyse bacterially-infected epithelial cells. | mucosal associated invariant t cells (mait) are innate t lymphocytes that detect a large variety of bacteria and yeasts. this recognition depends on the detection of microbial compounds presented by the evolutionarily conserved major-histocompatibility-complex (mhc) class i molecule, mr1. here we show that mait cells display cytotoxic activity towards mr1 overexpressing non-hematopoietic cells cocultured with bacteria. the nk receptor, cd161, highly expressed by mait cells, modulated the cytokin ... | 2013 | 24130485 |
| survival of salmonella typhi and shigella dysenteriae in dehydrated infant formula. | powdered infant formula has previously been linked to the transmission of various bacterial pathogens in infants resulting in life-threatening disease and death. survival studies of 2 common foodborne pathogens, salmonella enterica serovar typhi and shigella dysenteriae, in powdered infant formula have not been previously studied despite the potentially devastating consequences from ingestion of these organisms, particularly by newborns, in case of a natural or deliberate contamination event. th ... | 2011 | 22417504 |
| virulotyping of shigella spp. isolated from pediatric patients in tehran, iran. | shigellosis is a considerable infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. in this survey the prevalence of four important virulence genes including ial, ipah, set1a, and set1b were investigated among shigella strains and the related gene profiles identified in the present investigation, stool specimens were collected from children who were referred to two hospitals in tehran, iran. the samples were collected during 3 years (2008-2010) from children who were sus ... | 2017 | 28218003 |
| shigellosis in nepal: 13 years review of nationwide surveillance. | shigella is a major cause of gastroenteritis especially in children. in developing countries, the incidence is frequent and results are often life threatening. changing epidemiology and emerging antibiotic resistance warrants continuous monitoring of susceptibility. the present study highlights the changing epidemiology and drug resistance patterns of shigella isolated at different hospitals of nepal over a period of 13 years (jan. 2003-dec. 2015). | 2016 | 27814742 |
| a review on sero diversity and antimicrobial resistance patterns of shigella species in africa, asia and south america, 2001-2014. | shigella, gram negative bacterium, is responsible for shigellosis/bacillary dysentery. it is a global concern although it predominates in developing countries. these are shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, shigella boydii and shigella sonnei. drug resistance by shigella species is another headache of the world. therefore; this study aimed to review distribution of shigella serogroups and their antimicrobial patterns carried out in africa, asia and south america. | 2016 | 27576729 |
| intracellular and membrane-damaging activities of methyl gallate isolated from terminalia chebula against multidrug-resistant shigella spp. | shigella spp. (shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, shigella boydii and shigella sonnei) cause bacillary dysentery (shigellosis), which is characterized by bloody mucous diarrhoea. although a variety of antibiotics have been effective for treatment of shigellosis, options are becoming limited due to globally emerging drug resistance. in the present study, in vitro antibacterial activity of methyl gallate (mg) isolated from terminalia chebula was determined by performing mic, minimal bacteric ... | 2015 | 26272388 |
| shigella outer membrane protein pssp-1 is broadly protective against shigella infection. | in developing countries, shigella is a primary cause of diarrhea in infants and young children. although antibiotic therapy is an effective treatment for shigellosis, therapeutic options are narrowing due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. thus, preventive vaccination could become the most efficacious approach for controlling shigellosis. we have identified several conserved protein antigens that are shared by multiple shigella serotypes and species. among these, one antigen induced cros ... | 2015 | 25651919 |
| molecular characterization of serologically atypical provisional serovars of shigella isolates from kolkata, india. | during 2000-2004, 13 shigella strains that were untypable by commercially available antisera were isolated from children <5 years of age with acute diarrhoea in kolkata. these strains were subsequently identified as shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar 204/96 (n = 3), shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar e23507 (n = 1), shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar i9809-73 (n = 1), shigella dysenteriae provisional serovar 93-119 (n = 1), shigella flexneri provisional serovar 88-893 (n = 6) a ... | 2014 | 25261061 |
| isolation and development of bioluminescent reporter phages for bacterial dysentery. | shigellosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, most notably amongst children. moreover, there is a global increase in the occurrence of multidrug-resistant isolates, including the epidemic and pandemic shigella dysenteriae type 1 strain. we developed a bioluminescent reporter phage assay to facilitate detection and simultaneously determine antibiotic susceptibility. a shigella flexneri phage (shfl25875) was isolated from environmental wastewater and characterized by dna ... | 2015 | 25252629 |
| protective immunity by oral immunization with heat-killed shigella strains in a guinea pig colitis model. | the protective efficacy of and immune response to heat-killed cells of monovalent and hexavalent mixtures of six serogroups/serotypes of shigella strains (shigella dysenteriae 1, shigella flexneri 2a, s. flexneri 3a, s. flexneri 6, shigella boydii 4, and shigella sonnei) were examined in a guinea pig colitis model. a monovalent or hexavalent mixture containing 1 × 10(7) of each serogroup/serotype of heat-killed shigella cells was administered orally on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. on day 28, the immuni ... | 2013 | 24033533 |
| multi-serotype outer membrane vesicles of shigellae confer passive protection to the neonatal mice against shigellosis. | recently, we have demonstrated, immunization of adult female mice with outer membrane vesicles (omvs) of shigella boydii type 4 protected their offspring passively from shigellosis. in our present study, we have advanced our research by formulating multi-serotype outer membrane vesicles (momvs), mixing the omvs of shigella dysenteriae 1 δstx, shigella flexneri 2a, 3a and 6, s. boydii type 4 and shigella sonnei to achieve a broad spectrum protection against shigellosis. adult mice were immunized ... | 2013 | 23684822 |
| phage inactivation of foodborne shigella on ready-to-eat spiced chicken. | shigellosis, also called bacillary dysentery, is an infectious disease caused by shigella species, including shigella flexneri, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, and shigella boydii. infection with s. flexneri can result in epidemics, and shigella-contaminated food is often the source of infection, such as ready-to-eat spiced chicken and duck. therefore, we investigated the ability of shigella phages to inhibit pathogenic shigella spp. in ready-to-eat spiced chicken. food samples were inocu ... | 2013 | 23243250 |
| outer membrane vesicles of shigella boydii type 4 induce passive immunity in neonatal mice. | like most other gram-negative bacteria, shigella releases outer membrane vesicles (omvs) into the surrounding environment during growth. in this study, we have exploited omvs of shigella as a protective immunogen in a mice model against shigellosis. distinctive vesicle secretion was noticed from different shigella strains. among them, shigella boydii type 4 (bch612) was secreting relatively higher amounts. we immunized female adult mice orally with 32 μg of purified shigella boydii type 4 (bch61 ... | 2012 | 22762732 |
| effect of bovine lactoferrin on the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for clinical shigella spp. strains. | here, we determined the effect of bovine lactoferrin (blf) on the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in shigella . using a microdilution method, the mic was determined in the presence or absence of bovine lactoferrin (10 mg/ml) on 88 shigella strains (56 shigella flexneri , 15 shigella boydii , 13 shigella sonnei , and 4 shigella dysenteriae ) previously isolated from peruvian children <2 years old. a fold change of 2 or more in mic values was ... | 2012 | 22397495 |
| antimicrobial-resistant shigella infections from iran: an overlooked problem? | in this study, we wanted to assess the level of antimicrobial resistance, the presence of genes encoding resistance to cephalosporins and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr), and genetic relatedness among shigella isolates obtained from iranian patients. | 2012 | 22345385 |
| comparison of minimum inhibitory concentration of water soluble extracts of eugenia jambolana lam. (fam. myrtaceae) barks of different ages on dysentery and diarrhoea forming micro - organisms. | a preliminary investigations was carried out to study the antibacterial activity of the water soluble extracts of five and ten years old barks of eugenia jambolana lam. (fam. myrtaceae) on dysentery and diarrhoea forming micro organisms. it was observed that the barks of young plants have a better inhibitory effect on micro - organisms like salmonella viballerup, shigella dysenteriae 10, shigella boydii 5, sgigella dysenteriae 2. | 1985 | 22557509 |
| sibling srna ryfa1 influences shigella dysenteriae pathogenesis. | small regulatory rnas (srnas) of shigella dysenteriae and other pathogens are vital for the regulation of virulence-associated genes and processes. here, we characterize ryfa1, one member of a sibling pair of srnas produced by s. dysenteriae. unlike its nearly identical sibling molecule, ryfa2, predicted to be encoded almost exclusively by non-pathogenic species, the presence of a gene encoding ryfa1, or a ryfa1-like molecule, is strongly correlated with virulence in a variety of enteropathogens ... | 2017 | 28134784 |
| transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of shigella shut in response to host-associated iron availability and temperature. | like most bacteria, shigella must maintain a precise balance between the necessity and toxicity of iron; a balance that is achieved, at least in part, by regulating the production of bacterial iron acquisition systems in response to specific environmental signals. using the shigella heme utilization (shu) system, s. dysenteriae is able to acquire iron from heme, a potentially rich source of nutritional iron within the otherwise iron-limited environment of the human host. investigations presented ... | 2017 | 28127899 |
| [point-of-care tests for the rapid diagnosis of shigellosis]. | worldwide, it is estimated that 140 million people suffer from shigellosis annually. the traditional identification of shigella spp. by culture lacks sensitivity. rapid diagnosis of shigellosis is important because it allows to engage appropriate antimicrobial treatment that shortens the duration and severity of the illness and reduces microbial carriage, thus the spread of infection in the community. onestep immunochromatographic dipstick tests have been successfully developed at institut paste ... | 2017 | 28116567 |
| aloe vera (aloe barbadensis miller) supplemented probiotic lassi prevents shigella infiltration from epithelial barrier into systemic blood flow in mice model. | the aim of present work was to investigate preventive role of orally administered aloe vera supplemented probiotic lassi (apl) on shigella dysenteriae infection in mice. at the end of experimental period (2, 5 and 7 days of challenging), different organs such as spleen, liver, small intestine, large intestine, and peritoneal fluid were collected and assessed for shigella colonization. secretary iga was estimated in intestinal fluid. blood was collected in heparinized tubes for various haematolog ... | 2017 | 27914960 |
| erratum: global phylogeography and evolutionary history of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | | 2016 | 27694821 |
| pathogen-associated porin turns il-10 competent b-1a cells toward proinflammatory cytokine response. | shigellosis is a major problem in the developing countries causing mortality and morbidity particularly among the children. shigella spp. harbours the epithelial cells of the human colon to infect the host and spread the disease. we analyzed the response of b-1a cells, the major component of the mucosal immune system to porin of shigella dysenteriae type 1. we show that porin while proliferating b-1a cells, deplete siglec-g, the inhibitory molecule present on b-1a cells. adjuvanticity of porin h ... | 2016 | 27498179 |
| global phylogeography and evolutionary history of shigella dysenteriae type 1. | together with plague, smallpox and typhus, epidemics of dysentery have been a major scourge of human populations for centuries(1). a previous genomic study concluded that shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1), the epidemic dysentery bacillus, emerged and spread worldwide after the first world war, with no clear pattern of transmission(2). this is not consistent with the massive cyclic dysentery epidemics reported in europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries(1,3,4) and the first isolation ... | 2016 | 27572446 |
| erratum to: genome sequencing, annotation and comparative genomic analysis of shigella dysenteriae strain sd1d. | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-28.]. | 2016 | 27516810 |
| a two-step method for extraction of lipopolysaccharide from shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and salmonella typhimurium: an improved method for enhanced yield and purity. | bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) has been widely used as an antigen and adjuvant in immunological applications. amongst the methods developed for extraction of lps, hot phenol extraction (hpe) method is the gold standard. however, the hpe method provides poor yield of lps (~4.5% by weight), is associated with relatively higher impurities of proteins and nucleic acids, and the acidic hot phenol can cause a degradative effect on lps. in this work a two-step extraction (tse) method was developed ... | 2016 | 27208662 |
| slow relaxation of shape and orientational texture in membrane gel domains. | gel domains in lipid bilayers are structurally more complex than fluid domains. growth dynamics can lead to noncircular domains with a heterogeneous orientational texture. most model membrane studies involving gel domain morphology and lateral organization assume the domains to be static. here we show that rosette shaped gel domains, with heterogeneous orientational texture and a central topological defect, after early stage growth, undergo slow relaxation. on a time scale of days to weeks domai ... | 2015 | 26501924 |
| controlling the cytokine storm in severe bacterial diarrhoea with an oral toll-like receptor 4 antagonist. | shigella dysenteriae causes the most severe of all infectious diarrhoeas and colitis. we infected rhesus macaques orally and also treated them orally with a small and non-absorbable polypropyletherimine dendrimer glucosamine that is a toll-like receptor-4 (tlr4) antagonist. antibiotics were not given for this life-threatening infection. six days later, the clinical score for diarrhoea, mucus and blood was 54% lower, colon interleukin-8 and interleukin-6 were both 77% lower, and colon neutrophil ... | 2016 | 26496144 |
| immunization of mice with a live transconjugant shigella hybrid strain induced th1 and th17 cell-mediated immune responses and confirmed passive protection against heterologous shigellae. | an avirulent, live transconjugant shigella hybrid (ltshδstx) strain was constructed in our earlier study by introducing a plasmid vector, ppr1347, into a shiga toxin gene deleted shigella dysenteriae 1. three successive oral administrations of ltshδstx to female adult mice produced comprehensive passive heterologous protection in their offspring against challenge with wild-type shigellae. production of no and different cytokines such asil-12p70, il-1β and il-23 in peritoneal mice macrophages ind ... | 2016 | 26478541 |
| novel strain of shigella dysenteriae serotype 7 from india. | we describe a strain of shigella dysenteriae serotype 7 which had novel biochemical and genetic characters. unlike other s. dysenteriae, it produced gas, fermented mannitol, was a late-lactose fermenter and harboured the set 1a and set 1b genes. the significance of such atypical strains is that they are difficult to identify. if such strains are missed, they could prove to be a serious public health problem because the infectious dose is very low and they may harbour integrons contributing to dr ... | 2015 | 26442152 |
| exoelectrogens leading to precise reduction of graphene oxide by flexibly switching their environment during respiration. | reduced graphene oxide (rgo) has been prepared by a simple, cost-effective, and green route. in this work, graphene oxide (go) has been reduced using gram-negative facultative anaerobe s. dysenteriae, having exogenic properties of electron transfer via electron shuttling. apparently, different concentrations of go were successfully reduced with almost complete mass recovery. an effective role of lipopolysaccharide has been observed while comparing rgo reduced by s. dysenteriae and s. aureus. it ... | 2015 | 26288348 |
| high mean water vapour pressure promotes the transmission of bacillary dysentery. | bacillary dysentery is an infectious disease caused by shigella dysenteriae, which has a seasonal distribution. external environmental factors, including climate, play a significant role in its transmission. this paper identifies climate-related risk factors and their role in bacillary dysentery transmission. harbin, in northeast china, with a temperate climate, and quzhou, in southern china, with a subtropical climate, are chosen as the study locations. the least absolute shrinkage and selectio ... | 2015 | 25946209 |
| prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in treated effluents and receiving water bodies and their potential health risks. | the failure of wastewater treatment plants to produce effluents of a high microbiological quality is a matter of great concern in terms of water resource pollution. a more serious concern is that this water source is used by communities in developing countries for multiple purposes, which include drinking, recreation and agriculture. the current study investigated the prevalence and potential health risks of enteropathogenic bacteria (salmonella typhimurium, shigella dysenteriae and vibrio chole ... | 2015 | 25777950 |
| the genome of shigella dysenteriae strain sd1617 comparison to representative strains in evaluating pathogenesis. | we sequenced and analyzed shigella dysenteriae strain sd1617 serotype 1 that is widely used as model strain for vaccine design, trials and research. a combination of next-generation sequencing platforms and assembly yielded two contigs representing a chromosome size of 4.34 mb and the large virulence plasmid of 177 kb. this genome sequence is compared with other shigella genomes in order to understand gene complexity and pathogenic factors. | 2015 | 25743074 |
| characterization of new myoviridae bacteriophage wz1 against multi-drug resistant (mdr) shigella dysenteriae. | shigella dysenteriae is a normal inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract, but sometimes it causes severe infection known as shigellosis (bacillary dysentery). bacteriophages are considered very safe and effective agents for controlling bacterial infections and contaminations. in this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of bacteriophage wz1, isolated from waste water which inhibits the growth of s. dysenteriae. phage wz1 showed maximum stability at 37 °c and was stable up ... | 2015 | 25557472 |
| molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant shigella spp. of food origin. | shigella spp. are the causative agents of food-borne shigellosis, an acute enteric infection. the emergence of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of shigella presents an increasing challenge for clinicians in the treatment of shigellosis. several studies worldwide have characterized the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance in clinical shigella isolates of human origin, however, to date, no such characterization has been reported for shigella spp. of food origin. in this study, we characte ... | 2015 | 25485847 |
| synthesis of an aminooxy derivative of the trisaccharide globotriose gb3. | the synthesis of α-aminooxy trisaccharide moiety [α-d-gal-(1,4)-β-d-gal-(1,4)-β-d-glc-α-aminooxy], related to the cell surface globotriaosylceramide (gb3) receptor of the b subunit of the ab5 shiga toxin of shigella dysenteriae, has been synthesized for the first time in 11 steps with a 15% overall isolated yield. a highlight of this work entails utilizing chemically compatible synthetic transformations, including those related to glycosylation, incorporative of the succinimidyl moiety as a prec ... | 2014 | 25382930 |
| shigella dysenteriae modulates bmp pathway to induce mucin gene expression in vivo and in vitro. | mucosal epithelial cells in the intestine act as the first line of host defense against pathogens by increasing mucin production for clearance. despite this fact, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which shigella dysenteriae transduce mucin gene expression remain poorly defined. the goal of this study was to determine the role of bone morphogenetic protein (bmp) pathway in mucin gene expression during s. dysenteriae infection. in this study we demonstrate that s. dysenteriae activates bmp si ... | 2014 | 25365201 |
| shigella: a highly virulent and elusive pathogen. | despite a significant decrease in shigella-related mortality, shigellosis continues to carry a significant burden of disease worldwide, particularly in asia and africa. shigella is a highly virulent pathogen comprised of four major species with numerous subtypes. shigella dysenteriae and shigella flexneri infections are predominant in resource-limited settings. clinical presentations range from mild watery diarrhea to severe dysentery with systemic complications such as electrolyte imbalance, se ... | 2014 | 25110633 |
| genome sequencing, annotation and comparative genomic analysis of shigella dysenteriae strain sd1d. | shigellosis is an acute form of gastroenteritis caused by the bacteria belonging to the genus shigella. it is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in children. shigella belongs to the family enterobactericeae, which is a gram-negative and rod shaped bacterium. in the present study, we report the draft genome of shigella dysenteriae strain sd1d, which was isolated from the stool sample of a healthy individual. | 2014 | 25028600 |
| activity of antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory in compounds andrographolide salt. | andrographolide sulfonic acid sodium salt (ass) was synthesized to increase the the solubility of andrographolide in aqueous solution. we have studied its pharmacological effect of antibiosis, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulation. cylinder-plate method was used to study ass׳s in vitro antibacterial activity, and its protection for mice infected by staphylococcus aureus and shigella dysenteriae. various inflammation models, including the auricular edema induced by xylene in mice, cmc-na induced ... | 2014 | 24998876 |
| shigella isolates from the global enteric multicenter study inform vaccine development. | shigella, a major diarrheal disease pathogen worldwide, is the target of vaccine development. the global enteric multicenter study (gems) investigated burden and etiology of moderate-to-severe diarrheal disease in children aged <60 months and matched controls without diarrhea during 3 years at 4 sites in africa and 3 in asia. shigella was 1 of the 4 most common pathogens across sites and age strata. gems shigella serotypes are reviewed to guide vaccine development. | 2014 | 24958238 |
| passive immunity with multi-serotype heat-killed shigellae in neonatal mice. | the short- and long-term passive protective efficacy of a mixture of heat-killed cells of six serogroups/serotypes of shigella strains (shigella dysenteriae 1, s. flexneri 2a, s. flexneri 3a, s. flexneri 6, s. boydii 4, and s. sonnei) were studied in neonatal mice. neonatal mice from immunized dams exhibited significant short- and long-term passive protection against individual challenge by each of the six shigella strains. high igg and iga titers against the lipopolysaccharide from each of the ... | 2014 | 24909404 |
| [microcalorimetric investigation on the interaction of six alkaloids from rhizoma coptidis]. | how to identify active constituents of traditional chinese medicines (tcms) and study their interactions are key problems in the development of tcms. the inhibitory effect of six alkaloids from rhizoma coptidis (rc) on shigella dysenteriae (s. dysenteria) growth had been investigated by microcalorimetry in this study. main active constituents of rc were confirmed by comparing their contributions to the bacteriostatic effect, and the interactions among active constituents were further researched. ... | 2013 | 24689238 |
| comparison of anti-bacterial activity of three types of di-o-caffeoylquinic acids in lonicera japonica flowers based on microcalorimetry. | the anti-bacterial activities of three types of di-o-caffeoylquinic acids (dicqas) in lonicera japonica flowers, a traditional chinese medicine (tcm), on bacillus shigae growth were investigated and compared by microcalorimetry. the three types of dicqas were 3, 4-di-o-caffeoylquinic acid (3, 4-dicqa), 3, 5-di-o-caffeoylquinic acid (3, 5-dicqa), and 4, 5-di-o-caffeoylquinic acid (4, 5-dicqa). some qualitative and quantitative information of the effects of the three dicqas on metabolic power-time ... | 2014 | 24636060 |
| promotion of quality standard of herbal medicine by constituent removing and adding. | to identify major active constituents and measure their levels in a typical medicinal herb-rhizoma coptidis, we applied the concept of removing and adding, taking inspiration from functional genetic methods. as this herb has bacteriostatic properties and is used to treat bacterial diarrhea, we examined the effects of individual constituents (berberine, palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine, jateorrhizine and columbamine) on the growth of shigella dysenteriae with microcalorimetry. the removing and ... | 2014 | 24413194 |
| evaluation of an intragastric challenge model for shigella dysenteriae 1 in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) for the pre-clinical assessment of shigella vaccine formulations. | shigellosis is a worldwide disease, characterized by abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, and the passage of blood- and mucus-streaked stools. rhesus monkeys and other primates are the only animals that are naturally susceptible to shigellosis. a suitable animal model is required for the pre-clinical evaluation of vaccines candidates. in this study, the minimal dose of shigella dysenteriae1 1617 strain required to produce dysentery in four of five (80% attack rate) monkeys using an escalating dose r ... | 2014 | 24028276 |
| mistletoe lectin has a shiga toxin-like structure and should be combined with other toll-like receptor ligands in cancer therapy. | mistletoe extract (me) is applied as an adjuvant treatment in cancer therapy in thousands of patients each year in europe. the main immunostimulating component of mistletoe extract, mistletoe lectin, recently has been shown to be a pattern recognition receptor ligand and hence is binding to an important class of pathogen-sensing receptors. pattern recognition receptor ligands are potent activators of dendritic cells. this activation is a prerequisite for a full-blown t-cell response against canc ... | 2013 | 23832140 |
| [urinary infection by shigella dysenteriae]. | | 2013 | 23817659 |
| immunogenicity of a new recombinant ipac from shigella dysenteriae type i in guinea pig as a vaccine candidate. | recombinant vaccine technology is one of the most developed means in controlling infectious diseases. however, an effective vaccine against shigella is still missing. | 2013 | 23811550 |
| in vitro selection of a dna aptamer targeted against shigella dysenteriae. | to identify dna aptamers demonstrating binding specificity for shigella dysenteriae, a whole-bacterium systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) method was applied to a combinatorial library of single-stranded dna (ssdna) molecules. after several rounds of selection using s. dysenteriae as the target, the highly enriched oligonucleotide pool was sequenced and then grouped into different families based on primary sequence homologies and similarities in the secondary structur ... | 2013 | 23811206 |
| differential response of the cynomolgus macaque gut microbiota to shigella infection. | little is known about the role of gut microbiota in response to live oral vaccines against enteric pathogens. we examined the effect of immunization with an oral live-attenuated shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine and challenge with wild-type s. dysenteriae 1 on the fecal microbiota of cynomolgus macaques using 16 s rrna analysis of fecal samples. multi-dimensional cluster analysis identified different bacterial community types within macaques from geographically distinct locations. the fecal microbi ... | 2013 | 23755118 |
| molecular cloning and biologically active production of ipad n-terminal region. | shigella is known as pathogenic intestinal bacteria in high dispersion and pathogenic bacteria due to invasive plasmid antigen (ipa). so far, a number of ipa proteins have been studied to introduce a new candidate vaccine. here, for the first time, we examined whether the n-terminal region of ipad(72-162) could be a proper candidate for shigella vaccine. initially, the dna sequence coding n-terminal region was isolated by pcr from shigella dysenteriae type i and cloned into pet-28a expression ve ... | 2013 | 23731655 |
| changing emergence of shigella sero-groups in bangladesh: observation from four different diarrheal disease hospitals. | shigellosis continues to be a public health challenge for developing countries, including bangladesh. the aim of the study is to demonstrate recent changes in shigella sero-groups and their geographical diversity. | 2013 | 23658619 |
| multiplexed immunoassay to assess shigella-specific antibody responses. | infection with shigella spp. results in bacillary dysentery and a systemic and mucosal antibody response. the immune response is directed at multiple antigens, including lps and the invasin plasmid antigen (ipa) proteins, and is capable of conferring short-term, serotype-specific protection. both live-attenuated and several subunit vaccine approaches have focused on inducing a pronounced mucosal immune response directed to the same antigens recognized after natural infection. traditionally, shig ... | 2013 | 23583496 |
| comparative analysis of the genomes of shigella dysenteriae type 2 & type 7 isolates. | the four species of the genus shigella, namely, s. dysenteriae , s. flexneri, s. boydii and s. sonnei cause a wide spectrum of illness from watery diarrhoea to severe dysentery. genomes of these four species show great diversity. in this study, noti, xbai or i-ceui restriction enzyme digested genomes of two shigella dysenteriae isolates belonging to the serotypes 2 and 7 were extensively analyzed to find their relatedness, if any, with the whole genome sequenced strains of s. dysenteriae type 1 ... | 2013 | 23481068 |
| effect of water storage in silver container on the viability of enteric bacterial pathogens. | silver is one of the heavy metals traditionally played major role in the human life. it is used in the form of ornaments or as containers to store or drink water and other consumable liquids. the study was designed to observe the effect of water storage in silver containers on enteric pathogens. three sets of sterile silver, stainless steel and glass metal screw capped containers were filled with non-chlorinated sterilized well water. one each of the three sets was inoculated with enteric pathog ... | 2012 | 25145073 |
| structure based virtual screening of novel inhibitors against multidrug resistant superbugs. | pathogenic microorganisms are persistently expressing resistance towards present generation antibiotics and are on the verge of joining the superbug family. recent studies revealed that, notorious pathogens such as salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae and vibrio cholerae have acquired multiple drug resistance and the treatment became a serious concern. this necessitates an alternative therapeutic solution. present study investigates the utility of computer aided method to study the mechanism o ... | 2012 | 22715312 |
| haemolytic uraemic syndrome during shigellosis. | haemolytic uraemic syndrome (hus), which is comprised of the triad of haemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal insufficiency, occurs in about 13% of dysenteric patients with shigellosis due to shigella dysenteriae type 1 (sd1) infections, who are mostly children less than five years old in africa and asia. with a case-fatality rate of about 36%, it is the leading cause of death in sd1 outbreaks. research suggests that shiga toxin and lipopolysaccharide from the causative bacteria play roles ... | 2012 | 22579556 |