| swine influenza: clinical, serological, pathological, and virological cross-sectional studies in nine farms in argentina. | influenza a viruses (iav) are important pathogens responsible for economic losses in the swine industry and represent a threat to public health. in argentina, clinical, pathological, and virological findings suggest that iav infection is widespread among pig farms. in addition, several subtypes of iav, such as ph1n1, h3n2, δ1h1n1, and δ2h1n2, have been reported. | 2013 | 24224814 |
| comparison of influenza a virus infection in high- and low-birth-weight pigs using morphometric analysis. | epigenetic studies have shown that low-birth-weight (lbw) and growth restriction has been associated with reduced immune function in humans and reduced passive immunity in pigs. to examine the immune responses of high-birth-weight (hbw) and lbw groups of pigs, influenza a virus infection was used as an exemplifier of neonatal respiratory disease. | 2013 | 24224813 |
| synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogs as potential anti-influenza a (h3n2 subtype) virus agents. | montmorillonite k10 impregnated with copper dichloride and potassium iodide (cucl2 /ki/k10) was used as catalyst in the cycloaddition of azides and propargylnucleobases, to provide the corresponding 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in good yield. all compounds 16-23 were evaluated for their antiviral activity in vitro. compound 18 showed moderate inhibition against influenza virus a (h3n2). | 2014 | 24272912 |
| recombinant influenza a h3n2 viruses with mutations of ha transmembrane cysteines exhibited altered virological characteristics. | influenza a h3n2 virus as the cause of 1968 pandemic has since been circulating in human and swine. our earlier study has shown that mutations of one or two cysteines in the transmembrane domain of h3 hemagglutinin (ha) affected the thermal stability and fusion activity of recombinant ha proteins. here, we report the successful generation of three recombinant h3n2 mutant viruses (c540s, c544l, and 2c/sl) with mutations of one or two transmembrane cysteines of ha in the background of a/swine/guan ... | 2014 | 24272698 |
| seroprevalence of a novel influenza a (h3n2) variant virus in the japanese population. | antibody distribution to a novel swine-origin influenza a (h3n2) variant virus among different age groups in japan was determined by hemagglutination-inhibition assay. japanese children in the age group 1-14 years were at a higher risk than those in older age groups. | 2013 | 24270150 |
| protease-dependent hemagglutinin cleavage contributes to alteration in chicken hemagglutination by the h3n2 influenza a virus. | the human influenza a virus (h3n2) has been the predominant influenza strain since 1992, and one property of this virus is non-agglutination of chicken erythrocytes [ch(-) virus]. the ch(-) virus in our study was able to acquire chicken hemagglutination [ch(+)] by trypsin passage but not by chymotrypsin passage. moreover, the trypsin-passaged ch(+) viruses reacquired the ch(-) property after a further chymotrypsin passage. in particular, genetic analysis showed no evidence of mutations in the he ... | 2013 | 24270143 |
| avian influenza virus h3 hemagglutinin may enable high fitness of novel human virus reassortants. | reassortment of influenza a virus genes enables antigenic shift resulting in the emergence of pandemic viruses with novel hemagglutinins (ha) acquired from avian strains. here, we investigated whether historic and contemporary avian strains with different replication capacity in human cells can donate their hemagglutinin to a pandemic human virus. we performed double-infections with two avian h3 strains as ha donors and a human acceptor strain, and determined gene compositions and replication of ... | 2013 | 24265752 |
| the effect of the mdck cell selected neuraminidase d151g mutation on the drug susceptibility assessment of influenza a(h3n2) viruses. | propagation of influenza a(h3n2) viruses in mdck cells has been associated with the emergence of neuraminidase (na) variants carrying a change at residue 151. in this study, the pyrosequencing assay revealed that ∼90% of a(h3n2) virus isolates analyzed (n=150) contained more than one amino acid variant (d/g/n) at position 151. susceptibilities of the virus isolates to zanamivir and oseltamivir were assessed using the chemiluminescent and fluorescent na inhibition (ni) assays. in the chemilumines ... | 2014 | 24239666 |
| immunization of rabbits with synthetic peptides derived from a highly conserved β-sheet epitope region underneath the receptor binding site of influenza a virus. | there is increasing concern about the speed with which health care providers can administer prophylaxis and treatment in an influenza pandemic. generally, it takes several months to manufacture an influenza vaccine by propagation of the virus in chicken eggs or cultured cells. newer, faster protocols for the production of vaccines that induce broad-spectrum immunity are therefore highly desirable. we previously developed human monoclonal antibody b-1 that shows broadly neutralizing activity agai ... | 2013 | 24235814 |
| novel h7n9 influenza virus shows low infectious dose, high growth rate, and efficient contact transmission in the guinea pig model. | the zoonotic outbreak of h7n9 subtype avian influenza virus that occurred in eastern china in the spring of 2013 resulted in 135 confirmed human cases, 44 of which were lethal. sequencing of the viral genome revealed a number of molecular signatures associated with virulence or transmission in mammals. we report here that, in the guinea pig model, a human isolate of novel h7n9 influenza virus, a/anhui/1/2013 (an/13), is highly dissimilar to an h7n1 avian isolate and instead behaves similarly to ... | 2014 | 24227867 |
| assessment for possible healthcare-associated transmission of a new variant influenza virus--pennsylvania, august 2011. | in august 2011, one of the earliest cases of influenza a(h3n2) variant [a(h3n2)v] virus infection was hospitalized with severe illness. to investigate the potential for healthcare-associated transmission of influenza a(h3n2)v, we evaluated both healthcare providers and patient contacts of the case. we found that healthcare-associated transmission was unlikely. | 2013 | 24225616 |
| detection and isolation of airborne influenza a h3n2 virus using a sioutas personal cascade impactor sampler. | the air we breathe contains microorganisms that can cause infectious respiratory diseases. after two occupants of an apartment were diagnosed with influenza in february of 2013, efforts were made to detect and isolate airborne influenza virus using two different types of active air samplers: a sioutas personal cascade impactor sampler (pcis) and an skc biosampler. the pcis collects size-fractionated particles by impaction on polytetrafluoroethylene filters, whereas the skc biosampler collects ai ... | 2013 | 24224087 |
| comparison of mutation patterns in full-genome a/h3n2 influenza sequences obtained directly from clinical samples and the same samples after a single mdck passage. | human influenza viruses can be isolated efficiently from clinical samples using madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. however, this process is known to induce mutations in the virus as it adapts to this non-human cell-line. we performed a systematic study to record the pattern of mdck-induced mutations observed across the whole influenza a/h3n2 genome. seventy-seven clinical samples collected from 2009-2011 were included in the study. two full influenza genomes were obtained for each sample: o ... | 2013 | 24223916 |
| inhibition of a/human/hubei/3/2005 (h3n2) influenza virus infection by silver nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. | silver nanoparticles (agnps) have attracted much attention as antimicrobial agents and have demonstrated efficient inhibitory activity against various viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis b virus, and tacaribe virus. in this study, we investigated if agnps could have antiviral and preventive effects in a/human/hubei/3/2005 (h3n2) influenza virus infection. madin-darby canine kidney cells infected with agnp-treated h3n2 influenza virus showed better viability (p<0.05 versus ... | 2013 | 24204140 |
| loss and gain of n-linked glycosylation sites in globular head and stem of ha found in a/h3n2 flu fatal and severe cases during 2013 tunisia flu seasonal survey. | glycosylation on the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza virus acts as an important target for recognition and destruction of virus by innate immune proteins of the collectin family. in the current study, we have characterized the dynamic amino acid changes at n-linked glycosylation sites of full length sequences of ha genes of 5 a/h3n2 tunisian strains isolates from mild, severe, and fatal cases. compared to the reference strain, a/perth/16/2009 substitutions in potenti ... | 2014 | 24174280 |
| the kinase mtor modulates the antibody response to provide cross-protective immunity to lethal infection with influenza virus. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses pose a continuing global threat. current vaccines will not protect against newly evolved pandemic viruses. the creation of 'universal' vaccines has been unsuccessful because the immunological mechanisms that promote heterosubtypic immunity are incompletely defined. we found here that rapamycin, an immunosuppressive drug that inhibits the kinase mtor, promoted cross-strain protection against lethal infection with influenza virus of various subtypes when a ... | 2013 | 24141387 |
| longitudinal analysis of leukocyte differentials in peripheral blood of patients with acute respiratory viral infections. | leukocyte counts and differentials are commonly acquired in patients with suspected respiratory viral infections and may contribute diagnostic information. however, most published work is limited to a single timepoint at initial presentation to a medical provider, which may correspond to widely varying points in the course of disease. | 2013 | 24140015 |
| treatment of influenza virus with beta-propiolactone alters viral membrane fusion. | beta-propiolactone (bpl) is commonly used as an inactivating reagent to produce viral vaccines. although bpl has been described to chemically modify nucleic acids, its effect on viral proteins, potentially affecting viral infectivity, remains poorly studied. here, a h3n2 strain of influenza virus was submitted to treatment with various bpl concentrations (2-1000μm). cell infectivity was progressively reduced and entirely abolished at 1mm bpl. virus fusion with endosome being a critical step in v ... | 2014 | 24140008 |
| efficacy of a levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-based sanitizer on inactivation of influenza a virus on eggshells. | influenza a virus poses a major public health concern and is associated with annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. influenza a h3n2 viruses, which are an important cause of human influenza, can infect birds and mammals. contaminated undercooked poultry products including eggs with avian influenza virus constitute a possible risk of transmission to humans. in this study, a novel levulinic acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) sanitizer was evaluated for eggshell decontamination. influenza a ... | 2013 | 24132876 |
| epidemiology of seasonal influenza in bangkok between 2009 and 2012. | this study investigated influenza activity in bangkok, thailand between june 2009 and july 2012. | 2013 | 24129626 |
| subcellular proteomic analysis of human host cells infected with h3n2 swine influenza virus. | cross-species transmissions of swine influenza viruses (sivs) raise great public health concerns. in this study, subcellular proteomic profiles of human a549 cells inoculated with h3n2 subtype siv were used to characterize dynamic cellular responses to infection. by 2de and ms, 27 differentially expressed (13 upregulated, 14 downregulated) cytoplasmic proteins and 20 differentially expressed (13 upregulated, 7 downregulated) nuclear proteins were identified. gene ontology analysis suggested that ... | 2013 | 24115376 |
| viral etiology of influenza-like illnesses during the influenza season between december 2011 and april 2012. | the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of respiratory viruses responsible for respiratory tract infections in turkish children during the 2011-2012 influenza season. nasal swabs were obtained from patients with symptoms suggestive of an influenza-like illness between december 2011 and april 2012. samples were analyzed with multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) to help identify the causative viral pathogen. a total of 200 patients were enrolled in the study. a respi ... | 2014 | 24105787 |
| seasonal h3n2 influenza a virus fails to enhance staphylococcus aureus co-infection in a non-human primate respiratory tract infection model. | staphylococcus aureus community-acquired pneumonia is often associated with influenza or an influenza-like syndrome. morbidity and mortality due to methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) or influenza and pneumonia, which includes bacterial co-infection, are among the top causes of death by infectious diseases in the united states. we developed a non-lethal influenza a virus (iav) (h3n2)/s. aureus co-infection model in cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) to test the hypothesis that seasonal ... | 2013 | 24104465 |
| genetic characterization of canine influenza a virus (h3n2) in thailand. | in january 2012, several clinical cases of dogs with flu-like symptoms, including coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, and fever, were reported in a small-animal hospital located in bangkok, thailand. one influenza a virus was identified and characterized as an avian-like influenza virus h3n2. the virus was named a/canine/thailand/cu-dc5299/12. a phylogenetic analysis indicated that the canine virus belonged to an avian eurasian lineage and was genetically related to the canine influenza viruses ... | 2014 | 24101341 |
| h3n2 canine influenza virus causes severe morbidity in dogs with induction of genes related to inflammation and apoptosis. | dogs are companion animals that live in close proximity with humans. canine h3n2 influenza virus has been isolated from pet dogs that showed severe respiratory signs and other clinical symptoms such as fever, reduced body weight, and interstitial pneumonia. the canine h3n2 influenza virus can be highly transmissible among dogs via aerosols. when we analyzed global gene expression in the lungs of infected dogs, the genes associated with the immune response and cell death were greatly elevated. ta ... | 2013 | 24090140 |
| impact of prior seasonal h3n2 influenza vaccination or infection on protection and transmission of emerging variants of influenza a(h3n2)v virus in ferrets. | influenza h3n2 a viruses continue to circulate in swine and occasionally infect humans, resulting in outbreaks of variant influenza h3n2 [a(h3n2)v] virus. it has been previously demonstrated in ferrets that a(h3n2)v viruses transmit as efficiently as seasonal influenza viruses, raising concern over the pandemic potential of these viruses. however, a(h3n2)v viruses have not acquired the ability to transmit efficiently among humans, which may be due in part to existing cross-reactive immunity to a ... | 2013 | 24089569 |
| emergence of an oseltamivir-resistant influenza a/h3n2 virus in an elderly patient receiving a suboptimal dose of antiviral prophylaxis. | we report the emergence of an influenza virus a/h3n2-e119v neuraminidase variant from an elderly patient with renal dysfunction who received a suboptimal dose of oseltamivir prophylaxis. in neuraminidase inhibition assays, the e119v variant showed a 413-fold increase in the 50% inhibitory oseltamivir concentration and grew at titers comparable to those of the wild type in vitro. | 2013 | 24088848 |
| cell culture-selected substitutions in influenza a(h3n2) neuraminidase affect drug susceptibility assessment. | assessment of drug susceptibility has become an integral part of influenza virus surveillance. in this study, we describe the drug resistance profile of influenza a(h3n2) virus, a/mississippi/05/2011, collected from a patient treated with oseltamivir and detected via surveillance. an mdck cell-grown isolate of this virus exhibited highly reduced inhibition by the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais) oseltamivir (8,005-fold), zanamivir (813-fold), peramivir (116-fold), and laninamivir (257-fold) ... | 2013 | 24080660 |
| mutation from arginine to lysine at the position 189 of hemagglutinin contributes to the antigenic drift in h3n2 swine influenza viruses. | two distinct antigenic clusters were previously identified among the h3n2 swine influenza a viruses (iavs) and were designated h3n2siv-alpha and h3n2siv-beta (feng et al., 2013. journal of virology 87 (13), 7655-7667). a consistent mutation was observed at the position 189 of hemagglutinin (r189k) between h3n2siv-alpha and h3n2siv-beta fair isolates. to evaluate the contribution of r189k mutation to the antigenic drift from h3n2siv-alpha to h3n2siv-beta, four reassortant viruses with 189r or 189 ... | 2013 | 24074585 |
| editorial commentary: variant influenza a(h3n2) virus: looking through a glass, darkly. | | 2013 | 24065323 |
| outbreak of variant influenza a(h3n2) virus in the united states. | variant influenza virus infections are rare but may have pandemic potential if person-to-person transmission is efficient. we describe the epidemiology of a multistate outbreak of an influenza a(h3n2) variant virus (h3n2v) first identified in 2011. | 2013 | 24065322 |
| glyconanoparticles for the plasmonic detection and discrimination between human and avian influenza virus. | a plasmonic bioassay for the specific detection of human influenza virus has been developed based on gold nanoparticles functionalised with a designed and synthesised thiolated trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid derivative. the glyconanoparticles consist of the thiolated trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid derivative and a thiolated polyethylene glycol (peg) derivative self-assembled onto the gold surface. varying ratios of the trivalent α2,6-thio-linked sialic acid ligand and the peg lig ... | 2013 | 24057694 |
| effectiveness of influenza vaccine against laboratory-confirmed influenza, in the late 2011-2012 season in spain, among population targeted for vaccination. | in spain, the influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) was estimated in the last three seasons using the observational study cyceva conducted in the frame of the existing spanish influenza sentinel surveillance system. the objective of the study was to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness (ili) among the target groups for vaccination in spain in the 2011-2012 season. we also studied influenza ve in the early (weeks 52/2 ... | 2013 | 24053661 |
| dynamically correlated mutations drive human influenza a evolution. | human influenza a virus undergoes recurrent changes in the hemagglutinin (ha) surface protein, primarily involved in the human antibody recognition. relevant antigenic changes, enabling the virus to evade host immune response, have been recognized to occur in parallel to multiple mutations at antigenic sites in ha. yet, the role of correlated mutations (epistasis) in driving the molecular evolution of the virus still represents a challenging puzzle. further, though circulation at a global geogra ... | 2013 | 24048220 |
| critical role of segment-specific packaging signals in genetic reassortment of influenza a viruses. | the fragmented nature of the influenza a genome allows the exchange of gene segments when two or more influenza viruses infect the same cell, but little is known about the rules underlying this process. here, we studied genetic reassortment between the a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2, mo) virus originally isolated from human and the avian a/finch/england/2051/91 (h5n2, en) virus and found that this process is strongly biased. importantly, the avian ha segment never entered the mo genetic background alone b ... | 2013 | 24043788 |
| mutation tryptophan to leucine at position 222 of haemagglutinin could facilitate h3n2 influenza a virus infection in dogs. | an avian-like h3n2 influenza a virus (iav) has recently caused sporadic canine influenza outbreaks in china and korea, but the molecular mechanisms involved in the interspecies transmission of h3n2 iav from avian to canine species are not well understood. sequence analysis showed that residue 222 in haemagglutinin (ha) is predominantly tryptophan (w) in the closely related avian h3n2 iav, but was leucine (l) in canine h3n2 iav. in this study, reassortant viruses rh3n2-222l (canine-like) and rh3n ... | 2013 | 23994833 |
| design, synthesis and antiviral activity studies of schizonepetin derivatives. | a series of schizonepetin derivatives have been designed and synthesized in order to obtain potent antivirus agents. the antiviral activity against hsv-1 and influenza virus h3n2 as well as the cytotoxicity of these derivatives was evaluated by using cytopathic effect (cpe) inhibition assay in vitro. compounds m2, m4, m5 and m34 showed higher inhibitory activity against hsv-1 virus with the tc50 values being in micromole. compounds m28, m33, and m35 showed higher inhibitory activity against infl ... | 2013 | 23965980 |
| [development of a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assay for detection of e119v amino acid change in neuraminidase of influenza a (h3n2) using the taqman-mgb probe]. | to develop a rapid duplex real-time reverse transcription pcr (rrt-pcr) method to detect e119v mutation on neuraminidase (na) of influenza a(h3n2) subtype with drug resistance to oseltamivir. | 2013 | 23958130 |
| comparison of the clinical effectiveness of zanamivir and laninamivir octanoate for children with influenza a(h3n2) and b in the 2011-2012 season. | to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the two inhaled neuraminidase inhibitors (nais), zanamivir (zn) and laninamivir octate (lo), for influenza a(h3n2) and b virus infections. | 2014 | 23953886 |
| no serological evidence of influenza a h1n1pdm09 virus infection as a contributing factor in childhood narcolepsy after pandemrix vaccination campaign in finland. | narcolepsy cataplexy syndrome, characterised by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, is strongly associated with a genetic marker, human leukocyte antigen (hla) dqb1*06:02. a sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy was observed after vaccination with as03-adjuvanted pandemrix influenza vaccine in finland at the beginning of 2010. here, we analysed whether the coinciding influenza a h1n1pdm pandemic contributed, together with the pandemrix vaccination, to the increased inc ... | 2013 | 23950869 |
| [chemical consitituents from root of isatis indigotica]. | thirty-three compounds were isolated from the root decoction of isatis indigotica by using a combination of various chromatographic techniques including silica gel, macroporous adsorbent resin, sephadex lh-20, and reversed-phase hplc. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data as (+)-dehydrovomifoliol (1), (s)-(+)-abscisic acid (2), vomifoliol (3), cyclo (l-phe-l-leu) (4), cyclo(l-phe-l-tyr) (5), cyclo(l-tyr-l-leu) (6), cyclo(l-pro-l-tyr) (7), evofolin b (8), (+)-syringaresinol (9), ... | 2013 | 23944031 |
| antiviral spirooliganones a and b with unprecedented skeletons from the roots of illicium oligandrum. | two novel spirooliganones a (1) and (2), a pair of spiro carbon epimers, with a rare dioxaspiro skeleton were isolated from the roots of illicium oligandrum. the structures were fully determined by spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods, especially modified mosher's method, and x-ray diffraction analysis. spirooliganone b was found to exhibit more potent activities against coxsackie virus b3 and influenza virus a (h3n2) (ic50 3.70-5.05 μm) than spirooliganone a. the biosynthetic pathway inv ... | 2013 | 23937631 |
| emergence of a c-terminal seven-amino-acid elongation of ns1 in around 1950 conferred a minor growth advantage to former seasonal influenza a viruses. | influenza a viruses circulating in humans from ∼1950 to ∼1987 featured a nonstructural (ns1) protein with a c-terminal extension of seven amino acids. the biological significance of this ns1 elongation remained elusive. we observed that replication kinetics of the wild-type virus a/hong kong/01/68 (h3n2) and a mutant encoding a truncated ns1 were indistinguishable in most experimental systems. however, wild-type virus outcompeted the mutant during mixed infections, suggesting that the ns1 extens ... | 2013 | 23926347 |
| preliminary crystallographic analysis of neuraminidase n2 from a new influenza a virus. | influenza virus is a major viral respiratory pathogen that causes yearly epidemics in temperate climates. the h3n2 subtype is one of the major causative agents of severe epidemics and plays a critical role in vaccine development. the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are two commercially available na-targeted competitive antiviral drugs. however, their effectiveness has been compromised by the rapid emergence of resistance. q136k is a novel mutation in na which confers resi ... | 2013 | 23908028 |
| [virological characterization of influenza a(h3n2) virus in mainland china during 2011-2012]. | to study the prevalence and variation of influenza a(h3n2) viruses, the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza a(h3n2) viruses circulating in mainland china during april 2011 to march 2012 were analyzed. the results showed that influenza a(h3n2) viruses increased gradually since 2012 and became the dominant strain since march. the viruses were antigenically closely related to the vaccine strain a/per/16/09 (87.2%) and the representative virus a/fj/196/09 (76.0%) in mainland china. th ... | 2013 | 23905468 |
| selection of h3 avian influenza viruses with saα2,6gal receptor specificity in pigs. | avian influenza viruses possess hemagglutinin (ha) which preferentially bind to the sialic acid α2,3-galactose sialyloligosaccharides (saα2,3gal) receptor. in contrast, human influenza viruses bind to sialic acid α2,6-galactose sialyloligosaccharides (saα2,6gal). the a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) virus preferentially binds to saα2,6gal, although its ha gene was derived from an avian influenza virus strain. to elucidate the mechanisms behind acquisition of binding specificity for the human-type receptor, ... | 2013 | 23891155 |
| gestational flu exposure induces changes in neurochemicals, affiliative hormones and brainstem inflammation, in addition to autism-like behaviors in mice. | the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism is increasing, however the etiology of these disorders is unclear and thought to involve a combination of genetic, environmental and immune factors. a recent epidemiological study found that gestational viral exposure during the first trimester increases risk of autism in offspring by twofold. in mice gestational viral exposures alter behavior of offspring, but the biological mechanisms which underpin these behavioral changes are uncl ... | 2013 | 23880236 |
| observations of immuno-gold conjugates on influenza viruses using waveguide-mode sensors. | gold nanoparticles were conjugated to an antibody (immuno-aunp) against a/udorn/307/1972 (h3n2) influenza virus to detect viruses on a sensing plate designed for an evanescent field-coupled waveguide-mode sensor. experiments were conducted using human influenza a/h3n2 strains, and immuno-aunp could detect 8×10(5) pfu/ml (40 pg/µl) intact a/udorn/307/1972 and 120 pg/µl a/brisbane/10/2007. furthermore, increased signal magnitude was achieved in the presence of non-ionic detergent, as the virtual d ... | 2013 | 23874887 |
| mitochondrial proteomic analysis of human host cells infected with h3n2 swine influenza virus. | swine influenza viruses (siv) are zoonotic pathogens that pose a potential threat to human health. in this study, we analyzed the differential mitochondrial proteomes of h3n2 siv-infected human lung a549 cells using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight (maldi-tof/tof) analysis. in the comparative analysis, 24 altered proteins (13 upregulated and 11 downregulated) were identified in the mitochondria of h3n ... | 2013 | 23856606 |
| pathogenesis and transmission of avian influenza a (h7n9) virus in ferrets and mice. | on 29 march 2013, the chinese center for disease control and prevention confirmed the first reported case of human infection with an avian influenza a(h7n9) virus. the recent human infections with h7n9 virus, totalling over 130 cases with 39 fatalities to date, have been characterized by severe pulmonary disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). this is concerning because h7 viruses have typically been associated with ocular disease in humans, rather than severe respiratory disease ... | 2013 | 23842497 |
| single hemagglutinin mutations that alter both antigenicity and receptor binding avidity influence influenza virus antigenic clustering. | the hemagglutination inhibition (hai) assay is the primary measurement used for identifying antigenically novel influenza virus strains. hai assays measure the amount of reference sera required to prevent virus binding to red blood cells. receptor binding avidities of viral strains are not usually taken into account when interpreting these assays. here, we created antigenic maps of human h3n2 viruses that computationally account for variation in viral receptor binding avidities. these new antige ... | 2013 | 23824816 |
| efficacy in pigs of inactivated and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines against infection and transmission of an emerging h3n2 similar to the 2011-2012 h3n2v. | vaccines provide a primary means to limit disease but may not be effective at blocking infection and pathogen transmission. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of commercial inactivated swine influenza a virus (iav) vaccines and experimental live attenuated influenza virus (laiv) vaccines against infection with h3n2 virus and subsequent indirect transmission to naive pigs. the h3n2 virus evaluated was similar to the h3n2v detected in humans during 2011-2012, which was ... | 2013 | 23824815 |
| a microbead-incorporated centrifugal sample pretreatment microdevice. | in this study, we present a novel bead-incorporated centrifugal sample pretreatment microdevice to purify influenza a h3n2 viral rna. simple revolution per minute (rpm) control can lead to rna capture on a bead-bed, and the sequential loading of a washing solution and an elution solution. tetraethoxy orthosilicate (teos)-treated glass microbeads were utilized as a capture matrix. the sample pretreatment microdevice consists of four reservoirs for storing an rna sample, a washing solution, an elu ... | 2013 | 23824467 |
| using sequence data to infer the antigenicity of influenza virus. | the efficacy of current influenza vaccines requires a close antigenic match between circulating and vaccine strains. as such, timely identification of emerging influenza virus antigenic variants is central to the success of influenza vaccination programs. empirical methods to determine influenza virus antigenic properties are time-consuming and mid-throughput and require live viruses. here, we present a novel, experimentally validated, computational method for determining influenza virus antigen ... | 2013 | 23820391 |
| different drug-resistant influenza a(h3n2) variants in two immunocompromised patients treated with oseltamivir during the 2011-2012 influenza season in italy. | monitoring the emergence of drug-resistant influenza variants is crucial in influenza surveillance programs. | 2013 | 23810646 |
| influenza virus a(h3n2) strain isolated from cerebrospinal fluid from a patient presenting myelopathy post infectious. | neurological involvement during influenza infection has been described during epidemics and is often consistent with serious sequelae or death. | 2013 | 23809474 |
| [laboratory diagnostics in evaluation of acute respiratory viral infection morbidity in 2010 - 2011 epidemic season]. | study of etiological structure of arvi and evaluation of acute respiratory virus infection morbidity in 2010 - 2011 epidemic season taking into account the data of laboratory diagnostics by method of polymerase chain reaction with hybridization-fluorescent detection. | 2013 | 23805649 |
| transmissibility of variant influenza from swine to humans: a modeling approach. | respiratory illness was reported among humans and swine at an agricultural fair in 2011; 3 human infections with an influenza a(h3n2) variant (h3n2v) virus were confirmed. using epidemiologic investigation data, we sought to estimate h3n2v transmissibility from swine to humans. | 2013 | 23794727 |
| the emergence of influenza a (h3n2)v virus: what we learned from the first wave. | | 2013 | 23794725 |
| human h3n2 influenza viruses isolated from 1968 to 2012 show varying preference for receptor substructures with no apparent consequences for disease or spread. | it is generally accepted that human influenza viruses bind glycans containing sialic acid linked α2-6 to the next sugar, that avian influenza viruses bind glycans containing the α2-3 linkage, and that mutations that change the binding specificity might change the host tropism. we noted that human h3n2 viruses showed dramatic differences in their binding specificity, and so we embarked on a study of representative human h3n2 influenza viruses, isolated from 1968 to 2012, that had been isolated an ... | 2013 | 23805213 |
| myopericarditis and exertional rhabdomyolysis following an influenza a (h3n2) infection. | acute myopericarditis and exertional rhabdomyolysis, two uncommon but well-described diseases with potentially life-threatening effects, are generally considered as independent clinical entities. however, they may in fact be pathophysiologically related under certain circumstances. this is the first ever report of influenza myopericarditis provoked by exertional rhabdomyolysis to the best of our knowledge. | 2013 | 23786640 |
| analytical sensitivity of seven point-of-care influenza virus detection tests and two molecular tests for detection of avian origin h7n9 and swine origin h3n2 variant influenza a viruses. | | 2013 | 23784125 |
| [phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of a/h3n2 influenza viruses isolated from patients hospitalised with influenza-like illness symptoms in the na bulovce hospital in the season 2011/2012]. | influenza a virus is an important cause of acute respiratory infections (ari). clinical manifestations of ari vary from mild or moderate to life-threatening conditions requiring intensive care. given the segmented genome, a large natural reservoir of other influenza virus subtypes, and antibody selection pressure in the population, the virus is variable and genetically unstable. the phylogenetic analysis and genotyping of a/h3n2 influenza viruses isolated from patients hospitalised with influenz ... | 2013 | 23768089 |
| [avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 replicates in human lung tissues]. | avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 has been circulating in multiple terrestrial birds and repeatedly infecting mammals, including swines and humans to pose a significant threat to public health. the cross-species infection of human, replication activity and tissue tropism of avian influenza virus h9n2 was evaluated in this study. the results showed that surgically removed human lung tissue samples were infected ex vivo by avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 (ck/gx/1875/04, ck/gx/187/05) and seaso ... | 2013 | 23757854 |
| mutations of two transmembrane cysteines of hemagglutinin (ha) from influenza a h3n2 virus affect ha thermal stability and fusion activity. | influenza a h3n2 virus caused 1968 hong kong influenza pandemic, and has since been one of the most prevalent seasonal influenza viruses in global populations, representing a credible pandemic candidate in future. previous studies have established that the hemagglutinin (ha) protein is the predominant antigen and executes receptor binding and membrane fusion. homologous sequence analysis of all ha subtypes of influenza viruses revealed that two cysteine residues (540 and 544) are uniquely presen ... | 2013 | 23749101 |
| simplified large-scale sanger genome sequencing for influenza a/h3n2 virus. | the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies and the resultant lower costs of sequencing have enabled production of massive amounts of data, including the generation of full genome sequences of pathogens. however, the small genome size of the influenza virus arguably justifies the use of the more conventional sanger sequencing technology which is still currently more readily available in most diagnostic laboratories. | 2013 | 23741393 |
| virus-like particle vaccine protects against h3n2 canine influenza virus in dog. | in the present study, virus-like particles (vlps) were evaluated as a candidate veterinary vaccine against canine influenza virus (civ) subtype h3n2. specific pathogen-free (spf) beagle dogs received a single injection of a vlp vaccine containing hemagglutinin (ha) and m1 protein of civ h3n2 (h3 ha vlp). the vaccine was tested at 3 different doses with an adjuvant and 1 dose without an adjuvant. to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the h3 ha vlp vaccine, we performed hemaggl ... | 2013 | 23707159 |
| vitamin c is an essential factor on the anti-viral immune responses through the production of interferon-α/β at the initial stage of influenza a virus (h3n2) infection. | l-ascorbic acid (vitamin c) is one of the well-known anti-viral agents, especially to influenza virus. since the in vivo anti-viral effect is still controversial, we investigated whether vitamin c could regulate influenza virus infection in vivo by using gulo (-/-) mice, which cannot synthesize vitamin c like humans. first, we found that vitamin c-insufficient gulo (-/-) mice expired within 1 week after intranasal inoculation of influenza virus (h3n2/hongkong). viral titers in the lung of vitami ... | 2013 | 23700397 |
| a comparison of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adult patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza a or b during the 2011-2012 influenza season in korea: a multi-center study. | during the 2011/2012 winter influenza season in the republic of korea, influenza a (h3n2) was the predominant virus in the first peak period of influenza activity during the second half of january 2012. on the other hand, influenza b was the predominant virus in the second peak period of influenza activity during the second half of march 2012. the objectives of this study were to compare the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza a or influen ... | 2013 | 23671624 |
| predicting hotspots for influenza virus reassortment. | the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics, each of which killed ≈1 million persons, arose through reassortment events. influenza virus in humans and domestic animals could reassort and cause another pandemic. to identify geographic areas where agricultural production systems are conducive to reassortment, we fitted multivariate regression models to surveillance data on influenza a virus subtype h5n1 among poultry in china and egypt and subtype h3n2 among humans. we then applied the models across asi ... | 2013 | 23628436 |
| a novel canine influenza h3n2 virus isolated from cats in an animal shelter. | the interspecies transmission of avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) to dogs was first reported in 2007. the present study characterized a novel civ h3n2 isolated from cats in an animal shelter. a comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the a/canine/korea/cy009/2010(h3n2) (cy009) and a/feline/korea/fy028/2010 (h3n2) (fy028) strains isolated from dogs and cats, respectively, in the animal shelter identified point mutations in 18 amino acid positions within eight vir ... | 2013 | 23618838 |
| nox1 oxidase suppresses influenza a virus-induced lung inflammation and oxidative stress. | influenza a virus infection is an ongoing clinical problem and thus, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms that regulate the lung inflammation in order to unravel novel generic pharmacological strategies. evidence indicates that the nox2-containing nadph oxidase enzyme promotes influenza a virus-induced lung oxidative stress, inflammation and dysfunction via ros generation. in addition, lung epithelial and endothelial cells express the nox1 isoform of nadph oxidase, placing this e ... | 2013 | 23577160 |
| 2011-12 seasonal influenza vaccines effectiveness against confirmed a(h3n2) influenza hospitalisation: pooled analysis from a european network of hospitals. a pilot study. | influenza vaccination strategies aim at protecting high-risk population from severe outcomes. estimating the effectiveness of seasonal vaccines against influenza related hospitalisation is important to guide these strategies. large sample size is needed to have precise estimate of influenza vaccine effectiveness (ive) against severe outcomes. we assessed the feasibility of measuring seasonal ive against hospitalisation with laboratory confirmed influenza through a network of 21 hospitals in the ... | 2013 | 23565159 |
| role of human toll-like receptors in naturally occurring influenza a infections. | we investigated the roles of toll-like receptors (tlrs) in naturally occurring influenza. | 2013 | 23552014 |
| progressive emergence of an oseltamivir-resistant a(h3n2) virus over two courses of oseltamivir treatment in an immunocompromised paediatric patient. | a minor viral population of oseltamivir-resistant a(h3n2) viruses (e119v neuraminidase mutation) was selected and maintained in a continually infected immunocompromised child following initial oseltamivir treatment. a subsequent course of oseltamivir given 7 weeks later rapidly selected for the e119v variant resulting in a near-pure population of the resistant virus. the study highlights the challenges of oseltamivir treatment of immunocompromised patients that are continually shedding virus and ... | 2013 | 23551973 |
| prior infection of pigs with a recent human h3n2 influenza virus confers minimal cross-protection against a european swine h3n2 virus. | h3n2 influenza viruses circulating in humans and european pigs originate from the pandemic a/hong kong/68 virus. because of slower antigenic drift in swine, the antigenic divergence between swine and human viruses has been increasing. it remains unknown to what extent this results in a reduced cross-protection between recent human and swine h3n2 influenza viruses. | 2013 | 23551882 |
| m2e-displaying virus-like particles with associated rna promote t helper 1 type adaptive immunity against influenza a. | the ectodomain of influenza a matrix protein 2 (m2e) is a candidate for a universal influenza a vaccine. we used recombinant hepatitis b core antigen to produce virus-like particles presenting m2e (m2e-vlps). we produced the vlps with and without entrapped nucleic acids and compared their immunogenicity and protective efficacy. immunization of balb/c mice with m2e-vlps containing nucleic acids induced a stronger, th1-biased antibody response compared to particles lacking nucleic acids. the forme ... | 2013 | 23527091 |
| complete genome sequence of a canine-origin h3n2 feline influenza virus isolated from domestic cats in south korea. | a canine-origin korean h3n2 feline influenza virus (fiv), a/feline/korea/01/2010 (h3n2), was isolated in 2010 from a dead cat with severe respiratory disease. here, we report the first complete genome sequence of this virus, containing 3' and 5' noncoding regions, which will help elucidate the molecular basis of the pathogenesis, transmission, and evolution of fiv. | 2013 | 23516235 |
| experimental infection of dogs with h3n2 canine influenza virus from china. | canine influenza virus (civ) is an emerging pathogen that causes acute respiratory disease in dogs. the aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity of a/canine/jiangsu/06/2010 (h3n2) virus isolated in china. nine dogs were inoculated intranasally with 107.95 of 50% egg infectious dose (eid50) of the virus. the onset of clinical signs and virus shedding was observed on day 1 post-infection (p.i.). the peak clinical score occurred between days 4 and 6 p.i. the experimentally infected do ... | 2013 | 23510585 |
| serologic reports of h3n2 canine influenza virus infection in dogs in northeast china. | reports of dogs with h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) have been documented frequently. to better understand the seroprevalence of h3n2 civ among dogs in northeast china, here we report for the first time a relatively high seroprevalence of h3n2 civ infection in dogs in northeast china. forty-five of the 223 canine sera (20.2%) and 166 of the 500 canine sera (33.2%) tested feral dogs and pet dogs were seropositive by np-elisa, which is higher than that in southern china. the relative data provid ... | 2013 | 23503165 |
| anti-influenza active and low toxic n-phenyl-substituted β-amidoamidines structurally related to natural antibiotic amidinomycin. | a set of racemic n-phenyl-substituted β-amidoamidines hydrochlorides 4, which are structurally related to natural antiviral agent amidinomycin (1), was synthesized in four steps starting from methacryloyl anilide (5). in the final step of the synthetic route, an uncommon monoacylation of β-aminoamidine 8 at the less reactive β-phenylamino-group took place. to rationalize this result, a mechanism which involves initial acylation at the more active amidine-function followed by intramolecular acyl- ... | 2013 | 23489622 |
| the influence of influenza virus infections on the development of tuberculosis. | recently, it was shown that interferon-γ mediated immune responses, which play a major role in the control of infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), can be inhibited by type i interferons. since type i interferons are abundantly induced during viral infections, we hypothesized that infections with influenza viruses might play a role in the development of active tb disease either directly after exposure to mtb or through reactivation of latent mtb infection. to explore this hypothesis w ... | 2013 | 23474302 |
| the source of the pb1 gene in influenza vaccine reassortants selectively alters the hemagglutinin content of the resulting seed virus. | the yields of egg-grown influenza vaccines are maximized by the production of a seed strain using a reassortment of the seasonal influenza virus isolate with a highly egg-adapted strain. the seed virus is selected based on high yields of viral hemagglutinin (ha) and expression of the surface antigens from the seasonal isolate. the remaining proteins are usually derived from the high-growth parent. however, a retrospective analysis of vaccine seeds revealed that the seasonal pb1 gene was selected ... | 2013 | 23468502 |
| genetic characterization of avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza viruses isolated from guangdong during 2006-2012. | canine influenza virus (civ) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe and acute respiratory disease in dogs. in 2006, the h3n2 canine influenza virus was first identified in dogs from guangdong province in china. up to now, nine civs have been isolated from different populations in guangdong. the nine isolates were grouped together with the canine h3n2 viruses isolated from dogs and felines in korea, when the eight phylogenetic trees constructed were compared. these findings emphasize the impo ... | 2013 | 23463173 |
| highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza a virus strains provoke heterogeneous ifn-α/β responses that distinctively affect viral propagation in human cells. | the fatal transmissions of highly pathogenic avian influenza a viruses (iav) of the h5n1 subtype to humans and high titer replication in the respiratory tract indicate that these pathogens can overcome the bird-to-human species barrier. while type i interferons (ifn-α/β) are well described to contribute to the species barrier of many zoonotic viruses, current data to the role of these antiviral cytokines during human h5n1 iav infections is limited and contradictory. we hypothesized an important ... | 2013 | 23451066 |
| a polyphenol-rich extract from chaenomeles sinensis (chinese quince) inhibits influenza a virus infection by preventing primary transcription in vitro. | the fruits of chaenomeles sinensis koehne (chinese quince) are distributed throughout china and japan. it has traditionally been known to have a therapeutic effect against respiratory symptoms caused by infectious diseases. | 2013 | 23439031 |
| live attenuated seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine in school-age children: a randomized controlled trial. | the novel influenza a(h1n1pdm09) virus emerged in north america in early 2009 and rapidly spread worldwide. in this study we report the efficacy of the live attenuated monovalent h1n1pdm09 vaccine and 2009-10 seasonal influenza vaccine in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. | 2013 | 23434387 |
| interim adjusted estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness - united states, february 2013. | early influenza activity during the 2012-13 season enabled estimation of the unadjusted effectiveness of the seasonal influenza vaccine. this report presents updated adjusted estimates based on 2,697 children and adults enrolled in the u.s. influenza vaccine effectiveness (flu ve) network during december 3, 2012-january 19, 2013. during this period, overall vaccine effectiveness (ve) (adjusted for age, site, race/ethnicity, self-rated health, and days from illness onset to enrollment) against in ... | 2013 | 23425960 |
| kinetics of viral replication and induction of host responses in ferrets differs between ocular and intranasal routes of inoculation. | while influenza viruses are typically considered respiratory pathogens, the ocular system represents a secondary entry point for virus to establish a productive respiratory infection and the location for rare instances of virus-induced conjunctivitis. we used the ferret model to conduct a side-by-side comparison of virus infectivity, kinetics of viral replication, and induction of host responses following inoculation by either the intranasal or ocular routes with two viruses, a/netherlands/230/0 ... | 2013 | 23415392 |
| low vaccine effectiveness against influenza a(h3n2) virus among elderly people in denmark in 2012/13--a rapid epidemiological and virological assessment. | in denmark, the 2012/13 influenza season has been dominated by influenza a(h3n2). we estimated the vaccine effectiveness (ve) of the trivalent influenza vaccine by linking national registers in a test-negative case-control study of patients tested for influenza aged ≥65 years. the adjusted ve against laboratory-confirmed influenza a and b was -11% (95% ci: -41 to 14) and 69% (95% ci: 26 to 87), respectively. genetic characterisation of the influenza a(h3n2) viruses indicated genetic drift, with ... | 2013 | 23410258 |
| h3n2 influenza virus infection induces broadly reactive hemagglutinin stalk antibodies in humans and mice. | broadly neutralizing antibodies directed against the conserved stalk domain of the viral hemagglutinin have attracted increasing attention in recent years. however, only a limited number of stalk antibodies directed against group 2 influenza hemagglutinins have been isolated so far. also, little is known about the general level of induction of these antibodies by influenza virus vaccination or infection. to characterize the anti-stalk humoral response in the mouse model as well as in humans, chi ... | 2013 | 23408625 |
| detection of positive selection eliminating effects of structural constraints in hemagglutinin of h3n2 human influenza a virus. | in the evolutionary studies of proteins, the average effect of natural selection operating on amino acid mutations may be examined by comparing the numbers of synonymous (ds) and nonsynonymous (dn) substitutions that have accumulated during the same time period. in this method, destabilizing mutations occurring across protein molecules may interfere with detection of natural selection, particularly positive selection, operating on other mutations. here an attempt to detect positive selection eli ... | 2013 | 23403095 |
| interim estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in 2012/13 from canada's sentinel surveillance network, january 2013. | the 2012/13 influenza season in canada has been characterised to date by early and moderately severe activity, dominated (90%) by the a(h3n2) subtype. vaccine effectiveness (ve) was assessed in january 2013 by canada's sentinel surveillance network using a test-negative case-control design. interim adjusted-ve against medically attended laboratory-confirmed influenza a(h3n2) infection was 45% (95% ci: 13-66). influenza a(h3n2) viruses in canada are similar to the vaccine, based on haemagglutinat ... | 2013 | 23399422 |
| short communication: isolation and phylogenetic analysis of an avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus in dog shelter, china. | a h3n2 canine influenza virus, a/canine/guangdong/3/2011 (h3n2), was isolated from roaming dogs in rural china. sequence and phylogenetic analysis of eight gene segments revealed that the a/canine/guangdong/3/2011 (h3n2) was most similar to a recent h3n2 canine influenza virus isolated in cats from south korea, which originated from an avian strain. to our knowledge, this is the first report of an avian-origin h3n2 civ which was isolated from roaming dogs in china. the epidemiologic information ... | 2013 | 23355070 |
| experimental infection and natural contact exposure of ferrets with canine influenza virus (h3n2). | epidemics of h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) among dogs in south korea and southern china have raised concern over the potential for zoonotic transmission of these viruses. here, we analysed the pathogenesis and transmissibility of h3n2 civ in ferret. h3n2 civ replicated efficiently in the respiratory system of inoculated ferrets and caused acute necrotizing bronchioalveolitis and non-suppurative encephalitis. transmission of h3n2 civ was detected in three of six ferrets co-housed with inocula ... | 2013 | 23329681 |
| the roles of competition and mutation in shaping antigenic and genetic diversity in influenza. | influenza a (h3n2) offers a well-studied, yet not fully understood, disease in terms of the interactions between pathogen population dynamics, epidemiology and genetics. a major open question is why the virus population is globally dominated by a single and very recently diverged (2-8 years) lineage. classically, this has been modeled by limiting the generation of new successful antigenic variants, such that only a small subset of progeny acquire the necessary mutations to evade host immunity. a ... | 2013 | 23300455 |
| influenza epidemiology in italy two years after the 2009-2010 pandemic: need to improve vaccination coverage. | since 2000, a sentinel surveillance of influenza, influnet, exists in italy. it is coordinated by the ministry of health and is divided into two parts; one of these is coordinated by the national institute of health (nih), the other by the inter-university centre for research on influenza and other transmissible infections (ciri-it). the influenza surveillance system performs its activity from the 42nd week of each year (mid-october) to the 17th week of the following year (late april). only duri ... | 2013 | 23292210 |
| h3n2 homeopathic influenza virus solution modifies cellular and biochemical aspects of mdck and j774g8 cell lines. | influenza viruses cause highly contagious acute respiratory illnesses with significant mortality, especially among young children, elderly people, and individuals with serious medical conditions. this encourages the development of new treatments for human flu. biotherapies are diluted solutions prepared from biological products compounded following homeopathic procedures. | 2013 | 23290877 |
| [ability of the influenza viruses and their envelope proteins to stimulates endothelial cells apoptosis in vitro]. | the ability of the modern epidemic strains of influenza virus type a (subtypes h5n1, h3n2, h1n1pdm) and their surface proteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase to cause the activation of the cellular protein caspase-3 and stimulate the emergence of phosphatidylserine on the membrane of human endothelial cell line eahy926 has been studied. it was questioned how the viruses and their surface proteins that were studied cause the activation of caspase-3 after 0.5 h of exposure that recorded imm ... | 2013 | 25509110 |
| avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus circulating in farmed dogs in guangdong, china. | since 2006, more and more cases of the infectious h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) in pet dogs have been reported in southern china. however, little is known about the prevalence situation of h3n2 civ infections in farmed dogs in china. this is the first systematic epidemiological surveillance of civ in different dog populations in southern china. two virus strains a/canine/guangdong/1/2011(h3n2) and a/canine/guangdong/5/2011(h3n2) were isolated from canine nasal swabs collected at one dog farm ... | 2013 | 23261544 |