| insertion-responsive microneedles for rapid intradermal delivery of canine influenza vaccine. | in this study, we present transcutaneous influenza vaccination using a novel tip-separable microneedle system called insertion-responsive microneedles (irmns). irmns are composed of dissolvable hyaluronic acid (ha) tips and biocompatible polycaprolactone (pcl) bases, the tip of which is instantly separated from the base during microneedle insertion and retraction. vaccine antigens derived from canine influenza virus (a/canine/vc378/2012; h3n2) were successfully coated on ha tips by rapidly freez ... | 2018 | 30102940 |
| infection of novel reassortant h1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza a viruses in the guinea pig model. | novel h1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza a viruses (iavs) were identified in commercial farms in chile. these viruses contained h1, h3 and n2 sequences, genetically divergent from iavs described worldwide, associated with pandemic internal genes. guinea pigs were used as human surrogate to evaluate the infection dynamics of these reassortant viruses, compared with a pandemic h1n1 virus. all viruses replicated and were shed in the upper respiratory tract without prior adaptation although h1n2 viruses ... | 2018 | 30053826 |
| orally efficacious broad-spectrum ribonucleoside analog inhibitor of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. | morbidity and mortality resulting from influenza-like disease are a threat, especially for older adults. to improve case management, next-generation broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics that are efficacious against major drivers of influenza-like disease, including influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), are urgently needed. using a dual-pathogen high-throughput screening protocol for influenza a virus (iav) and rsv inhibitors, we have identified n4-hydroxycytidine (nhc) as a p ... | 2018 | 29891600 |
| bat influenza a(hl18nl11) virus in fruit bats, brazil. | screening of 533 bats for influenza a viruses showed subtype hl18nl11 in intestines of 2 great fruit-eating bats (artibeus lituratus). high concentrations suggested fecal shedding. genomic characterizations revealed conservation of viral genes across different host species, countries, and sampling years, suggesting a conserved cellular receptor and wide-ranging occurrence of bat influenza a viruses. | 2019 | 30666923 |
| characterization of experimental oro-nasal inoculation of seba's short-tailed bats (carollia perspicillata) with bat influenza a virus h18n11. | in 2012 and 2013, the genomic sequences of two novel influenza a virus (iav) subtypes, designated h17n10 and h18n11, were identified via next-generation sequencing in the feces of the little yellow-shouldered fruit bat (sturnira lilium) and the flat-faced fruit-eating bat (artibeus planirostris), respectively. the pathogenesis caused by these viruses in their respective host species is currently insufficiently understood, which is primarily due to the inability to obtain and keep these bat speci ... | 2020 | 32093076 |
| protection from influenza by intramuscular gene vector delivery of a broadly neutralizing nanobody does not depend on antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. | cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. their simple modular structure and single open reading frame format are highly amenable to gene therapy-mediated delivery. we have previously described r1a-b6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of h1n1, h5n1, h2n2, and h9n2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly c ... | 2020 | 32547534 |
| phenotypic lentivirus screens to identify antiviral single domain antibodies. | our understanding of infection biology is based on experiments in which pathogen or host proteins are perturbed by small compound inhibitors, mutation, or depletion. this approach has been remarkably successful, as, for example, demonstrated by the independent identification of the endosomal membrane protein niemann-pick c1 as an essential factor for ebola virus infection in both small compound and insertional mutagenesis screens (côté, nature 477:344-348, 2011; carette et al., nature 477:340-34 ... | 2018 | 30151572 |
| human mxa is a potent interspecies barrier for the novel bat-derived influenza a-like virus h18n11. | the human innate immune factor mxa represents an effective interspecies barrier for zoonotic influenza a viruses (iavs) of animal origin. accordingly, human but not avian iavs efficiently escape the antiviral activity of mxa due to adaptive mutations in their viral nucleoprotein. partial mxa resistance can be acquired in intermediate hosts such as swine, which possess an antivirally active mx1 protein. intriguingly, mx1 of the bat carollia perspicillata, a host of the recently discovered bat inf ... | 2019 | 30945621 |
| serological investigation of h9n2 avian influenza virus in slaughtered water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) in khuzestan, iran. | the aim of the present was to evaluate the prevalence of h9n2-specific antibodies among water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis). to this end, blood samples were obtained from 80 randomly selected water buffaloes, 40 cases of which were obtained in the winter months, and 40 cases were sampled in the spring months. the presence of h9n2-specific antibody was determined by hemagglutination inhibition method. the antibody was diagnosed in 14 buffaloes (i.e., 10 males and 4 females). there were no significa ... | 2019 | 31013009 |
| semiaquatic mammals might be intermediate hosts to spread avian influenza viruses from avian to human. | avian influenza a viruses (aivs) can occasionally transmit to mammals and lead to the development of human pandemic. a species of mammal is considered as a mixing vessel in the process of host adaptation. so far, pigs are considered as a plausible intermediate host for the generation of human pandemic strains, and are labelled 'mixing vessels'. in this study, through the analysis of two professional databases, the influenza virus resource of ncbi and the global initiative on sharing avian influe ... | 2019 | 31406229 |
| characterization of avian-like influenza a (h4n6) virus isolated from caspian seal in 2012. | | 2018 | 30328579 |
| a long-term serosurvey of avian influenza h5 among wild birds in nakhon sawan province, thailand. | an outbreak of hpaiv h5n1 in nakhon sawan province, thailand, in 2004 caused sporadic deaths of asian openbill storks ( anastomus oscitans). an investigation was undertaken to determine if this virus occurs and circulates in wild birds in nakhon sawan province. following the outbreak, a widespread serosurvey was conducted using the hemagglutination inhibition assay and microneutralization assay to detect antibodies against aiv h5. from 2007 to 2014, blood was collected from a total of 753 wild b ... | 2018 | 29900780 |
| new evidence for the east-west spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus between central asian and east asian-australasian flyways in china. | the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus is associated with wild fowl migration in east asian-australasian (ea) and central asian (ca) flyways. however, the spread of h5n1 virus between the two flyways is still unclear. here, the movements of wild waterfowl were obtained from satellite tracking data covering seven bar-headed geese and three great black-headed gulls breeding in the qinghai lake area (along the ea flyway), and 20 whooper swans wintering in the sanmenxia re ... | 2019 | 31164049 |
| satellite telemetry tracks flyways of asian openbill storks in relation to h5n1 avian influenza spread and ecological change. | asian openbills, anastomus oscitans, have long been known to migrate from south to southeast asia for breeding and nesting. in thailand, the first outbreak of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) infection in the openbills coincided with the outbreak in the poultry. therefore, the flyways of asian openbills was determined to study their role in the spread of h5n1 hpai virus to poultry and wild birds, and also within their flocks. | 2018 | 30445946 |
| virus-virus interactions and host ecology are associated with rna virome structure in wild birds. | little is known about the factors that shape the ecology of rna viruses in nature. wild birds are an important case in point, as other than influenza a virus, avian samples are rarely tested for viruses, especially in the absence of overt disease. using bulk rna-sequencing ("meta-transcriptomics"), we revealed the viral diversity present in australian wild birds through the lens of the ecological factors that may determine virome structure and abundance. a meta-transcriptomic analysis of four an ... | 2018 | 30375075 |
| genetic characterization of avian influenza a (h11n9) virus isolated from mandarin ducks in south korea in 2018. | in july 2018, a novel avian influenza virus (a/mandarin duck/south korea/knu18-12/2018(h11n9)) was isolated from mandarin ducks in south korea. phylogenetic and molecular analyses were conducted to characterize the genetic origins of the h11n9 strain. phylogenetic analysis indicated that eight gene segments of strain h11n9 belonged to the eurasian lineages. analysis of nucleotide sequence similarity of both the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes revealed the highest homology with a/ ... | 2020 | 32059510 |
| pathogenicity of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in rooks (corvus frugilegus). | rooks (corvus frugilegus) are considered migratory crows in japan. some rooks share a wintering site in the izumi plain in kagoshima prefecture with hooded cranes (grus monacha) and white-necked cranes (grus vipio), which are designated as "endangered" in the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) red list of threatened species. highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), caused by h5 subtype viruses, has recently been reported in these crane species in japan, in conjunction with a ... | 2020 | 32013539 |
| association of wild bird densities around poultry farms with the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n8 outbreaks in the netherlands, 2016. | highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aiv) can spread globally through migratory birds and cause massive outbreaks in commercial poultry. aiv outbreaks have been associated with proximity to waterbodies, presence of waterfowl or wild bird cases near poultry farms. in this study, we compared densities of selected hpai high-risk wild bird species around 7 locations (h farms) infected with hpaiv h5n8 in the netherlands in 2016-2017 to densities around 21 non-infected reference farms. nine ... | 2020 | 32419342 |
| outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in zoo birds caused by ha clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 subtype viruses in japan in winter 2016. | in late 2016, two zoos, one in northern japan and the other in central japan, experienced highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks, in which multiple zoo birds were infected with h5n6 subtype hpai virus (hpaiv). here, we report an overview of these hpai outbreaks. hpaiv infections were confirmed by virus isolation in three black swans (cygnus atratus) and three snowy owls (bubo scandiacus) kept in the omoriyama zoo hospital. at higashiyama zoo and botanical gardens, following the death ... | 2020 | 31605424 |
| meteorological factors affecting the risk of transmission of hpai in miyazaki, japan. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks engender a severe economic impact on the poultry industry and public health. migratory waterfowl are considered the natural hosts of hpai virus, and hpai viruses are known to be transmitted over long distances during seasonal bird migration. bird migration is greatly affected by the weather. many studies have shown the relationship between either autumn or spring bird migration and climate. however, few studies have shown the relationship betwee ... | 2019 | 31565229 |
| wild ducks excrete highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n8 (2014-2015) without clinical or pathological evidence of disease. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is essentially a poultry disease. wild birds have traditionally not been involved in its spread, but the epidemiology of hpai has changed in recent years. after its emergence in southeastern asia in 1996, h5 hpai virus of the goose/guangdong lineage has evolved into several sub-lineages, some of which have spread over thousands of kilometers via long-distance migration of wild waterbirds. in order to determine whether the virus is adapting to wild waterbi ... | 2018 | 29670093 |
| the association between saα2,3gal occurrence frequency and avian influenza viral load in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and blue-winged teals (spatula discors). | individual heterogeneity in pathogen load can affect disease transmission dynamics; therefore, identifying intrinsic factors responsible for variation in pathogen load is necessary for determining which individuals are prone to be most infectious. because low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaiv) preferentially bind to alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors (saα2,3gal) in the intestines and bursa of fabricius in wild ducks (anas and spatula spp.), we investigated juvenile mallards (anas platyrhync ... | 2020 | 33167978 |
| natural and experimental persistence of highly pathogenic h5 influenza viruses in slurry of domestic ducks, with or without lime treatment. | infections by a/h5 and a/h7 avian influenza viruses (aivs) can cause acute disease and are therefore notifiable in poultry and wild birds. during winter 2015-2016, several cases of infection caused by highly pathogenic (hp) aivs belonging to the a/h5n1, a/h5n2 and a/h5n9 subtypes, were detected in south-western france. throughout winter 2016-2017, several cases of infections mainly caused by a/h5n8 hp aiv (a/gooses/gd/1/96 clade 2.3.4.4) were detected across europe. on both occasions, the viruse ... | 2020 | 33008818 |
| characterization of avian influenza virus h10-h12 subtypes isolated from wild birds in shanghai, china from 2016 to 2019. | h10, h11 and h12 (h10-h12) subtypes of the avian influenza virus (aiv) are associated with waterfowl. although these subtypes of aiv are infrequently detected in nature, they can undergo reassortment with other aiv subtypes. few h10-h12 subtypes of aiv have been isolated from wild birds in china. in this study, 12 aiv isolates of h10-h12 subtypes were identified via routine surveillance of wild birds in shanghai, china from 2016 to 2019, including two h10, three h11 and seven h12 isolates. seque ... | 2020 | 32992999 |
| analysis of mirnas and their target genes associated with mucosal damage caused by transport stress in the mallard duck intestine. | bowel health is an important factor for duck rearing that has been linked to feed uptake and growth and death rates. because the regulatory networks associated with acute stress-mediated injury in the duck gastrointestinal tract have not clearly elucidated, we aimed to explore potential mirna-mrna pairs and their regulatory roles in oxidative stress injury caused by transport stress. here, 1-day-old mallard ducklings from the same breeder flock were collected and transported for 8 h, whereas the ... | 2020 | 32810175 |
| genetic characteristics and pathogenesis of h5 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses from wild birds and domestic ducks in south korea. | h5 and h7 subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) can mutate to highly pathogenic forms and are therefore subject to stringent controls. we characterized h5 lpaivs isolated from wild-bird habitats and duck farms in south korea from 2010 to 2017. through nationwide active surveillance for aivs, 59 h5 lpaivs were isolated from wild-bird habitats (a mean annual rate of 5.3% of aiv isolations). in 2015, one lpai h5n3 strain was isolated on a duck farm. phylogenetic analysis revea ... | 2020 | 32699272 |
| molecular cloning, tissue distribution and function analysis of duck tlr7. | toll-like receptors (tlrs) play an important role in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). among the tlrs, tlr7 is involved in the recognition of antiviral compounds and single-stranded rna. this study was designed to explore the structure and function of tlr7 in duck (anas platyrhynchos), a natural host for avian influenza virus. firstly, the full-length cdna of shaoxing egg-laying duck tlr7 (dutlr7) was obtained using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) ... | 2020 | 32609043 |
| regional transmission and reassortment of 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses in bulgarian poultry 2017/18. | between 2017 and 2018, several farms across bulgaria reported outbreaks of h5 highly-pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses. in this study we used genomic and traditional epidemiological analyses to trace the origin and subsequent spread of these outbreaks within bulgaria. both methods indicate two separate incursions, one restricted to the northeastern region of dobrich, and another largely restricted to central and eastern bulgaria including places such as plovdiv, sliven and stara zagora, ... | 2020 | 32492965 |
| active virological surveillance in backyard ducks in bangladesh: detection of avian influenza and gammacoronaviruses. | domestic waterfowl play an important role in the perpetuation and transmission of avian pathogens including avian influenza viruses (aiv) of low and high pathogenicity, which pose severe economic and public health concerns in bangladesh. this study focused on active surveillance of several avian viral pathogens with a special reference to aiv in selected backyard duck populations in bangladesh. a total of 500 pooled oropharyngeal and cloacal samples from individual ducks of four districts were t ... | 2020 | 32271094 |
| live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of h9n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in korea. | live bird markets (lbms) in korea have been recognized as a reservoir, amplifier, and source of avian influenza viruses (aivs); however, little was known about the role of lbms in the epidemiology of aivs in korea until recently. through 10 years of surveillance (2006-2016) we have isolated and sequenced h9n2 viruses in korean lbms. to understand how h9n2 evolves and spreads in korea, a statistical bayesian phylogenetic model was used. phylogenetic analysis suggests that three separate introduct ... | 2020 | 32183621 |
| a brief introduction to avian influenza virus. | the earliest recorded cases of what was likely high-pathogenicity aiv in poultry were reported in italy in the 1870s. avian influenza infection has been recognized in domestic poultry through the modern era of poultry production. infection of poultry with either low pathogenic (lp) or highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) can result in substantial economic consequences. productivity can be reduced directly and indirectly because of disease leading to decreased egg or meat yield, ... | 2020 | 32170682 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of the first h7n7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in vietnam. | during the annual surveillance of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in vietnam in 2018, three h7n7 aiv isolates were identified in domestic ducks in a single flock in vinh long province. the present study is the first documented report of h7n7 virus isolates in vietnam and aimed to characterize these viruses, both genetically and antigenically. deduced amino acid sequences for the hemagglutinins (has) indicated a low pathogenicity of these viruses in chickens. phylogenetic analysis revealed that th ... | 2020 | 31760087 |
| a novel neuraminidase-dependent hemagglutinin cleavage mechanism enables the systemic spread of an h7n6 avian influenza virus. | in this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism for hemagglutinin (ha) activation in a naturally occurring h7n6 avian influenza a virus strain, a/mallard duck/korea/6l/2007 (a/mdk/6l/07). this novel mechanism allows for systemic infection of chickens, ducks, and mice, and a/mdk/6l/07 can replicate in vitro without exogenous trypsin and exhibits broad tissue tropism in animals despite the presence of a monobasic ha cleavage motif (peipkgr/g). the trypsin-independent growth phenotype requires the ... | 2019 | 31690675 |
| domestic ducks play a major role in the maintenance and spread of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in south korea. | the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4 spread from eastern china to korea in 2014 and caused outbreaks in domestic poultry until 2016. to understand how h5n8 hpaivs spread at host species level in korea during 2014-2016, a bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used for ancestral state reconstruction and estimation of the host transition dynamics between wild waterfowl, domestic ducks and chickens. our data support that h5n8 hpaiv most likely transmitt ... | 2020 | 31675474 |
| limited detection of antibodies to clade 2.3.4.4 a/goose/guangdong/1/1996 lineage highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza virus in north american waterfowl. | during 2014, highly pathogenic (hp) influenza a viruses (iavs) of the a/goose/guangdong/1/1996 lineage (gsgd-hp-h5), originating from asia, were detected in domestic poultry and wild birds in canada and the us. these clade 2.3.4.4 gsgd-hp-h5 viruses included reassortants possessing north american lineage gene segments; were detected in wild birds in the pacific, central, and mississippi flyways; and caused the largest hp iav outbreak in poultry in us history. to determine if an antibody response ... | 2020 | 31556839 |
| circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the netherlands, 2006-2016. | in this study, we explore the circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the netherlands. surveillance data collected between 2006 and 2016 was used to evaluate subtype diversity, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic relationships between wild bird and poultry viruses. we observed close species-dependent associations among hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes. not all subtypes detected in wild birds were found in poultry, suggesting transmiss ... | 2019 | 31548582 |
| limited changes in the fecal microbiome composition of laying hens after oral inoculation with wild duck feces. | interspecies transmission of fecal microbiota can serve as an indicator for (indirect) contact between domestic and wild animals to assess risks of pathogen transmission, e.g., avian influenza. here, we investigated whether oral inoculation of laying hens with feces of wild ducks (mallards, anas platyrhynchos) resulted in a hen fecal microbiome that was detectably altered on community parameters or relative abundances of individual genera. to distinguish between effects of the duck inoculum and ... | 2019 | 31541252 |
| susceptibility of laughing gulls (leucophaeus atricilla) and mallards (anas platyrhynchos) to ruddy turnstone (arenaria interpres morinella) origin type a influenza viruses. | delaware bay, us is the only documented location where influenza a virus (iav) is consistently detected in a shorebird species, the ruddy turnstone (rutu; arenaria interpres morinella). although iav in shorebirds has been well studied at this site for decades, the importance of other species in the avian community as potential sources for the iavs that infect rutus each spring remains unclear. we determined the susceptibility of mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and laughing gulls (leucophaeus atric ... | 2020 | 31532732 |
| immune-related gene expression in ducks infected with waterfowl-origin h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | clade 2.3.4.4 h5 avian influenza viruses (aivs) are widely prevalent and of significant concern to the poultry industry and public health in china. nowadays, the clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 virus has become a dominant aiv subtype among domestic ducks in southern china. we found that waterfowl-origin clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 viruses (a/goose/guangdong/16568/2016, gs16568 and a/duck/guangdong/16873/2016, dk16873) isolated from southern china in 2016 could replicate in multiple organs of inoculated ducks. dk16873 ... | 2019 | 31428075 |
| characterization of avian influenza h5n3 reassortants isolated from migratory waterfowl and domestic ducks in china from 2015 to 2018. | wild and domestic aquatic birds are the natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses (aivs). all subtypes of aivs, including 16 hemagglutinin (ha) and nine neuraminidase (na), have been isolated from the waterfowls. the h5 viruses in wild birds display distinct biological differences from their highly pathogenic h5 counterparts. here, we isolated seven h5n3 aivs including three from wild birds and four from domestic ducks in china from 2015 to 2018. the isolation sites of all the seven viruses ... | 2019 | 31402584 |
| variable impact of the hemagglutinin polybasic cleavage site on virulence and pathogenesis of avian influenza h7n7 virus in chickens, turkeys and ducks. | avian influenza viruses (aiv) are classified into 16 hemagglutinin (ha; h1-h16) and 9 neuraminidase (na; n1-n9) subtypes. all aiv are low pathogenic (lp) in birds, but subtypes h5 and h7 aiv can evolve into highly pathogenic (hp) forms. in the last two decades evolution of hpaiv h7 from lpaiv has been frequently reported. however, little is known about the pathogenesis and evolution of hp h7 from lp ancestors particularly, in non-chicken hosts. in 2015, both lp and hp h7n7 aiv were isolated from ... | 2019 | 31399610 |
| pathology of a(h5n8) (clade 2.3.4.4) virus in experimentally infected chickens and mice. | the emergence of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) in migratory birds raises serious concerns as these viruses have the potential to spread during fall migration. we report the identification of novel hpaiv a(h5n8) clade 2.3.4.4 virus that was isolated from sick domestic duck at commercial farm during the second wave of spread that began in october and affected poultry (ducks; chiсkens) in several european regions of russia and western siberia in 2016. the strain was highl ... | 2019 | 31354812 |
| a novel h7n3 reassortant originating from the zoonotic h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses that has adapted to ducks. | the first human case of zoonotic h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) infection was reported in march 2013 in china. this virus continues to circulate in poultry in china while mutating to highly pathogenic aivs (hpaivs). through monitoring at airports in japan, a novel h7n3 reassortant of the zoonotic h7n9 hpaivs, a/duck/japan/aq-he30-1/2018 (he30-1), was detected in a poultry meat product illegally brought by a passenger from china into japan. we analysed the genetic, pathogenic and antigenic char ... | 2019 | 31293102 |
| clade 2.3.4.4 h5 north american highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses infect, but do not cause clinical signs in, american black ducks (anas rubripes). | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) from the goose/guangdong/1996 clade 2.3.4.4 h5 lineage spread from asia into north america in 2014, most likely by wild bird migrations. although several variants of the virus were detected, h5n8 and h5n2 were the most widespread in north american wild birds and domestic poultry. in early 2015, the h5n2 virus spread through commercial poultry in the midwest, and >50 million chickens and turkeys died or had to be culled. related h5 hpaivs are still ... | 2019 | 31251539 |
| efficacy of two licensed avian influenza h5 vaccines against challenge with a 2015 u.s. h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in domestic ducks. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) clade 2.3.4.4 viruses from the h5 goose/guangdong lineage caused a major outbreak in poultry in the united states in 2015. although the outbreak was controlled, vaccines were considered as an alternative control method, and new vaccines were approved and purchased by the u.s. department of agriculture national veterinary stockpile for emergency use. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two of these vaccines in protecting pekin ducks (anas platyrhyn ... | 2019 | 31251524 |
| infection of chicken h9n2 influenza viruses in different species of domestic ducks. | domestic ducks are considered as the interface between wild aquatic birds and terrestrial poultry and play an important role in the transmission and evolution of avian influenza viruses (aivs). however, the infectivity of h9n2 aivs in different domestic duck species has not been systematically evaluated. here we investigated the infectivity of various genotypes of chicken h9n2 aivs in pekin duck (anas platyrhynchos), mallard duck (anas platyrhynchos) and muscovy duck (cairina moschata) through i ... | 2019 | 31176393 |
| identifying gaps in wild waterfowl influenza a surveillance in ohio, united states. | the mississippi flyway is of utmost importance in monitoring influenza a viral diversity in the natural reservoir, as it is used by approximately 40% of north american migratory waterfowl. in 2008, influenza a virus (iav) surveillance was initiated in eight states within the flyway during annual southern migration, to gain better insight into the natural history of influenza a viruses in the natural reservoir. more than 45,000 samples have been collected and tested, resulting in hundreds of dive ... | 2019 | 31131571 |
| prevalence of influenza a viruses in ducks sampled in northwestern minnesota and evidence for predominance of h3n8 and h4n6 subtypes in mallards, 2007-2016. | long-term comprehensive studies of avian influenza virus subtypes in ducks not only contribute to understanding variations and patterns of subtype diversity, but also can be important in defining seasonal and temporal risks associated with transmission of potentially highly pathogenic h5 and h7 subtypes to domestic poultry. we analyzed influenza a virus (iav) surveillance data from dabbling ducks collected at an important migratory stopover site in northwestern minnesota from 2007-2016 and ident ... | 2019 | 31131568 |
| genetic and biological characteristics of avian influenza virus subtype h1n8 in environments related to live poultry markets in china. | since 2008, avian influenza surveillance in poultry-related environments has been conducted annually in china. samples have been collected from environments including live poultry markets, wild bird habitats, slaughterhouses, and poultry farms. multiple subtypes of avian influenza virus have been identified based on environmental surveillance, and an h1n8 virus was isolated from the drinking water of a live poultry market. | 2019 | 31117981 |
| near-complete genome sequence of avian influenza virus strain a/mallard/balkhash/6304/2014 (h1n1) from kazakhstan. | an avian influenza virus strain, a/mallard/balkhash/6304/2014 (h1n1), was isolated during a wild bird monitoring study in kazakhstan in 2014. the virus was isolated from a wild mallard duck (anas platyrhynchos) in eastern kazakhstan. here, we present the near-complete genome sequence of the virus. | 2019 | 31048397 |
| continuing evolution of highly pathogenic h5n1 viruses in bangladeshi live poultry markets. | since november 2008, we have conducted active avian influenza surveillance in bangladesh. clades 2.2.2, 2.3.4.2, and 2.3.2.1a of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses have all been identified in bangladeshi live poultry markets (lpms), although, since the end of 2014, h5n1 viruses have been exclusively from clade 2.3.2.1a. in june 2015, a new reassortant h5n1 virus (h5n1-r1) from clade 2.3.2.1a was identified, containing haemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix genes of h5n1 viruses ci ... | 2019 | 31014196 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel h7n8 avian influenza virus from domestic ducks in central china in 2017. | in 2017, an h7n8 avian influenza virus (aiv) was isolated from a domestic duck from a farm in central china. sequences analysis showed that this strain received its genes from h7, h1, h2, h3, h5, and h6 aivs of domestic poultry and wild birds in asia. it exhibited low pathogenicity in chickens and mild pathogenicity in mice. these results suggest the importance of continued surveillance of the h7n8 virus to better understand the ecology and evolution of the aivs in poultry and wild birds and the ... | 2019 | 30895439 |
| different pathogenicity of two strains of clade 2.3.4.4c h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses bearing different pa and ns gene in domestic ducks. | h5nx clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have been disseminated to wide geographic regions since 2014. in 2016, five distinct genotypes (c-1 to c-5) of clade 2.3.4.4c h5n6 hpaivs were detected in south korea. in this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity, susceptibility to infection, and transmissibility of the two strains representing the c-1 and c-4 genotypes of the h5n6 viruses, which have different pa and ns gene, in domestic ducks. although the susceptibility to ... | 2019 | 30753976 |
| comparative pathogenicity of h5n6 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chicken, pekin duck and muscovy duck. | in japan during the 2016-2017 winter season, clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of the h5n6 subtype caused 12 outbreaks in chicken and muscovy duck farms. these viruses have been circulating in vietnam and china since 2014. in this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of chicken, pekin duck (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) and muscovy duck (cairina moschata) to h5n6 hpaivs that originated in japan, vietnam and china. the h5n6 hpaivs examined in this study were high ... | 2019 | 30720248 |
| individual and flock immunity responses of naïve ducks on smallholder farms after vaccination with h5n1 avian influenza vaccine: a study in a province of the mekong delta, vietnam. | in vietnam, vaccination has played a crucial role in the national strategy for the prevention and control of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). this study aimed to evaluate antibody responses of immunologically naïve domestic ducks to h5n1 avian influenza vaccine currently used in the national mass vaccination program of vietnam. blood samples of 166 ducks reared on smallholder farms were individually collected at three sampling time points, namely, right before vaccination, 21 days af ... | 2019 | 30671307 |
| long-term avian influenza virus epidemiology in a small spanish wetland ecosystem is driven by the breeding anseriformes community. | during 2007-2009 and 2012-2014, avian influenza virus (aiv) was studied in a wild avian community of a northern spanish wetland using non-invasive sampling methods and host identification by coi barcoding. the aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate aiv dynamics in a natural wetland ecosystem, taking into account both virological aspects and ecological traits of hosts. global aiv prevalence decreased significantly during the second sampling period (0.3%) compared to the first (6.6%). circ ... | 2019 | 30654831 |
| innate immune responses to avian influenza viruses in ducks and chickens. | mallard ducks are important natural hosts of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses and many strains circulate in this reservoir and cause little harm. some strains can be transmitted to other hosts, including chickens, and cause respiratory and systemic disease. rarely, these highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses cause disease in mallards, while chickens are highly susceptible. the long co-evolution of mallard ducks with influenza viruses has undoubtedly fine-tuned many immuno ... | 2019 | 30634569 |
| low pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n7) virus isolated from a domestic duck in dongting lake wetland of china, 2016. | | 2019 | 30610572 |
| identification of a divergent avian influenza h3n2 virus from domestic ducks in france. | an avian influenza h3n2 virus was isolated from domestic ducks in france in 2016. although this french h3n2 virus possesses traits of an avian virus, the genetic distances observed for hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) show that these two genes most likely evolved independently from other avian influenza sequences. | 2018 | 30574576 |
| co-infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza and duck hepatitis viruses in egyptian backyard and commercial ducks. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus poses a major challenge to the poultry industry and human health in egypt. twenty one households and eight duck farms in sharkia province, egypt were investigated for the presence of avian influenza virus (aiv) and/or duck hepatitis virus 1 (dhv-1). mortality rates among the investigated farms and yards were, 18.9% (69/365) of native ducks, 60.9% (25/41) of pekin ducks, 60.2% (6306/10473) of muscovy ducks and 44.9% (1353/3015) of mallard ducks. ... | 2018 | 30564613 |
| alternate routes of influenza a virus infection in mallard (anas platyrhynchos). | the natural reservoir for all influenza a viruses (iavs) is wild birds, particularly dabbling ducks. during the autumn, viral prevalence can be very high in dabbling ducks (> 30%) in the northern hemisphere, and individuals may be repeatedly infected. transmission and infection is through the fecal-oral route, whereby birds shed viruses in feces and conspecifics are infected though feeding in virus-contaminated water. in this study we wanted to assess two alternative infection routes: cloacal dr ... | 2018 | 30373662 |
| genetic and biological characterization of two reassortant h5n2 avian influenza a viruses isolated from waterfowl in china in 2016. | two reassortant h5n2 viruses in which hemagglutinin (ha) was clustered into clade 2.3.4.4, were isolated from apparently healthy waterfowl in live poultry markets in eastern china in 2016. we used specific pathogen-free chickens, mallard ducks, and balb/c mice to evaluate the isolates' biological characteristics in different animal models. the newly isolated reassortant h5n2 viruses were able to cause severe disease in chickens and effective contact transmission, only at high doses. our pathogen ... | 2018 | 30269795 |
| detection of non-notifiable h4n6 avian influenza virus in poultry in great britain. | a 12-month pilot project for notifiable avian disease (nad) exclusion testing in chicken and turkey flocks in great britain (gb) offered, in partnership with industry, opportunities to carry out differential diagnosis in flocks where nad was not suspected, and to identify undetected or undiagnosed infections. in may 2014, clinical samples received from a broiler breeder chicken premises that had been experiencing health and production problems for approximately one week tested positive by avian ... | 2018 | 30269784 |
| where do all the subtypes go? temporal dynamics of h8-h12 influenza a viruses in waterfowl. | influenza a virus (iav) is ubiquitous in waterfowl. in the northern hemisphere iav prevalence is highest during the autumn and coincides with a peak in viral subtype diversity. although haemagglutinin subtypes h1-h12 are associated with waterfowl hosts, subtypes h8-h12 are detected very infrequently. to better understand the role of waterfowl in the maintenance of these rare subtypes, we sequenced h8-h12 viruses isolated from mallards (anas platyrhynchos) from 2002 to 2009. these rare viruses ex ... | 2018 | 30151242 |
| persistence of maternal antibodies to influenza a virus among captive mallards (anas platyrhynchos). | wild waterfowl are maintenance hosts of most influenza a virus (iav) subtypes and are often the subjects of iav surveillance and transmission models. while maternal antibodies have been detected in yolks and in nestlings for a variety of wild bird species and pathogens, the persistence of maternal antibodies to iavs in mallard ducklings (anas platyrhynchos) has not been previously investigated. nonetheless, this information is important for a full understanding of iav transmission dynamics becau ... | 2018 | 30128612 |
| expression of immune genes rig-i and mx in mallard ducks infected with low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai): a dataset. | this article provides data on primer sequences used to amplify the innate immune genes rig-i and mx and a set of normalizing reference genes in mallards (anas platyrhynchos), and shows which reference genes are stable, per tissue, for our experimental settings. data on the expressional changes of these two genes over a time-course of infection with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpai) are provided. individual-level data are also presented, including lpai infection load, and per tissue gen ... | 2018 | 29904657 |
| prevalence of multiple subtypes of avian influenza virus antibodies in egg yolks of mallards ( anas platyrhynchos) and white-winged terns ( chlidonias leucopterus) in the northeastern republic of china. | wild birds are natural hosts of avian influenza viruses (aiv) and can transmit viruses to poultry and other species. to monitor the prevalence of aiv antibodies, 211 eggs from wild mallards ( anas platyrhynchos) and 177 from wild white-winged terns ( chlidonias leucopterus) were collected from zhalong wetland and xianghai wetland in northeastern republic of china from april to september, 2016. a hemagglutinin inhibition test detected the presence of h1, h3, h5, and h7 subtype-specific antibodies ... | 2018 | 29894211 |
| reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n6) virus, taiwan, 2017. | a highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n6) virus of clade 2.3.4.4 was detected in a domestic duck found dead in taiwan during february 2017. the endemic situation and continued evolution of various reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in taiwan warrant concern about further reassortment and a fifth wave of intercontinental spread. | 2018 | 29774853 |
| detection of low pathogenicity influenza a(h7n3) virus during duck mortality event, cambodia, 2017. | in january 2017, an estimated 3,700 (93%) of 4,000 khaki campbell ducks (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) died in kampong thom province, cambodia. we detected low pathogenicity avian influenza a(h7n3) virus and anatid herpesvirus 1 (duck plague) in the affected flock; however, the exact cause of the mortality event remains unclear. | 2018 | 29774842 |
| characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus from egyptian domestic waterfowl in 2017. | in 2016, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 virus was detected in wild birds for the first time in egypt. in the present study, we identified the hpai virus h5n8 of clade 2.3.4.4 from domestic waterfowl in egypt, suggesting its transmission to the domestic poultry from the migratory birds. based on partial haemagglutinin gene sequence, this virus has a close genetic relationship with subtype h5n8 viruses circulating in asia and europe. pathologically, h5n8 virus in hybrid duck ind ... | 2018 | 29701481 |
| heterosubtypic immunity increases infectious dose required to infect mallard ducks with influenza a virus. | previous field and experimental studies have demonstrated that heterosubtypic immunity (hsi) is a potential driver of influenza a virus (iav) prevalence and subtype diversity in mallards. prior infection with iav can reduce viral shedding during subsequent reinfection with iav that have genetically related hemagglutinins (ha). in this experiment, we evaluated the effect of hsi conferred by an h3n8 iav infection against increasing challenge doses of closely (h4n6) and distantly (h6n2) related iav ... | 2018 | 29698449 |
| replication and pathogenic potential of influenza a virus subtypes h3, h7, and h15 from free-range ducks in bangladesh in mammals. | surveillance of wild aquatic birds and free-range domestic ducks in the tanguar haor wetlands in bangladesh has identified influenza virus subtypes h3n6, h7n1, h7n5, h7n9, and h15n9. molecular characterization of these viruses indicates their contribution to the genesis of new genotypes of h5n1 influenza viruses from clade 2.3.2.1a that are dominant in poultry markets in bangladesh as well as to the genesis of the highly pathogenic h5n8 virus currently causing disease outbreaks in domestic poult ... | 2018 | 29691394 |
| study of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 in commercial pekin ducks ( anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in california. | a february 2015 outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 in a flock of commercial pekin ducks ( anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in california was investigated in detail. approximately 17,349 five-wk-old ducks experienced an increased mortality from a normal of eight birds per day to 24, 18, 24, 33, and 61 birds per day, respectively, in the last 5 days prior to flock depopulation. clinically, there was decreased water and feed consumption, and approximately 1.0% of the affected f ... | 2018 | 29620470 |
| experimental infection of domestic geese (anser anser var. domesticus) with h5n8 gs/gd and h7n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | prior to the emergence of the asian-origin h5 goose/guangdong/1/96 (gs/gd) lineage, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) had rarely caused high mortalities in domestic geese. in 2016/2017 european epidemics, h5n8 gs/gd clade 2.3.4.4 group b produced an unprecedented number of outbreaks in waterfowl holdings. in this study, the pathogenesis of h5n8 hpaiv in comparison with h7n1 hpaiv, and the role of domestic geese in the epidemiology of these viruses, were evaluated. local and comme ... | 2020 | 32795171 |
| complete genome sequence of the highly pathogenic strain a/domestic goose/pavlodar/1/05 (h5n1) of the avian influenza virus, isolated in kazakhstan in 2005. | here, we present the complete genome sequence of a highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza a virus/domestic goose/pavlodar/1/05 (h5n1) (gs/1/05), which belongs to clade 2.2. this strain of the influenza virus was isolated in northern kazakhstan in 2005. | 2020 | 32139571 |
| host innate immune response of geese infected with clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n6 viruses have circulated in waterfowls and caused human infections in china, posing significant threats to the poultry industry and the public health. however, the genetics, pathogenicity and innate immune response of h5n6 hpaivs in geese remain largely unknown. in this study, we analyzed the genetic characteristic of the two h5n6 viruses (gs38 and dk09) isolated from apparently healthy domestic goose and duck in live poultry markets (lpms ... | 2020 | 32046051 |
| isolation of two novel reassortant h3n6 avian influenza viruses from long-distance migratory birds in jiangxi province, china. | two novel reassortant avian influenza a (h3n6) viruses were isolated from swan goose in poyang lake, jiangxi province, china, in 2014. phylogenetic analyses indicated that these viruses are most likely derived from the eurasian-originated h3ny (n3, n6, n8) and h5n6 viruses circulating among wild and domestic birds. it is noteworthy that h9n2 viruses have contributed pb1 gene to these novel h3n6 viruses. our findings provide phylogenetic evidence to elucidate the ongoing viral reassortment in the ... | 2020 | 32468676 |
| data mining and model-predicting a global disease reservoir for low-pathogenic avian influenza (a) in the wider pacific rim using big data sets. | avian influenza (ai) is a complex but still poorly understood disease; specifically when it comes to reservoirs, co-infections, connectedness and wider landscape perspectives. low pathogenic (low-path lp) ai in chickens caused by less virulent strains of ai viruses (aivs)-when compared with highly pathogenic aivs (hpaivs)-are not even well-described yet or known how they contribute to wider ai and immune system issues. co-circulation of lpaivs with hpaivs suggests their interactions in their eco ... | 2020 | 33033298 |
| efficacy of clade 2.3.2 h5-recombinant baculovirus vaccine in protecting muscovy and pekin ducks from clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza infection. | in late 2016, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus subtype h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 was reported in egypt in migratory birds; subsequently, the virus spread to backyard and commercial poultry in several egyptian governorates, causing severe economic losses to the poultry industry. here, a recombinant subunit commercial h5 vaccine prepared from the clade 2.3.2 h5 segment on baculovirus was evaluated in pekin ducks (anasplatyrhynchos domesticus) and muscovy ducks (cairina moschata) in biosaf ... | 2019 | 31713400 |
| molecular, antigenic, and pathogenic characterization of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in the democratic republic of congo in 2017. | in may 2017, high mortality of chickens and muscovy ducks due to the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) was reported in the democratic republic of congo (dr congo). in this study, we assessed the molecular, antigenic, and pathogenic features in poultry of the h5n8 hpaiv from the 2017 congolese outbreaks. phylogenetic analysis of the eight viral gene segments revealed that all 12 dr congo isolates clustered in clade 2.3.4.4b together with other h5n8 hpaivs isolated in africa and ... | 2020 | 31707455 |
| poultry population dynamics and mortality risks in smallholder farms of the mekong river delta region. | poultry farming is widely practiced by rural households in vietnam and the vast majority of domestic birds are kept on small household farms. however, smallholder poultry production is constrained by several issues such as infectious diseases, including avian influenza viruses whose circulation remains a threat to public health. this observational study describes the demographic structure and dynamics of small-scale poultry farms of the mekong river delta region. | 2019 | 31208467 |
| a systematic study towards evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of currently predominant h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in vietnam. | this study aimed to elucidate virus, host and environmental dynamics of vietnamese h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) during 2014-2017. epidemiologically, h5 hpaivs were frequently detected in apparently healthy domestic and muscovy ducks and therefore these are preferred species for h5 hpaiv detection in active surveillance. virologically, clade 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4 h5 hpaivs were predominant and exhibited distinct phylogeographic evolution. clade 2.3.2.1c viruses clustered p ... | 2019 | 31118431 |
| virulence of three european highly pathogenic h7n1 and h7n7 avian influenza viruses in pekin and muscovy ducks. | there is paucity of data on the virulence of highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza viruses (aiv) h7 in ducks compared to hpaiv h5. here, the virulence of hpaiv h7n1 (designated h7n1-fpv34 and h7n1-it99) and h7n7 (designated h7n7-fpv27) was assessed in pekin and/or muscovy ducklings after intrachoanal (ic) or intramuscular (im) infection. | 2019 | 31077209 |
| identification of avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 in chicken farms in indonesia. | avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 (aiv-h9n2) has become established in domestic poultry in asia and africa. aiv-h9n2 has not been reported previously in indonesia. here we describe the presence of aiv-h9n2 in chicken farms in indonesia. ninety-nine cases were observed in various provinces in indonesia. clinical signs, pathologic lesions and egg production were recorded. confirmation was made using virus isolation, reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr), and sequencing. to construct hemaglutinin (ha ... | 2018 | 30314797 |
| circulation of influenza in backyard productive systems in central chile and evidence of spillover from wild birds. | backyard productive systems (bps) are recognized as the most common form of animal production in the world. however, bps frequently exhibit inherent biosecurity deficiencies, and could play a major role in the epidemiology of animal diseases and zoonoses. the aim of this study was to determine if influenza a viruses (iav) were prevalent in backyard poultry and swine bps in central chile. through active surveillance in valparaiso and metropolitan regions from 2012 - 2014, we found that influenza ... | 2018 | 29653729 |
| isolation and characterization of avian influenza h9n2 viruses from different avian species in pakistan 2016-17. | avian influenza (ai) virus (aiv) subtype h9n2 continues to cause significant outbreaks among commercial and backyard poultry in pakistan. despite this, the characterization of h9n2 viruses in avian hosts other than chickens in pakistan has not been thoroughly investigated. in this study, 12 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses subtype h9n2 were isolated from peacocks (n = 4), ducks (n = 4), pheasants (n = 2), geese (n = 1), and black swans (n = 1) in pakistan during 2016 and were characteri ... | 2019 | 31865688 |
| outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n6) virus subclade 2.3.4.4h in swans, xinjiang, western china, 2020. | in january 2020, the subclade 2.3.4.4h of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n6) virus infected migratory whooper swans and mute swans in xinjiang, western china. the virus is lethal to chickens and ducks but has low pathogenicity in mice. antigenically, this subclade is similar to the h5n1 vaccine seed virus re-11. | 2020 | 33030424 |
| highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza h5 subtype viruses in wild birds in ukraine. | there have been three waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in commercial, backyard poultry, and wild birds in ukraine. the first (2005-2006) and second (2008) waves were caused by h5n1 hpai virus, with 45 outbreaks among commercial poultry (chickens) and backyard fowl (chickens, ducks, and geese) in four regions of ukraine (ar crimea, kherson, odesa, and sumy oblast). h5n1 hpai viruses were isolated from dead wild birds: cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo) and great crested g ... | 2019 | 31713401 |
| highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza h5 subtype viruses in wild birds in ukraine. | there have been three waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in commercial, backyard poultry, and wild birds in ukraine. the first (2005-2006) and second (2008) waves were caused by h5n1 hpai virus, with 45 outbreaks among commercial poultry (chickens) and backyard fowl (chickens, ducks, and geese) in four regions of ukraine (ar crimea, kherson, odesa, and sumy oblast). h5n1 hpai viruses were isolated from dead wild birds: cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo) and great crested g ... | 2019 | 31131580 |
| comparative pathological findings in mute swans (cygnus olor) naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n1 and h5n8 in serbia. | the aim of this study was to compare pathological lesions and viral antigen expression in the organs of mute swans (cygnus olor) naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtypes h5n1 and h5n8. the examination was conducted on the carcasses of 22 mute swans which died during the avian influenza outbreaks in serbia in 2006 and 2016-2017. avian influenza virus subtype h5n8 isolated from mute swans in 2016-2017 was clustered within the 2.3.4.4 clade group b. after necropsy, l ... | 2019 | 30951187 |
| antibody response of a h9 subtype avian influenza poultry vaccine on three kinds of wild birds in shanghai zoo. | a semi-annual immunization with a commercial inactivated h9 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) vaccine developed for poultry has been used to prevent and control the avian influenza (ai) infections among captured wild birds in shanghai zoo. however, the overall safety and effectiveness of the poultry vaccine for housed birds in the zoo remains unclear. to verify the safety and efficacy of the commercial inactivated h9 ai vaccine on zoo birds, and to explore a more reasonable and effective immun ... | 2020 | 33108447 |
| characterization of myxovirus resistance protein in birds showing different susceptibilities to highly pathogenic influenza virus. | we compared the mx expression and anti-viral function and the 3d structure of mx protein in four species: chicken (gallus gallus), whooper swan (cygnus cygnus), jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos), and rock dove (columba livia). we observed different mortalities associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection to understand the relationship between mx function as an immune response factor and hpaiv proliferation in bird cells. different levels of mx were observed among th ... | 2020 | 32173692 |
| shedding of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 and h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in peridomestic wild birds in the u.s. | european starlings (sturnus vulgaris), house sparrows (passer domesticus) and rock pigeons (columba livia) are all wild birds commonly found in large numbers in and around human dwellings and domestic livestock operations. this study evaluated the susceptibility of these species to three strains of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hp aiv) clade 2.3.4.4 isolated in the u.s.. experimental infection of european starlings and rock pigeons did not result in any overt signs attributable to aiv ... | 2019 | 30740920 |
| experimental infection of racing pigeons (columba livia domestica) with highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4 sub-group b h5n8 avian influenza virus. | reported mass mortalities in wild pigeons and doves during the 2017/2018 clade 2.3.4.4 hpai h5n8 outbreaks in south africa necessitated an investigation of healthy racing pigeons for their susceptibility and ability to transmit a clade 2.3.4.4 sub-group b virus of south african origin. pigeons challenged with medium (104.5 eid50) and high doses (106 eid50) but not a low dose (103 eid50) of virus, shed virus in low levels of <103 eid50/ml from the oropharynx and cloaca for up to eight days, with ... | 2018 | 30473343 |
| health status of free-living pigeons in the city of santiago. | a total of 100 free-living urban pigeons (columba livia) were captured in the city of santiago, chile, in order to evaluate, for the first time, their health status. negligible antibody titres (1 to 3 log2) were detected in 22% of the birds against a strain of the paramyxovirus (pmv) serotype 1. no pigeons had antibodies against pmv serotype 7 and avian influenza. salmonella sp. belonging to serogroups b and d were isolated from the intestinal tract of three pigeons (3%). the protozoa haemoprote ... | 1999 | 27266433 |
| no evidence of avian influenza antibodies in two species of raptor nestlings inhabiting norway. | since 2016, incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b have caused unprecedented clinical signs and mortality in white-tailed eagles (wte; haliaeetus albicilla) across europe and have been found to be infecting other raptor species, such as the northern goshawk (ng; accipiter gentilis). before this study, no screening of norwegian raptors had been undertaken. | 2019 | 31660964 |
| white-tailed sea eagle (haliaeetus albicilla) die-off due to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, subtype h5n8, in germany. | in contrast to previous incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpaiv) h5 viruses, h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses caused numerous cases of lethal infections in white-tailed sea eagles (haliaeetus albicilla) affecting mainly young eagles (younger than five years of age) in germany during winter 2016/2017. until april 2017, 17 hpaiv h5n8-positive white-tailed sea eagles had been detected (three found alive and 14 carcasses) by real-time rt-pcr and partial nucleotide sequence analyses. severe ... | 2018 | 30205456 |
| pathobiology and innate immune responses of gallinaceous poultry to clade 2.3.4.4a h5nx highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. | in the 2014-2015 eurasian lineage clade 2.3.4.4a h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreak in the u.s., backyard flocks with minor gallinaceous poultry and large commercial poultry (chickens and turkeys) operations were affected. the pathogenesis of the first h5n8 and reassortant h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4a hpai u.s. isolates was investigated in six gallinaceous species: chickens, japanese quail, bobwhite quail, pearl guinea fowl, chukar partridges, and ring-necked pheasants. both viruses cau ... | 2019 | 31675983 |
| quick and improved immune responses to inactivated h9n2 avian influenza vaccine by purified active fraction of albizia julibrissin saponins. | h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) raises public health concerns and its eradication in poultry becomes even more important in preventing influenza. ajsaf is a purified active saponin fraction from the stem bark of albizzia julibrissin. in this study, ajsaf was evaluated for the adjuvant potentials on immune responses to inactivated h9n2 avian influenza virus vaccine (ih9v) in mice and chicken in comparison with commercially oil-adjuvant. | 2020 | 33160337 |
| identification of efficacious vaccines against contemporary north american h7 avian influenza viruses. | five vaccines, including four inactivated, whole-virus water-in-oil adjuvanted vaccines and a commercial non-replicating alphavirus vectored rna particle (rp) vaccine were evaluated in chickens for their ability to provide protection against challenge with a recent h7 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv) from the us (a/turkey/in/1403-1/2016 h7n8). one of the inactivated vaccines and the rp vaccine were prepared with a/turkey/in/16-01571-6/2016 h7n8 low pathogenic aiv (tk/in/16), which i ... | 2020 | 33152750 |