| emergence of novel reassortant h6n2 avian influenza viruses in ducks in india. | the recent reports of human infection due to h6 subtype avian influenza viruses (aiv), which are prevalent in terrestrial poultry, indicate evolution of the virus to a possible pandemic strain. here, we report antigenic and genetic characterization of two h6n2 viruses isolated from apparently healthy domestic ducks in kerala and assam, india during 2014 and 2015, respectively. hemagglutination inhibition assay revealed antigenic divergence between the two isolates, which was corroborated by amin ... | 2018 | 29530659 |
| potential mediators of in ovo delivered double stranded (ds) rna-induced innate response against low pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. | toll like receptor (tlr) 3 is a critically important innate pattern recognizing receptor that senses many viral infections. although, it has been shown that double stranded (ds) rna can be used for the stimulation of tlr3 signaling pathway in a number of host-viral infection models, it's effectiveness as an antiviral agent against low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) needs further investigation. | 2018 | 29530062 |
| very low influenza a virus prevalence in cervids in german national parks. | influenza a viruses are one of the most important and most studied pathogens in humans and domestic animals but little is known about viral prevalence in non-avian wildlife. serum samples from three free-ranging cervid species (red [ cervus elaphus], fallow [ dama dama] , and roe deer [ capreolus capreolus]) were collected from six german national parks between 2000 and 2002. the serum was tested for the presence of influenza a antibodies using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorben ... | 2018 | 29517428 |
| evolution of h9n2 avian influenza virus in embryonated chicken eggs with or without homologous vaccine antibodies. | vaccines constitute a unique selective pressure, different from natural selection, drives the evolution of influenza virus. in this study, a/chicken/shanghai/f/1998 (h9n2) was continually passaged in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs with or without selective pressures from antibodies induced by homologous maternal antibodies. genetic mutations, antigenic drift, replication, and pathogenicity of the passaged virus were evaluated. | 2018 | 29510698 |
| epidemiological survey of equine influenza in andalusia, spain. | equine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease considered the most important respiratory disease in equids. although influenza a virus (iav) has caused outbreaks in equids worldwide, surveillance in these species in spain has not been conducted. a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the individual and herd prevalence of antibodies against h3n8 and h7n7 iav in equids in andalusia (southern spain). antibodies againsts iav were measured by the single radial haemolysis as ... | 2018 | 29496107 |
| proteomic analysis of chicken embryo fibroblast cells infected with recombinant h5n1 avian influenza viruses with and without ns1 eif4gi binding domain. | non-structural 1 (ns1) protein is a key virulence factor that regulates replication of influenza virus. a recombinant h5n1 virus lacking the eif4gi-binding domain of ns1 (rns1-sd30) exhibits significantly lower pathogenicity than h5n1 virus with an intact eif4gi-binding domain (rns1-wt). to further investigate this phenomenon, we performed comparative proteomics analyses to profile host proteins in chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs) infected with rns1-wt and rns1-sd30 viruses. in total, 81 differ ... | 2018 | 29492200 |
| airborne detection of h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus genome in poultry farms, france. | in southwestern france, during the winter of 2016-2017, the rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 outbreaks despite the implementation of routine control measures, raised the question about the potential role of airborne transmission in viral spread. as a first step to investigate the plausibility of that transmission, air samples were collected inside, outside and downwind from infected duck and chicken facilities. h5 avian influenza virus rna was detected in all samples collec ... | 2018 | 29487857 |
| expression and immunogenicity of m2e peptide of avian influenza virus h5n1 fused to ricin toxin b chain produced in duckweed plants. | the amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of the virus-encoded m2 matrix protein (peptide m2e) is conserved among all subtypes of influenza a strains, enabling the development of a broad-range vaccine against them. we expressed m2e from avian influenza virus a/chicken/kurgan/5/2005 (h5n1) in nuclear-transformed duckweed plants for further development of an avian influenza vaccine. the 30-amino acid n-terminal fragment of m2, including m2e (denoted m130), was selected for expression. th ... | 2018 | 29487846 |
| induction profiles of mrna of toll like receptors and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus. | herein, the induction of tlrs and cytokines in chickens pre-exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 virus followed by challenge with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus was studied. four groups (1-4) of chickens inoculated with 106eid50of h9n2 virus were challenged with 106eid50of h5n1 virus on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 post h9n2 inoculation, respectively. in groups (1-4) tlrs and cytokines induction was studied in chicken pbmcs on day 3 post h5n1 challenge. in h5n1 control grou ... | 2018 | 29476788 |
| pathogenicity and genetic characterisation of a novel reassortant, highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n6 virus isolated in korea, 2017. | we investigated influenza a(h5n6) viruses from migratory birds in chungnam and gyeonggi provinces, south korea following a reported die-off of poultry in nearby provinces in november 2017. genetic analysis and virulence studies in chickens and ducks identified our isolate from december 2017 as a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. it resulted from reassortment between the highly virulent h5n8 strain from korea with the n6 gene from a low-pathogenic h3n6 virus from the netherlands. | 2018 | 29463346 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4b in germany in 2016/2017. | here, we report on the occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5nx clade 2.3.4.4b in germany. between november 8, 2016, and september 30, 2017, more than 1,150 cases of hpai h5nx clade 2.3.4.4b in wild birds and 107 outbreaks in birds kept in captivity (92 poultry holdings and 15 zoos/animal parks) were reported in germany. this hpai epidemic is the most severe recorded in germany so far. the viruses were apparently introduced by migratory birds, sparking an epidemic among wild b ... | 2017 | 29417053 |
| two reassortant types of highly pathogenic h5n8 avian influenza virus from wild birds in central china in 2016. | since 2016, the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus has emerged in the central asian flyway and europe, causing massive deaths in poultry and wild birds. in this study, we isolated and identified three h5n8 viruses from swan goose and black swans in hubei province during the 2016/2017 winter season. whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three viruses clustered into a group of h5n8 viruses from qinghai lake and europe. a novel reassortment virus from swan go ... | 2018 | 29410395 |
| spatial transmission of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among wild birds in ibaraki prefecture, japan, 2016-2017. | from 29 november 2016 to 24 january 2017, sixty-three cases of h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infections were detected in wild birds in ibaraki prefecture, japan. here, we analyzed the genetic, temporal, and geographic correlations of these 63 hpaivs to elucidate their dissemination throughout the prefecture. full-genome sequence analysis of the ibaraki isolates showed that 7 segments (pb2, pb1, pa, ha, np, na, ns) were derived from g1.1.9 strains while the m segment was fr ... | 2018 | 29392495 |
| specific mutations in the pb2 protein of influenza a virus compensate for the lack of efficient interferon antagonism of the ns1 protein of bat influenza a-like viruses. | recently, two new influenza a-like viruses have been discovered in bats, a/little yellow-shouldered bat/guatemala/060/2010 (hl17nl10) and a/flat-faced bat/peru/033/2010 (hl18nl11). the hemagglutinin (ha)-like (hl) and neuraminidase (na)-like (nl) proteins of these viruses lack hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities, despite their sequence and structural homologies with the ha and na proteins of conventional influenza a viruses. we have now investigated whether the ns1 proteins of the hl17 ... | 2018 | 29321309 |
| genetic characterization of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated on the izumi plain in japan: possible association of dynamic movements of wild birds with aiv evolution. | the izumi plain in kagoshima prefecture, japan, is an overwintering site of endangered cranes (hooded cranes and white-naped cranes) and of many other migratory birds (including wild ducks) that are considered carriers of avian influenza viruses (aivs). to assess the risks of a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in the crane populations, we tested various environmental samples for aivs in this area. in the 2014-2015 winter season, we isolated one aiv of the h6n2 subtype from the cranes' ... | 2018 | 29299682 |
| influenza a virus: sampling of the unique shorebird habitat at delaware bay, usa. | delaware (de) bay, in the northeastern usa, has long been recognized as a hotspot for avian influenza a virus (iav); every spring, this coastal region serves as a brief stopover site for thousands of long-distance migrating shorebirds, en route to breeding grounds in the arctic. during these stopovers, iav has been consistently recovered from ruddy turnstones (arenaria interpres) that are likely to become infected as they feed by probing sand and cobble in search of food. in may 2010-2012, we su ... | 2017 | 29291124 |
| experimental infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 and h5n8, in mandarin ducks from south korea. | outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) have been reported worldwide. wild waterfowl play a major role in the maintenance and transmission of hpai. highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype h5n6 and h5n8 viruses simultaneously emerged in south korea. in this study, the comparative pathogenicity and infectivity of clade 2.3.4.4 group b h5n8 and group c h5n6 viruses were evaluated in mandarin duck (aix galericulata). none of the ducks infected with h5n6 or h5n8 viruses showed clinica ... | 2017 | 29266850 |
| multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (h5n8) clade 2.3.4.4b causing outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in egypt. | recently, an increased incidence of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 in poultry linked to infected migratory birds has been reported from different european, asian and african countries. in egypt, incursion of hpai h5n8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has been recently registered. full genomic characterization of 3 virus isolates from wild birds and poultry (backyard and commercial farm sectors) showed high nucleotide similarity among the ha, na, m, and ns gene segments of the ... | 2018 | 29248796 |
| serological evidence of h5-subtype influenza a virus infection in indigenous avian and mammalian species in korea. | in korea, h5-subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) has caused huge economic losses in poultry farms through outbreaks of h5n1 since 2003, h5n8 since 2013 and h5n6 since 2016. although it was reported that long-distance migratory birds may play a major role in the global spread of avian influenza viruses (aivs), transmission from such birds to poultry has not been confirmed. intermediate hosts in the wild also may be a potential factor in viral transmission. therefore, a total of 367 s ... | 2018 | 29204739 |
| lack of detection of avian influenza, newcastle disease, and west nile viruses in wild birds of northeastern brazil. | we tested 529 wild birds captured in northeastern brazil for infection by avian influenza, newcastle disease, and west nile. viruses were not detected by real-time pcr with the exception of one tropical gnatcatcher (polioptila plumbea) positive for influenza virus, but this could not be confirmed by viral isolation or gene sequencing. | 2017 | 29148889 |
| deaths among wild birds during highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) virus outbreak, the netherlands. | during autumn-winter 2016-2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) viruses caused mass die-offs among wild birds in the netherlands. among the ≈13,600 birds reported dead, most were tufted ducks (aythya fuligula) and eurasian wigeons (anas penelope). recurrence of avian influenza outbreaks might alter wild bird population dynamics. | 2017 | 29148372 |
| avian influenza virus surveillance in south-central spain using fecal samples of aquatic birds foraging at landfills. | aquatic wild birds have been intensively studied to better understand their role in avian influenza virus (aiv) maintenance and spread. to date, aiv surveillance has primarily focused on natural aquatic environments where different bird species aggregate and viral survival is enhanced. however, artificial habitats such as landfills are attracting substantial numbers of wild birds, aiv reservoir species included. the use of landfills as a predictable food source has significantly influenced popul ... | 2017 | 29124060 |
| infection of ferrets with influenza virus elicits a light chain-biased antibody response against hemagglutinin. | the domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo) is a commonly used animal model for the study of influenza virus infection and vaccination. recently, our group has developed murine mabs with specificity for the κ (igκ) and λ (igλ) l chains of ferret ig. these mabs were used to quantify the abundance of igκ and igλ in serum and to evaluate l chain usage of the ab response against the hemagglutinin (ha) protein elicited by influenza infection. after influenza a infection of immunologically naive ferre ... | 2017 | 29079697 |
| emergence of oseltamivir-resistant h7n9 influenza viruses in immunosuppressed cynomolgus macaques. | antiviral compounds (eg, the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir) are invaluable for the treatment of individuals infected with influenza a viruses of the h7n9 subtype (a[h7n9]), which have infected and killed hundreds of persons. however, oseltamivir treatment often leads to the emergence of resistant viruses in immunocompromised individuals. to better understand the emergence and properties of oseltamivir-resistant a(h7n9) viruses in immunosuppressed individuals, we infected immunosuppressed c ... | 2017 | 28931216 |
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| serological survey for select infectious agents in wild magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) in argentina, 1994-2008. | despite being the most numerous penguin species in south america, exposure of the magellanic penguin (spheniscus magellanicus) to pathogens has not yet been thoroughly assessed. we collected serum from 1,058 magellanic penguins at 10 breeding colonies along the entire latitudinal range of this species in argentina. the work spanned 10 breeding seasons over 15 yr (1994-2008). sera were tested for antibodies to select infectious agents. antibodies reacting against 16 pathogens were detected (serop ... | 2020 | 31237822 |
| infections and pathology of free-roaming backyard chickens on st. kitts, west indies. | free-roaming chickens on caribbean islands are important sentinels for local avian diseases and those introduced by birds migrating through the americas. we studied 81 apparently healthy unvaccinated free-roaming chickens from 9 parishes on st. kitts, an eastern caribbean island. using commercial elisas, no chickens had antibodies against avian influenza virus, west nile virus, or salmonella enteritidis, although seropositivity was high to infectious bursal disease virus (86%), infectious bronch ... | 2019 | 30973088 |
| resource-effective serosurveillance for the detection of west nile virus in switzerland using abattoir samples of free-range laying hens. | west nile virus (wnv) is an important zoonotic pathogen maintained in a natural transmission cycle between mosquitoes and birds as reservoir hosts. in dead-end hosts, such as humans, infection may result in fatal neurologic disease translating into disease and death-related suffering and increased health care costs. in humans, wnv may also be transmitted through blood transfusions and organ transplants. wnv is not present in switzerland yet, but competent vector species (especially culex pipiens ... | 2019 | 30457933 |
| central nervous system b-cell lymphoma in a bald eagle ( haliaeetus leucocephalus). | an adult bald eagle ( haliaeetus leucocephalus) presented for nystagmus and an inability to fly. on physical examination, the eagle was open-mouth breathing and tachycardic at 200 beats per minute, had a wrinkled cere and sunken eyes, and was an estimated 10% dehydrated. additionally, the eagle was extremely weak, with neurologic abnormalities including bilateral proprioceptive deficits, nystagmus, and no pupillary light reflex in the left eye. despite aggressive treatment, the eagle continued t ... | 2018 | 29698076 |
| recent advances in aiv biosensors composed of nanobio hybrid material. | since the beginning of the 2000s, globalization has accelerated because of the development of transportation systems that allow for human and material exchanges throughout the world. however, this globalization has brought with it the rise of various pathogenic viral agents, such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), zika virus, and dengue virus. in particular, avian influenza virus (aiv) is highly infectious and cau ... | 2018 | 30544883 |
| cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptides inhibit zika virus through direct inactivation and interferon pathway. | zika virus (zikv) is a neurotrophic flavivirus that is able to infect pregnant women and cause fetal brain abnormalities. although there is a significant effort in identifying anti-zikv strategies, currently no vaccines or specific therapies are available to treat zikv infection. antimicrobial peptides, which are potent host defense molecules in nearly all forms of life, have been found to be effective against several types of viruses such as hiv-1 and influenza a. however, they have not been te ... | 2018 | 29706959 |
| bearing the brunt: mongolian khulan (equus hemionus hemionus) are exposed to multiple influenza a strains. | the majority of influenza a virus strains are hosted in nature by avian species in the orders of anseriformes and charadriformes. a minority of strains have been able to cross species boundaries and establish themselves in novel non-avian hosts. influenza viruses of horses, donkeys, and mules represent such successful events of avian to mammal influenza virus adaptation. mongolia has over 3 million domestic horses and is home to two wild equids, the asiatic wild ass or khulan (equus hemionus hem ... | 2020 | 32122608 |
| eco-virological preliminary study of potentially emerging pathogens in hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus) recovered at a wildlife treatment and rehabilitation center in northern italy. | the western european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus) is one of the four hedgehog species belonging to the genus erinaceus. among them, e. amurensis is extant in east asia's areas only, whereas e. europaeus, e. roumanicus and e. concolor are mainly found in europe. e. europaeus is endemically distributed from western to central and southern europe, including italy. western european hedgehogs' ecological and feeding habits, along with their high population densities, notable synanthropic attitudes, ... | 2020 | 32121543 |
| comparative pathogenicity and transmissibility of pandemic h1n1, avian h5n1, and human h7n9 influenza viruses in tree shrews. | influenza a viruses (iavs) continuously challenge the poultry industry and human health. studies of iavs are still hampered by the availability of suitable animal models. chinese tree shrews (tupaia belangeri chinensis) are closely related to primates physiologically and genetically, which make them a potential animal model for human diseases. in this study, we comprehensively evaluated infectivity and transmissibility in chinese tree shrews by using pandemic h1n1 (a/sichuan/1/2009, pdmh1n1), av ... | 2019 | 31921093 |
| the tree shrew is a promising model for the study of influenza b virus infection. | influenza b virus is a main causative pathogen of annual influenza epidemics, however, research on influenza b virus in general lags behind that on influenza a viruses, one of the important reasons is studies on influenza b viruses in animal models are limited. here we investigated the tree shrew as a potential model for influenza b virus studies. | 2019 | 31174549 |
| avian h5n1 influenza virus infection causes severe pneumonia in the northern tree shrew (tupaia belangeri). | avian-origin influenza viruses like h5n1 and h7n9 often cause severe symptoms with high mortality in humans. animal models are useful for clarification of the mechanisms of pathogenicity of these infections. in this study, to expand the potential utility of the northern tree shrew (tupaia belangeri) for influenza virus infection, we assessed the pathogenicity of h5n1 and h7n9 avian influenza viruses in tupaia. infectious virus was detected continuously from nasal, oral, tracheal, and conjunctiva ... | 2019 | 30684692 |
| tree shrew as a new animal model to study the pathogenesis of avian influenza (h9n2) virus infection. | outbreaks of avian influenza virus continue to pose threats to human health. animal models such as the mouse, ferret, and macaque are used to understand the pathogenesis of avian influenza virus infection in humans. we previously reported that the tree shrew (tupaia belangeri, family tupaiidae), which is regarded as a "low-level primate", has α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptor distributions similar to those of humans and is potentially a useful mammalian model for studying mild human inf ... | 2018 | 30301950 |
| bat lung epithelial cells show greater host species-specific innate resistance than mdck cells to human and avian influenza viruses. | with the recent discovery of novel h17n10 and h18n11 influenza viral rna in bats and report on high frequency of avian h9 seroconversion in a species of free ranging bats, an important issue to address is the extent bats are susceptible to conventional avian and human influenza a viruses. | 2018 | 29636078 |
| immune profiling of influenza-specific b- and t-cell responses in macaques using flow cytometry-based assays. | influenza remains a significant global public health burden, despite substantial annual vaccination efforts against circulating virus strains. as a result, novel vaccine approaches are needed to generate long-lasting and universal broadly cross-reactive immunity against distinct influenza virus strains and subtypes. several new vaccine candidates are currently under development and/or in clinical trials. the successful development of new vaccines requires testing in animal models, other than mic ... | 2020 | 32741011 |
| influenza-infected newborn and adult monkeys exhibit a strong primary antibody response to hemagglutinin stem. | the specificity of antibodies (abs) generated against influenza a virus (iav) infection can significantly alter protection and viral clearance. at present, the impact of age upon this process is relatively unexplored. here, we evaluated the ab response in newborn and adult african green monkeys following infection with iav using a strain that enables us to determine the immunodominance (id) hierarchy of the ab response to hemagglutinin (ha), the principal target of protective abs. this revealed ... | 2020 | 32078584 |
| efficacy of neuraminidase inhibitors against h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in a nonhuman primate model. | attention has been paid to h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) because of its heavy burden on the poultry industry and human mortality. since an influenza a virus carrying n6 neuraminidase (na) has never spread in humans, the potential for h5n6 hpaiv to cause disease in humans and the efficacy of antiviral drugs against the virus need to be urgently assessed. we used nonhuman primates to elucidate the pathogenesis of h5n6 hpaiv as well as to determine the efficacy of antiviral d ... | 2020 | 32284377 |
| low replicative fitness of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant h7n9 avian influenza a virus with r292k substitution in neuraminidase in cynomolgus macaques compared with i222t substitution. | human cases of h7n9 influenza a virus infection have been increasing since 2013. the first choice of treatment for influenza is neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nais), but there is a concern that nai-resistant viruses are selected in the presence of nais. in our previous study, an h7n9 virus carrying aa substitution of threonine (t) for isoleucine (i) at residue 222 in na (na222t, n2 numbering) and an h7n9 virus carrying aa substitution of lysine (k) for arginine (r) at residue 292 in na (na292k, ... | 2020 | 32272175 |
| efficacy of clarithromycin against h5n1 and h7n9 avian influenza a virus infection in cynomolgus monkeys. | clarithromycin (cam), a 14-membered ring macrolide, has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions and antiviral effects in seasonal influenza virus infection. we examined the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of cam against h5n1 highly pathogenic and h7n9 low pathogenic avian influenza virus infections in cynomolgus monkeys. cam suppressed h5n1 virus-induced severe signs of disease in the treated monkeys and inhibited virus propagation in tracheal samples and the production of inflammat ... | 2019 | 31421167 |
| cytokine-mediated tissue injury in non-human primate models of viral infections. | viral infections trigger robust secretion of interferons and other antiviral cytokines by infected and bystander cells, which in turn can tune the immune response and may lead to viral clearance or immune suppression. however, aberrant or unrestricted cytokine responses can damage host tissues, leading to organ dysfunction, and even death. to understand the cytokine milieu and immune responses in infected host tissues, non-human primate (nhp) models have emerged as important tools. nhp have been ... | 2018 | 30568659 |
| l226q mutation on influenza h7n9 virus hemagglutinin increases receptor-binding avidity and leads to biased antigenicity evaluation. | since the first outbreak in 2013, the influenza a (h7n9) virus has continued emerging and has caused over five epidemic waves. suspected antigenic changes of the h7n9 virus based on hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay during the fifth outbreak have prompted the update of h7n9 candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs). in this study, we comprehensively compared the serological cross-reactivities induced by the hemagglutinins (has) of the earlier cvv a/anhui/1/2013 (h7/ah13) and the updated a/guangdong/ ... | 2020 | 32796071 |
| patient-derived avian influenza a (h5n6) virus is highly pathogenic in mice but can be effectively treated by anti-influenza polyclonal antibodies. | highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n6) virus has been circulating in poultry since 2013 and causes sporadic infections and fatalities in humans. due to the re-occurrence and continuous evolution of this virus subtype, there is an urgent need to better understand the pathogenicity of the h5n6 virus and to identify effective preventative and therapeutic strategies. we established a mouse model to evaluate the virulence of h5n6 a/guangzhou/39715/2014 (h5n6/gz14), which was isolated from an infe ... | 2018 | 29899428 |
| the marmoset as an animal model of influenza: infection with a(h1n1)pdm09 and highly pathogenic a(h5n1) viruses via the conventional or tracheal spray route. | to control infectious diseases in humans, it is important to understand the pathogenicity of the infecting organism(s). although non-human primates, such as cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, have been used for influenza virus infection models, their size can limit their use in confined animal facilities. in this study, we investigated the susceptibility of marmosets to influenza viruses to assess the possibility of using these animals as a non-human primate model for influenza research. we first u ... | 2018 | 29867791 |
| a lipid/dna adjuvant-inactivated influenza virus vaccine protects rhesus macaques from uncontrolled virus replication after heterosubtypic influenza a virus challenge. | influenza a virus (iav) vaccines offer little protection from mismatched viruses with antigenically distant hemagglutinin (ha) glycoproteins. we sought to determine if a cationic lipid/dna complex (cldc) adjuvant could induce heterosubtypic protection if added to a whole inactivated iav vaccine (wiv). | 2018 | 29701840 |
| isolation and characterization of low pathogenic h7n7 avian influenza virus from a red-crowned crane in a zoo in south korea. | south korea conducts annual national surveillance programs to detect avian influenza (ai) in domestic poultry, live bird markets, and wild birds. in march 2017, an aiv was isolated from fecal samples in an outdoor aviary flight cage in a zoo in korea. | 2020 | 33167987 |
| evaluation of the immune status of birds and domestic and companion animals for the influenza a virus in eastern saudi arabia. | influenza type a virus infections are still one of the major concerns for the health of humans and various species of domestic and companion animals. wild birds play an essential role in the transmission cycle of the virus. regularly monitoring the spread of the virus is a significant step in its mitigation. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including h5n1 and h5n8, have been reported in birds in the arabian peninsula, including saudi arabia, in recent decades. this study aimed to evalu ... | 2020 | 33132612 |
| viral subpopulation screening guides in designing a high interferon inducing live attenuated influenza vaccine by targeting rare mutations in ns1 and pb2 proteins. | influenza a viruses continue to circulate among wild birds and poultry worldwide, posing constant pandemic threats to humans. effective control of emerging influenza viruses requires new broadly protective vaccines. live attenuated influenza vaccines with truncations in non-structural protein 1 (ns1) have shown broad protective efficacies in birds and mammals, which correlate with the ability to induce elevated interferon responses in the vaccinated hosts. given the extreme diversity of influenz ... | 2020 | 33115873 |
| a review of avian influenza a virus associations in synanthropic birds. | avian influenza a viruses (iav) have received significant attention due to the threat they pose to human, livestock, and wildlife health. in this review, we focus on what is known about iav dynamics in less common avian species that may play a role in trafficking iavs to poultry operations. specifically, we focus on synanthropic bird species. synanthropic species, otherwise known as peridomestic, are species that are ecologically associated with humans and anthropogenically modified landscapes, ... | 2020 | 33114239 |
| serological evidence of avian influenza virus subtype h5 and h9 in live bird market, myanmar. | avian influenza (ai), caused by alphainfluenzaviruses (aivs), is a contagious respiratory disease in birds and mammals. aivs have been reported in poultry worldwide and the impact of aivs on human health is immense. in this study, a serological survey of aiv subtype h5 and h9 was conducted in a live bird market (lbm) in yangon, myanmar during february 2016 to september 2016. a total of 621 serum samples were collected from chickens (n = 489) and ducks (n = 132) from 48 vendors in the lbm. the sa ... | 2020 | 33091862 |
| immunization with plant-derived multimeric h5 hemagglutinins protect chicken against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1. | since 2003, h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) have not only caused outbreaks in poultry but were also transmitted to humans with high mortality rates. vaccination is an efficient and economical means of increasing immunity against infections to decrease the shedding of infectious agents in immunized animals and to reduce the probability of further infections. subunit vaccines from plants are the focus of modern vaccine developments. in this study, plant-made hemagglutinin (h ... | 2020 | 33050224 |
| infectivity and pathobiology of h7n1 and h5n8 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses for pigeons (columba livia var. domestica). | avian influenza (ai) is one of the most important viral diseases in poultry, wildlife and humans. available data indicates that pigeons play a minimum role in the epidemiology of ai. however, a degree of variation exists in the susceptibility of pigeons to highly pathogenic ai viruses (hpaivs), especially since the emergence of the goose/guangdong h5 lineage. here, the pathogenesis of h5n8 hpaiv in comparison with a h7n1 hpaiv and the role of pigeons in the epidemiology of these viruses were eva ... | 2020 | 33034513 |
| cross-protection by inactivated h5 pre-pandemic vaccine seed strains against diverse goose/guangdong lineage h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) h5n1 a/goose/guangdong/1996 lineage (gs/gd) is endemic in poultry across several countries in the world, and has caused lethal, sporadic infections in humans. vaccines are important in hpai control for both poultry and in pre-pandemic preparedness in humans. this study assessed inactivated pre-pandemic vaccine strains in a one health framework, focusing on the genetic and antigenic diversity of field h5n1 gs/gd viruses from the agricultural sec ... | 2020 | 32999029 |
| analysis of the codon usage pattern of ha and na genes of h7n9 influenza a virus. | novel h7n9 influenza virus transmitted from birds to human and, since march 2013, it has caused five epidemic waves in china. although the evolution of h7n9 viruses has been investigated, the evolutionary changes associated with codon usage are still unclear. herein, the codon usage pattern of two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na), was studied to understand the evolutionary changes in relation to host, epidemic wave, and pathogenicity. both genes displayed a low co ... | 2020 | 32992529 |
| swine micrornas ssc-mir-221-3p and ssc-mir-222 restrict the cross-species infection of avian influenza virus. | avian influenza virus (aiv) can cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals. however, these species-cross transmissions are most often dead-end infections due to host restriction. current research about host restriction focuses mainly on the barriers of cell membrane, nuclear envelope, and host proteins; whether micrornas (mirnas) play a role in host restriction is largely unknown. in this study, we used porcine alveolar macrophage (pam) cells as a model to elucidate the role of mi ... | 2020 | 32907982 |
| serological evidence of avian influenza in captive wild birds in a zoo and two safari parks in bangladesh. | avian influenza (ai) is endemic and frequently causes seasonal outbreaks in winter in bangladesh due to high pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2. among avian influenza a viruses (aiv), h5, h7, and h9 subtypes have the most zoonotic potential. captive birds in zoos and safari parks are used for educational, recreational, breeding, and conservational purposes in bangladesh. to screen for aiv in captive birds to assess potential public health threat ... | 2020 | 32882787 |
| serological screening of influenza a virus antibodies in cats and dogs indicates frequent infection with different subtypes. | influenza a viruses (iavs) infect humans and a variety of other animal species. infections with some subtypes of iav were also reported in domestic cats and dogs. in addition to animal health implications, close contact between companion animals and humans also poses a potential risk of zoonotic iav infections. in this study, serum samples from different cat and dog cohorts were analyzed for iav antibodies against seven iav subtypes, using three distinctive iav-specific assays differing in iav s ... | 2020 | 32878956 |
| poultry farmer response to disease outbreaks in smallholder farming systems in southern vietnam. | avian influenza outbreaks have been occurring on smallholder poultry farms in asia for two decades. farmer responses to these outbreaks can slow down or accelerate virus transmission. we used a longitudinal survey of 53 small-scale chicken farms in southern vietnam to investigate the impact of outbreaks with disease-induced mortality on harvest rate, vaccination, and disinfection behaviors. we found that in small broiler flocks (≤16 birds/flock) the estimated probability of harvest was 56% highe ... | 2020 | 32840482 |
| influenza a virus is transmissible via aerosolized fomites. | influenza viruses are presumed, but not conclusively known, to spread among humans by several possible routes. we provide evidence of a mode of transmission seldom considered for influenza: airborne virus transport on microscopic particles called "aerosolized fomites." in the guinea pig model of influenza virus transmission, we show that the airborne particulates produced by infected animals are mainly non-respiratory in origin. surprisingly, we find that an uninfected, virus-immune guinea pig w ... | 2020 | 32811826 |
| avian influenza surveillance at the human-animal interface in lebanon, 2017. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. in lebanon, aiv h9n2 was detected in 2006 and 2010 and h5n1 was detected in 2016. | 2020 | 32794162 |
| functional neuraminidase inhibitor resistance motifs in avian influenza a(h5nx) viruses. | neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) are antiviral agents recommended worldwide to treat or prevent influenza virus infections in humans. past influenza virus pandemics seeded by zoonotic infection by avian influenza viruses (aiv) as well as the increasing number of human infections with aiv have shown the importance of having information about resistance to nais by avian nas that could cross the species barrier. in this study we introduced four nai resistance-associated mutations (n2 numbering) prev ... | 2020 | 32750468 |
| health profile of free-range wild boar (sus scrofa) subpopulations hunted in santa catarina state, brazil. | wild boars represent a potential dissemination source of important pathogens to public and animal health, since they can host several pathogens. this study aimed to evaluate the health profile of wild boars hunted for population control in the state of santa catarina (sc), south of brazil. for this study, tissue and blood samples were collected from 61 wild boars hunted from october 2017 to november 2018. all 61 serum samples were screened for antibodies by different assays, presenting the follo ... | 2020 | 32725949 |
| genetic characterization of a novel north american-origin avian influenza a (h6n5) virus isolated from bean goose of south korea in 2018. | the complex overlap in waterfowl migratory pathways across the world has established numerous occurrences of genetic reassortment and intercontinental spread of avian influenza virus (aiv) over long distances, thereby calling for huge efforts and targeted surveillance for infection control. during annual surveillance in south korea in 2018, a novel avian influenza h6n5 (k6) subtype was isolated from the fecal sample of wild bird. genomic characterization using a phylogenetic tree indicated the k ... | 2020 | 32709116 |
| immune escape adaptive mutations in the h7n9 avian influenza hemagglutinin protein increase virus replication fitness and decrease pandemic potential. | h7n9 avian influenza viruses (aivs) continue to evolve and remain a huge threat to human health and the poultry industry. previously, serially passaging the h7n9 a/anhui/1/2013 virus in the presence of homologous ferret antiserum resulted in immune escape viruses containing amino acid substitutions alanine to threonine at residues 125 (a125t) and 151 (a151t) and leucine to glutamine at residue 217 (l217q) in the hemagglutinin (ha) protein. these ha mutations have also been found in field isolate ... | 2020 | 32699084 |
| full-length genome sequences of the first h9n2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the northeast of algeria. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv) has a worldwide geographic distribution and affects poultry of different types of production. h9n2 aiv was first reported in the northeast of algeria in april 2017, following an outbreak associated with high mortality, in broiler flocks. in the present study, we report full-length genome sequences of aiv h9n2, and the detailed phylogeny and molecular genetic analyses. | 2020 | 32680533 |
| evolutionarily missing and conserved trna genes in human and avian. | viral infection heavily relies on host transfer rna (trna) for viral rna decoding. counterintuitively, not all trna species based on anticodon are matched to all 64-triplet codons during evolution. life solves this problem by cognate trna species via wobbling decoding. we found that 14 out of 64 trna genes in humans and the main avian species (chicken and duck) were parallelly missing, including 8 trna-a34nn and 6 trna-g34nn species. by analyzing the conservation of key motifs in trna genes, we ... | 2020 | 32679345 |
| transmission experiments support clade-level differences in the transmission and pathogenicity of cambodian influenza a/h5n1 viruses. | influenza a/h5n1 has circulated in asia since 2003 and is now enzootic in many countries in that region. in cambodia, the virus has circulated since 2004 and has intermittently infected humans. during this period, we have noted differences in the rate of infections in humans, potentially associated with the circulation of different viral clades. in particular, a reassortant clade 1.1.2 virus emerged in early 2013 and was associated with a dramatic increase in infections of humans (34 cases) unti ... | 2020 | 32666894 |
| irradiation by a combination of different peak-wavelength ultraviolet-light emitting diodes enhances the inactivation of influenza a viruses. | influenza a viruses (iavs) pose a serious global threat to humans and their livestock. this study aimed to determine the ideal irradiation by ultraviolet-light emitting diodes (uv-leds) for iav disinfection. we irradiated the iav h1n1 subtype with 4.8 mj/cm2 uv using eight uv-leds [peak wavelengths (wl) = 365, 310, 300, 290, 280, 270, and 260 nm)] or a mercury low pressure (lp)-uv lamp (peak wl = 254 nm). inactivation was evaluated by the infection ratio of madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells ... | 2020 | 32650492 |
| establishing a robust manufacturing platform for recombinant veterinary vaccines: an adenovirus-vector vaccine to control newcastle disease virus infections of poultry in sub-saharan africa. | developing vaccine technology platforms to respond to pandemic threats or zoonotic diseases is a worldwide high priority. the risk of infectious diseases transmitted from wildlife and domestic animals to humans makes veterinary vaccination and animal health monitoring highly relevant for the deployment of public health global policies in the context of "one world, one health" principles. sub-saharan africa is frequently impacted by outbreaks of poultry diseases such as avian influenza and newcas ... | 2020 | 32604755 |
| induction of cross-group broadly reactive antibody response by natural h7n9 avian influenza virus infection and immunization with inactivated h7n9 vaccine in chickens. | pre-existing immunity against the conserved haemagglutinin (ha) stalk underlies the elicitation of cross-group antibody induced by natural h7n9 virus infection and immunization in humans. however, whether broadly reactive antibodies can be induced by h7n9 infection and immunization in the absence of pre-existing stalk-specific immunity is unclear. in this study, antibody response induced by h7n9 virus infection and immunization with inactivated and viral-vectored h7n9 vaccines in naïve chickens ... | 2020 | 32602258 |
| seroprevalence of avian influenza in baltic common eiders (somateria mollissima) and pink-footed geese (anser brachyrhynchus). | blood plasma was collected during 2016-2018 from healthy incubating eiders (somateria molissima, n = 183) in three danish colonies, and healthy migrating pink-footed geese (anser brachyrhynchus, n = 427) at their spring roost in central norway (svalbard breeding population) and their novel flyway through the finnish baltic sea (russian breeding population). these species and flyways altogether represent terrestrial, brackish and marine ecosystems spanning from the western to the eastern and nort ... | 2020 | 32585505 |
| year‑round influenza a virus surveillance in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) reveals genetic persistence during the under‑sampled spring season. | active influenza a virus (iav) surveillance in wild waterfowl in the united states has revolved around convenience-based sampling methods, resulting in gaps in surveillance during the spring season. we conducted active iav surveillance in mallards continuously from july 2017 to july 2019 in the coastal marshes of lake erie near port clinton, ohio. we aimed to understand ecological and evolutionary dynamics of iav across multiple seasons, including the under‑sampled spring season. we collected 20 ... | 2020 | 32545281 |
| pattern recognition receptor signaling and innate responses to influenza a viruses in the mallard duck, compared to humans and chickens. | mallard ducks are a natural host and reservoir of avian influenza a viruses. while most influenza strains can replicate in mallards, the virus typically does not cause substantial disease in this host. mallards are often resistant to disease caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, while the same strains can cause severe infection in humans, chickens, and even other species of ducks, resulting in systemic spread of the virus and even death. the differences in influenza detection and ... | 2020 | 32477965 |
| bacillus subtilis spores as adjuvants against avian influenza h9n2 induce antigen-specific antibody and t cell responses in white leghorn chickens. | low-pathogenicity avian influenza h9n2 remains an endemic disease worldwide despite continuous vaccination, indicating the need for an improved vaccine strategy. bacillus subtilis (b. subtilis), a gram-positive and endospore-forming bacterium, is a non-pathogenic species that has been used in probiotic formulations for both animals and humans. the objective of the present study was to elucidate the effect of b. subtilis spores as adjuvants in chickens administered inactivated avian influenza vir ... | 2020 | 32448402 |
| a modified live bat influenza a virus-based vaccine prototype provides full protection against hpaiv h5n1. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) of subtype h5 are a major threat for poultry holdings worldwide, here especially the zoonotic asian h5n1 viruses. these hpaivs have caused more than 500 fatal spillover infections from poultry to humans, with a looming danger of a new pandemic by establishing human-to-human transmissions. besides culling measures in infected farms in endemic areas, vaccination is the major tool against hpaiv. however, the mainly used inactivated preparations hav ... | 2020 | 32435514 |
| eco-epidemiological evidence of the transmission of avian and human influenza a viruses in wild pigs in campeche, mexico. | influenza, a zoonosis caused by various influenza a virus subtypes, affects a wide range of species, including humans. pig cells express both sialyl-α-2,3-gal and sialyl-α-2,6-gal receptors, which make them susceptible to infection by avian and human viruses, respectively. to date, it is not known whether wild pigs in mexico are affected by influenza virus subtypes, nor whether this would make them a potential risk of influenza transmission to humans. in this work, 61 hogs from two municipalitie ... | 2020 | 32403268 |
| surveillance of influenza a virus subtype h5n1 in a live bird market in yangon, myanmar: 2017-2018. | a survey of influenza a viruses (iavs) in the mingalar taung nyunt live bird market (mtn-lbm), yangon, myanmar, was conducted from december 2017 to december 2018. during the survey, 455 swab samples were collected from broilers, layers, backyard chickens and ducks from the mtn-lbm. ninety-one pooled samples were screened for iavs by real-time rt-pcr specific to the m gene. positive pooled samples were individually retested for iavs. in total, 2.63% of individual samples (12/455) were positive fo ... | 2020 | 32386461 |
| co-circulation of multiple reassortant h6 subtype avian influenza viruses in wild birds in eastern china, 2016-2017. | h6 subtype influenza viruses were prevalent in domestic poultry and wild birds, which also could pose potential threat to humans. however, little is known about the prevalence of h6 subtype viruses in wild birds in eastern china, a crucial stopover or wintering site for migratory wild birds along the east asian-australasian flyway. | 2020 | 32349760 |
| antiviral properties of extracts of streptomyces sp. smu 03 isolated from the feces of elephas maximus. | actinobacteria are historically and continued to be an important source for drug discovery. the annual epidemics and periodic pandemics of humans induced by influenza a virus (iav) prompted us to develop new effective antiviral drugs with different modes of action. an actinobacterium of streptomyces sp. smu 03 was identified from the feces of elephas maximus in yunnan province, china. by employing an h5n1 pseudo-typed virus drug screening system, the anti-iav effect of the dichloromethane extrac ... | 2020 | 32330578 |
| emerging diseases of avian wildlife. | climate change and the interaction with humans and domestic species influences disease in avian wildlife. this article provides updated information on emerging disease conditions such as the spread of an asian tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, and its associated diseases among migratory birds in the eastern united states; lymphoproliferative disease virus in wild turkeys in the united states; and salmonellosis, particularly among passerines, which has zoonotic potential. in addition, it includes ... | 2020 | 32327043 |
| development and evaluation of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test for quantitative and qualitative recognition of h5 subtype of avian influenza viruses. | avian influenza viruses (aiv) affect a wide range of birds and mammals, cause severe economic damage to the poultry industry, and pose a serious threat to humans. highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpai) h5n1 were first identified in southeast asia in 1996 and spread to four continents over the following years. the viruses have caused high mortality in chickens and various bird species and deadly infections in humans. multiple conventional methods have been so far introduced for the dete ... | 2020 | 32291998 |
| using environmental sampling techniques to conduct influenza a virus surveillance in poultry and waterfowl at ohio agricultural exhibitions. | the outbreak of highly pathogenic h5nx influenza a viruses (iavs) in the united states during 2014-2015 caused devastating economic losses; therefore, several measures were established to control and eliminate highly pathogenic h5nx from u.s. poultry flocks. one such measure was a temporary ban on poultry exhibitions during 2015, and this decision dramatically affected youth raising poultry as part of agricultural education programs. during the summer of 2016, surveillance of the environment was ... | 2020 | 32267131 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 a/chicken/france/150169a/2015 presents in vitro characteristics consistent with its predicted tropism for avian species. | avian influenza a viruses are a major threat to animal and public health. since 1997, several highly pathogenic h5n1 avian viruses have been directly transmitted from poultry to humans, caused numerous human deaths, and had considerable economic impact on poultry markets. during 2015-2016, a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak occurred in southwestern france. different subtypes circulated, including the a/chicken/france/150169a/2015 h5n1 highly pathogenic virus, which did not possess the ... | 2020 | 32267129 |
| detection of h3n8 influenza a virus with multiple mammalian-adaptive mutations in a rescued grey seal (halichoerus grypus) pup. | avian influenza a viruses (iavs) in different species of seals display a spectrum of pathogenicity, from sub-clinical infection to mass mortality events. here we present an investigation of avian iav infection in a 3- to 4-month-old grey seal (halichoerus grypus) pup, rescued from st michael's mount, cornwall in 2017. the pup underwent medical treatment but died after two weeks; post-mortem examination and histology indicated sepsis as the cause of death. iav np antigen was detected by immunohis ... | 2020 | 32211197 |
| h7n9 influenza virus in china. | in early 2013, human infections caused by a novel h7n9 avian influenza virus (aiv) were first reported in china; these infections caused severe disease and death. the virus was initially low pathogenic to poultry, enabling it to spread widely in different provinces, especially in live poultry markets. importantly, the h7n9 low pathogenic aivs (lpaivs) evolved into highly pathogenic aivs (hpaivs) in the beginning of 2017, causing a greater threat to human health and devastating losses to the poul ... | 2020 | 32205415 |
| an r195k mutation in the pa-x protein increases the virulence and transmission of influenza a virus in mammalian hosts. | in the 21st century, the emergence of h7n9 and h1n1/2009 influenza viruses, originating from animals and causing severe human infections, has prompted investigations into the genetic alterations required for cross-species transmission. we previously found that replacement of the human-origin pa gene segment in avian influenza virus (aiv) could overcome barriers to cross-species transmission. recently, it was reported that the pa gene segment encodes both the pa protein and a second protein, pa-x ... | 2020 | 32161172 |
| a review of pathogens in selected baltic sea indicator species. | here we review the state-of-the-art of pathogens in select marine and terrestrial key species of the baltic sea, i.e. ringed seal (pusa hispida), harbour seal (phoca vitulina), grey seal (halichoerus grypus), harbour porpoise (phocoena phocoena), common eider (somateria mollissima), pink-footed goose (anser brachyrhynchus) and white-tailed eagle (haliaeetus albicilla). this review is the first to merge and present available information and baseline data for the fp7 bonus balthealth project: balt ... | 2020 | 32070804 |
| a broad and potent h1-specific human monoclonal antibody produced in plants prevents influenza virus infection and transmission in guinea pigs. | although seasonal influenza vaccines block most predominant influenza types and subtypes, humans still remain vulnerable to waves of seasonal and new potential pandemic influenza viruses for which no immunity may exist because of viral antigenic drift and/or shift. previously, we described a human monoclonal antibody (hmab), kpf1, which was produced in human embryonic kidney 293t cells (kpf1-hek) with broad and potent neutralizing activity against h1n1 influenza a viruses (iav) in vitro, and pro ... | 2020 | 32024281 |
| hemagglutinin-specific non-neutralizing antibody is essential for protection provided by inactivated and viral-vectored h7n9 avian influenza vaccines in chickens. | hemagglutination inhibition (hi) and virus neutralization antibody (nab) do not always correlate with the protection of h7 avian influenza vaccines in mammals and humans. the contribution of different classes of antibodies induced by h7n9 vaccines to protection is poorly characterized in chickens. in this study, antibody responses induced by both inactivated and viral-vectored h7n9 vaccines in chickens were dissected. chickens immunized with inactivated h7n9 vaccine showed 50% seroconversion rat ... | 2019 | 31998763 |
| mouse adaptation of the h9n2 avian influenza virus causes the downregulation of genes related to innate immune responses and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in mice. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses sporadically infect humans worldwide. these viruses have also contributed internal genes to h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 viruses, which have been isolated from humans with infections and are a substantial public health threat. to investigate the potential pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 virus, we performed serial lung-to-lung passage of an avirulent h9n2 avian influenza virus (a/chicken/shandong/416/2016 [sd/416]) in mice to increase the pathogenicity of this virus. ... | 2020 | 31982962 |
| quantifying within-host diversity of h5n1 influenza viruses in humans and poultry in cambodia. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) periodically cross species barriers and infect humans. the likelihood that an aiv will evolve mammalian transmissibility depends on acquiring and selecting mutations during spillover, but data from natural infection is limited. we analyze deep sequencing data from infected humans and domestic ducks in cambodia to examine how h5n1 viruses evolve during spillover. overall, viral populations in both species are predominated by low-frequency (<10%) variation shaped by ... | 2020 | 31951644 |
| reassortment and adaptive mutations of an emerging avian influenza virus h7n4 subtype in china. | human infections with avian influenza viruses including h5, h7 and h9 hemagglutinin subtypes occur at a low rate. among human infections with h7 viruses, regional outbreaks with h7n2, h7n3, h7n7 and h7n9 have been documented. early in 2018, a human infection with a novel h7n4 avian influenza virus was reported in jiangsu, china. this study is aimed at understanding the probable origin and molecular features of this emerging h7n4 virus. genomic segments encoding hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminida ... | 2020 | 31951605 |
| experimental infections and serology indicate that american white ibis (eudociumus albus) are competent reservoirs for type a influenza virus. | the american white ibis (eudocimus albus) is a nomadic wading bird common to wetland habitats in the southeastern us. in south florida, us, habitat depletion has driven many ibis to become highly urbanized. although they forage in neighborhood parks, artificial wetlands, backyards, and golf courses, the majority continue to nest in natural wetlands, often in dense, mixed species colonies. adults and juveniles commonly disperse thousands of kilometers to other breeding colonies along the gulf and ... | 2020 | 31895646 |
| continuing evolution of h6n2 influenza a virus in south african chickens and the implications for diagnosis and control. | the threat of poultry-origin h6 avian influenza viruses to human health emphasizes the importance of monitoring their evolution. south africa's h6n2 epidemic in chickens began in 2001 and two co-circulating antigenic sub-lineages of h6n2 could be distinguished from the outset. the true incidence and prevalence of h6n2 in the country has been difficult to determine, partly due to the continued use of an inactivated whole virus h6n2 vaccine and the inability to distinguish vaccinated from non-vacc ... | 2019 | 31852473 |
| highly pathogenic h5n6 avian influenza virus outbreak in pavo cristatus in jiangxi province, china. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is a persistent threat to poultry, wild birds, humans, and other mammals. the continually evolving hpai h5n6 virus has induced great losses in breeding industries in growing regions around the world. in this study, we confirmed an outbreak of the hpai h5n6 virus in captive pavo cristatus in jiangxi province, china. the causative agents h5n6 viruses were isolated and designated js01, js02, and k10. animal experiments showed that all three isolates exhibite ... | 2019 | 31851878 |
| influenza's newest trick. | influenza a viruses are important pathogens for humans and for many birds and mammals. hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are the major surface proteins of this enveloped rna virus. hemagglutinin requires proteolytic cleavage for activation, but because the viral genome does not encode its own protease, an exogenous serine protease must be provided by host cells. a novel, neuraminidase-dependent mechanism for hemagglutinin activation was described, in which a thrombin-like protease allows an influe ... | 2019 | 31822589 |
| human matriptase/st 14 proteolytically cleaves h7n9 hemagglutinin and facilitates the activation of influenza a/shanghai/2/2013 virus in cell culture. | influenza is a zoonotic disease that infects millions of people each year resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, and in turn devastating pandemics. influenza is caused by influenza viruses, including influenza a virus (iav). there are many subtypes of iav but only a few seem to be able to adapt to humans and to cause disease. in 2013, an h7n9 iav subtype emerged in china that does not cause clinical symptoms in its chicken host but leads to severe infections when transmitted into humans. ... | 2020 | 31820577 |