| impact of mutations in the hemagglutinin of h10n7 viruses isolated from seals on virus replication in avian and human cells. | wild birds are the reservoir for low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses, which are frequently transmitted to domestic birds and occasionally to mammals. in 2014, an h10n7 virus caused severe mortality in harbor seals in northeastern europe. although the hemagglutinin (ha) of this virus was closely related to h10 of avian h10n4 virus, it possessed unique nonsynonymous mutations, particularly in the ha1 subunit in or adjacent to the receptor binding domain and proteolytic cleavage site. here, the ... | 2018 | 29443887 |
| garbage management: an important risk factor for hpai-virus infection in commercial poultry flocks. | garbage management represents a potential pathway of hpai-virus infection for commercial poultry operations as multiple poultry premises may share a common trash collection service provider, trash collection site (e.g., shared dumpster for multiple premises) or disposal site (e.g., landfill). the types of potentially infectious or contaminated material disposed of in the garbage has not been previously described but is suspected to vary by poultry industry sector. a survey of representatives fro ... | 2018 | 29435454 |
| similar transmissibility of the italian h7n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and its low pathogenic avian influenza virus predecessor. | the transmissibility of the h7n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv), which caused a large epidemic in commercial poultry in italy in 1999-2000, was studied in chickens and compared with that of the low pathogenic precursor virus (lpaiv). group transmission experiments using the hpaiv were executed to estimate the infectious period (ip), the transmission parameter (β) and the basic reproduction number (r0). these estimates were then compared with those reported for the lpaiv. the est ... | 2018 | 29428086 |
| identification and characterization of influenza a viruses in selected domestic animals in kenya, 2010-2012. | influenza a virus subtypes in non-human hosts have not been characterized in kenya. we carried out influenza surveillance in selected domestic animals and compared the virus isolates with isolates obtained in humans during the same period. | 2018 | 29425232 |
| broad-spectrum neutralization of avian influenza viruses by sialylated human milk oligosaccharides: in vivo assessment of 3'-sialyllactose against h9n2 in chickens. | two sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (shmos) 3'-sialyllactose (3'-sl) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-sl) were accessed for their possible antiviral activity against six different subtypes of thirteen avian influenza (ai) viruses in vitro. 3'-sl exhibited promising antiviral activity against almost all subtypes of tested ai viruses in hemagglutination inhibition assay, whereas 6'-sl showed activity against few selected h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 subtype strains. 3'-sl has minimum inhibitory concentrati ... | 2018 | 29416087 |
| the genetic and phylogenetic analysis of a highly pathogenic influenza a h5n6 virus from a heron, southern china, 2013. | the h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have circulated within poultry in china since 2013. infections of h5n6 in wild birds were reported since 2014. in order to investigate the infection history of h5n6 in wild birds, we conducted a retrospective analysis of h5 positive wild bird samples collected in 2013, the year h5n6 was discovered in poultry. we isolated a new hpai h5n6 virus from a dead heron collected in 2013. the virus had high identity in all eight gene sequences to ... | 2018 | 29409937 |
| novel reassortant h5n6 highly pathogenic influenza a viruses in vietnamese quail outbreaks. | avian influenza a h5n6 virus is a highly contagious infectious agent that affects domestic poultry and humans in south asian countries. vietnam may be an evolutionary hotspot for influenza viruses and therefore could serve as a source of pandemic strains. in 2015, two novel reassortant h5n6 influenza viruses designated as a/quail/vietnam/cvvi01/2015 and a/quail/vietnam/cvvi03/2015 were isolated from dead quails during avian influenza outbreaks in central vietnam, and the whole genome sequences w ... | 2018 | 29406283 |
| a targeted investigation to demonstrate the freedom of west timor from hpai h5n1. | in early 2004 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus caused major outbreaks of disease in poultry in indonesia. the disease was first reported in west timor in eastern indonesia in the same year, resulting in the death of approximately one hundred chickens from both commercial and backyard farms; however no evidence of disease has subsequently been reported in west timor since 2007. a targeted survey was undertaken in 2013 in 2 districts of west timor. three hundred village and comm ... | 2018 | 29406083 |
| characterization of avian influenza h9n2 viruses isolated from ostriches (struthio camelus). | h9n2 subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) have been isolated from various species of wild birds and domestic poultry in the world, and occasionally transmitted to humans. although h9n2 aivs are seldom isolated from ostriches, seven such strains were isolated from sick ostriches in china between 2013 and 2014. sequence analysis showed several amino acid changes relating to viral adaptation in mammals were identified. the phylogenetic analyses indicated that these isolates were quadruple reassor ... | 2018 | 29396439 |
| oral immunization with a novel attenuated salmonella typhimurium encoding influenza ha, m2e and na antigens protects chickens against h7n9 infection. | attenuated salmonella strains constitute a promising technology for the development of efficient protein-based influenza vaccines. h7n9, a low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) virus, is a major public health concern and currently there are no effective vaccines against this subtype. herein, we constructed a novel attenuated salmonella typhimurium strain for the delivery and expression of h7n9 hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na) or the conserved extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (m ... | 2018 | 29391053 |
| identification, sequence analysis, and infectivity of h9n2 avian influenza viruses isolated from geese. | h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus is a great threat to the chinese poultry industry, even with annual vaccination. waterfowl can be asymptomatically infected with the h9n2 virus. in this study, three strains of the h9n2 avian influenza virus, designated a/goose/jiangsu/yz527/2011 (h9n2, gs/js/yz527/11), a/goose/jiangsu/sq119/2012 (h9n2, gs/js/sq119/12), and a/goose/jiangsu/jd564/2012 (h9n2, gs/js/jd564/12), were isolated from domestic geese. molecular characterization of the three isolates show ... | 2018 | 29366299 |
| detection of antibodies to seven priority pathogens in backyard poultry in trinidad, west indies. | backyard poultry farms in trinidad and tobago (t&t) play a vital role in providing food and income for rural communities. there is currently no information on the presence and circulation of pathogens in backyard poultry farms in t&t, and little is known in relation to the potential risks of spread of these pathogens to the commercial poultry sector. in order to address this, serum samples were collected from 41 chickens on five backyard farms taken from selected locations in trinidad. s ... | 2018 | 29361703 |
| co-circulation of influenza a h5, h7, and h9 viruses and co-infected poultry in live bird markets, cambodia. | longitudinal surveillance of 2 live bird markets in cambodia revealed year-round, high co-circulation of h5, h7, and h9 influenza viruses. we detected influenza a viruses in 51.3% of ducks and 39.6% of chickens, and co-infections, mainly by h5 and h9 viruses, in 0.8% of ducks and 4.5% of chickens. | 2018 | 29350140 |
| the molecular characteristics of avian influenza viruses (h9n2) derived from air samples in live poultry markets. | to study the molecular characteristics of h9n2-subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) isolated from air samples collected in live poultry markets (lpms) and explore their sequence identities with aivs that caused human infection. | 2018 | 29331671 |
| supplementing dietary rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis l.) powder and vitamin e in broiler chickens: evaluation of humoral immune response, lymphoid organs, and blood proteins. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis l.) powder (rp) and vitamin e (ve) at different levels on humoral immunity of broilers during a 42-day production cycle. a total of 270 1-day-old male chicks were assigned to nine groups with three replicates of ten birds each, and diets were supplemented with 0, 0.5, or 1.0% rp and 0, 100, or 200 mg/kg ve, respectively. commercial-inactivated vaccines against avian influenza (ai) and newcastle disease (nd) ... | 2018 | 29330815 |
| a large-scale study of a poultry trading network in bangladesh: implications for control and surveillance of avian influenza viruses. | since its first report in 2007, avian influenza (ai) has been endemic in bangladesh. while live poultry marketing is widespread throughout the country and known to influence ai dissemination and persistence, trading patterns have not been described. the aim of this study is to assess poultry trading practices and features of the poultry trading networks which could promote ai spread, and their potential implications for disease control and surveillance. data on poultry trading practices was coll ... | 2018 | 29329534 |
| evaluation of elisa and haemagglutination inhibition as screening tests in serosurveillance for h5/h7 avian influenza in commercial chicken flocks. | avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5 and h7 can infect poultry causing low pathogenicity (lp) ai, but these lpaivs may mutate to highly pathogenic aiv in chickens or turkeys causing high mortality, hence h5/h7 subtypes demand statutory intervention. serological surveillance in the european union provides evidence of h5/h7 aiv exposure in apparently healthy poultry. to identify the most sensitive screening method as the first step in an algorithm to provide evidence of h5/h7 aiv infection, the ... | 2018 | 29325601 |
| depopulation of caged layer hens with a compressed air foam system. | during the 2014-2015 us highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreak, 50.4 million commercial layers and turkeys were affected, resulting in economic losses of $3.3 billion. rapid depopulation of infected poultry is vital to contain and eradicate reportable diseases like hpai. the hypothesis of the experiment was that a compressed air foam (caf) system may be used as an alternative to carbon dioxide (co₂) inhalation for depopulating caged layer hens. the objective of this study was to evalu ... | 2018 | 29324639 |
| differential responses of innate immunity triggered by different subtypes of influenza a viruses in human and avian hosts. | innate immunity provides first line of defense against viral infections. the interactions between hosts and influenza a virus and the response of host innate immunity to viral infection are critical determinants for the pathogenicity or virulence of influenza a viruses. this study was designed to investigate global changes of gene expression and detailed responses of innate immune systems in human and avian hosts during the course of infection with various subtypes of influenza a viruses, using ... | 2017 | 29322931 |
| 220 mutation in the hemagglutinin of avian influenza a (h7n9) virus alters antigenicity during vaccine strain development. | since the first confirmed case of h7n9 infection was reported in china, there have been five epidemic waves of human h7n9 infections between 2013 and 2017. the fifth wave differed from the previous four waves in that highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h7n9 viruses with multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site were detected in humans, poultry and environmental samples. the hpai h7n9 viruses were genetically and antigenically distinct from previous h7n9 viruses. therefore, a new candi ... | 2018 | 29300686 |
| broadening the h5n3 vaccine immunogenicity against h5n1 virus by modification of neutralizing epitopes. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus remains to be one of the world's largest pandemic threats due to the emergence of new variants. the rapid evolution of new sub-lineages is currently the greatest challenge in vaccine development. in this study, we developed an epitope modified non-pathogenic h5n3 (a/duck/singapore/97) vaccine for broad protection against influenza h5 subtype. h5n3 hemagglutinin (ha) mutant reassortant viruses with a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8) backbone were gene ... | 2017 | 29295514 |
| screening host proteins required for bacterial adherence after h9n2 virus infection. | h9n2 subtype low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) is distributed worldwide and causes great economic losses in the poultry industry, especially when complicated with other bacterial infections. tissue damages caused by virus infection provide an opportunity for bacteria invasion, but this mechanism is not sufficient for low pathogenic strains. moreover, although h9n2 virus infection was demonstrated to promote bacterial infection in several studies, its mechanism remained unclear. in thi ... | 2018 | 29292004 |
| newcastle disease virus-based h5 influenza vaccine protects chickens from lethal challenge with a highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza virus. | since december 2014, eurasian-origin, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses including h5n1, h5n2, and h5n8 subtypes (called h5nxviruses), which belong to the h5 clade 2.3.4.4, have been detected in u.s. wild birds. subsequently, highly pathogenic h5n2 and h5n8 viruses have caused outbreaks in u.s. domestic poultry. vaccination is one of the most effective ways to control influenza outbreaks and protect animal and public health. newcastle disease virus (ndv)-based influenza vaccines have b ... | 2017 | 29263888 |
| recombinant influenza h9n2 virus with a substitution of h3 hemagglutinin transmembrane domain showed enhanced immunogenicity in mice and chicken. | in recent years, avian influenza virus h9n2 undergoing antigenic drift represents a threat to poultry farming as well as public health. current vaccines are restricted to inactivated vaccine strains and their related variants. in this study, a recombinant h9n2 (h9n2-tm) strain with a replaced h3 hemagglutinin (ha) transmembrane (tm) domain was generated. virus assembly and viral protein composition were not affected by the transmembrane domain replacement. further, the recombinant tm-replaced h9 ... | 2017 | 29263359 |
| changing geographic patterns and risk factors for avian influenza a(h7n9) infections in humans, china. | the fifth epidemic wave of avian influenza a(h7n9) virus in china during 2016-2017 demonstrated a geographic range expansion and caused more human cases than any previous wave. the factors that may explain the recent range expansion and surge in incidence remain unknown. we investigated the effect of anthropogenic, poultry, and wetland variables on all epidemic waves. poultry predictor variables became much more important in the last 2 epidemic waves than they were previously, supporting the ass ... | 2018 | 29260681 |
| surveillance of live poultry markets for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in guangxi province, southern china, from 2012-2015. | infections with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) can be mild or asymptomatic in poultry; however, in humans, lpaivs can cause severe infections and death, as demonstrated by the h7n9 and h10n8 human infection outbreaks in 2013 in china. in this study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of lpaivs at live poultry markets (lpms) in guangxi province, southern china, which is near several southeast asian countries. from january 2012 to december 2015, we collected 3,813 swab samples ... | 2017 | 29242521 |
| constitutively elevated levels of socs1 suppress innate responses in df-1 immortalised chicken fibroblast cells. | the spontaneously immortalised df-1 cell line is rapidly replacing its progenitor primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs) for studies on avian viruses such as avian influenza but no comprehensive study has as yet been reported comparing their innate immunity phenotypes. we conducted microarray analyses of df-1 and cefs, under both normal and stimulated conditions using chicken interferon-α (chifn-α) and the attenuated infectious bursal disease virus vaccine strain pbg98. we found that df-1 hav ... | 2017 | 29235573 |
| conserved peptides enhance immune efficiency of inactive vaccines against emerging avian influenza viruses in chicken. | avian influenza viruses (aivs) such as h5n1 and h7n9 are a great threat to poultry economics and public health. vaccination can effectively inhibit the spread of aiv in poultry, which is also a viable strategy for controlling virus transmission from poultry to human. adjuvants that are commonly used in current inactivated vaccines to provide stronger anti-aiv immune responses are often limited in their capacity to quantitatively induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. herein, we asses ... | 2017 | 29230639 |
| single dose of consensus hemagglutinin-based virus-like particles vaccine protects chickens against divergent h5 subtype influenza viruses. | the h5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus is one of the greatest threats to global poultry industry. to develop broadly protective h5 subunit vaccine, a recombinant consensus ha sequence (rha) was constructed and expressed in virus-like particles (rha vlps) in the baculovirus-insect cell system. the efficacy of the rha vlps vaccine with or without immunopotentiator (cvcva5) was assessed in chickens. compared to the commercial re6 or re6-cvcva5 vaccines, single dose immunizati ... | 2017 | 29230222 |
| influenza a virus subtype h9n2 infection disrupts the composition of intestinal microbiota of chickens. | the impact of low pathogenic influenza viruses such as subtype h9n2, which infect the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts of chickens, on microbial composition are not known. twenty-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were assigned to two treatment groups, control (uninfected) and h9n2-infected (challenged via the oral-nasal route). fecal genomic dna was extracted, and the v3-v4 regions of the 16s rrna gene were sequenced using the illumina miseq® platform. sequences were curated usi ... | 2018 | 29228270 |
| down-regulation of cellular protein heme oxygenase-1 inhibits proliferation of avian influenza virus h9n2 in chicken oviduct epithelial cells. | the pathogenesis of h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) infection in hens is often related to oviduct tissue damage. our previous study suggested that h9n2 aiv induces cellular apoptosis by activating reactive oxygen species (ros) accumulation and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signalling in chicken oviduct epithelial cells (coecs). heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) is an inducible enzyme that exerts protective effects against oxidative stress and activated ho-1 was recently shown to have antiviral ... | 2018 | 29219807 |
| protocatechuic acid (pca) induced a better antiviral effect by immune enhancement in spf chickens. | protocatechuic acid (pca) is an antiviral agent against avian influenza virus (aiv) and infectious bursal disease (ibd) virus, but its antiviral mechanism is unknown. in this study, we evaluated the humoral and cellular responses to pca in specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. one hundred forty 35-day-old spf chickens were randomly divided into 7 groups. the birds were inoculated with the commercial, attenuated newcastle disease virus (ndv) vaccine and then received orally with 10, 20 or 40 mg/ ... | 2017 | 29217325 |
| cell culture-based production of defective interfering particles for influenza antiviral therapy. | defective interfering particles (dips) lack an essential portion of the virus genome, but retain signals for replication and packaging, and therefore, interfere with standard virus (stv) replication. due to this property, dips can be potential antivirals. the influenza a virus dip di244, generated during propagation in chicken eggs, has been previously described as a potential candidate for influenza antiviral therapy. as a cell culture-based manufacturing process would be more suitable to fulfi ... | 2018 | 29204901 |
| characterization of whooper swan (cygnus cygnus) interferon α: prokaryotic expression, biological activities, and physicochemical characteristics. | whooper swan cygnus cygnus interferon alpha (cyifn-α) gene was amplified from genomic dna in the liver of whooper swan, which encodes a 192-amino acid protein containing a 29-amino acid signal peptide. bioinformatics analysis showed it containes 7 cysteine residues and 5 alpha helices. after expression in prokaryote, purification and renaturation, cyifn-α was analyzed on its physicochemical property and antiviral activity. in chicken embryo fibroblasts, cyifn-α exerted more superior anti-vesicul ... | 2018 | 29189090 |
| protective efficacy of combined trivalent inactivated isa 71 oil adjuvant vaccine against avian influenza virus subtypes (h9n2 and h5n1) and newcastle disease virus. | the objective of the present study was to prepare a trivalent inactivated vaccine of newcastle disease virus (ndv), h5n1, and h9n2 viruses. | 2017 | 29184367 |
| the efficacy of recombinant turkey herpesvirus vaccines targeting the h5 of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from the 2014-2015 north american outbreak. | the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in north american poultry during 2014 and 2015 demonstrated the devastating effects of the disease and highlighted the need for effective emergency vaccine prevention and control strategies targeted at currently circulating strains. this study evaluated the efficacy of experimental recombinant turkey herpesvirus vector vaccines with three different inserts targeting the hemagglutinin gene of an isolate from the recent north american influen ... | 2018 | 29180030 |
| economic impacts of avian influenza outbreaks in kerala, india. | this study assessed the short-run impact to poultry farmers, duck hatcheries, control costs, compensation paid to stakeholders (transfer payments) and market reactions on own and substitute product prices and backwater tourism (boat operators) due to avian influenza (ai) outbreaks in kuttanad region of kerala, india, during 2014. the primary data from 91 poultry farms (duck farms, broiler chicken and backyard poultry), four hatcheries and 90 backwater boat owners were collected through pre-teste ... | 2017 | 29152884 |
| h7n9 virulent mutants detected in chickens in china pose an increased threat to humans. | certain low pathogenic avian influenza viruses can mutate to highly pathogenic viruses when they circulate in domestic poultry, at which point they can cause devastating poultry diseases and severe economic damage. the h7n9 influenza viruses that emerged in 2013 in china had caused severe human infections and deaths. however, these viruses were nonlethal in poultry. it is unknown whether the h7n9 viruses can acquire additional mutations during their circulation in nature and become lethal to pou ... | 2017 | 29151586 |
| avian influenza (h7n9) viruses co-circulating among chickens, southern china. | in april 2017, three avian influenza (h7n9) viruses were isolated from chickens in southern china. each virus had different insertion points in the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin protein compared to the first identified h7n9 virus. we determined that these viruses were double or triple reassortant viruses. | 2017 | 29148388 |
| interactions between lactobacilli and chicken macrophages induce antiviral responses against avian influenza virus. | macrophages are an important cell type of the innate immune system that upon activation, can exert antiviral functions and also can induce virus-specific adaptive immune responses. macrophage interaction with certain probiotic bacteria such as lactobacilli can enhance antiviral functions of these cells. we have previously shown that administration of lactobacilli to chickens can effectively augment immune response to vaccine antigens. here, we investigated the effects of representative strains o ... | 2017 | 29132684 |
| rnalater®is a viable storage option for avian influenza sampling in logistically challenging conditions. | surveillance of wild birds is critical in monitoring for highly pathogenic avian influenza a viruses (aivs). however, a successful surveillance regime requires proper treatment of samples in the field - rapid placement of samples in -80°c and subsequent maintenance of cold-chain. given the logistical difficulties of this, many avian taxa and/or geographic locations are not sampled, or, when sampled may result in false negatives due to poor sample treatment in the field. here, we assessed the uti ... | 2018 | 29129490 |
| preparation and immunological evaluation of inactivated avian influenza virus vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. | efficacy maximization of inactivated avian influenza vaccine using safe adjuvants was investigated. chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method with average size of 150 nm and their zeta potential was 11.5 mv. after encapsulation of avian influenza vaccine, the average size was 397 nm and zeta potential was 4.29 mv. the highest hi antibody titer results were shown in chicken group vaccinated with inactivated avian influenza virus aiv-chitosan followed by the group vaccinated wi ... | 2018 | 29126666 |
| a y161f hemagglutinin substitution increases thermostability and improves yields of 2009 h1n1 influenza a virus in cells. | vaccination is the primary strategy for influenza prevention and control. however, egg-based vaccines, the predominant production platform, have several disadvantages, including the emergence of viral antigenic variants that can be induced during egg passage. these limitations have prompted the development of cell-based vaccines, which themselves are not without issue. most importantly, vaccine seed viruses often do not grow efficiently in mammalian cell lines. here we aimed to identify novel hi ... | 2018 | 29118117 |
| survivability of low pathogenic (h9n2) avian influenza virus in water in the presence of atyopsis moluccensis (bamboo shrimp). | low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) exhibits an ecological climax with the aquatic ecosystem. the most widely prevalent subtype of lpaiv is h9n2. wild aquatic birds being the natural reservoirs and ducks, the "trojan horses" for avian influenza virus (aiv), can contaminate the natural water bodies inhabited by them. the virus can persist in the contaminated water from days to years depending upon the environmental conditions. various aquatic species other than ducks can promote the pers ... | 2018 | 29115743 |
| inter-species host gene expression differences in response to human and avian influenza a virus strains. | low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses are a source of sporadic human infections and could also contribute to future pandemic outbreaks but little is known about inter-species differences in the host responses to these viruses. here, we studied host gene expression signatures of cell lines from three species (human, chicken, and canine) in response to six different viruses (h1n1/wsn, h5n2/f59, h5n2/f118, h5n2/f189, h5n3 and h9n2). comprehensive microarray probe set re-annotation and ortho ... | 2017 | 29104227 |
| identifying the genetic basis for resistance to avian influenza in commercial egg layer chickens. | two highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks have affected commercial egg production flocks in the american continent in recent years; a h7n3 outbreak in mexico in 2012 that caused 70% to 85% mortality and a h5n2 outbreak in the united states in 2015 with over 99% mortality. blood samples were obtained from survivors of each outbreak and from age and genetics matched non-affected controls. a total of 485 individuals (survivors and controls) were genotyped with a 600 k single nucleotide ... | 2017 | 29103391 |
| recombinant lactobacillus plantarum expressing ha2 antigen elicits protective immunity against h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens. | low pathogenic h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) can lead to moderate respiratory symptoms and low egg production rates in poultry. due to its immunologic suppression, other various infectious pathogens give rise to the co-infection of hosts, causing heavy economic losses in the commercial poultry industry in both china and worldwide. therefore, it is time to explore a novel, safe, and effective vaccine. we have already made use of the surface of lactobacillus plantarum to display aiv ha2 ... | 2017 | 29090342 |
| effects of supplemental chromium picolinate and chromium nanoparticles on performance and antibody titers of infectious bronchitis and avian influenza of broiler chickens under heat stress condition. | this experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels chromium picolinate (crpic) and chromium nanoparticles (nano-cr) on the performance and immune function of broilers under heat stress condition. a total of 320 ross 308 broiler chicks (from 21 to 42 days) were assigned randomly into eight treatment groups (four replicates per treatment, and 10 chicks per replicate) and be reared at either thermoneutral (21 ˚c) or heat stress (36◦c). the treatments were control (t1) gr ... | 2017 | 29085615 |
| internal gene cassette from a genotype s h9n2 avian influenza virus attenuates the pathogenicity of h5 viruses in chickens and mice. | h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) of genotype s frequently donate internal genes to facilitate the generation of novel reassortants such as h7n9, h10n8, h5n2 and h5n6 aivs, posing an enormous threat to both human health and poultry industry. however, the pathogenicity and transmission of reassortant h5 viruses with internal gene cassette of genotype s h9n2-origin in chickens and mice remain unknown. in this study, four h5 reassortants carrying the ha and na genes from different clades of h5 virus ... | 2017 | 29075244 |
| emergence and adaptation of a novel highly pathogenic h7n9 influenza virus in birds and humans from a 2013 human-infecting low-pathogenic ancestor. | since its emergence in 2013, the h7n9 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) has been circulating in domestic poultry in china, causing five waves of human infections. a novel h7n9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) variant possessing multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein was first reported in two cases of human infection in january 2017. more seriously, those novel h7n9 hpaiv variants have been transmitted and caused outbreaks on po ... | 2018 | 29070694 |
| pathogenicity and immunosuppressive potential of fowl adenovirus in specific pathogen free chickens. | to elucidate the effect of fowl adenovirus (fadv)-c in specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens, we investigated the pathogenicity, body weights, enzymatic systems, and immune organs of chickens in response to newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus subtype h9 (aiv-h9) vaccination. chickens were divided randomly into four groups, which included injection groups (fadv-c, vaccination, and fadv-c plus vaccination) and a negative control group. the results indicated that fadv-c was high ... | 2017 | 29050439 |
| airborne transmission of highly pathogenic influenza virus during processing of infected poultry. | exposure to infected poultry is a suspected cause of avian influenza (h5n1) virus infections in humans. we detected infectious droplets and aerosols during laboratory-simulated processing of asymptomatic chickens infected with human- (clades 1 and 2.2.1) and avian- (clades 1.1, 2.2, and 2.1) origin h5n1 viruses. we detected fewer airborne infectious particles in simulated processing of infected ducks. influenza virus-naive chickens and ferrets exposed to the air space in which virus-infected chi ... | 2017 | 29047426 |
| development of a multiplex probe combination-based one-step real-time reverse transcription-pcr for na subtype typing of avian influenza virus. | nine influenza virus neuraminidase (na) subtypes have been identified in poultry and wild birds. few methods are available for rapid and simple na subtyping. here we developed a multiplex probe combination-based one-step real-time reverse transcriptase pcr (rrt-pcr) to detect nine avian influenza virus na subtypes. nine primer-probe pairs were assigned to three groups based on the different fluorescent dyes of the probes (fam, hex, or texas red). each probe detected only one na subtype, without ... | 2017 | 29044197 |
| newcastle disease virus (ndv) recombinant expressing the hemagglutinin of h7n9 avian influenza virus protects chickens against ndv and highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h7n9) virus challenges. | the emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h7n9) (hpai) viruses in china pose a dual challenge to public health and poultry industry. thus h7n9 vaccines are in an urgent need. in this study, we constructed a newcastle disease virus (ndv)-vectored vaccine (rlxhaf) expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) of h7n9 virus fused with the transmembrane/cytoplasmic tail domain of the ndv fusion protein. rlxhaf stably expressed the ha protein, exhibited similar growth kinetics and pathogenicity as the par ... | 2017 | 29042201 |
| isolation and characterization of avian influenza viruses from raw poultry products illegally imported to japan by international flight passengers. | the transportation of poultry and related products for international trade contributes to transboundary pathogen spread and disease outbreaks worldwide. to prevent pathogen incursion through poultry products, many countries have regulations about animal health and poultry product quarantine. however, in japan, animal products have been illegally introduced into the country in baggage and confiscated at the airport. lately, the number of illegally imported poultry and the incursion risk of transb ... | 2017 | 29034617 |
| productive replication of avian influenza viruses in chicken endothelial cells is determined by hemagglutinin cleavability and is related to innate immune escape. | endotheliotropism is a hallmark of gallinaceous poultry infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses and a feature that distinguishes hpai from low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses. here, we used chicken aortic endothelial cells (chaec) as a novel in vitro infection model to assess the susceptibility, permissiveness, and host response of chicken endothelial cells (ec) to infections with avian influenza (ai) viruses. our data show that productive replication of ai vir ... | 2018 | 29031164 |
| depression of vaccinal immunity to marek's disease by infection with chicken infectious anemia virus. | marek's disease (md) has been occurring with increasing frequency in chickens in recent years. to our knowledge, however, there has been no report of the very virulent plus (vv+) md virus (mdv) field isolate in china. studies have shown that dual infection with immunosuppressive viruses such as chicken infectious anemia virus (ciav) occurs frequently in chickens developing md. in this study, we performed a designed set ofin vivoexperiments, which comprised five different groups of chickens, incl ... | 2017 | 29018431 |
| avian influenza h5n1 vaccination efficacy in egyptian backyard poultry. | raising backyard poultry under low biosecurity conditions is a common practice in egypt. while vaccination is routinely applied in egypt in commercial settings to curb the spread of avian influenza viruses, it remains less commonly used in backyard settings. we assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a h5n1 vaccine based on a contemporary egyptian clade 2.2.1.2 virus among turkeys, ducks, geese, and chickens raised together in a backyard setting. results showed that this vaccine e ... | 2017 | 28958814 |
| recombinant avian paramyxovirus serotypes 2, 6, and 10 as vaccine vectors for highly pathogenic avian influenza in chickens with antibodies against newcastle disease virus. | recombinant newcastle disease virus (rndv) expressing the hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv ha) induces protective immunity against hpaiv in chickens. however, the efficacy of rndv vectors is hampered when chickens are pre-immune to ndv, and most commercial chickens are routinely vaccinated against ndv. we recently showed that avian paramyxovirus serotypes 2, 6, and 10 (apmv-2, apmv-6, and apmv-10), which belong to the same genus as ndv, have low cross-reactivity wi ... | 2017 | 28957006 |
| infectious dose-dependent accumulation of live highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus in chicken skeletal muscle-implications for public health. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) of h5n1 subtype are a major global threat to poultry and public health. export of poultry products, such as chicken and duck meat, is a known source for the cross-boundary spread of hpai h5n1 viruses. humans get infected with hpai h5n1 viruses either by close contact with infected poultry or through consumption of fresh/undercooked poultry meat. skeletal muscle is the largest soft tissue in chicken that has been shown to contain virus during syst ... | 2018 | 28941132 |
| mild respiratory illness among young children caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) virus infection in dhaka, bangladesh, 2011. | in march 2011, a multidisciplinary team investigated 2 human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n1) virus infection, detected through population-based active surveillance for influenza in bangladesh, to assess transmission and contain further spread. | 2017 | 28934459 |
| efficacy of recombinant measles virus expressing highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) antigen against hpaiv infection in monkeys. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) is a serious threat not only to domestic fowls but also to humans. vaccines inducing long-lasting immunity against hpaiv are required. in the present study, we generated recombinant measles virus (mv) expressing the hemagglutinin protein of hpaiv without the multibasic site necessary for its pathogenicity in chickens using the backbone of an mv vaccine strain (rmv-ed-h5ha) or a wild-type mv-derived mutant (rmv-hl-vko-h5ha). we examined protective e ... | 2017 | 28931922 |
| a dna vaccine that targets hemagglutinin to antigen-presenting cells protects mice against h7 influenza. | zoonotic influenza h7 viral infections have a case fatality rate of about 40%. currently, no or limited human to human spread has occurred, but we may be facing a severe pandemic threat if the virus acquires the ability to transmit between humans. novel vaccines that can be rapidly produced for global distribution are urgently needed, and dna vaccines may be the only type of vaccine that allows for the speed necessary to quench an emerging pandemic. here, we constructed dna vaccines encoding the ... | 2017 | 28931687 |
| natural reassortants of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses h5n1 and h9n2 from egypt display distinct pathogenic phenotypes in experimentally infected chickens and ferrets. | the cocirculation of zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) of subtype h5n1 and avian influenza virus (aiv) of subtype h9n2 among poultry in egypt for at least 6 years should render that country a hypothetical hot spot for the emergence of reassortant, phenotypically altered viruses, yet no reassortants have been detected in egypt. the present investigations proved that reassortants of the egyptian h5n1 clade 2.2.1.2 virus and h9n2 virus of the g1-b lineage can be generated by ... | 2017 | 28931674 |
| characteristics of influenza h13n8 subtype virus firstly isolated from qinghai lake region, china. | since the highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza caused thousands of deaths of wild bird in this area in 2005, qinghai lake in china has become a hot spot for study of the influence of avian influenza to migratory wild birds. however, the ecology and evolution of low pathogenic avian influenza virus in this region are limited. this project-based avian influenza surveillance in qinghai lake region was initiated in year 2012. | 2017 | 28923071 |
| transmission and immunopathology of the avian influenza virus a/anhui/1/2013 (h7n9) human isolate in three commonly commercialized avian species. | h7n9 virus infection is a global concern, given that it can cause severe infection and mortality in humans. however, the understanding of h7n9 epidemiology, animal reservoir species and zoonotic risk remains limited. this work evaluates the pathogenicity, transmissibility and local innate immune response of three avian species harbouring different respiratory distribution of α2,6 and α2,3 sa receptors. muscovy ducks, european quails and spf chickens were intranasally inoculated with 105embryo in ... | 2017 | 28905526 |
| thermal inactivation of avian influenza virus in poultry litter as a method to decontaminate poultry houses. | removal of contaminated material from a poultry house during recovery from an avian influenza virus (aiv) outbreak is costly and labor intensive. because aiv is not environmentally stable, heating poultry houses may provide an alternative disinfection method. the objective was to determine the time necessary to inactivate aiv in poultry litter at temperatures achievable in a poultry house. low pathogenic (lp) aiv inactivation was evaluated between 10.0°-48.9°c, at ∼5.5°c intervals and highly pat ... | 2017 | 28903878 |
| characterization of influenza a viruses with polymorphism in pb2 residues 701 and 702. | the 701 and 702 positions of influenza pb2 polymerase subunit are previously shown to have roles on host range. limited polymorphisms at these two residues are identified in natural isolates, thereby limiting the study of their role in the polymerase. in this study, we generated 31 viable viruses by random mutagenesis at this region, indicating that these positions can tolerate a wide range of amino acids. these mutants demonstrated varying polymerase activities and viral replication rates in ma ... | 2017 | 28900145 |
| interaction of recombinant gallus gallus sept5 and brain proteins of h5n1-avian influenza virus-infected chickens. | septin forms a conserved family of cytoskeletal guanosine triphosphate (gtp) binding proteins that have diverse roles in protein scaffolding, vesicle trafficking, and cytokinesis. the involvement of septins in infectious viral disease pathogenesis has been demonstrated by the upregulation of sept5 protein and its mrna in brain tissues of h5n1-infected chickens, thus, providing evidence for the potential importance of this protein in the pathogenesis of neurovirulence caused by the avian influenz ... | 2017 | 28895884 |
| short- and long-term protective efficacy against clade 2.3.4.4 h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus following prime-boost vaccination in turkeys. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infections are frequently associated with systemic disease and high mortality in domestic poultry, particularly in chickens and turkeys. clade 2.3.4.4 represents a genetic cluster within the asian hpaiv h5 goose/guangdong lineage that has transmitted through migratory birds and spread throughout the world. in 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 strains entered the u.s. via the pacific flyway, reassorted with local strains of the north american lineage, and produce ... | 2017 | 28886943 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h7n9) virus, tennessee, usa, march 2017. | in march 2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h7n9) was detected at 2 poultry farms in tennessee, usa. surveillance data and genetic analyses indicated multiple introductions of low pathogenicity avian influenza virus before mutation to high pathogenicity and interfarm transmission. poultry surveillance should continue because low pathogenicity viruses circulate and spill over into commercial poultry. | 2017 | 28880836 |
| lei0258 microsatellite variability and its association with humoral and cell mediated immune responses in broiler chickens. | major histocompatibility complex (mhc) has a profound influence on disease resistance or susceptibility, productivity and important economic traits in chicken. association of the mhc with a wide range of immune responses makes it a valuable predictive factor for the disease pathogenesis and outcome. the tandem repeat lei0258 is a genetic marker which is located within the b locus of chicken mhc and strongly associated with serologically defined haplotypes. lei0258 microsatellite marker was appli ... | 2017 | 28662410 |
| development of a seroprevalence map for avian influenza in broiler chickens from comunidad valenciana, spain. | the aim of this study was to design and implement a seroprevalence map based on business intelligence for low pathogenicity notifiable avian influenza (lpnai) in broilerchickens in comunidad valenciana (spain). the software mapping tool developed for this study consisted of three main phases: data collection, data analysis and data representation. to obtain the serological data, the authors analysed 8,520 serum samples from broiler farms over three years. the data were represented on a map of co ... | 2014 | 25812218 |
| the rise in stunting in relation to avian influenza and food consumption patterns in lower egypt in comparison to upper egypt: results from 2005 and 2008 demographic and health surveys. | a 2006 avian influenza (ai) outbreak resulted in mass removal of chickens in lower egypt, which decreased the household supply of poultry. poultry, a key animal-source food, contains nutrients critical for child growth. this paper examines determinants of stunting between 2006 and 2008 in children 6 to 59 months of age within the context of the ai outbreak. | 2015 | 25884171 |
| knowledge and perceptions of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) among poultry traders in live bird markets in bali and lombok, indonesia. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) has been prevalent in indonesia since 2003 causing major losses to poultry production and human deaths. live bird markets are considered high risk areas due to the density of large numbers of mixed poultry species of unknown disease status. understanding trader knowledge and perceptions of hpai and biosecurity is critical to reducing transmission risk and controlling the disease. an interview-administered survey was conducted at 17 live bird markets on th ... | 2015 | 26430785 |
| synbiotic enhances immune responses against infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease, newcastle disease and avian influenza in broiler chickens. | increased susceptibility of birds to avian pathogens in intensive husbandry system has emphasized on necessity of improvement of innate and specific immune responses of birds by the fast establishment of a beneficial microflora and immune stimulator factors to guarantee healthy and low-price products. during this study, 192 one-day-old broiler chicks (ross-380) in four groups with three replicates per group were used to investigate effectiveness of synbiotic biomin imbo on immune responses of th ... | 2015 | 26893807 |
| antibody response and risk factors for seropositivity in backyard poultry following mass vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza and newcastle disease in indonesia. | a large-scale mass vaccination campaign was carried out in java, indonesia in an attempt to control outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in backyard flocks and commercial smallholder poultry. sero-monitoring was conducted in mass vaccination and control areas to assess the proportion of the target population with antibodies against hpai and newcastle disease (nd). there were four rounds of vaccination, and samples were collected after each round resulting in a total of 27 293 sa ... | 2015 | 25316261 |
| the effect of dietary supplementation with the natural carotenoids curcumin and lutein on broiler pigmentation and immunity. | the objective of this study was to compare the effects of supplementation with 2 carotenoids, curcumin and lutein, on pigmentation and immunity in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-stimulated broiler chicks. two hundred forty 1-d-old arbor acres broilers were randomly distributed into 3 dietary treatment groups: a basal diet without carotenoid supplementation (control), a basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg of curcumin (crm), or a basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg of lutein (ltn) for 42 d. the bi ... | 2013 | 23571326 |
| evaluation of the diving reflex in response to nonterminal submersion of white pekin ducks in water-based foam. | the mass depopulation of production birds remains an effective means of controlling fast-moving, highly infectious diseases such as avian influenza and virulent newcastle disease. water-based fire-fighting foam is a conditionally approved method of depopulating floor-reared gallinaceous poultry such as chickens and turkeys; however, ducks have physiological mechanisms that may make them more resistant to this method of depopulation. the following experiment was designed to assess the physiologic ... | 2013 | 23300308 |
| electroencephalogram-based methodology for determining unconsciousness during depopulation. | when an avian influenza or virulent newcastle disease outbreak occurs within commercial poultry, key steps involved in managing a fast-moving poultry disease can include: education; biosecurity; diagnostics and surveillance; quarantine; elimination of infected poultry through depopulation or culling, disposal, and disinfection; and decreasing host susceptibility. available mass emergency depopulation procedures include whole-house gassing, partial-house gassing, containerized gassing, and water- ... | 2012 | 23402108 |
| antibody prevalence to influenza type a in wild boar of northern ukraine. | a preliminary serological survey was carried out to assess the likelihood of influenza a (ia) infection in wild boar and begin to characterize the role of wild boar in the epidemiology of the ia virus (iav). sera collected from 120 wild boar that were hunted in 2014 were tested. to detect antibodies to ia, a blocking the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used. thirty boar were collected from each of four oblasts in the north central and northwestern regions of ukraine. antibodies aga ... | 2017 | 29135356 |
| poultry culling and campylobacteriosis reduction among humans, the netherlands. | in the netherlands in 2003, an outbreak of avian influenza in poultry resulted in extensive culling, especially of layer hens. concurrently, human campylobacteriosis cases decreased, particularly in the culling area. these observations raise the hypothesis that campylobacter spp. dissemination from poultry farms or slaughterhouses might contribute to human campylobacteriosis. | 2012 | 22377498 |
| a model for the transfer of passive immunity against newcastle disease and avian influenza in specific pathogen free chickens. | chicks possess maternally derived antibody (mda) against pathogens and vaccines previously encountered by the dams. this passive immunity is important in early life, when the immune system is immature and unable to fight off infection. on the other hand, mda can also affect the development of the immune system and interfere with vaccination against avian diseases such as newcastle disease (nd) and avian influenza (ai). the effect of mda is generally investigated by studying the progeny of vaccin ... | 2014 | 24397892 |
| avian influenza and ban on overnight poultry storage in live poultry markets, hong kong. | we analyzed ≈ 12 years of surveillance data on avian influenza in hong kong live poultry markets. a ban on keeping live poultry overnight in these markets reduced virus isolation rates by 84% in chickens (p = 0.006) and 100% (p = 0.01) in minor poultry. | 2012 | 22840782 |
| protection of commercial turkeys following inactivated or recombinant h5 vaccine application against the 2015u.s. h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | between december 2014 and june 2015, north america experienced the largest recorded foreign animal disease outbreak with over 47 million poultry dead or euthanized from viral exposure to a clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) epizootic. soon after the epizootic began, the u.s. department of agriculture (usda) began testing the efficacy of different vaccines as a possible future control strategy. the aim of these studies were to evaluate the efficacy three h5 vaccines to aid ... | 2017 | 28895870 |
| clinical and pathologic characterization of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza h7n8 in commercial turkeys in southern indiana. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) is a systemic lethal disease of poultry caused by several subtypes of influenza a virus and classified on the basis of serologic reactions to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface glycoproteins. in january 2016, a novel subtype of hpai-h7n8-was diagnosed in a commercial turkey (meleagris gallopavo) flock in southern indiana. clinical signs and history included increased mortality, dyspnea, head tremors, recumbency, and somnolent or unaware birds. postmo ... | 2017 | 28957014 |
| development and application of a sybr green real-time pcr for detection of the emerging avian leukosis virus subgroup k. | avian leukosis virus subgroup k (alv-k) is an emerging alv tumor virus of chickens. we developed a sybr green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for the rapid and economical detection of alv-k in chicken flocks. the assay was specific for alv-k and did not cross-react with other alv subgroup or avian influenza virus, newcastle disease virus, or marek's disease virus. the method was 100 times more sensitive than conventional pcr and 10 times more sensitive than the enzyme-linke ... | 2018 | 29617900 |
| a two dose immunization with an inactivated reassortant h5n2 virus protects chickens against lethal challenge with homologous 2.3.2.1 clade and heterologous 2.2 clade highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses. | the present study was aimed at generating a reassortant vaccine candidate virus with clade 2.3.2.1 hemagglutinin (ha) and its evaluation in a challenge study for protection against homologous (2.3.2.1 clade) and heterologous (2.2 clade) highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses. plasmid-based reverse genetics technique was used to rescue a 5 + 3 reassortant h5n2 strain containing the modified ha of h5n1 (clade 2.3.2.1), the neuraminidase (na) of h9n2, the matrix (m) of h5n1 and the i ... | 2018 | 29615248 |
| immunization of domestic ducks with live nonpathogenic h5n3 influenza virus prevents shedding and transmission of highly pathogenic h5n1 virus to chickens. | wild ducks are known to be able to carry avian influenza viruses over long distances and infect domestic ducks, which in their turn infect domestic chickens. therefore, prevention of virus transmission between ducks and chickens is important to control the spread of avian influenza. here we used a low pathogenic wild aquatic bird virus a/duck/moscow/4182/2010 (h5n3) for prevention of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) transmission between ducks and chickens. we first confirmed that ... | 2018 | 29614716 |
| risk for interspecies transmission of zoonotic pathogens during poultry processing and pork production in peru: a qualitative study. | interspecies transmission of pathogens is an unfrequent but naturally occurring event and human activities may favour opportunities not previously reported. reassortment of zoonotic pathogens like influenza a virus can result from these activities. recently, swine and birds have played a central role as "mixing vessels" for epidemic and pandemic events related to strains like h1n1 and h5n1. unsafe practices in poultry markets and swine farms can lead to interspecies transmission, favouring the e ... | 2018 | 29602269 |
| major contribution of the rna-binding domain of ns1 in the pathogenicity and replication potential of an avian h7n1 influenza virus in chickens. | non-structural protein ns1 of influenza a viruses harbours several determinants of pathogenicity and host-range. however it is still unclear to what extent each of its two structured domains (i.e. rna-binding domain, rbd, and effector domain, ed) contribute to its various activities. | 2018 | 29587792 |
| amino acid substitutions in low pathogenic avian influenza virus strains isolated from wild birds in korea. | wild birds are natural hosts and reservoirs for influenza a viruses. however, many species, such as many waterfowl, are asymptomatic when infected and so facilitate the generation of viral genetic diversity. mutations of key genes affect the replicability, pathogenicity, transmissibility, and antiviral resistance of influenza a viruses. in this study, we isolated avian influenza (ai) viruses from wild bird fecal samples and analyzed changes in amino acids over time and geographic region to monit ... | 2018 | 29582231 |
| low pathogenic avian influenza virus infection increases the staining intensity of kul01+ cells including macrophages yet decrease of the staining intensity of kul01+ cells using clodronate liposomes did not affect the viral genome loads in chickens. | the effect of depletion of macrophages using clodronate liposomes as well as macrophage response following viral infections have been studied in various mouse-virus infection models, but they have not been extensively studied in chickens relevant to virus infections. when we infected day 6 chickens with h4n6 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv), we observed that h4n6 lpaiv infection increased the staining intensity of kul01+ cells in trachea, lungs and duodenum of chickens at 3 days post ... | 2018 | 29571516 |
| avian viral surveillance in victoria, australia, and detection of two novel avian herpesviruses. | viruses in avian hosts can pose threats to avian health and some have zoonotic potential. hospitals that provide veterinary care for avian patients may serve as a site of exposure of other birds and human staff in the facility to these viruses. they can also provide a useful location to collect samples from avian patients in order to examine the viruses present in wild birds. this study aimed to investigate viruses of biosecurity and/or zoonotic significance in australian birds by screening samp ... | 2018 | 29570719 |
| new threats of h7n9 influenza virus: the spread and evolution of highly and low pathogenic variants with high genomic diversity in wave five. | h7n9 virus has caused five infection waves since it emerged in 2013. the highest number of human cases was seen in wave five; however, the underlying reasons have not been thoroughly elucidated. in this study, the geographical distribution, phylogeny and genetic evolution of 240 h7n9 viruses in wave five, including 35 new isolates from patients and poultry in nine provinces, were comprehensively analyzed together with strains from first four waves. geographical distribution analysis displayed th ... | 2018 | 29563296 |
| a naturally occurring deletion in the effector domain of h5n1 swine influenza virus nonstructural protein 1 regulates viral fitness and host innate immunity. | nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) of influenza a virus regulates innate immune responses via various mechanisms. we previously showed that a naturally occurring deletion (the ealqr motif) in the ns1 effector domain of an h5n1 swine-origin avian influenza virus impairs the inhibition of type i interferon (ifn) in chicken fibroblasts and attenuates virulence in chickens. here, we found that the virus bearing this deletion in its ns1 effector domain showed diminished inhibition of ifn-related cytokine ... | 2018 | 29563291 |
| comparison of the pathogenic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n6, and h5n8 viruses isolated in south korea during the 2016-2017 winter season. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5n6) and a(h5n8) virus infections resulted in the culling of more than 37 million poultry in the republic of korea during the 2016/17 winter season. here we characterize two representative viruses, a/environment/korea/w541/2016 [em/w541(h5n6)] and a/common teal/korea/w555/2017 [ct/w555(h5n8)], and evaluate their zoonotic potential in various animal models. both em/w541(h5n6) and ct /w555(h5n8) are novel reassortants derived from various gene pools of w ... | 2018 | 29535296 |
| emergence of novel reassortant h6n2 avian influenza viruses in ducks in india. | the recent reports of human infection due to h6 subtype avian influenza viruses (aiv), which are prevalent in terrestrial poultry, indicate evolution of the virus to a possible pandemic strain. here, we report antigenic and genetic characterization of two h6n2 viruses isolated from apparently healthy domestic ducks in kerala and assam, india during 2014 and 2015, respectively. hemagglutination inhibition assay revealed antigenic divergence between the two isolates, which was corroborated by amin ... | 2018 | 29530659 |
| potential mediators of in ovo delivered double stranded (ds) rna-induced innate response against low pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. | toll like receptor (tlr) 3 is a critically important innate pattern recognizing receptor that senses many viral infections. although, it has been shown that double stranded (ds) rna can be used for the stimulation of tlr3 signaling pathway in a number of host-viral infection models, it's effectiveness as an antiviral agent against low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) needs further investigation. | 2018 | 29530062 |
| very low influenza a virus prevalence in cervids in german national parks. | influenza a viruses are one of the most important and most studied pathogens in humans and domestic animals but little is known about viral prevalence in non-avian wildlife. serum samples from three free-ranging cervid species (red [ cervus elaphus], fallow [ dama dama] , and roe deer [ capreolus capreolus]) were collected from six german national parks between 2000 and 2002. the serum was tested for the presence of influenza a antibodies using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorben ... | 2018 | 29517428 |