| subdivisions of primary motor cortex based on cortico-motoneuronal cells. | we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus from single muscles of rhesus monkeys to identify cortico-motoneuronal (cm) cells in the primary motor cortex (m1) that make monosynaptic connections with motoneurons innervating shoulder, elbow, and finger muscles. we found that m1 has 2 subdivisions. a rostral region lacks cm cells and represents an "old" m1 that is the standard for many mammals. the descending commands mediated by corticospinal efferents from old m1 must use the integ ... | 2009 | 19139417 |
| economic evaluation of an oral rabies vaccination program for control of a domestic dog-coyote rabies epizootic: 1995-2006. | to conduct a benefit-cost analysis of the results of the domestic dog and coyote (ddc) oral rabies vaccine (orv) program in texas from 1995 through 2006 by use of fiscal records and relevant public health data. | 2008 | 19046031 |
| attenuation of rabies virus replication and virulence by picornavirus internal ribosome entry site elements. | gene expression of nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses is regulated at the transcriptional level and relies on the canonical 5'-end-dependent translation of capped viral mrnas. here, we have used internal ribosome entry sites (ires) from picornaviruses to control the expression level of the phosphoprotein p of the neurotropic rabies virus (rv; rhabdoviridae), which is critically required for both viral replication and escape from the host interferon response. in a dual luciferase reporter r ... | 2009 | 19073737 |
| high-level expression of rabies virus glycoprotein with the rna-based semliki forest virus expression vector. | rabies is to this date one of the most important death causing zoonotic viral diseases, with 98% of deaths reported in developing countries, where access to modern vaccines and tools for efficient diagnostic remain unaffordable. in this paper, we describe a newly engineered rna-based rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) expression vector based on the semliki forest virus (sfv) system. a recombinant sfv carrying an rna coding for rvgp (sfv-rvgp) was constructed and the rvgp expression was evaluated i ... | 2009 | 19135103 |
| genetic stability (in vivo) of the attenuated oral rabies virus vaccine sad b19. | the distribution of oral rabies vaccine baits containing replication-competent live viruses poses certain environmental safety risks; among others, the possibility of reversion to or an increase in virulence. hence, the genetic stability of the complete genome of the most widely used oral rabies vaccine virus, sad b19, was examined after four and 10 serial i.c. passages in foxes and mice, respectively. it was shown that the consensus strain of sad b19 was extremely stable in vivo. after 10 conse ... | 2009 | 19161553 |
| dual transneuronal tracing in the rat entorhinal-hippocampal circuit by intracerebral injection of recombinant rabies virus vectors. | dual transneuronal tracing is a novel viral tracing methodology which employs two recombinant viruses, each expressing a different reporter protein. peripheral injection of recombinant pseudorabies viruses has been used as a powerful method to define neurons that coordinate outputs to various peripheral targets of motor and autonomic systems. here, we assessed the feasibility of recombinants of rabies virus (rv) vector for dual transneuronal tracing in the central nervous system. first, we exami ... | 2009 | 19169410 |
| [survey on human rabies cases and its viral molecular biological features in baoshan city, yunnan province]. | to understand the epidemiological features of two rabies cases in baoshan city year 2006 and 2007 and to analyze its source of infection. | 2008 | 19173855 |
| [viral surveillance on rabies in hunan province, in 2006]. | to understand the source and distribution of rabies virus (rv) in hunan province with viral surveillance in order to provide scientific measures for prevention and control on rabies. | 2008 | 19173884 |
| first production of fluorescent anti-ribonucleoproteins conjugate for diagnostic of rabies in brazil. | the laboratory tests recommended by the world health organization for detection of rabies virus and evaluation of specific antibodies are performed with fluorescent antibodies against the virus, the ribonucleoproteins (rnps), or by monoclonal antibodies. in this study, we purified the rabies virus rnps for the production of a conjugate presenting sensibility and specificity compatible with commercial reagents. the method employed for the purification of rnps was ultracentrifugation in cesium chl ... | 2009 | 19140216 |
| molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from dogs and crab-eating foxes in northeastern brazil. | thirty-eight samples of rabies virus isolated from dogs and crab-eating foxes (cerdocyon thous) in northeastern brazil were characterized genetically by analyzing the g gene and the psi region. the results show that there are two groups of rabies virus lineages circulating among domestic and wild animals in the region. the topologies of the phylogenetic trees of the g gene and psi region are similar and reveal the existence of geographic groups. the genetic diversity of the lineages isolated fro ... | 2009 | 19185599 |
| benefit cost scenarios of potential oral rabies vaccination for skunks in california. | scenario-based analyses were computed for benefits and costs linked with hypothetical oral rabies vaccination (orv) campaigns to contain or eliminate skunk-variant rabies in skunks (mephitis mephitis) in california, usa. scenario 1 assumed baiting eight zones (43,388 km(2) total) that comprised 73% of known skunk rabies locations in the state. scenario 2 also assumed baiting these eight zones, but further assumed that added benefits would result from preventing the spread of skunk-variant rabies ... | 2009 | 19204355 |
| [reverse genetics of rabies virus and its applications]. | | 2008 | 19226958 |
| comparative analysis of hiv-1-based lentiviral vectors bearing lyssavirus glycoproteins for neuronal gene transfer. | the delivery of therapeutic genes to the central nervous system (cns) using viral vectors represents an appealing strategy for the treatment of nerve injury and disorders of the cns. important factors determining cns targeting include tropism of the viral vectors and retrograde transport of the vector particles. retrograde transport of equine anemia virus (eiav)-based lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the glycoprotein derived from the rabies virus rabera strain from peripheral muscle to spinal ... | 2009 | 19144125 |
| lagos bat virus virulence in mice inoculated by the peripheral route. | lagos bat virus (lbv) constitutes genotype (gt) 2 in the lyssavirus genus. in contrast to the gt1 lyssavirus, rabies virus (rabv), lbv was reported to have markedly reduced levels of peripheral pathogenicity. however, this opinion was based on a study of one isolate of lbv only and the reduction in pathogenicity was essentially attributed to the amino-acid substitution at position 333 of glycoprotein ectodomain. in the present study we have demonstrated that peripheral pathogenicity of represent ... | 2009 | 19144249 |
| nucleocapsid of rabies virus improve immune response of an inactivated avian influenza vaccine. | the purpose of this study was to determine if nucleocapsid of rabies virus could improve the immune response (humoral and protective) of chickens vaccinated against avian influenza with an inactivated avian influenza experimental vaccine (aiv). on the other hand, aiv with and without nc was compared with an inactivated oil emulsion avian influenza commercial vaccine (cv) virus, currently used in mexico. groups of 8 day old chickens were vaccinated intracutaneously with an aiv (group 1); group 2, ... | 2009 | 19184631 |
| response to protocol review scenario: whose watch? | | 2009 | 19229220 |
| [rabies]. | rabies is a fetal viral encephalitis caused by the rabies virus, that is mainly transmitted through the saliva of infected domestic or wild animals. rabies remains an important public health issue worldwide due to the prevalence of endemic dog rabies in developing countries. the epidemiological impact is particularly still high in asian and african countries. in contrast, in the developed countries, including japan, rabies is a re-emerging disease. the lyssaviruses (types eblv and abl) and rabie ... | 2009 | 19235463 |
| toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) plays a major role in the formation of rabies virus negri bodies. | human neurons express the innate immune response receptor, toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3). tlr3 levels are increased in pathological conditions such as brain virus infection. here, we further investigated the production, cellular localisation, and function of neuronal tlr3 during neuronotropic rabies virus (rabv) infection in human neuronal cells. following rabv infection, tlr3 is not only present in endosomes, as observed in the absence of infection, but also in detergent-resistant perinuclear inc ... | 2009 | 19247444 |
| selective vulnerability of dorsal root ganglia neurons in experimental rabies after peripheral inoculation of cvs-11 in adult mice. | the involvement of dorsal root ganglia was studied in an in vivo model of experimental rabies virus infection using the challenge virus standard (cvs-11) strain. dorsal root ganglia neurons infected with cvs in vitro show prolonged survival and few morphological changes, and are commonly used to study the infection. it has been established that after peripheral inoculation of mice with cvs the brain and spinal cord show relatively few neurodegenerative changes, but detailed studies of pathologic ... | 2009 | 19252919 |
| applying the milwaukee protocol to treat canine rabies in equatorial guinea. | in this first report of rabies in equatorial guinea, problems accompanying the application of the milwaukee protocol are described. with its apparent success, and despite a subsequent death from complications of malnutrition, we sound a note of optimism that canine as well as bat rabies may be treatable. | 2009 | 19263274 |
| evolutionary history and dynamics of dog rabies virus in western and central africa. | the burden of rabies in africa is estimated at 24,000 human deaths year(-1), almost all of which result from infection with dog rabies viruses (rabv). to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of rabv in western and central africa, 92 isolates sampled from 27 african countries over 29 years were collected and sequenced. this revealed that rabv currently circulating in dogs in this region fell into a single lineage designated 'africa 2'. a detailed analysis of the phylogeographical structure of th ... | 2009 | 19264663 |
| the rabies virus phosphoprotein synthesis and subcellular localization are modified by nerve growth factor. | rabies virus p protein participates as a regulating factor in viral transcription and replication; recent studies found an antitranscriptional and antireplicative effect of nerve growth factor (ngf) and neurotrophin-3 (nt-3) in infected neuron cultures. we investigated here the specific effect of the neurotrophins on p protein, evaluating its synthesis and subcellular distribution in adult mouse dorsal root ganglia neuron cultures infected and treated with ngf or nt-3. the results showed that ng ... | 2009 | 19283595 |
| species determination of brazilian mammals implicated in the epidemiology of rabies based on the control region of mitochondrial dna. | identification of animals that are decomposing or have been run over or burnt and cannot be visually identified is a problem in the surveillance and control of infectious diseases. many of these animals are wild and represent a valuable source of information for epidemiologic research as they may be carriers of an infectious agent. this article discusses the results obtained using a method for identifying mammals genetically by sequencing their mitochondrial dna control region. fourteen species ... | 2008 | 19287829 |
| [epidemiological profile of rabies in the northwestern region of são paulo state, from 1993 to 2007]. | the epidemiology of animal rabies in the region of araçatuba, in the northwest of são paulo state, from 1993 to 2007, is described according to the results from diagnoses made at laboratories in the region, using the fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests. out of 10,579 samples analyzed, 4.9% were positive (518/10,579). dogs accounted for 67% of the cases (346/518) and these occurred between 1993 and 1997. among the other positive samples, 16% (84/518) were in cattle and 9.7% (50/518) ... | 2009 | 19287928 |
| [antigen profile of rabies virus isolated from different species of non-hematophagous bats in the region of presidente prudente, state of são paulo]. | using the monoclonal antibody technique, the clinical and molecular virology laboratory of the institute of biomedical sciences of the university of são paulo typed 18 rabies virus samples from non-hematophagous bats of several species from the region of presidente prudente, sp, brazil. among these samples, 15 (82.3%) were defined as variant 3 (compatible with samples isolated from desmodus rotundus bats) and three (16.7%) as variant 4 (compatible with samples isolated from tadarida brasiliensis ... | 2009 | 19287929 |
| furious rabies after an atypical exposure. | | 2009 | 19296718 |
| response to protocol review scenario: complex circumstances. | | 2009 | 19229217 |
| proteomics analysis of bhk-21 cells infected with a fixed strain of rabies virus. | rabies is a neurotropic virus that causes a life threatening acute viral encephalitis. the complex relationship of rabies virus (rv) with the host leads to its replication and spreading toward the neural network, where viral pathogenic effects appeared as neuronal dysfunction. in order to better understand the molecular basis of this relationship, a proteomics study on baby hamster kidney cells infected with challenge virus standard strain of rv was performed. this cell line is an in vitro model ... | 2009 | 19322775 |
| a three-year clinical study on immunogenicity, safety, and booster response of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine administered intramuscularly or intradermally to 12- to 18-month-old thai children, concomitantly with japanese encephalitis vaccine. | after concomitant administration of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine and japanese encephalitis vaccine to toddlers, adequate rabies and japanese encephalitis virus neutralizing antibodies concentrations were demonstrated by day 49, 7 days after a booster at 1 year, and in the majorly at 3 years postvaccination. the inclusion of rabies vaccine in the expanded program on immunization should be considered in rabies endemic countries. | 2009 | 19333080 |
| [investigation of antibody levels following rabies vaccination in the subjects who were biten by animals]. | rabies is still an important public health problem in developing countries. vaccination against rabies should be initiated as soon as possible following the suspicious bite. it is not yet clear whether previously vaccinated people should be re-vaccinated in case of re-exposure to rabies virus. in this study it is aimed to determine the antibody titer in sera of vaccinated people and also to evaluate the relation between the antibody titer and number of vaccination. the study group consisted of 1 ... | 2009 | 19334389 |
| modular organization of rabies virus phosphoprotein. | a phosphoprotein (p) is found in all viruses of the mononegavirales order. these proteins form homo-oligomers, fulfil similar roles in the replication cycles of the various viruses, but differ in their length and oligomerization state. sequence alignments reveal no sequence similarity among proteins from viruses belonging to the same family. sequence analysis and experimental data show that phosphoproteins from viruses of the paramyxoviridae contain structured domains alternating with intrinsica ... | 2009 | 19341745 |
| changes to interneuron-driven striatal microcircuits in a rat model of parkinson's disease. | striatal interneurons play key roles in basal ganglia function and related disorders by modulating the activity of striatal projection neurons. here we have injected rabies virus (rv) into either the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata or the globus pallidus and took advantage of the trans-synaptic spread of rv to unequivocally identify the interneurons connected to striatonigral- or striatopallidal-projecting neurons, respectively. large numbers of rv-infected parvalbumin (pv+/rv+) and choline ... | 2009 | 19341798 |
| rabid or good neighbors? | | 2009 | 19229218 |
| neuroanatomical mapping of rabies nucleocapsid viral antigen distribution and apoptosis in pathogenesis in street dog rabies--an immunohistochemical study. | to date, there is no study from asian countries describing the pathology and topographic distribution of virulent, "street" rabies viral infection in the canine brain. in the present study, neuroanatomical distribution of rabies viral antigen in the brains of rabid street dogs, by immunohistochemical techniques is documented and the role of apoptosis in pathogenesis of rabies in natural hosts especially canines infected with street virus is studied. | 2009 | 19353843 |
| competitive elisa using a rabies glycoprotein-transformed cell line to semi-quantify rabies neutralizing-related antibodies in dogs. | dogs are the principal vectors for rabies virus transmission to humans in many parts of the world. the current "gold standard" world health organization- and office international des epizooties-recommended tests for measuring anti-rabies virus antibodies in dogs, such as the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (favn) test, requires high containment facilities and several days for results. here, we describe a new competitive elisa (c-elisa) that utilizes a cell line stably expressing the ra ... | 2009 | 19356613 |
| poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres: a potent oral delivery system to elicit systemic immune response against inactivated rabies virus. | rabies is an endemic, fatal zoonotic disease in the developing countries. oral vaccination strategies are suitable for rabies control in developing countries. studies were performed to investigate the suitability of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (plg) microspheres as an oral delivery system for beta-propiolactone inactivated concentrated rabies virus (crv). immune responses induced by encapsulated (plg+crv) and un-encapsulated inactivated rabies virus after oral and intraperitoneal route administra ... | 2009 | 19356617 |
| in vitro propagation of rabies virus in mouse dorsal root ganglia cells. | rabies virus (rv) is highly neurotropic and migrates to the neuronal soma by retrograde axonal transport from nerve terminals, after which it is taken by anterograde axonal transport to be finally released into the central nervous system (cns) from which it disseminates, resulting in lethal encephalitis. dorsal root ganglia (drg) are crucial in the initial events of the infection by rv since they can act as a gate for the viral entrance into the cns. in the present study, we examined cell tropis ... | 2009 | 19358445 |
| [cortico-basal ganglia circuits--parallel closed loops and convergent/divergent connections]. | the basal ganglia play important roles not only in motor control but also in higher cognitive functions such as reinforcement learning and procedural memory. anatomical studies on the neuronal connections between the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and thalamus have demonstrated that these nuclei and cortical areas are interconnected via independent parallel loop circuits. the association, motor, and limbic cortices project to specific domains in the striatum, which, in turn, project back to the ... | 2009 | 19378804 |
| modulating mouse innate immunity to rna viruses by expressing the bos taurus mx system. | mx proteins are interferon-induced members of the dynamin superfamily of large guanosine triphosphatases. these proteins have attracted much attention because some display antiviral activity against pathogenic rna viruses, such as members of the orthomyxoviridae, bunyaviridae, and rhabdoviridae families. among the diverse mammalian mx proteins examined so far, we have recently demonstrated in vitro that the bos taurus isoform 1 (bomx1) is endowed with exceptional anti-rabies-virus activity. this ... | 2009 | 19387858 |
| aerial distribution of onrab baits as a tactic to control rabies in raccoons and striped skunks in ontario, canada. | during august 2006 and 2007, baits containing oral rabies vaccine, live adenovirus vector, known as onrab , were aerially distributed in sw ontario, canada. bait acceptance during 2006 was 62 and 74% in raccoons (procyon lotor) in areas baited at 150 baits/km(2) and 75 and 77% in plots baited at 300 baits/km(2). during 2007, bait acceptance for raccoons ranged between 59% and 80%, and 83% and 87%, in areas baited at 75 and 400 baits/km(2), respectively. bait acceptance by skunks varied among plo ... | 2009 | 19395746 |
| animal rabies in massachusetts, 1985-2006. | in this study, we review annual rabies data from massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (mephitis ... | 2009 | 19395747 |
| response to protocol review scenario: federal oversight needed. | | 2009 | 19229219 |
| mitochondrial dna signatures at different spatial scales: from the effects of the straits of gibraltar to population structure in the meridional serotine bat (eptesicus isabellinus). | the meridional serotine bat eptesicus isabellinus is found in north africa and the iberian peninsula. we analyzed the genetic structure of e. isabellinus at two different geographic scales to reveal the historical and ecological patterns that have shaped its populations. the role of the straits of gibraltar as an isolating barrier between african and iberian populations is evaluated and the degree of genetic structure and female-mediated gene flow was assessed at a local scale between neighborin ... | 2009 | 19401715 |
| metastatic angioinvasive lymphoma (lymphomatoid granulomatosis) in a cat. | a subcutaneous mass removed from the right rear leg of a 17-year-old, spayed, female domestic shorthair cat was characterized histopathologically by granulomatous inflammation, sheets of large atypical lymphoid cells, and necrosis. the walls of the small and medium caliber blood vessels were invaded transmurally by atypical lymphoid cells. a diagnosis of angioinvasive lymphoma (ail), or lymphomatoid granulomatosis, was made based on histopathologic findings. the cat was euthanized 2 months later ... | 2009 | 19407098 |
| relaxation of purifying selection on the sad lineage of live attenuated oral vaccines for rabies virus. | analysis of patterns of nucleotide sequence diversity in wild-type rabies virus (rabv) genomes and in the sad live attenuated oral vaccine lineage was used to test for the relaxation of purifying selection in the latter and provide evidence regarding the genomic regions where such relaxation of selection occurs. the wild-type sequences showed evidence of strong past and ongoing purifying selection both on nonsynonymous sites in coding regions and on non-coding regions, particularly the start, en ... | 2009 | 19409512 |
| pathology of the spinal cord of c57bl/6j mice infected with rabies virus (cvs-11 strain). | fixed rabies viruses (cvs-11 strain) were inoculated intramuscularly to c57bl/6j mice, and the pathomorphological changes of the spinal cord including dorsal root spinal ganglion cells were investigated. at 4 days postinoculation (pi), viral antigens were first detected in the spinal neurons and dorsal root spinal ganglion cells without producing morphological changes. at 5 days pi, mild infiltration of lymphocytes was observed around the central canal, small blood vessels and leptomeninges. cel ... | 2009 | 19346700 |
| the spread of canine rabies into free state province of south africa: a molecular epidemiological characterization. | the free state (fs) province of the republic of south africa is associated with endemic rabies in the yellow mongoose, cynictis penicillata. historically, this mongoose rabies virus biotype occasionally spilled over into domestic dogs, but the canid rabies virus biotype of southern africa did not occur here, until recently. we report on the recent spread of canine rabies by means of a molecular epidemiological study that was performed on a cohort of 69 rabies viruses collected from dogs in fs pr ... | 2009 | 19428751 |
| an evaluation of two commercially available elisas and one in-house reference laboratory elisa for the determination of human anti-rabies virus antibodies. | the envelope glycoprotein g of rabies virus in vaccines induces the production of neutralizing antibodies important in the protection against the disease. the measurement of anti-envelope glycoprotein antibodies is a good predictor of the degree of humoral immunity in people during anti-rabies treatment or after vaccination. several assays exist for the serological determination of antibody protection against rabies virus infection. antibody neutralization by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibiti ... | 2009 | 19429758 |
| localization of serotoninergic neurons that participate in regulating diaphragm activity in the cat. | although a considerable body of literature indicates that serotoninergic neurons affect diaphragm activity both through direct inputs to phrenic motoneurons and multisynaptic connections involving the brainstem respiratory groups, the locations of the serotoninergic neurons that modulate breathing have not been well defined. the present study identified these neurons in cats by combining the transneuronal retrograde transport of rabies virus from the diaphragm with the immunohistochemical detect ... | 2009 | 19433074 |
| [construction and analysis of full-length cdna clone of rabies virus street strain]. | to construct a expression plasmid containing the full-length cdna of rabies virus, four overlapped fragments covering full length cdna of rabies virus street stain hn10 were cloned into pvax1 sequentially in the genome except for the g-l noncoding region which was replaced with gfp gene. the plasmid containing the full-length viral cdna was flanked by hammerhead ribozyme (hamrz) and hepatitis delta ribozyme (hdvrz) sequences and arranged under the control of the cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter. t ... | 2009 | 19437881 |
| vero cell platform in vaccine production: moving towards cell culture-based viral vaccines. | the development of cell culture systems for virus propagation has led to major advances in virus vaccine development. primary and diploid cell culture systems are now being replaced by the use of continuous cell lines (ccls). these substrates are gaining increasing acceptance from regulatory authorities as improved screening technologies remove fears regarding their potential oncogenic properties. the vero cell line is the most widely accepted ccl by regulatory authorities and has been used for ... | 2009 | 19397417 |
| use of rabies postexposure prophylaxis supplied by the alaska section of epidemiology, alaska, 2002-2007. | the aim of this study was to summarize the alaska experience in centralizing distribution of rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep). | 2009 | 19320368 |
| cerebellar inputs to intraparietal cortex areas lip and mip: functional frameworks for adaptive control of eye movements, reaching, and arm/eye/head movement coordination. | using retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus in combination with a conventional tracer (cholera toxin b), we studied simultaneously direct (thalamocortical) and polysynaptic inputs to the ventral lateral intraparietal area (lipv) and the medial intraparietal area (mip) in nonhuman primates. we found that these areas receive major disynaptic inputs from specific portions of the cerebellar nuclei, the ventral dentate (d), and ventrolateral interpositus posterior (ip). area lipv receives ... | 2010 | 19465740 |
| brain-targeting gene delivery and cellular internalization mechanisms for modified rabies virus glycoprotein rvg29 nanoparticles. | a 29 amino-acid peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg29) was exploited as a ligand for efficient brain-targeting gene delivery. rvg29 was modified on polyamidoamine dendrimers (pamam) through bifunctional peg, then complexed with dna, yielding pamam-peg-rvg29/dna nanoparticles (nps). the nps were observed to be uptaken by brain capillary endothelial cells (bcecs) through a clathrin and caveolae mediated energy-depending endocytosis. the specific cellular uptake can be inhibited ... | 2009 | 19467700 |
| rapid detection of rabies virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | in this study, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was established which can detect 10(3) copies of viral rna corresponding to approximately 5 fg of rna. rt-lamp with the phil primer set designed according to the nucleotide sequences obtained from a kyoto patient who contracted rabies in the philippines was able to amplify all 16 street viral sequences derived from the philippines. the specificity of rt-lamp products was easily confirmed by digestion with rsai ... | 2009 | 19468177 |
| human exposures to a rabid bat - montana, 2008. | on september 29, 2008, the ravalli county public health department (rcphd) notified the montana department of public health and human services (mdphhs) of a large-scale human exposure to a dead bat at an elementary school. on october 1, the bat was confirmed to be rabid, and on october 4, mdphhs requested assistance from cdc in evaluating persons for rabies exposure. of 107 persons assessed, only one person (1%) was recommended for rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep) in accordance with guidanc ... | 2009 | 19478724 |
| expression of rabies virus g protein in carrots (daucus carota). | antigens derived from various pathogens can readily be synthesized at high levels in plants in their authentic forms. such antigens administered orally can induce an immune response and, in some cases, result in protection against a subsequent challenge. we here report the expression of rabies virus g protein into carrots. the g gene was subcloned into the pucpssrabg vector and then used to transform carrot embryogenic cells by particle bombardment. the carrot cells were selected in liquid mediu ... | 2009 | 19479338 |
| feline rabies. abcd guidelines on prevention and management. | overview: rabies virus belongs to the genus lyssavirus, together with european bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2. in clinical practice, rabies virus is easily inactivated by detergent-based disinfectants. infection: rabid animals are the only source of infection. virus is shed in the saliva some days before the onset of clinical signs and transmitted through a bite or a scratch to the skin or mucous membranes. the average incubation period in cats is 2 months, but may vary from 2 weeks to several months, ... | 2009 | 19481038 |
| development and evaluation of a rapid neutralizing antibody test for rabies. | the level of virus-neutralizing antibody, which plays a crucial role in the prevention of rabies, is determined by rabies virus (rabv) neutralizing test, which are time- and cost-consuming. in order to determine the level of neutralizing antibody in vaccinees, an easy and reliable method is needed. based on the principle of immunochromatography, we developed a rapina (rapid neutralizing antibody) test to determine the presence of neutralizing antibody in serum. in the rapina test, if neutralizin ... | 2009 | 19481115 |
| immunogenicity and safety of recombinant rabies viruses used for oral vaccination of stray dogs and wildlife. | rabies is a zoonotic disease and stray dogs, wild carnivores and bats are the natural reservoirs of rabies. oral immunization with live vaccines is the only practical approach to eradicate rabies in free ranging terrestrial animals. we have developed the double glycoprotein (g) rabies virus (rv) variant spbngas-gas that has great promise to be used as a live-attenuated vaccine. oral immunization of rodents and several target animal species with this double g rv variant resulted in the induction ... | 2009 | 19486317 |
| antibody response to an eight-site intradermal rabies vaccination in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | to investigate the rabies virus neutralizing antibody response in hiv-1-infected patients with cd4+ cell count <or=200 cells/microl or >200 cells/microl after post-exposure prophylaxis using an eight-site intradermal rabies vaccination regimen. | 2009 | 19487057 |
| ecology of rabies virus exposure in colonies of brazilian free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis) at natural and man-made roosts in texas. | previous studies have investigated rabies virus (rabv) epizootiology in brazilian free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis) in natural cave roosts. however, little is known about geographic variation in rabv exposure, or if the use of man-made roosts by this species affects enzootic rabv infection dynamics within colonies. we sampled rabies viral neutralizing antibodies in bats at three bridge and three cave roosts at multiple time points during the reproductive season to investigate temporal and ... | 2010 | 19492942 |
| seroprevalence of rabies virus antibodies in bats from southern china. | members of the order chiroptera are the natural reservoirs of lyssaviruses and play an important role in the transmission of rabies to animals and humans. in this present study, the seroprevalence for rabies virus was determined for bats sampled from four southern provinces on the chinese mainland. a total of 685 bats of 8 species representing 4 families were collected from 10 sites, and were tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)-conjugated prot ... | 2010 | 19492948 |
| functional characterization of negri bodies (nbs) in rabies virus-infected cells: evidence that nbs are sites of viral transcription and replication. | rabies virus infection induces the formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that resemble negri bodies found in the cytoplasm of some infected nerve cells. we have studied the morphogenesis and the role of these negri body-like structures (nbls) during viral infection. the results indicate that these spherical structures (one or two per cell in the initial stage of infection), composed of the viral n and p proteins, grow during the virus cycle before appearing as smaller structures at late stag ... | 2009 | 19494013 |
| donor selection, retrieval and preparation of donor tissue. donor selection. | corneal transplantation safety is widely dependent on clinical donor selection. donor-to-host transmission of rabies and creutzfeldt-jakob disease is well established, and it is lethal for the recipient. taking into consideration this latter figure, contraindications to ocular tissue transplantation include not only rabies, contact with rabies virus, spongiform encephalitis, family history of spongiform encephalitis, recipients of human pituitary-derived hormones before 1987, surgery using dura ... | 2009 | 19494634 |
| genetic characterization of rabies virus isolated from cattle between 1997 and 2002 in an epizootic area in the state of são paulo, brazil. | the biogeographical history of rabies can be reconstructed using molecular data. this work describes the genetic characterization of the rabies virus variant that circulates in the desmodus rotundus (vampire bat) population in an epizootic area and is transmitted to herbivorous livestock. the n and g genes of this virus were sequenced, and the phylogenetic trees generated were topologically concordant. three genetic clusters were identified in the epizootic area and were designated rd1, rd2 and ... | 2009 | 19442690 |
| a novel animal-component-free medium for rabies virus production in vero cells grown on cytodex 1 microcarriers in a stirred bioreactor. | vero cells growth and rabies production in ipt-af medium, a property animal-component-free medium are described in this work. kinetics of cell growth and rabies virus (strain lp 2061) production were first conducted in spinner flasks. over eight independent experiments, vero cell growth in ipt-af medium, on 2 g/l cytodex 1 was consistent. an average cd (cell division number) of 3.3+/-0.4 and a specific growth rate micro of 0.017+/-0.006 h(-1) were achieved. such performances were comparable to t ... | 2009 | 19521697 |
| rabies in ferret badgers, southeastern china. | ferret badger-associated human rabies cases emerged in china in 1994. we used a retrospective epidemiologic survey, virus isolation, laboratory diagnosis, and nucleotide sequencing to document its reemergence in 2002-2008. whether the cause is spillover from infected dogs or recent host shift and new reservoir establishment requires further investigation. | 2009 | 19523299 |
| sindbis virus replicon-based dna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein elicits specific humoral and cellular immune response in dogs. | a sindbis virus (sinv) replicon-based dna vaccine encoding rabies virus (rabv) glycoprotein g developed previously (saxena et al., vaccine 26, 6592, 2008) was used for immunization of dogs against rabies. the intradermal injection of dna vaccine into external ear generated protective level of virus neutralizing antibodies. the cellular immune response was specific to rabv, in particular by an increase in cd3+cd4+ and cd3+cd8+ lymphocytes. this study has demonstrated that the sinv replicon-based ... | 2009 | 19537908 |
| intravenous inoculation of a bat-associated rabies virus causes lethal encephalopathy in mice through invasion of the brain via neurosecretory hypothalamic fibers. | the majority of rabies virus (rv) infections are caused by bites or scratches from rabid carnivores or bats. usually, rv utilizes the retrograde transport within the neuronal network to spread from the infection site to the central nervous system (cns) where it replicates in neuronal somata and infects other neurons via trans-synaptic spread. we speculate that in addition to the neuronal transport of the virus, hematogenous spread from the site of infection directly to the brain after accidental ... | 2009 | 19543379 |
| molecular characterization of the complete genome of a street rabies virus isolated in china. | in this study, the complete genomic sequence of a rabies virus isolate hn10, recovered from brain tissue of a rabid patient in china, was determined. this is the first chinese street isolate that has been fully characterized. the overall organization of this virus is typical of that observed for all other rabies viruses. alignments of amino acid sequences of the phosphoprotein, glycoprotein and large protein of hn10 with those of other rabies viruses were used to examine the extent of conservati ... | 2009 | 19463716 |
| update on rabies diagnosis and treatment. | the diagnosis of rabies depends on recognizing the clinical picture, because a history of an animal bite may be present or absent. laboratory tests, particularly when based on detection of rabies virus antigen or rna in tissues or fluids, often confirm the diagnosis. negative laboratory tests do not exclude the diagnosis unless they are performed on brain tissues. preventive therapy, including wound cleansing and active and passive immunization after a recognized exposure, is well established an ... | 2009 | 19545499 |
| genetic analysis of four human rabies cases reported in turkey between 2002 and 2006. | rabies remains endemic in many regions of turkey. as a consequence, humans are at risk of this fatal disease through encounters with rabid animals. the present study describes four recent cases of rabies in humans. subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the rabies virus isolates obtained from each case demonstrates the distinct geographical distribution of rabies virus variants within turkey. the study suggests that rabies virus translocation has occurred across turkey and might be the source of th ... | 2009 | 19549224 |
| development of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods for human rabies diagnosis. | to improve timely ante-mortem human rabies diagnosis, methods to detect viral rna by taqman-based quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (qrt-pcrs) have been developed. three sets of two primers and one internal dual-labeled probe for each primer set that target distinct conserved regions of the rabies virus n gene were designed and evaluated. using a collection of 203 isolates representative of the world-wide diversity of rabies virus, all three primers/probe sets were sh ... | 2009 | 19551825 |
| phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene of dog rabies virus isolates from southern india. | india like several other south east asian and african countries continues to face the public health and economic problems associated with the disease. our objective was to perform a limited sequence analysis of a portion of nucleoprotein gene of 22 rabies virus isolates obtained from domestic animals in southern india during 2004-2005. these isolates were compared with rabies virus isolates originating from asia, europe, africa and north america. the phylogenetic analysis showed that rv isolates ... | 2009 | 19428313 |
| [establishment of a fluorescent quantitative pcr detection method for rabies virus and preparation of rna positive controls]. | establish the fluorescent quantitative rt-pcr detection method for rabies virus (rv) and construct rnase-resistant virus-like particles as positive controls. | 2008 | 19544660 |
| rabies immune status of dogs brought into the hyogo prefecture animal well-being center, japan. | stray dogs are a public health risk factor when canine rabies is endemic. the rabies prevention law has introduced measures to control stray dogs, but many dogs are still captured in japan. in order to estimate the immune status of stray dogs for the purposes of risk management, we conducted a serological survey at the hyogo prefecture animal well-being center. only 27.7% of dogs brought into the center (n=166) had protective immune status. this result suggests that there is the potential for re ... | 2009 | 19578297 |
| concepts in the pathogenesis of rabies. | rabies is a zoonotic disease that remains an important public health problem worldwide and causes more than 70,000 human deaths each year. the causative agent of rabies is rabies virus (rv), a negative-stranded rna virus of the rhabdovirus family. neuroinvasiveness and neurotropism are the main features that define the pathogenesis of rabies. although rv pathogenicity is a multigenic trait involving several elements of the rv genome, the rv glycoprotein plays a major role in rv pathogenesis by c ... | 2008 | 19578477 |
| effective preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis of rabies with a highly attenuated recombinant rabies virus. | rabies remains an important public health problem with more than 95% of all human rabies cases caused by exposure to rabid dogs in areas where effective, inexpensive vaccines are unavailable. because of their ability to induce strong innate and adaptive immune responses capable of clearing the infection from the cns after a single immunization, live-attenuated rabies virus (rv) vaccines could be particularly useful not only for the global eradication of canine rabies but also for late-stage rabi ... | 2009 | 19581599 |
| serological detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus using an indirect elisa based on antigenic site g1 expressed in pichia pastoris. | an indirect elisa for the serological detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) infection in cattle is described in which a glycosylated protein of approximately 25 kda (including the g1 antigenic site of the virus glycoprotein) expressed in pichia pastoris gs115 was used as the coating antigen. the optimal concentration of coated antigen was 0.3 microg/well at a serum dilution of 1:40. the optimal positive threshold value of the assay was 1.88, as derived from receiver operating characte ... | 2010 | 19586786 |
| factors associated with rabid animals since the introduction of raccoon rabies variant in massachusetts, 1992-2007. | rabies virus has been identified in 26 animal species since the introduction of the raccoon rabies variant (rrv) into the commonwealth of massachusetts in 1992. this study used data from 47,162 testable specimens, including 4538 (9.62%) rabid animals, to produce a multi-categorical logistic regression model to identify factors associated with a positive rabies laboratory test. the model was adjusted by the animal type and animal species, using the least tested and the least found rabid animal sp ... | 2010 | 19589059 |
| imported human rabies--california, 2008. | compared with rabies in developing countries, human rabies is rare in the united states, but animal rabies is common. in the united states, most human rabies cases are associated with rabid bats, whereas in developing countries, dogs are the most common reservoir and vector species. in march 2008, a case of imported human rabies in a recently arrived, undocumented mexican immigrant was laboratory confirmed by public health officials in california. the rabies virus isolated from the patient was a ... | 2009 | 19590490 |
| peptide mimotopes of rabies virus glycoprotein with immunogenic activity. | a random constrained hexapeptide phage display library (cys-6aa-cys) was screened with purified neutralizing human anti-rabies virus igg antibodies (hrabvigg) to identify peptides that correspond to or mimic natural epitopes on rabies virus glycoprotein (rabvg) and to investigate their immunogenicities in vivo. after four rounds of biopanning, 20 phage clones randomly selected for their specificity to hrabvigg, effectively blocked the binding of the inactive rabies virus (rabv) to hrabvigg. the ... | 2009 | 19520204 |
| rabies virus glycoprotein expression in drosophila s2 cells. i: design of expression/selection vectors, subpopulations selection and influence of sodium butyrate and culture medium on protein expression. | the cdna encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgp) gene was cloned in expression plasmids under the control of the inductive metallothionein promoter. they were designed in order to bear or not a secretion signal (i) and a cdna coding for the selection hygromycin. these vectors were transfected into s2 cells, cell populations selected and subpopulations were then obtained by reselection with hygromycin. cell cultures were examined for kinetics of cell growth, detection of rvgp mrna and expre ... | 2009 | 19615415 |
| naturally occurring and synthetic peptides acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. | nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) are pentameric membrane-bound proteins belonging to the large family of ligand-gated ion channels. nachrs possess various binding sites which interact with compounds of different chemical nature, including peptides. historically first peptides found to act on nachr were synthetic fragments of snake alpha-neurotoxins, competitive receptor antagonists. later it was shown that fragments of glycoprotein from rabies virus, having homology to alpha-neurotoxin ... | 2009 | 19601841 |
| rabies virus dissemination in neural tissues of autopsy cases due to rabies imported into japan from the philippines: immunohistochemistry. | two japanese men, 65 and 69 years old, developed rabies in japan around 2-3 months after dog-bite exposure in the philippines. laboratory diagnosis of rabies was made following the detection of rabies virus genome on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from saliva, and on immunohistochemistry of a nuchal skin punch biopsy in one case. the patients died 9 and 19 days after clinical onset. at autopsy, no macroscopic changes in the cns were observed. histopathology indicated that eosino ... | 2009 | 19627539 |
| phylogenetic analysis of rabies viruses from sudan provides evidence of a viral clade with a unique molecular signature. | rabies is endemic in sudan and remains a continual threat to public health as transmission to humans is principally dog-mediated. additionally, large-scale losses of livestock occur each year causing economic and social dilemmas. in this study, we analysed a cohort of 143 rabies viruses circulating in sudan collected from 10 different animal species between 1992 and 2006. partial nucleoprotein sequence data (400 bp) were obtained and compared to available sequence data of african classical rabie ... | 2009 | 19628013 |
| 1h, 13c and 15n resonance assignments of the pdz of microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase 205 (mast205) in complex with the c-terminal motif from the rabies virus glycoprotein. | most of microbes hijack the cellular machinery to their advantage by interacting with specific target of the host cell. glycoprotein of rabies virus is a key factor controlling the homeostasis of infected neuronal cells and proteins belonging to the human microtubule associated serine threonine kinase family have been identified as potential cellular partners. as a first step towards its structural study, we have assigned the backbone and side chain nuclei resonances of the pdz domain (psd-95, d ... | 2009 | 19636944 |
| [development and evaluation of taqman-based one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of japanese encephalitis virus]. | to establish a taqman based real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay for the detection of japanese encephalitis virus. | 2009 | 19642386 |
| inhibition of rabies virus replication by multiple artificial micrornas. | the rna interference (rnai) technology has been recognized as a promising antiviral therapy for a few years. one of the potential limitations for applying this technology against wild type rabies virus is its high rate of genetic variation. recently, an rnai vector system that incorporated modified dsrna within microrna structure [or artificial mirnas(amirnas)] has been described. this allowed expression of multiple amirnas of single or multiple targets from a single construct. in this study, we ... | 2009 | 19646485 |
| emerging viral infections of the central nervous system: part 1. | in this 2-part review, i will focus on emerging virus infections of the central nervous system (cns). part 1 will introduce the basic features of emerging infections, including their definition, epidemiology, and the frequency of cns involvement. important mechanisms of emergence will be reviewed, including viruses spreading into new host ranges as exemplified by west nile virus (wnv), japanese encephalitis (je) virus, toscana virus, and enterovirus 71 (ev71). emerging infections also result fro ... | 2009 | 19667214 |
| efficient knockdown of human prnp mrna expression levels using hybrid hammerhead ribozymes. | prion diseases are invariably fatal infectious diseases of the central nervous system. the prion protein has been identified as the underlying causative agent as prp knockout mice (prnp(0/0)) are resistant to infection. this suggests that a significant reduction in the expression levels of prp(c) should interrupt disease progression. accomplishing this in vivo, upon presentation of symptoms, requires a mechanism that significantly reduces prnp mrna levels while lacking potential side effects tha ... | 2009 | 19697238 |
| safety studies on an adenovirus recombinant vaccine for rabies (adrg1.3-onrab) in target and non-target species. | a replication-competent human adenovirus vector in which the rabies virus glycoprotein gene was inserted (adrg1.3-onrab) was given by direct instillation into the oral cavity to representatives of three wildlife vector species of concern in ontario (red fox, raccoon and striped skunk) and to a variety of non-target wildlife species, domestic and laboratory species. despite use of a relatively high dose of vaccine, no untoward clinical signs were observed. subsequent to vaccine exposure, detectio ... | 2009 | 19698811 |
| nomenclature and guideline to express the amount of a membrane protein synthesized in animal cells in view of bioprocess optimization and production monitoring. | studies of a bioprocess optimization and monitoring for protein synthesis in animal cells face a challenge on how to express in quantitative terms the system performance. it is possible to have a panel of calculated variables that fits more or less appropriately the intended goal. each mathematical expression approach translates different quantitative aspects. we can basically separate them into two categories: those used for the evaluation of cell physiology in terms of product synthesis, which ... | 2010 | 19699109 |
| complete genome analysis of a rabies virus isolate from brazilian wild fox. | the complete genome sequence of wild-type rabies virus (rabv) isolated from a wild brazilian hoary fox (dusicyon sp.), the br-pfx1 isolate, was determined and compared with fixed rabv strains. the genome structure and organization of the br-pfx1 isolate were composed of 11,924 nt and included the five standard genes of rhabdoviruses. sequences of mrna start and stop signals for transcription were highly conserved among all structural protein genes of the br-pfx1 isolate. all amino acid residues ... | 2009 | 19701711 |
| peptides that mimic the amino-terminal end of the rabies virus phosphoprotein have antiviral activity. | we wanted to develop a therapeutic approach against rabies disease by targeting the lyssavirus transcription/replication complex. because this complex (nucleoprotein n-rna template processed by the l polymerase and its cofactor, the phosphoprotein p) is similar to that of other negative-strand rna viruses, we aimed to design broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that could be used as a complement to postexposure vaccination and immunotherapy. recent progress in understanding the structure/function of t ... | 2009 | 19706704 |
| rhabdovirus evasion of the interferon system. | the family rhabdoviridae contains important pathogens of humans, livestock, and crops, including the insect-transmitted vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and the neurotropic rabies virus (rv), which is directly transmitted between mammals. in spite of a highly similar organization of rna genomes, proteins, and virus particles, cell biology of vsv and rv is divergent in several aspects, particularly with respect to their interplay with the cellular host defense. while infection with both rhabdovir ... | 2009 | 19715459 |
| role of chemokines in the enhancement of bbb permeability and inflammatory infiltration after rabies virus infection. | induction of innate immunity, particularly through the induction of interferon and chemokines, by rabies virus (rabv) infection has been reported to be inversely correlated with pathogenicity. to further investigate the association between the expression of chemokines and rabv infection, laboratory-attenuated rabv (b2c) and wild-type (wt) rabv (drv) were administered to balb/c mice intramuscularly. chemokine expression, inflammatory cell infiltration, and blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability w ... | 2009 | 19720239 |
| [new animal hosts of rabies virus in mountain areas in zhejiang province]. | to understand the prevalence of rabies among wild animals and the animal species in rabies epidemic areas of zhejiang province. | 2009 | 19731524 |
| posterior parietal cortex areas mip and lipv receive eye position and velocity inputs via ascending preposito-thalamo-cortical pathways. | neuronal activity encoding eye position and gaze signals participates in updating the spatial representations found in the posterior parietal cortex and is necessary for spatial accuracy in goal-directed movements. using retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus in combination with a conventional tracer, we studied direct and polysynaptic inputs to the ventral lateral intraparietal area (lipv) and medial intraparietal area (mip) in non-human primates, to identify possible sources of eye ... | 2009 | 19735295 |