| identification of genes involved in pyrethroid-, propoxur-, and dichlorvos- insecticides resistance in the mosquitoes, culex pipiens complex (diptera: culicidae). | culex pipiens pallens and cx. p. quinquefasciatus are important vectors of many diseases, such as west nile fever and lymphatic filariasis. the widespread use of insecticides to control these disease vectors and other insect pests has led to insecticide resistance becoming common in these species. in this study, high throughout illumina sequencing was used to identify hundreds of cx. p. pallens and cx. p. quinquefasciatus genes that were differentially expressed in response to insecticide exposu ... | 2016 | 26802491 |
| complete genomic and ultrastructural analysis of a nam dinh virus isolated from culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in china. | the nam dinh virus (ndiv) was isolated from culex quinquefasciatus in shenzhen, china, for the first time, in 2011. in this study, we characterized the ultrastructure of ndiv, determined its complete genome sequence and made comparisons with other known nidoviruses. electron microscopic observation revealed that the ndiv strain isolated in china produced viral nucleocapsid-like particles and vesicles in host cells. the extracellular virions were enveloped and were spherical with short spikes. th ... | 2017 | 28325899 |
| scanning electron microscopy of the four larval instars of the lymphatic filariasis vector culex quinquefasciatus (say) (diptera: culicidae). | since culex pipiens quinquefasciatus is the main vector of lymphatic filariasis in tropics and subtropics, the identification and quantification of this mosquito is an important task. scanning electron microscopy reveals that morphological changes during larval development as the number of comb scale varies greatly and their complexity increases from first to the fourth instar. also, their structures are more complex with a varying number of subapical denticles. the amount of pecten shows modifi ... | 2013 | 23512029 |
| experimental infections of mosquitoes with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. | severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) is a newly identified emerging infectious disease, which is caused by a novel bunyavirus (termed sftsv) in asia. although mosquitoes have not been identified as the primary vectors, as revealed by epidemiological surveys, their role in transmitting this sftsv as a suspicious vector has not been validated. | 2017 | 28569189 |
| molecular approaches for blood meal analysis and species identification of mosquitoes (insecta: diptera: culicidae) in rural locations in southern england, united kingdom. | thirty-four species of culicidae are present in the uk, of which 15 have been implicated as potential vectors of arthropod-borne viruses such as west nile virus. identification of mosquito feeding preferences is paramount to the understanding of vector-host-pathogen interactions which, in turn, would assist in the control of disease outbreaks. results are presented on the application of dna barcoding for vertebrate species identification in blood-fed female mosquitoes in rural locations. blood-f ... | 2017 | 28610033 |
| outbreak and cocirculation of three different usutu virus strains in eastern germany. | usutu virus (usuv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus accounting for large-scale deaths in resident bird populations. in this study, we show the introduction of usuv to eastern germany resulting in massive death of birds, particularly blackbirds (turdus merula). we found that three diverse usuv lineages ("europe 3," "africa 2," and "africa 3-like") circulated simultaneously. moreover, we detected usuv in culex pipiens in a region where no dead birds were reported, strengthening the need for mosquito ... | 2017 | 28816628 |
| mosquito microbiome dynamics, a background for prevalence and seasonality of west nile virus. | symbiotic microbial communities augment host phenotype, including defense against pathogen carriage and infection. we sampled the microbial communities in 11 adult mosquito host species from six regions in southern ontario, canada over 3 years. of the factors examined, we found that mosquito species was the largest driver of the microbiota, with remarkable phylosymbiosis between host and microbiota. seasonal shifts of the microbiome were consistently repeated over the 3-year period, while region ... | 2017 | 28421042 |
| cry46ab from bacillus thuringiensis tk-e6 is a new mosquitocidal toxin with aerolysin-type architecture. | cry46ab is a cry toxin derived from bacillus thuringiensis tk-e6. cry46ab is not significantly homologous to other mosquitocidal cry or cyt toxins and is classified as an aerolysin-type pore-forming toxin based on structural similarity. in this study, the potency of cry46ab was assessed for its potential application to mosquito control. a synthetic cry46ab gene, cry46ab-s1, was designed to produce recombinant cry46ab as a glutathione-s-transferase fusion in escherichia coli. recombinant cry46ab ... | 2017 | 28676354 |
| [larvicidal activity of recombinant escherichia coli expressing scorpion neurotoxin aait or b.t.i toxin cyt2ba against mosquito larvae and formulations for enhancing the effects]. | to assess the larvicidal effects of recombinant escherichia coli expressing scorpion neurotoxin aait or bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis (b.t.i) toxin cyt2ba against the second instar larvae of culex pipiensquinquefasciatus and aedes albopictus and compare different formulations for their larvicidal effects. | 2017 | 28669947 |
| [arboviruses also have an american dream]. | some arboviruses that originated in the old world have been introduced by humans into the american continent. the first of them was the yellow fever virus, coming from the west african coast with slaves in the 17th-19th centuries, followed by dengue viruses, which were always prevalent within the americas. next was thewest nile virus, introduced in new york in 1999, that spread in only a few years over the whole continent. then, chikungunya virus arrived on saint martin island in 2013 after its ... | 2017 | 28509947 |
| west nile virus lineage-2 in culex specimens from iran. | screening of mosquitoes for viruses is an important forecasting tool for emerging and re-emerging arboviruses. iran has been known to harbour medically important arboviruses such as west nile virus (wnv) and dengue virus (denv) based on seroepidemiological data. however, there are no data about the potential mosquito vectors for arboviruses in iran. this study was performed to provide mosquito and arbovirus data from iran. | 2017 | 28746985 |
| larvicidal activity of lignans and alkaloid identified in zanthoxylum piperitum bark toward insecticide-susceptible and wild culex pipiens pallens and aedes aegypti. | the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, and the common house mosquito, culex pipiens pallens, transmit dengue fever and west nile virus diseases, respectively. this study was conducted to determine the toxicity of the three lignans (-)-asarinin, sesamin and (+)-xanthoxylol-γ,γ-dimethylallylether (xda), and the alkaloid pellitorine from zanthoxylum piperitum (rutaceae) bark to third-instar larvae from insecticide-susceptible c. pipiens pallens and ae. aegypti as well as wild c. pipiens pallens ... | 2017 | 28472971 |
| control of mosquito-borne diseases in northwestern italy: preparedness from one season to the next. | mosquito-borne diseases (mbds) are spreading worldwide due to globalization and climate change, representing a threat for both humans and animals. of great concern are the infections caused by viruses belonging to the flavivirus genus as west nile virus (wnv) and usutu virus (usuv) transmitted by culex sp. or dengue virus and zika virus (zikv), transmitted by aedes sp. this work describes the surveillance protocol enforced in piedmont (northwestern italy) to control mbds spread, focusing on the ... | 2017 | 28437184 |
| experimental evidence for hybridization of closely related lineages in plasmodium relictum. | over 50 avian plasmodium species have been described. however, pcr-based information shows much broader diversity of genetic lineages in these parasites. this discrepancy indicates insufficient knowledge about taxonomic diversity and boundaries of a single species in avian plasmodium species. in recent taxonomy, most of genetically closely related lineages that share the same morphology and development patterns are attributed to the same biological species, but there is no information if these l ... | 2017 | 28803842 |
| rift valley fever virus and european mosquitoes: vector competence of culex pipiens and stegomyia albopicta (= aedes albopictus). | rift valley fever (rvf) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the rift valley fever virus (rvfv). rift valley fever affects a large number of species, including human, and has severe impact on public health and the economy, especially in african countries. the present study examined the vector competence of three different european mosquito species, culex pipiens (linnaeus, 1758) form molestus (diptera: culicidae), culex pipiens hybrid form and stegomyia albopicta (= aedes albopictus) (skuse, 18 ... | 2017 | 28782121 |
| comparative usutu and west nile virus transmission potential by local culex pipiens mosquitoes in north-western europe. | originating from africa, usutu virus (usuv) first emerged in europe in 2001. this mosquito-borne flavivirus caused high mortality rates in its bird reservoirs, which strongly resembled the introduction of west nile virus (wnv) in 1999 in the united states. mosquitoes infected with usuv incidentally transmit the virus to other vertebrates, including humans, which can result in neuroinvasive disease. usuv and wnv co-circulate in parts of southern europe, but the distribution of usuv extends into c ... | 2015 | 28616462 |
| west nile virus in ontario, canada: a twelve-year analysis of human case prevalence, mosquito surveillance, and climate data. | west nile virus (wnv) first arrived in ontario, canada in 2001 and has since spread throughout most of the province, causing disease in humans. the provincial government established a province-wide surveillance program to monitor wnv transmission throughout the 36 regional health units. here we have acquired records of wnv human and mosquito surveillance from 2002 to 2013 to describe seasonal and geographic trends in wnv activity in southern ontario. additionally, we obtained climate data from s ... | 2017 | 28829827 |
| sequence analysis of mtdna coi barcode region revealed three haplotypes within culex pipiens assemblage. | members of the culex (culex) pipiens assemblage are known vectors of deadly encephalitides, periodic filariasis, and west nile virus throughout the world. however, members of this assemblage are morphologically indistinguishable or hard to distinguish and play distinct roles in transmission of the diseases. the current study aimed to provide further evidence on utility of the two most popular nuclear (its2-rdna) and mitochondrial (coi barcode region) genetic markers to identify members of the as ... | 2017 | 28818649 |
| large-scale removal of invasive honeysuckle decreases mosquito and avian host abundance. | invasive species rank second only to habitat destruction as a threat to native biodiversity. one consequence of biological invasions is altered risk of exposure to infectious diseases in human and animal populations. the distribution and prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases depend on the complex interactions between the vector, the pathogen, and the human or wildlife reservoir host. these interactions are highly susceptible to disturbance by invasive species, including terrestrial plants. we co ... | 2017 | 28779439 |
| vector competence of northern and southern european culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes for west nile virus across a gradient of temperatures. | in europe, west nile virus (wnv) outbreaks have been limited to southern and central european countries. however, competent mosquito vectors and susceptible bird hosts are present in northern europe. differences in temperature and vector competence of mosquito populations may explain the absence of wnv outbreaks in northern europe. the aim of the present study was to directly compare vector competence of northern and southern european culex pipiens (cx. p.) pipiens mosquitoes for wnv across a gr ... | 2017 | 28752627 |
| modelling west nile virus transmission risk in europe: effect of temperature and mosquito biotypes on the basic reproduction number. | west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which has caused repeated outbreaks in humans in southern and central europe, but thus far not in northern europe. the main mosquito vector for wnv, culex pipiens, consists of two behaviourally distinct biotypes, pipiens and molestus, which can form hybrids. differences between biotypes, such as vector competence and host preference, could be important in determining the risk of wnv outbreaks. risks for wnv establishment can be modelled with b ... | 2017 | 28694450 |
| ecophysiological characterization and molecular differentiation of culex pipiens forms (diptera: culicidae) in tunisia. | the culex pipiens complex (diptera: culicidae) includes the most widespread mosquito species in the world. members of this complex are the primary enzootic and epidemic vectors of the west nile virus (genus flavivirus) in several countries. the two recognized forms of cx. pipiens (linnaeus, 1758) - pipiens and molestus - exhibit behavioral and physiological differences. natural populations of cx. pipiens were investigated in several sites in tunisia to evaluate the ecophysiological and molecular ... | 2017 | 28693560 |
| mosquito species involved in the circulation of west nile and usutu viruses in italy. | usutu (usuv) and west nile (wnv) are mosquito-borne flavivirus emerged in italy in 1996 and 1998, respectively, and reappeared 10 years later. the aim of this work is to review the italian mosquito species found positive for wnv and usuv between 2008 and 2014. moreover, the role of mosquitoes in promoting the overwintering of these viruses is discussed, as a result of the mosquito collections performed in molise region between september 2010 and april 2011. overall 99,000 mosquitoes were collect ... | 2017 | 28675249 |
| analysis of population structure and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes of the genus culex, anopheles and aedes from different environments of greece with a history of mosquito borne disease transmission. | greece has been recently affected by several mosquito borne diseases with the west nile virus (wnv) outbreak in 2010 being one of the largest reported in europe. currently at the epicenter of an economic and refugee crisis and visited by over 16 million tourists a year the integrated management of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes is a public health and economic priority. vector control programs rely mainly on insecticides, however data on insecticide resistance and the mosquito fauna is essent ... | 2017 | 28606820 |
| pond dyes are culex mosquito oviposition attractants. | british mosquito population distribution, abundance, species composition and potential for mosquito disease transmission are intimately linked to the physical environment. the presence of ponds and water storage can significantly increase the density of particular mosquito species in the garden. culex pipiens is the mosquito most commonly found in uk gardens and a potential vector of west nile virus wnv, although the current risk of transmission is low. however any factors that significantly cha ... | 2017 | 28584705 |
| high levels of local inter- and intra-host genetic variation of west nile virus and evidence of fine-scale evolutionary pressures. | west nile virus (wnv; flaviviridae, flavivirus) has been endemic in new york state (nys) since its 1999 introduction, yet prevalence in culex mosquitoes varies substantially over small spatial and temporal scales. it is unclear if viral genetics plays a role in this variability, as genetic and phenotypic characterization on local scales has generally been lacking. in addition, intrahost diversity of circulating strains have not been fully characterized despite the documented role of minority var ... | 2017 | 28411164 |
| culex pipiens and culex torrentium populations from central europe are susceptible to west nile virus infection. | west nile virus (wnv), a flavivirus with an avian primary host, is already widespread in europe and might also pose an infection risk to germany, should competent mosquito vectors be present. therefore, we analysed the ability of wnv to infect german culex mosquitoes with special emphasis on field collected specimens of culex torrentium and culex pipiens biotype pipiens. we collected egg rafts of culex mosquitoes over two subsequent seasons at two geographically distinct sampling areas in german ... | 2016 | 28616480 |
| complexity of the culex pipiens complex in california. | in california, the culex pipiens complex consists of culex pipiens, cx. quinquefasciatus, their hybrids and culex pipiens form molestus. using 15 microsatellite markers and a variety of statistical analyses of within- and among-population variation, there is widespread introgression throughout the central valley with mostly quinquefasciatus genotypes in the south and pipiens in the north. those specimens in the sacramento county area consisted primarily of pipiens-quinquefasciatus and pipiens-mo ... | 2012 | 28701905 |
| cytonuclear epistasis controls the density of symbiont wolbachia pipientis in nongonadal tissues of mosquito culex quinquefasciatus. | wolbachia pipientis, a bacterial symbiont infecting arthropods and nematodes, is vertically transmitted through the female germline and manipulates its host's reproduction to favor infected females. wolbachia also infects somatic tissues where it can cause nonreproductive phenotypes in its host, including resistance to viral pathogens. wolbachia-mediated phenotypes are strongly associated with the density of wolbachia in host tissues. little is known, however, about how wolbachia density is regu ... | 2017 | 28606944 |
| specificity and putative mode of action of a mosquito larvicidal toxin from the bacterium xenorhabdus innexi. | reduction of mosquito-borne diseases relies, in part, on the use of synthetic pesticides to control pest mosquitoes. this reliance has led to genetic resistance, environmental contamination and the nondiscriminatory elimination of both pest and non-pest species. to expand our options for control, we screened entomopathogenic bacteria for potential larvicidal activity. a lipopeptide from the bacterium, xenorhabdus innexi, was discovered that displayed potent larvicidal activity. the lc50s of the ... | 2017 | 28712711 |
| transmission incompetence of culex quinquefasciatus and culex pipiens pipiens from north america for zika virus. | abstractin late 2014, zika virus (zikv; flaviviridae, flavivirus) emerged as a significant arboviral disease threat in the western hemisphere. aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus have been considered the principal vectors of zikv in the new world due to viral isolation frequency and vector competence assessments. limited reports of culex transmission potential have highlighted the need for additional vector competence assessments of north american culex species. accordingly, north american culex ... | 2017 | 28500817 |
| polymer nanoparticles containing essential oils: new options for mosquito control. | mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) are vectors of important parasites and pathogens causing death, poverty and social disability worldwide. the overuse of synthetic insecticides to control mosquito vectors lead to resistance, adverse environmental effects and high operational costs. therefore, the development of eco-friendly control tools is an important public health challenge. in this study, two different essential oils (eo) (geranium, geranium maculatum, and bergamot, citrus bergamia) loaded pol ... | 0 | 28580545 |
| species specific rna a-to-i editing of mosquito rdl modulates gaba potency and influences agonistic, potentiating and antagonistic actions of ivermectin. | the insect gaba receptor, rdl, is the target of several classes of pesticides. the peptide sequences of rdl are generally highly conserved between diverse insects. however, rna a-to-i editing can effectively alter amino acid residues of rdl in a species specific manner, which can affect the potency of gaba and possibly insecticides. we report here that rna a-to-i editing alters the gene products of rdl in three mosquito disease vectors, recoding five amino acid residues in rdl of aedes aegypti a ... | 2017 | 29223796 |
| chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from peel of three citrus species and their mosquitocidal activity against culex pipiens. | three essential oils (eos) were isolated from the peel of citrus fruits citrus reticulata l., citrus reticulata chinase blanco and citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck (family: rutaceae) and evaluated against culex pipiens l.1758 (family: culicidae). chemical composition indicated that the eos were rich in essential phytochemicals including hydrocarbons, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. these constituents revealed some variability among the oils displaying interesting chemotypes limonene (35-51%), 1r-α-p ... | 2017 | 29017021 |
| insecticide susceptibility screening against culex and aedes (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes from the united states. | mosquitoes exposed to sublethal doses of insecticides may be selected for resistance to insecticide active ingredients (ais). mosquitoes are exposed to ais through agricultural, public/private mosquito control programs, homeowners, and other sources. hence, mosquito control programs should routinely measure the resistance/susceptibility status of mosquito populations of public health concern. the objectives here were to determine resistance status for six ais used in adult mosquito control in th ... | 2017 | 29186579 |
| field trial to evaluate two different procedures for monitoring the efficacy of aquatain® against culex pipiens and aedes albopictus in catch basins. | aedes albopictus and culex pipiens are commonly distributed in italy and represent the main species found in catch basins. the application of a silicone-based film (e.g., aquatain®) is a new tool recently introduced for treating catch basins. while the efficacy of aquatain has been experimentally demonstrated, its use is still lacking an appropriate monitoring procedure. the present study compared the differences in the efficacy of treatment assessment between a newly developed floating system ( ... | 2017 | 29369023 |
| modelling the effects of spatial heterogeneity and temporal variation in extinction probability on mosquito populations. | spatial synchrony plays an important role in dictating the dynamics of spatial and stage-structured populations. here we argue that, unlike the moran effect where spatial synchrony is driven by exogenous factors, spatial correlation in intrinsic/local-scale processes can affect the level of spatial synchrony among distinct sub-populations, and therefore the persistence of the entire population. to explore this mechanism, we modelled the consequences of spatial heterogeneity in aquatic habitat qu ... | 2017 | 28851019 |
| field application of maldi-tof ms on mosquito larvae identification. | in recent years, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) has emerged as an efficient tool for arthropod identification. its application for field monitoring of adult mosquitoes was demonstrated, but identification of larvae has been limited to laboratory-reared specimens. study aim was to test the success of maldi-tof ms in correctly identifying mosquito larvae collected in the field. collections were performed at 13 breeding sites in urban are ... | 2017 | 28768561 |
| a human genotyping trial to estimate the post-feeding time from mosquito blood meals. | mosquitoes occur almost worldwide, and females of some species feed on blood from humans and other animals to support ovum maturation. in warm and hot seasons, such as the summer in japan, fed mosquitoes are often observed at crime scenes. the current study attempted to estimate the time that elapsed since feeding from the degree of human dna digestion in mosquito blood meals and also to identify the individual human sources of the dna using genotyping in two species of mosquito: culex pipiens p ... | 2017 | 28617865 |
| controlling aedes albopictus and culex pipiens pallens using silver nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extract of cassia fistula fruit pulp and its mode of action. | mosquitoes act as key vector for transmission of devastating parasites and pathogens which affect millions of people globally. in this research, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles of cassia fistula fruit pulp as an innovative and operative tool against vector mosquitoes is presented. silver nanoparticles were characterized by a series of techniques including fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope and confirmed by scanning electron microscope, uv-vis sp ... | 2017 | 28541740 |
| molecular characterization of novel mosquito-borne rickettsia spp. from mosquitoes collected at the demilitarized zone of the republic of korea. | rickettsiae are associated with a diverse range of invertebrate hosts. of these, mosquitoes could emerge as one of the most important vectors because of their ability to transmit significant numbers of pathogens and parasites throughout the world. recent studies have implicated anopheles gambiae as a potential vector of rickettsia felis. herein we report that a metagenome sequencing study identified rickettsial sequence reads in culicine mosquitoes from the republic of korea. the detected ricket ... | 2017 | 29155880 |
| vector competence of field populations of the mosquito species aedes japonicus japonicus and culex pipiens from switzerland for two west nile virus strains. | aedes (hulecoeteomyia) japonicus japonicus (diptera: culicidae) (theobald) is an invasive mosquito species in central europe, where it has colonized several areas. in this study, field-collected specimens of ae. japonicus and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) (linnaeus) from zürich (switzerland) were orally exposed to two strains (ny99 and fin) of the avian zoonotic pathogen west nile virus (wnv) (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus). dissemination and transmission of the viruses after incuba ... | 2017 | 29082585 |
| bacterial diversity of cosmopolitan culex pipiens and invasive aedes japonicus from germany. | symbiotic bacteria have gained significant attention in recent years. for example, microbiota of some mosquito species seems to influence the development and transmission of pathogens. furthermore, several attempts using bacteria as a paratransgenetic tool have been made in order to assist the control of mosquito-borne diseases. in this study, we examined the bacterial diversity of wild-caught adult culex (cx.) pipiens and laboratory-reared adult aedes japonicus (ae. japonicus) in germany using ... | 2017 | 28534105 |
| fauna, ecological characteristics, and checklist of the mosquitoes in mazandaran province, northern iran. | mosquitoes are important vectors of human and animal diseases. this study updates current knowledge on fauna, dominance, and distribution of mosquitoes in mazandaran province, northern iran, to inform disease control effort. larval collections, using standard dippers or droppers, and adult collections, using total catches, shelter pits, cdc light traps, and human landing catches, were performed monthly in 30 villages across 16 counties, from may to december 2014. ovitraps, baited with hay infusi ... | 2018 | 29325101 |
| west nile virus, anopheles flavivirus, a novel flavivirus as well as merida-like rhabdovirus turkey in field-collected mosquitoes from thrace and anatolia. | mosquitoes are involved in the transmission and maintenance of several viral diseases with significant health impact. biosurveillance efforts have also revealed insect-specific viruses, observed to cocirculate with pathogenic strains. this report describes the findings of flavivirus and rhabdovirus screening, performed in eastern thrace and aegean region of anatolia during 2016, including and expanding on locations with previously-documented virus activity. a mosquito cohort of 1545 individuals ... | 2018 | 29128516 |
| west nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes, central europe. | west nile virus (wnv) is currently the most important mosquito-borne pathogen spreading in europe. data on overwintering of wnv in mosquitoes are crucial for understanding wnv circulation in europe; nonetheless, such data were not available so far. | 2017 | 28969685 |
| species composition and abundance of mosquito larvae in relation with their habitat characteristics in mazandaran province, northern iran. | mosquitoes transmit a variety of diseases to humans. their abundance and distribution are related to the characteristics of larval habitats. mosquito larvae were collected from 120 natural and artificial habitats in 30 villages of 16 counties using standard 350 ml dippers and pipette, on a monthly basis from may-december 2014 in mazandaran province, northern iran. larval habitat characteristics were recorded separately, based on the conditions of the habitats (permanent or temporary, stagnant or ... | 2017 | 28956526 |
| zika virus isolated from mosquitoes: a field and laboratory investigation in china, 2016. | a field investigation of arboviruses was conducted in dejiang, guizhou province in the summer of 2016. a total of 8,795 mosquitoes, belonging to four species of three genera, and 1,300 midges were collected. the mosquito samples were identified on site according to their morphology, and the pooled samples were ground and centrifuged in the laboratory. the supernatant was incubated with mosquito tissue culture cells (c6/36) and mammalian cells (bhk-21) for virus isolation. the results indicated t ... | 2017 | 29058107 |
| west nile virus host-vector-pathogen interactions in a colonial raptor. | avian host species have different roles in the amplification and maintenance of west nile virus (wnv), therefore identifying key taxa is vital in understanding wnv epidemics. here, we present a comprehensive case study conducted on red-footed falcons, where host-vector, vector-virus and host-virus interactions were simultaneously studied to evaluate host species contribution to wnv circulation qualitatively. | 2017 | 28962629 |
| how often do mosquitoes bite humans in southern england? a standardised summer trial at four sites reveals spatial, temporal and site-related variation in biting rates. | this field-based study examined the abundance and species complement of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) attracted to humans at four sites in the united kingdom (uk). the study used a systematic approach to directly measure feeding by mosquitoes on humans at multiple sites and using multiple volunteers. quantifying how frequently humans are bitten in the field by mosquitoes is a fundamental parameter in assessing arthropod-borne virus transmission. | 2017 | 28915829 |
| larvicidal, ovicidal activities and histopathological alterations induced by carum copticum (apiaceae) extract against culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae). | an experiment was carried out, firstly, to determine the possible toxicity of carum copticum (apiaceae) extract against culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae), and, secondly, to study the histopathological alterations in the midgut of cx. pipiens as a result of treatment with c. copticum extract. larvicidal and ovicidal activities of c. copticum extract against the larvae of cx. pipiens was determined according to world health organization (who). the inhibition effect of c. copticum was assessed by ... | 2018 | 29379357 |
| [multiple insecticide resistances and kdr mutation of culex pipiens pallens in north-central anhui province]. | to understand the status of resistance to multiple insecticides and the frequencies of kdr mutations in culex pipiens pallens from north-central anhui province. | 2016 | 29376282 |
| identification of differentially expressed genes in deltamethrin-resistant culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. | culex quinquefasciatus is one of china's major house-dwelling mosquito species and an important vector of filariasis and encephalitis. chemical treatments represent one of the most successful approaches for comprehensive mosquito prevention and control. however, the widespread use of chemical pesticides has led to the occurrence and development of insecticide resistance. therefore, in-depth studies of resistance to insecticides are of vital importance. in this study, we performed a gene expressi ... | 2017 | 29369035 |
| effectiveness of five products to control culex pipiens larvae in urban stormwater catch basins. | effectiveness in controlling mosquito larvae in stormwater catch basins in the north shore mosquito abatement district (northeastern cook county, il) was determined for 2 extended-duration larvicides indicating up to 180 days of control on their labels (natular™ xrt, fourstar® briquet) and 3 larvicides indicating up to 30 days of control (natular™ t30, natular™ g30, and vectolex® fg). over the course of the 26-wk study, catch basins receiving the extended-release products were treated twice (an ... | 2017 | 29369019 |
| temperature-driven population abundance model for culex pipiens and culex restuans (diptera: culicidae). | we develop a temperature-driven abundance model for west nile virus (wnv) vector species, culex pipiens and culex restuans. temperature-dependent response functions for mosquito development, mortality, and diapause were formulated based on results from available laboratory and field studies. numerical results compared to observed mosquito trap counts from 2004-2016 demonstrate the ability of our model to predict the observed trend of the mosquito population over a single season in the peel regio ... | 2018 | 29366824 |
| culex pipiens crossing type diversity is governed by an amplified and polymorphic operon of wolbachia. | culex pipiens mosquitoes are infected with wolbachia (wpip) that cause an important diversity of cytoplasmic incompatibilities (cis). functional transgenic studies have implicated the cida-cidb operon from wpip and its homolog in wmel in ci between infected drosophila males and uninfected females. however, the genetic basis of the ci diversity induced by different wolbachia strains was unknown. we show here that the remarkable diversity of ci in the c. pipiens complex is due to the presence, in ... | 2018 | 29358578 |
| insecticide resistance and target site mutations (g119s ace-1 and l1014f kdr) of culex pipiens in morocco. | control of the mosquito vector culex pipiens with insecticides is the main way to control arboviruses that the species can transmit such as west nile virus (wnv) and rift valley fever virus (rvfv). however, its efficiency has been hampered by the emergence of insecticide resistance. little is known about the insecticide-resistance status and underlying resistance mechanisms of field-collected populations of cx. pipiens in morocco. | 2018 | 29357900 |
| discovery of culex pipiens associated tunisia virus: a new ssrna(+) virus representing a new insect associated virus family. | in the global context of arboviral emergence, deep sequencing unlocks the discovery of new mosquito-borne viruses. mosquitoes of the species culex pipiens, c. torrentium, and c. hortensis were sampled from 22 locations worldwide for transcriptomic analyses. a virus discovery pipeline was used to analyze the dataset of 0.7 billion reads comprising 22 individual transcriptomes. two closely related 6.8 kb viral genomes were identified in c. pipiens and named as culex pipiens associated tunisia viru ... | 2018 | 29340209 |
| experimental transmission of west nile virus and rift valley fever virus by culex pipiens from lebanon. | west nile virus (wnv) and rift valley fever virus (rvfv) are two emerging arboviruses transmitted by culex pipiens species that includes two biotypes: pipiens and molestus. in lebanon, human cases caused by wnv and rvfv have never been reported. however, the introduction of these viruses in the country is likely to occur through the migratory birds and animal trades. in this study, we evaluated the ability of cx. pipiens, a predominant mosquito species in urban and rural regions in lebanon, to t ... | 2018 | 29324834 |
| population genetic structure of the culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) complex, vectors of west nile virus, in five habitats. | the culex pipiens complex consists of several morphologically similar, closely related species. in the united states, cx. pipiens l. is distributed north of 39° latitude, while cx. quinquefasciatus say occurs south of 36° latitude; a hybrid zone occurs between these two latitudes including in the central valley of california. members of the cx. pipiens complex and their hybrids are vectors for west nile virus (wnv). hybrid offspring of cx. pipiens and cx. quinquefasciatus have been found to have ... | 2018 | 29301567 |
| culex pipiens pallens cuticular protein cplcg5 participates in pyrethroid resistance by forming a rigid matrix. | chemical insecticides have hugely reduced the prevalence of vector-borne diseases around the world, but resistance threatens their continued effectiveness. despite its importance, cuticle resistance is an under-studied area, and exploring the detailed molecular basis of resistance is critical for implementing suitable resistance management strategies. | 2018 | 29301564 |
| mating behavior of the west nile virus vector culex pipiens - role of behavioral asymmetries. | culex pipiens is a vector of west nile, rift valley fever, japanese encephalitis and usutu viruses. in agreement with the criteria of integrated vector management, several research efforts have been devoted to develop behavior-based control tools to fight mosquito vectors. however, our knowledge of mosquito mating biology and sexual communication is still patchy. despite the high relevance of c. pipiens as a vector of medical and veterinary importance, no studies on its mating behavior and the f ... | 2017 | 29288628 |
| transmission of rift valley fever virus from european-breed lambs to culex pipiens mosquitoes. | rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus of the genus phlebovirus that is highly pathogenic to ruminants and humans. the disease is currently confined to africa and the arabian peninsula, but globalization and climate change may facilitate introductions of the virus into currently unaffected areas via infected animals or mosquitoes. the consequences of such an introduction will depend on environmental factors, the availability of susceptible ruminants and the capacity of loc ... | 2017 | 29281642 |
| resistance to lysinibacillus sphaericus and other commonly used pesticides in culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) from chico, california. | bacillus sphaericus neide, recently renamed as lysinibacillus sphaericus meyer and neide, is a spore-forming bacterium that possesses various levels of larvicidal activity, depending on the strains, against some mosquito species. products based on most active strains such as 2362, 2297, 1593, c3-41 that bear binary toxins, as well as mosquitocidal toxins at various levels, have been developed to combat mosquito larvae worldwide. resistance in wild culex mosquito populations has been reported sin ... | 2017 | 29272497 |
| does the mosquito culex pipiens represent a potential vector of hepatitis c virus? | infection with hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a public health burden in several countries. although transmission through blood is the most likely potential route of hcv infection, other sources warrant exploration. this study was designed to examine the possibility that the mosquito culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) might serve as a vector of hcv. a series of laboratory experiments were conducted in female cx. pipiens that were fed on blood taken from hcv patients and tested for the presence of hcv ... | 2017 | 29239006 |
| keystone nonconsumptive effects within a diverse predator community. | the number of prey killed by diverse predator communities is determined by complementarity and interference among predators, and by traits of particular predator species. however, it is less clear how predators' nonconsumptive effects (nces) scale with increasing predator biodiversity. we examined nces exerted on culex mosquitoes by a diverse community of aquatic predators. in the field, mosquito larvae co-occurred with differing densities and species compositions of mesopredator insects; top pr ... | 2017 | 29238557 |
| the evolutionary fate of heterogeneous gene duplications: a precarious overdominant equilibrium between environment, sublethality and complementation. | gene duplications occur at a high rate. although most appear detrimental, some homogeneous duplications (identical gene copies) can be selected for beneficial increase in produced proteins. heterogeneous duplications, which combine divergent alleles of a single locus, are seldom studied due to the paucity of empirical data. we investigated their role in an ongoing adaptive process at the ace-1 locus in culex pipiens mosquitoes. we assessed the worldwide diversity of the ace-1 alleles (single-cop ... | 2017 | 29230902 |
| heterogeneous distribution of culex pipiens, culex quinquefasciatus and their hybrids along the urbanisation gradient. | the mosquitoes of the culex pipiens complex, hereafter referred to as the pipiens assemblage, are vectors of arbovirus of worldwide concern including west nile and st. louis encephalitis. given their distinct eco-physiology and vectorial capacity, accurate specimen identification and insight in the environmental drivers of their distribution are essential for the understanding of disease transmission patterns. using a pcr-based identification protocol, we characterized the spatial distribution o ... | 2018 | 29198600 |
| feeding on different attractive flowering plants affects the energy reserves of culex pipiens pallens adults. | mosquito adults usually need to ingest sugar from nectar host plants to sustain their metabolic needs. mosquitoes could be differentially attracted by various flowering plant species, and the volatiles were thought to be important factors attributed to the differential attractiveness. however, whether mosquitoes' preference for host plants correlates with their nutritional rewards from sugar sources remains unclear. in the present study, the preference of newly emerged culex pipiens pallens to t ... | 2018 | 29177970 |
| first report of the endobacteria wolbachia in natural populations of culex pipiens in morocco. | | 2017 | 29125253 |
| city-dwellers and country folks: lack of population differentiation along an urban-rural gradient in the mosquito culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae). | mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae) occur in natural, urban, and peri-urban areas throughout the globe. although the characteristics of urban and peri-urban habitats differ from those of natural habitats in many ways (e.g., fragmentation, pollution, noise, and light), few studies have examined the population connectivity of mosquitoes in urban areas. to obtain an overview of the species composition, we sampled mosquitoes from 23 sites in and around the city of berlin, germany. of 23 species, five oc ... | 2017 | 29117382 |
| cypermethrin resistance conferred by increased target insensitivity and metabolic detoxification in culex pipiens pallens coq. | in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cypermethrin resistance in culex pipiens pallens coq, the susceptible strain (ss strain) and cypermethrin resistant strain (cr strain) of cx. p. pallens were investigated in this paper. the cypermethrin resistance ratio of cr strain to ss strain was measured by biological assays method, the cdna sequence of sodium channel was cloned and analyzed. real-time quantitative rt-pcr was used to detect the expression levels of the detoxification-related ... | 2017 | 29107250 |
| carbonic anhydrase ii confers resistance to deltamethrin in culex pipiens pallens. | carbonic anhydrases (cas) are metabolic enzymes that regulate the physiological equilibrium in a variety of organisms. in this study, we investigated the function of ca ii in culex pipiens pallens using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and double-stranded rna injection. ca ii transcripts were more abundant in the deltamethrin-susceptible strain than the deltamethrin-resistant strain. the activities of metabolic enzymes increased when the ca ii expression was silenced. these findi ... | 2017 | 29086997 |
| ecology of west nile virus across four european countries: empirical modelling of the culex pipiens abundance dynamics as a function of weather. | culex pipiens is the major vector of west nile virus in europe, and is causing frequent outbreaks throughout the southern part of the continent. proper empirical modelling of the population dynamics of this species can help in understanding west nile virus epidemiology, optimizing vector surveillance and mosquito control efforts. but modelling results may differ from place to place. in this study we look at which type of models and weather variables can be consistently used across different loca ... | 2017 | 29070056 |
| larvicidal activities of indigenous bacillus thuringiensis isolates and nematode symbiotic bacterial toxins against the mosquito vector, culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae). | the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases and the resistance of mosquitoes to conventional pesticides have recently caused a panic to the authorities in the endemic countries. this study was conducted to identify native larvicidal biopesticides against culex pipiens for utilization in the battle against mosquito-borne diseases. | 2017 | 29062851 |
| larval habitats characteristics of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in north-east of iran. | there are unorganized, published documents about the ecology of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in northeastern part of iran. the purpose of this study was to determine the distribution and characteristics of larval habitats of culicidae in kalaleh county. | 2017 | 29062846 |
| hydrophilic nanosilica as a new larvicidal and molluscicidal agent for controlling of major infectious diseases in egypt. | this research was conducted to evaluate the molluscicidal and mosquitocidal efficacy of silica nanoparticles in the eradication of the larvae and pupa of malaria and filariasis vector as well as vectors of rift-valley fever virus (culex pipiens); schistosoma mansoni vector and biomphlaria alexandrina (snail and egg masses). | 2017 | 29062192 |
| superparasitism and population regulation of the mosquito-parasitic mermithid nematodes romanomermis iyengari and strelkovimermis spiculatus. | superparasitism is a common phenomenon in mosquito-parasitic mermithid nematodes. multiple nematodes are needed in a single host to produce males. host selection behavior and intraspecific competition among romanomermis iyengari and strelkovimermis spiculatus were investigated against their host, culex pipiens pipiens in laboratory experiments. in a choice assay between previously infected and uninfected host larvae, infectious preparasites of both nematode species could distinguish not only bet ... | 2017 | 29062155 |
| community analysis of the abundance and diversity of mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) in three european countries at different latitudes. | studies on mosquito species diversity in europe often focus on a specific habitat, region or country. moreover, different trap types are used for these sampling studies, making it difficult to compare and validate results across europe. to facilitate comparisons of trapping sites and community analysis, the present study used two trap types for monitoring mosquito species diversity in three habitat types for three different countries in europe. | 2017 | 29061177 |
| epidemiology and spatio-temporal analysis of west nile virus in horses in spain between 2010 and 2016. | during the last decade, west nile virus (wnv) outbreaks have increased sharply in both horses and human in europe. the aims of this study were to evaluate characteristics and spatio-temporal distribution of wnv outbreaks in horses in spain between 2010 and 2016 in order to identify the environmental variables most associated with wnv occurrence and to generate high-resolution wnv suitability maps to inform risk-based surveillance strategies in this country. between august 2010 and november 2016, ... | 2017 | 29034611 |
| bioefficacy of some egyptian aromatic plants on culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) adults and larvae. | protecting the environment from chemical hazards of synthetic insecticides along with offering of new breeding areas for vectors by urbanization indicate the trial of natural insecticides. | 2017 | 29026862 |
| virus interferes with host-seeking behaviour of mosquito. | transmission of vector-borne pathogens is dependent on the host-seeking behaviour of their vector. pathogen manipulation of the host-seeking behaviour of vectors towards susceptible hosts is supposedly beneficial for transmission. for west nile virus (wnv), manipulation of the host-seeking behaviour of the main mosquito vector towards birds would be advantageous, because mammals are dead-end hosts. we hypothesised that wnv infection induces a stronger host-seeking response and a shift in host pr ... | 2017 | 28978641 |
| molecular detection of haemosporidian parasites of birds in culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) in kuwait. | a molecular surveillance of haemosporidian parasites from 19,521 culex pipiens (l.) (diptera: culicidae) from kuwait detected 2 pools with a unique haemoproteus (haemoproteus) sp. (haemospororida: haemoproteidae) most likely parasitizing columbiform birds and probably represented contaminated blood meals or aborted infections in mosquitoes. haemoproteus spp. have been previously reported in kuwait based on microscopic examination of avian blood smears. i report on molecular detection and subgenu ... | 2017 | 28967328 |
| avian plasmodium in eastern austrian mosquitoes. | insect vectors, namely mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae), are compulsory for malaria parasites (plasmodium spp.) to complete their life cycle. despite this, little is known about vector competence of different mosquito species for the transmission of avian malaria parasites. | 2017 | 28962620 |
| striking diflubenzuron resistance in culex pipiens, the prime vector of west nile virus. | culex pipiens mosquitoes cause severe nuisance and transmit human diseases including west nile. vector control by insecticides is the main tool to prevent these diseases and diflubenzuron is one of the most effective mosquito larvicides used in many places. here, high levels of resistance were identified in cx. pipiens from italy, with a resistance ratio of 128 fold. the phenotype was associated with mutations at amino acid i1043 (i1043m and i1043l) of the chitin synthase gene, which showed sign ... | 2017 | 28916816 |
| culex torrentium mosquitoes from germany are negative for wolbachia. | wolbachia (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae) infects a wide range of arthropods, including several mosquito species. the bacterium is known to induce a plethora of phenotypes in its host, examples being the reproductive phenotype cytoplasmic incompatibility or resistance against infection with arboviruses. the latter is especially relevant when assessing the vector competence of mosquito species for emerging arboviruses. thus, knowledge of wolbachia infection status is important for the assessment ... | 2017 | 28906572 |
| avian phenotypic traits related to feeding preferences in two culex mosquitoes. | host choice by mosquitoes affects the transmission dynamics of vector-borne infectious diseases. although asymmetries in mosquito attraction to vertebrate species have been reported, the relative importance of host characteristics in mosquito blood-feeding behavior is still poorly studied. here, we investigate the relationship between avian phenotypic traits-in particular, morphometry, plumage coloration, and nesting and roosting behavior-and the blood-feeding patterns in two common culex mosqui ... | 2017 | 28856384 |
| frequency organization of the johnston's organ in male mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae). | the johnston's organs (jo) of mosquitoes are the most complex mechanosensitive organs yet found in insects. previous findings on the behavior of mosquitoes suggest that, together with exceptional sensitivity, their auditory system can discriminate frequencies. analysis of compound responses of the jo did not provide unambiguous evidence of such discrimination, nor did it help to find its mechanism. using the feedback stimulation method, we measured the tuning frequencies of the jo sensory neuron ... | 2017 | 28851820 |
| effect of the combined application of microencapsulated synthetic oviposition pheromone (msp) with different larvicidal agents on the oviposition of culex pipiens biotype molestus. | attract-and-kill strategies, in which a behavior-modifying stimulus (e.g. a pheromone) is integrated with a pest control agent, have lately attracted increased interest for mosquito control. previously, it was demonstrated that the polyurea microencapsulated synthetic oviposition pheromone 6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide (msp) was sufficiently attractive to gravid females of culex pipiens l. biotype molestus førskal (diptera: culicidae) for a period of 40 days. furthermore, it was shown that msp coul ... | 2018 | 28851136 |
| correlation between mosquito larval density and their habitat physicochemical characteristics in mazandaran province, northern iran. | characteristics of mosquito larval habitats are important in determining whether they can survive and successfully complete their developmental stages. therefore, data on the ecological factors affecting mosquito density and abundance especially the physicochemical properties of water of their breeding sites, can possibly be helpful in implementing larval management programs. mosquito larvae were collected using a standard 350 ml dipper from fixed habitats including: artificial pool, river edge, ... | 2017 | 28820882 |
| can wolbachia modulate the fecundity costs of plasmodium in mosquitoes? | vertically transmitted parasites (vtps) such as wolbachia are expected not only to minimize the damage they inflict on their hosts, but also to protect their hosts against the damaging effects of coinfecting parasites. by modifying the fitness costs of the infection, vtps can therefore play an important role in the evolution and epidemiology of infectious diseases. using a natural system, we explore the effects of a wolbachia-plasmodium co-infection on mosquito fecundity. while plasmodium is kno ... | 2017 | 28786370 |
| climate influence on emerging risk areas for rift valley fever epidemics in tanzania. | rift valley fever (rvf) is a climate-related arboviral infection of animals and humans. climate is thought to represent a threat toward emerging risk areas for rvf epidemics globally. the objective of this study was to evaluate influence of climate on distribution of suitable breeding habitats for culex pipiens complex, potential mosquito vector responsible for transmission and distribution of disease epidemics risk areas in tanzania. we used ecological niche models to estimate potential distrib ... | 2017 | 28719317 |
| pirna-3878 targets p450 (cpcyp307b1) to regulate pyrethroid resistance in culex pipiens pallens. | piwi-interacting rnas (pirnas) are a novel class of noncoding single-strand rnas. they play an important role in the germ cell maintenance, brain development, epigenetic regulation of cancer, and antiviral function. however, little is known about the relationship between the pirnas and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. in this study, we reported that pirna-3878 was related with pyrethroid resistance in culex pipiens pallens. the expression level of pirna-3878 was lower in both laboratory and ... | 2017 | 28698948 |
| cuticle genes cpcpr63 and cpcpr47 may confer resistance to deltamethrin in culex pipiens pallens. | cuticular proteins (cps) are implicated in insecticide resistance in mosquito populations. here, we investigated the role of cuticular genes in regulation of insecticide resistance in culex pipiens pallens. we identified two cpcprs (cpcpr63 and cpcpr47) that exhibited higher transcript levels in pyrethroid-resistant strains than in susceptible strains. mosquito mortality was increased after knockdown of cpcpr genes by dsrna injection. the rna interference experiment suggested an interaction betw ... | 2017 | 28608057 |
| reduced productivity of culex pipiens and cx. restuans (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes in parking area catch basins in the northeast chicago metropolitan area. | from june to september, 2016, 100 catch basins in eight parking areas were monitored weekly for the presence of mosquito pupae in the operational area of the north shore mosquito abatement district (nsmad) located just north of chicago, il, u.s.a. weekly results from these basins were compared to weekly samples taken from residential street catch basins, the most common type of catch basin treated seasonally by the nsmad with larvicides. over the 17 study weeks, residential street basins had a m ... | 2017 | 28504453 |
| the mosquito fauna of the western region of spain with emphasis on ecological factors and the characterization of culex pipiens forms. | this study updates the diversity, distribution, and seasonal trends of mosquitoes in a western region of spain, assesses ecological determinants of culex pipiens s.l., and determines form composition of cx. pipiens s.s. | 2017 | 28504431 |
| biological activity of xanthium strumarium seed extracts on different cancer cell lines and aedes caspius, culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae). | effects of methanol extracts of xanthium strumarium on different cancer cell lines and on the mortality rates of aedes caspius, culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) were investigated. among the cell lines tested, the jurkat cell line was the most sensitive to the methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction, with reported lc50 values of 50.18 and 48.73 μg/ml respectively. conversely, methanol extracts were not that toxic to the a549 cell line though the toxicity increased on further purification. t ... | 2017 | 28490952 |
| quantification of gst and esterase activities in pyrethrin-resistant mosquitoes using pyrethroid-like fluorescent substrates. | botanical pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids are highly potent and environmentally safe insecticides that are used to control a wide range of disease vector and pest arthropods. unfortunately, resistance to these insecticides has been demonstrated in numerous medically important mosquito species. in this study adult culex pipiens sensu lato were captured in agricultural and urban locations in fresno county, california, and subsequently exposed to a commercial formulation of pyrethrin insectici ... | 2016 | 28736488 |
| culex pipiens-quinquefasciatus hybrids identified in west texas. | | 2014 | 24820577 |
| over-transcription of genes in a parathion-resistant strain of mosquito culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. | insecticide resistance is an evolutionary adaptation that develops quite quickly in mosquitoes because of the high selection pressure of chemical insecticides, rapid generation time and large population size. identification of genes associated with insecticide resistance is fundamental to understand the complex processes responsible for resistance. we compared the gene transcriptional profiles of parathion-resistant and -susceptible culex pipiens quinquefasciatus using a combination of suppressi ... | 2015 | 24431295 |