| expression of the porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein subunits and application to an indirect elisa. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is considered to be associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which is a newly emerged economically important swine disease. the entire coding region of open reading frame 2 (orf2), encoding the viral capsid protein (cap), of pcv2 was cloned and sequenced from the clinical specimen obtained from pmws-affected piglets. six recombinant subunits, a-f, spanning the defined regions of cap were produced by e. coli expression system and used as ... | 2008 | 17996970 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 associated disease: update on current terminology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and intervention strategies. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated disease (pcvad) continues to be an important differential diagnosis on pig farms in the united states and worldwide. case trend analyses indicate that the incidence of pcvad is on the rise in the united states. accurate diagnosis is important in order to implement appropriate intervention strategies. pcvad can manifest as a systemic disease, as part of the respiratory disease complex, as an enteric disease, as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrom ... | 2007 | 17998548 |
| temporal distribution of porcine circovirus 2 genogroups recovered from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome affected and nonaffected farms in ireland and northern ireland. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is now recognized as the essential infectious component of porcine postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). pmws was first recognized in high-status, specific pathogen-free pigs in canada in 1991 and is now an economically important disease that affects the swine industry around the world. recently, reports of genomic studies on pcv2 viruses indicated that 2 distinctive genogroups of pcv2 exist.4,10 this report involves the results of a study on the dis ... | 2007 | 17998555 |
| inhibition of endosome-lysosome system acidification enhances porcine circovirus 2 infection of porcine epithelial cells. | recently, misinzo et al. (g. misinzo, p. meerts, m. bublot, j. mast, h. m. weingartl, and h. j. nauwynck, j. gen. virol. 86:2057-2068, 2005) reported that inhibiting endosome-lysosome system acidification reduced porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection of monocytic 3d4/31 cells. the present study examined the effect of inhibiting endosome-lysosome system acidification in epithelial cells, since epithelial cells support pcv2 infection in vivo and are used in culturing pcv2 in vitro. ammonium chlori ... | 2008 | 18032516 |
| descriptive summary of an outbreak of porcine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws ) in new zealand. | investigations were conducted to determine the cause of an acute, multi-farm outbreak of porcine respiratory disease that included diarrhoea and subsequent loss of body condition in affected pigs. a definition for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) including both clinical and pathological features, previously developed for the pig industry in new zealand, was applied to the current outbreak. in addition to self-reporting by owners of affected farms, local veterinarians, disease a ... | 2007 | 18059655 |
| evidence for recombination between pcv2a and pcv2b in the field. | genomic sequence analysis demonstrates that porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) isolates are divided into distinct genotypes. historically, swine herds in the u.s. have been infected with the pcv2a genotype. in 2005, pcv2b was identified in north america and with it increased reports of porcine circovirus disease (pcvd). a differential pcr technique incorporating pcv2 genotype-specific primers was used in the clinical diagnosis of pcvd. a set of 97 diagnostic submissions showed that both pcv2a and ... | 2008 | 18061696 |
| increased yield of porcine circovirus-2 by a combined treatment of pk-15 cells with interferon-gamma and inhibitors of endosomal-lysosomal system acidification. | treatment of porcine kidney (pk-15) cells with either interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) or endosomal- lysosomal system acidification inhibitors increases replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). in the present study, the effect of a combination of these treatments on the number of infected cells and virus yield was tested. the number of pcv2 (stoon-1010)-infected pk-15 cells increased in cells treated with ammonium chloride (445 +/- 39% increase), ifn-gamma (446 +/- 8%), ammonium chloride + i ... | 2008 | 18080797 |
| antigenic differences among porcine circovirus type 2 strains, as demonstrated by the use of monoclonal antibodies. | this study examined whether antigenic differences among porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) strains could be detected using monoclonal antibodies (mabs). a subtractive immunization protocol was used for the genotype 2 post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-associated pcv-2 strain stoon-1,010. sixteen stable hybridomas that produced mabs with an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (ipma) titre of 1,000 or more to stoon-1,010 were obtained. staining of recombinant pcv-2 virus-like particles ... | 2008 | 18089741 |
| nucleotide sequence polymorphism in circoviruses. | analysis of nucleotide diversity within six species of circovirus showed consistently stronger purifying selection at nonsynonymous sites in the rep gene than on those in the cap gene. in addition, synonymous nucleotide diversity in the rep gene was significantly lower than that in the cap gene, suggesting functional constraint even at synonymous sites in rep, which was associated in all six species with strongly negative at-skew. of the six virus species examined, four species showed evidence o ... | 2008 | 18093882 |
| influence of maternal antibodies on efficacy of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination to protect pigs from experimental infection with pcv2. | due to the ubiquitous nature of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in the pig population and the increasing use of pcv2 vaccines in breeding herds, the majority of dams have been exposed to field pcv2 or pcv2 vaccines, resulting in piglets with varied levels of passively acquired pcv2 maternal antibodies. the objective of the current research was to investigate the influence of passively acquired anti-pcv2 antibodies on pcv2 vaccine efficacy. sixty 26-day-old pigs were divided into four groups: va ... | 2008 | 18094109 |
| lack of in vitro and in vivo effects of lipopolysaccharide on porcine circovirus type 2 infection. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the presence of immunostimulating factors or concurrent infections seems to be crucial for pmws development. lipopolysaccharide (lps) is a potent immunological activator and has recently been suggested to enhance pcv2 replication in vitro. this study was designed to evaluate the effects of different lps products on pcv2 in vitro replication of pulmonary macrophages (pms), and on the pote ... | 2007 | 18158728 |
| changes in peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations in piglets co-infected experimentally with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) are pathogens, which can significantly affect the swine industry worldwide. field surveys suggest that simultaneous prrsv and pcv2 infection is common in pigs. the objective of this study was to measure the changes in peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations in piglets co-infected experimentally with prrsv and pcv2, in order to analyze the synergistic influence of co-infection on the immune system. ... | 2008 | 18164875 |
| characterization of interstitial nephritis in pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | kidney samples with interstitial nephritis from 26 pigs affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) were selected. a histologic evaluation was carried out to describe the type of inflammation and its relationship with viral load, as assessed by in situ hybridization (ish). of 26 cases, 10 revealed a tubulointerstitial, lymphoplasmacytic nephritis, 11 an interstitial granulomatous nephritis, and 5 both types of inflammation (mixed type). in 4 cases of granulomatous inflammation, ... | 2008 | 18192569 |
| adenovirus-mediated shrna interference against porcine circovirus type 2 replication both in vitro and in vivo. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which is responsible for the heavy economic losses in stockbreeding. there are no specific antiviral drugs for treatment of the virus infection. we have now constructed two recombinant adenoviruses expressing short-hairpin rnas (shrnas) directed against either orf1 (rads1) or orf2 (rads2) of pcv2 and measured the inhibition of pcv2 replication. the resu ... | 2008 | 18199493 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination of conventional pigs prevents viremia against pcv2 isolates of different genotypes and geographic origins. | the efficacy of recently developed porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccines has not been tested yet against pcv2 isolates of the two proposed genotypes. in the present work, the efficacy of a subunit vaccine containing pcv2 capsid protein was evaluated by using a challenge model with four different pcv2 isolates of different genotype and geographic origin. the vaccine prevented the development of viremia in all cases as well as significantly decreased nasal and faecal shedding of the virus. als ... | 2008 | 18237827 |
| a survey on porcine circovirus type 2 infection and phylogenetic analysis of its orf2 gene in hangzhou, zhejiang province, china. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is closely related to the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in this study, the pig serum and tissue samples collected from different regions of hangzhou district in zhejiang province of china between 2003 and 2005 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for pcv2 antibody and by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for orf2 gene. the results show that out of 1250 randomly collected serum samples, 500 sera (40%) were seropositive for ... | 2008 | 18257137 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in sweden from an exotic to an endemic disease. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is causally associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection of pigs. pcv2 was first demonstrated in swedish pigs in 1993, although the virus was almost certainly present in pigs in the country before that. despite this, no signs of pmws were observed in pigs of sweden until the first outbreak was reported in 2003. the accumulated number of pmws-affected herds have increased via 16 (2004) and 41 (2005) to 123 in december 2006. of these ... | 2007 | 18265702 |
| porcine circovirus type 2-induced interleukin-10 modulates recall antigen responses. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the necessary agent for the occurrence of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs. it has been suggested that pmws-affected pigs are immunosuppressed and, therefore, more prone to develop co-infections. in this study, we elucidated that pcv2 downregulates in vitro the immune cell functions during recall antigen responses. we showed that pcv2, but not the non-pathogenic porcine circovirus type 1, induces interleukin (il)-10 secretion by monoc ... | 2008 | 18272768 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) viral components immunomodulate recall antigen responses. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a single-stranded circular dna virus infecting domestic pigs worldwide. interaction of this virus with the immune system apparently modulates the immune response of the host. in the present study, the implication of different components of pcv2 in the modulation of the immune response of the host were investigated by using pcv2 viral-like particles (vlps) and 16 novel oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing cpg motifs (cpg-odns) based on the pcv2 genomic sequence ... | 2008 | 18304652 |
| the effect of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs suffering from porcine respiratory disease complex. | a field study was conducted to investigate the effect of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in pigs suffering from porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc). a total of 1542 pigs were allocated randomly into two treatment groups at approximately 20 days of age. groups received either a baculovirus-expressed recombinant pcv2 open reading frame (orf) 2 vaccine or placebo by single intramuscular injection. median onset of pcv2 viraemia and respiratory signs occurred when animals ... | 2008 | 18304705 |
| associations between pathogens in healthy pigs and pigs with pneumonia. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between different pathogens in the development of pneumonia and bronchopneumonia in pigs. samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 100 pigs showing no clinical signs and 239 pigs with clinical signs of respiratory disease were examined for mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, mycoplasma hyorhinis, us-type porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv), eu-type prrsv, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), influenza virus type a, alpha-haem ... | 2008 | 18310558 |
| characterization and potential use of truncated pcv2 capsid protein and its polyclonal antibody for diagnosis of pcv2 infections. | as porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) orf2 encodes the major structural protein (capsid) that is closely related to the pathogenesis, the capsid (cap) protein could be used as a target antigen for serological analysis. the immunoactivities of the truncated capsid proteins containing immunogenic epitopes of pcv2 (cap2s) or pcv1 (cap1s) expressed in escherichia coli were described, as well as the characteristic of their polyclonal antibodies in diagnosis of pcv2 infection. western blot analysis revealed ... | 2008 | 18338582 |
| effects of fermentation products of ganoderma lucidum on growth performance and immunocompetence in weanling pigs. | the purpose of this study was to test fermentation, for its products of a chinese medicinal mushroom, ganoderma lucidum, cultured by submerged fermentation for its effect on growth performance and immunocompetence in weanling piglets. in experiment 1, 72 weanling piglets were allotted to one of four treatments receiving these fermentation products (glf, expressed as amount of beta-glucans) at 0 (control), 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg feed for 4 weeks. the results showed that at a supplementation level ... | 2008 | 18341077 |
| a field evaluation of mortality rate and growth performance in pigs vaccinated against porcine circovirus type 2. | to evaluate, under field conditions, the effects of a commercial porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccine on mortality rate and growth performance in a herd infected with pcv2 that had a history of porcine circovirus disease. | 2008 | 18341450 |
| phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) pre- and post-epizootic postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). | the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) genome encodes three major open reading frames (orfs) encoding the replicase proteins (orf1), the viral capsid protein (orf2), and a protein with suggested apoptotic activity (orf3). previous phylogenetic analyses of complete genome sequences of pcv2 from genbank have demonstrated 95-100% intra-group nucleotide sequence identity. however, although these isolates were readily grouped into clusters and clades, there was no correlation between the occurrence of ... | 2008 | 18343985 |
| development and validation of a duplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous detection and quantification of porcine circovirus type 2 and an internal control on porcine semen samples. | a duplex real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) method for the simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and an exogenous internal positive control (ipc) in porcine semen samples was developed. the ipc was included to monitor dna extraction and pcr inhibition and consisted of a mutated pcv2 plasmid clone which differed from the target pcv2 in the probe binding region and thus was detected by the use of a second probe with different end-labeling. the sensitivity, specificity and repea ... | 2008 | 18355929 |
| rapid detection of porcine circovirus type 2 by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | a method of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) was employed to develop a rapid and simple detection system for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the amplification could be finished in 60 min under isothermal condition at 64 degrees c by employing a set of four primers targeting the cap gene of pcv2. the lamp assay showed higher sensitivity than the conventional pcr, with a detection limit of five copies per tube of purified pcv2 genomic dna. no cross-reactivity was observed from the s ... | 2008 | 18355932 |
| development of recombinant porcine parvovirus-like particles as an antigen carrier formed by the hybrid vp2 protein carrying immunoreactive epitope of porcine circovirus type 2. | virus-like particles (vlps) are non-replicative vectors for delivery of heterologous epitopes and induction of immune responses. in this study, a self-assembled porcine parvovirus (ppv) vp2 capsid protein [ppv:vlp-(pcv2)] carrying immunoreactive epitopes, residues 165-200 from the porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) virus nucleoprotein was constructed. immunogenicity study was carried out with hybrid vlps derived from hek-293 cells infected with recombinant adenovirus vectors. to our knowledge, this stu ... | 2008 | 18378364 |
| construction and immunogenicity of recombinant pseudotype baculovirus expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice. | baculovirus has emerged recently as a novel and attractive gene delivery vehicle for mammalian cells. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is known to be associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), an emerging swine disease which results in tremendous economic losses. in this study, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsv-g) was used as a vector to express capsid (cap) protein, the most important immunogen of pcv2, under the transcriptional c ... | 2008 | 18394722 |
| proliferative and necrotising pneumonia and severe vascular lesions in pigs naturally infected with porcine circovirus type 2. | severe disease induced by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was observed in three pigs originating from a large herd affected by respiratory and digestive signs as well as wasting. proliferative and necrotising pneumonia (pnp) was diagnosed in two animals, while severe acute interstitial pneumonia characterised by the presence of abundant hyaline membrane in the alveoli and fibrin in the bronchioles was found in one pig. in all cases, large amounts of pcv2 antigen were found in each tissue sample ... | 2008 | 18401960 |
| expression of the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 in lactococcus lactis for oral vaccination. | diseases associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infections are becoming a major problem for the swine industry worldwide. the capsid protein (cap) of pcv2 is an antigen important for both early diagnosis and development of vaccines. in this study, lactococcus lactis was used as vehicle to deliver the pcv2 antigen in an attempt to develop oral vaccine. a cap gene with a deleted nuclear localization signal sequence (dcap) was cloned into an escherichia coli/l. lactis shuttle vector psec: ... | 2008 | 18406475 |
| porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in new zealand. | an outbreak of fatal or debilitating disease characterised by wasting and cutaneous lesions that usually necessitated euthanasia, occurred over a period of 4 months in pigs 14-16 weeks of age from a commercial 'farrow-to-finish' unit in the north island of new zealand. during the outbreak, 67 deaths were attributed to the condition, accounting for 2-3% of total production. the outbreak preceded the diagnosis of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) on this farm. | 2008 | 18408798 |
| quantification of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) within- and between-pen transmission in pigs. | pcv-2 within- and between-pen transmission was quantified by estimating the daily transmission rate beta and the basic reproduction ratio (r(0)) using a stochastic seir (susceptible, exposed, infectious, removed) model fitted on experimental data. within-pen transmission was quantified by using four groups of eight spf (specific pathogen-free) pigs (four infected and four susceptible pigs having direct contact). between-pen transmission was studied in two groups of 16 spf pigs (eight infected an ... | 2008 | 18413131 |
| effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and pcv2 coinfection. | the objectives were to determine if pcv2 vaccination is effective in reducing disease and lesions associated with prrsv and pcv2 coinfection and if there is a difference between intradermal (id) and intramuscular (im) route of pcv2 vaccination. seventy-four, 21-day-old pigs were randomly allocated into one of six groups. on day 0, pigs were vaccinated with 2ml suvaxyn pcv2 one dose (fort dodge animal health, inc.) by intramuscular (vac-m-coinf) or intradermal (vac-d-coinf) routes. on day 28, pig ... | 2008 | 18430525 |
| systemic cytokine profiles of mice vaccinated with naked dnas encoding six open reading frame antigens of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). | the objective of this study was to characterize the murine immune response to vaccination with dnas encoding each of six porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) open reading frames (orfs). after intramuscular vaccination with the naked dnas, blood was taken on days post-infection (dpi) 7 and 35 and subjected to bio-plex cytokine assays. orf3 elicited high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tnf-alpha (p<0.001) and decreased il-12 levels (p<0.001) on dpi 7, and was lethal for nine of the 15 vaccinat ... | 2008 | 18456294 |
| porcine circovirus-2 dna concentration distinguishes wasting from nonwasting pigs and is correlated with lesion distribution, severity, and nucleocapsid staining intensity. | the emergence of severe porcine circoviral disease in north america is associated with porcine circovirus-2 genotype b (pcv-2b), which has led to speculation that pcv-2b is more virulent than pcv-2a. the objectives of this study were to 1) correlate the pcv-2 dna concentration and lesions in wasting (wst) and age-matched healthy (hlth) pigs from 2 clinically affected farms, and unaffected (unfct) pigs from a farm with no prior clinical or diagnostic history of pcvd; and 2) to determine the initi ... | 2008 | 18460612 |
| evaluation of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate between two genotypes of porcine circovirus-2. | porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) is associated with several diseases in pigs, including postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). a new genotype of pcv-2 was isolated from swine farms with and without clinical pmws in north america. the new genotype was differentiated in a separate cluster by phylogenetic analyses and is now named pcv-2b compared with pcv-2a for the previously known genotype. the purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr) ass ... | 2008 | 18460613 |
| the emergence of a new strain of porcine circovirus-2 in ontario and quebec swine and its association with severe porcine circovirus associated disease--2004-2006. | in the late fall of 2004 more severe lesions of porcine circovirus-2 associated disease (pcvad) than usual occurred during an outbreak of porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) infection in ontario nursery and grower/finisher pigs. the lesions were of unprecedented severity and included diffuse bronchointerstitial pneumonia, granulomatous enteritis, vasculitis, interstitial nephritis, and new lesions of splenic infarction. some affected herds had up to 50% mortality. the outbreak correlated with the sudde ... | 2008 | 18505190 |
| reduction of pmws-associated clinical signs and co-infections by vaccination against pcv2. | the effects of a single-dose recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) open reading frame 2 (orf2) subunit vaccine were studied in a post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected pig herd. a total of 1519 3-week-old piglets were allocated randomly into two treatment groups and either vaccinated against pcv2 or treated with a placebo. study animals were followed from the time of vaccination until the end of finishing. onset of pcv2 viraemia and clinical signs of pmws (wasting, co ... | 2008 | 18513842 |
| detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs imported from indonesia. | we have detected the presence of porcine circovirus (pcv) type 2 in indonesian pigs imported to singapore for food consumption. a total of three viral isolates were identified, and to genetically characterise them further, their full genomes were sequenced. each genome showed a typical organization of pcv type 2, with the three isolates sharing similar genome lengths of 1767 nucleotide (nt) at high nt identities of 99.8-100%, further indicating that the viral isolates were quite homogeneous. seq ... | 2008 | 18514439 |
| a piglet with concurrent polioencephalomyelitis due to porcine teschovirus and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | a piglet developed respiratory distress followed by difficulty in standing and unsteady gait. the lesions were characterized by polioencephalomyelitis with the predominant distribution in the brain stem, as well as lymphocyte depletion and histiocyte infiltration with cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the lymphoid tissues throughout the body and interstitial pneumonia. porcine teschovirus (ptv) antigens were found in the former lesions and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) in the latter two lesions. ptv ... | 2008 | 18525174 |
| characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection in swine lymphocytes using mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy pcv2-carrier pigs. | information regarding the susceptibility of swine lymphocytes to pcv2 is rather limited. to further explore and characterize the pcv2 infection in swine lymphocytes, an in vitro model using concanavalin a (con a)-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) obtained from clinically healthy pcv2-carrier pigs was introduced. it was found that the pcv2 antigen-containing rate was below 2% in pbls from healthy pcv2-free pigs following treated simultaneously with con a and pcv2. however, significan ... | 2008 | 18554727 |
| evidence of shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 in milk from experimentally infected sows. | detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was to evaluate the milk from experimentally infected sows using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and virus isolation. six pregnant sows were inoculated intranasally with pcv2 at 93 days of gestation, and milk samples were collected from all sows at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, and 27 days of lactation. pcv2 was detected in milk as early as day 1 of lactation in all six sows. thereafter, all infected sows remained positive by pcr for pcv2 in milk u ... | 2009 | 18555501 |
| increased porcine circovirus type 2 replication in porcine leukocytes in vitro and in vivo by concanavalin a stimulation. | previously, it was shown that modulation of the immune system enhances porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) replication in pigs. in the present study, the effect of the mitogen concanavalin a (cona) on pcv2 replication was investigated. since cona induces t-lymphocyte activation and initiates the production of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), a cytokine that enhances pcv2 replication in porcine epithelial and monocytic cell lines in vitro, it was examined if the effects observed with cona were mediated ... | 2008 | 18556150 |
| modelling the time-dependent transmission rate for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in pigs using data from serial transmission experiments. | six successive transmission trials were carried out from 4 to 39 days post inoculation (dpi) to determine the features of the infectious period for pcv2-infected pigs. the infectiousness of inoculated pigs, assessed from the frequency of occurrence of infected pigs in susceptible groups in each contact trial, increased from 4 to 18 dpi (0, 7 and 8 infected pigs at 4, 11 and 18 dpi, respectively) and then decreased slowly until 39 days post infection (4, 2 and 1 pigs infected at 25, 32 and 39 dpi ... | 2009 | 18559313 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 induces the activation of nuclear factor kappa b by ikappabalpha degradation. | the transcription factor nf-kappab is commonly activated upon virus infection and a key player in the induction and regulation of the host immune response. the present study demonstrated for the first time that porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), which is the primary causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, can activate nf-kappab in pcv2-infected pk15 cells. in pcv2-infected cells, nf-kappab was activated concomitantly with viral replication, which ... | 2008 | 18561971 |
| effect of different selenium sources and levels on porcine circovirus type 2 replication in vitro. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been linked to several disease syndromes during the last decade. a deficiency in selenium has also been associated with the increases of virulence of some viruses and severity of infectious disease. in order to evaluate the effect of different selenium sources and levels on pcv2 replication in pk-15 cells, three selenium sources, i.e. sodium selenite, kappa-selenocarrageenan and dl-selenomethionine at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 micromol/l were used ... | 2008 | 18565426 |
| a genetically engineered chimeric vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is genetically stable in vitro and in vivo. | a vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), designated pcv1-2 chimera, was recently developed by replacing the capsid gene of the non-pathogenic pcv1 with that of pcv2. the pcv1-2 chimera virus is attenuated in pigs but induces protective immunity against pcv2. in this study, the genetic stability of the pcv1-2 chimera was evaluated for its potential use as a live vaccine. the pcv1-2 chimera virus was serially passaged 11 times in pk-15 cells and 3 times in pigs. the pcv1-2 chimera virus ... | 2008 | 18579262 |
| rolling-circle amplification for the detection of active porcine circovirus type 2 dna replication in vitro. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infections in pigs have diverse clinical presentations and are considered economically important diseases worldwide. however, despite intensive research, the early pathogenesis of pcv2 and the primary target cells for pcv2 infections and replication are still unknown. rolling-circle amplification (rca) is an amplification technique for small, circular dna templates that essentially mimics rolling-circle replication in vitro. in this study, the amplification of pc ... | 2008 | 18606463 |
| a meta-analysis on experimental infections with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). | a meta-analysis was performed with the aim to identify factors with a relevant influence on the expression of clinical postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) under experimental conditions. data from 44 studies were included in the analysis. several variables were studied: number of pigs in the experiment, intake of colostrum, serological status against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), strain of pcv2 used for inoculation, the route and dose of inoculation, and use of potential trigger ... | 2008 | 18614300 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 displays pluripotency in cell targeting. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of a multifactorial disease associated with immunocompromisation and co-infections. in vivo, viral dna and antigens are found in monocytic, epithelial and endothelial cells. of these, pcv2 replication has only been studied in monocytic cells, in which little or no replication was identified. accordingly, pcv2 infection was studied in the endothelial cell line pedsv.15, aortic endothelial cells, gut epithelial cells, fibrocytes and dendritic ... | 2008 | 18617215 |
| a proteomic reference map for pig serum proteins as a prerequisite for diagnostic applications. | a reference protein map for pig serum was set up using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de). thirty-nine protein chains or spots deriving from 26 different proteins were identified by immunological and mass spectrometric methods. thus, the positions of most medium to higher abundance serum proteins could be determined on the 2-de gels. the plasma protein fibrinogen was also included in our study. the overall pig protein pattern differs in some respect to serum/plasma maps of other mammalian sp ... | 2009 | 18619635 |
| genotypic change of porcine circovirus type 2 on japanese pig farms as revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been recognized as the causal agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and can be divided into two major genotypic groups. we developed a method of restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of pcv2 open reading frame 2 for easy discrimination between the two major groups. genotyping of pcv2 isolates from 10 japanese commercial pig farms was performed, and the analysis revealed that both pcv2 groups and at least five rflp types of pcv ... | 2008 | 18628601 |
| post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and other pcv2-related problems in pigs: a 12-year experience. | post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and other porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-related diseases have been reported throughout the world for about 10 years. the present paper reviews the knowledge acquired in different fields and is largely based on the authors' experience. the horizontal transmission of pcv2 is widely documented. contact between pigs is the main route of transmission for both pcv2 and pmws. however, experimental inoculation of pcv2 to pigs does not give consistent ... | 2008 | 18631230 |
| protective immunity against porcine circovirus 2 by vaccination with orf2-based dna and subunit vaccines in mice. | the protective immune response against porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection in mice was characterized using flow cytometric analysis (fcm), assays of antibody (of different igg isotypes) and viraemia, and histopathological examination. an open reading frame 2 plasmid (porf2) and the capsid protein (cap) of pcv2 were used as dna and subunit vaccines, respectively. in fcm analysis, although porf2 and cap alone showed comparable efficacy in eliciting lymphoproliferative responses and cap-specific ... | 2008 | 18632956 |
| development and validation of a sybr green real-time pcr for the quantification of porcine circovirus type 2 in serum, buffy coat, feces, and multiple tissues. | the emergence of multiple genotypes of pcv2, as demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis of whole genome or capsid sequences, makes it necessary to have quantitative diagnostic assays that perform equally well on all strains. the objectives of this study were to develop and validate a novel real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay targeting the highly conserved rep gene (orf1) and investigate the effects of diagnostic specimen choice on its performance. the assay was tested in naturally infe ... | 2009 | 18639395 |
| gastric zygomycosis in a pig affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome--case report. | a postweaning pig died in spite of antibiotic therapy showing wasting in a small herd. postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was diagnosed on the basis of gross pathological and histological lesions and the presence of moderate amounts of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) antigen in tissue samples. mycotic gastritis caused by zygomycetes spp. was found on round areas with a diameter of 1 to 3 cm in the glandular mucosa of the stomach. moderate amount of pcv2 viral antigen was detected almo ... | 2008 | 18669248 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 in muscle and bone marrow is infectious and transmissible to naïve pigs by oral consumption. | pork products are a possible source of introduction of pcv2 isolates into a pig population. however, limited work has been done on the transmission through meat of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), a virus associated with several disease syndromes in pigs. the objectives of this study were to determine if pork products from pcv2-infected pigs contain pcv2 dna/antigen and to determine if the pcv2 present in the tissues is infectious by performing in vitro and in vivo studies. skeletal muscle, bon ... | 2009 | 18676102 |
| antibodies to selected viral disease agents in wild boars from the czech republic. | blood samples were collected from wild boar (sus scrofa) shot during the hunting season from 1999 to 2005 in the czech republic. sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). indirect fluorescence antibody test was used for detection of antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) and transmissible ... | 2008 | 18689671 |
| porcine circovirus 2 inclusion bodies in pulmonary and renal epithelial cells. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is the cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the most common lesions of pmws are lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous lymphadenitis, interstitial pneumonia and interstitial nephritis, with intracytoplasmic amphophilic botryoid inclusion bodies in macrophages. in addition to these typical changes, intracytoplasmic botryoid inclusion bodies were observed in bronchial, bronchial glandular, and renal tubular epithelium of several pigs from 4 different ... | 2008 | 18725467 |
| porcine circoviruses: a minuscule yet mammoth paradox. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent for porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). pcvad has been the cause of considerable economic losses to the pork industry worldwide. the disease is primarily characterized by wasting, enlarged lymph nodes, jaundice and weight loss in affected weanling pigs. several other complex syndromes involving reproductive failure, enteritis, pneumonia and necrotizing dermatitis have also been associated with pcv2 infection. lymphoid dep ... | 2009 | 18761774 |
| development of two trichoplusia ni larvae-derived elisas for the detection of antibodies against replicase and capsid proteins of porcine circovirus type 2 in domestic pigs. | the main aim of the present study was to describe new methods for the identification of antibodies against the pcv2 capsid (cap) and replicase (rep) proteins in pig sera. specifically, two new indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were developed based on recombinant pcv2 cap (rcap) and rep/rep' (rrep) proteins expressed in baculovirus and produced in trichoplusia ni insect larvae. both assays were validated by testing serum samples in a longitudinal study of 107 animals with differ ... | 2008 | 18773923 |
| development and use of a multiplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and differentiation of porcine circovirus-2 genotypes 2a and 2b in an epidemiological survey. | by the end of 2004, the canadian swine population had experienced a severe increase in the incidence of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad), a problem that was associated with the emergence of a new porcine circovirus-2 genotype (pcv-2b), previously unrecovered in north america. thus, it became important to develop a diagnostic tool that could differentiate between the old and new circulating genotypes (pcv-2a and pcv-2b, respectively). consequently, a multiplex real-time quantitative ... | 2008 | 18776085 |
| detection of respiratory pathogens in air samples from acutely infected pigs. | pathogens causing significant respiratory disease in growing pigs include porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus 2, swine influenza virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and bordetella bronchiseptica. the objective of this research was to characterize the respiratory excretion of these pathogens by acutely infected pigs. pigs were inoculated under experimental conditions with 1 pathogen. samples were collected from the upper respirator ... | 2008 | 18783027 |
| differences in virulence among porcine circovirus type 2 isolates are unrelated to cluster type 2a or 2b and prior infection provides heterologous protection. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is divided into two genetic clusters designated pcv2a and pcv2b. the objectives of this study were to determine whether isolates from different clusters vary in virulence and to determine whether infection with pcv2a isolates induces protective immunity against subsequent infection with a recent pcv2b isolate. one-hundred and thirteen conventional specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs were assigned randomly to treatment groups and rooms: pigs inoculated with pcv2a cl ... | 2008 | 18796717 |
| a temperature-controlled amplicon system derived from plum pox potyvirus. | the control of replication can facilitate a viral amplicon to reach high expression levels by enabling the virus to escape host defence mechanisms and reducing the deleterious effects of viral infection. we have developed a novel system to regulate amplicon expression by controlling the temperature of plant growth. nicotiana benthamiana plants were transformed at two different temperatures with a cdna copy of the plum pox potyvirus genome harbouring the open reading frame 2 of porcine circovirus ... | 2009 | 18801011 |
| improving pig health through genomics: a view from the industry. | health is one of the most important contributors to animal welfare, productivity and profitability in pig production today. for the past 30 years, pig breeders have focused on genetic improvement of lean growth, feed efficiency, meat quality and reproduction. however, in recent years, selection objectives have been broadened to include livability, robustness and disease resistance. a dna marker for selection of resistance to f18+ e. coli has been available for several years. this marker decrease ... | 2008 | 18817284 |
| replication and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice. | little information is known about infection, replication and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in species other than swine. two sets of animal experiments were carried out to investigate the susceptibility of mice to pcv2 and to study their possible role in maintaining and transmitting the virus. in the first experiment 14 mice were inoculated with pcv2 by the intraperitoneal route with 5 x 10(2) tcid50 of the pcv2-rom strain (cadar et al., 2007). in a second experiment 24 mice we ... | 2008 | 18828493 |
| porcine circovirus 2 infection of epithelial cells is clathrin-, caveolae- and dynamin-independent, actin and rho-gtpase-mediated, and enhanced by cholesterol depletion. | epithelial cells are the major in vivo target cells for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). although these cells are used for most studies of pcv2 gene expression and, little is known on pcv2 entry, attachment and internalization, in epithelial cells. pcv2 attachment to epithelial cells occurred rapidly and in a time-dependent manner. in contrast to attachment, internalization was slow. immunofluorescent stainings revealed that during internalization, pcv2 co-localized with clathrin, but not caveo ... | 2009 | 18952130 |
| detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 2 isolates from the first cases of postweaning multisystemic and wasting syndrome in wild boars in greece. | in 2002, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was diagnosed in a european female wild boar (sus scrofa), based on the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) dna in various organs, including the uterus, and on histopathologic lesions. this is the first detection of pcv2 dna in the uterus of a wild boar. three years later (2005), a wild boar < 6-8 mo of age was found moribund. it presented wasting and dyspnea and finally died. pcv2 dna was detected in tissue samples, and histopathol ... | 2008 | 18957642 |
| infectivity of porcine circovirus type 2 dna in semen from experimentally-infected boars. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an economically important pathogen. it has been demonstrated that pcv2 dna can be detected in boar semen by pcr; however, the biological relevance of this is unknown. the objectives of this study were to determine if semen positive for pcv2 dna is infectious (1) in a swine bioassay, or (2) when used for artificial insemination. for the first objective, 4-week-old pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally with pcv2 dna-negative (bioassay-control; n = 3), pcv2a dna ... | 2009 | 18973743 |
| lack of transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 to weanling pigs by feeding them spray-dried porcine plasma. | an experiment was conducted to determine whether spray-dried porcine plasma containing 2.47 x 10(5) dna copies of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) could infect weanling pigs when fed to them. five specific pathogen-free (spf) weanling pigs were fed ad libitum for 45 days a control diet and six pigs were fed a test diet containing 8 kg sdpp per 100 kg feed. the two groups were housed in separate biosecurity level-3 rooms. none of the pigs in either group developed any clinical signs or became pc ... | 2008 | 18978366 |
| reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs by prenatal porcine circovirus 2 infection and postnatal porcine parvovirus infection or immunostimulation. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was reproduced in prenatally porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2)-infected pigs by either postnatal infection with porcine parvovirus (ppv) or by immunostimulation. twenty-four randomly selected piglets from 3 sows, which had been experimentally infected during gestation with pcv2, were randomly divided into 3 groups; group 1 (prenatal pcv2 infection, with postnatal ppv infection), group 2 (prenatal pcv2 infection, with postnatal keyhole limpet hemocyanin ... | 2008 | 18984787 |
| characterization of shedding patterns of porcine circovirus types 2a and 2b in experimentally inoculated mature boars. | porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) is an economically important swine pathogen and causes pcv-associated disease (pcvad) in pigs worldwide. currently, 2 genotypes of pcv-2, pcv-2a and -2b, are circulating in u.s. swine herds. the objectives of the current study were to evaluate the amount of pcv-2 dna present in semen over time, compare and correlate incidence and amount of pcv-2 present in semen samples to that present in serum samples and blood swabs, and determine if there are differences in sheddi ... | 2008 | 18987221 |
| comparison of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2)-specific antibodies after vaccination or inoculation of pigs with distinct pcv-1 or pcv-2 isolates. | porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) serology is frequently used to determine pcv-2 status and optimal timing of pcv-2 vaccination in the field. the objectives of the current study are to determine the diagnostic accuracy of 3 currently available commercial anti-immunoglobulin g (igg) pcv-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) and to compare the ability of the 3 assays to detect and differentiate between anti-pcv-2a and anti-pcv-2b antibodies, as well as anti-pcv-2 and anti-pcv-1 antibodies. fift ... | 2008 | 18987223 |
| attenuation of porcine circovirus 2 in spf piglets by abrogation of orf3 function. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), open reading frame 3 (orf3) codes a 105 amino acid protein that causes apoptosis of pcv2 infected cells. in infected cells, the orf3 causes the accumulation of p53 by interacting with ppirh2 and possibly by disrupting the association of p53 and ppirh2 (j.virol.81(2007)9560). mutant pcv2 lacking the expression of orf3 are infectious and replicate in cells in vitro, but do not cause apoptosis of the infected cells. the orf3 of pcv2 has been shown to be involved in path ... | 2009 | 19012942 |
| infection, excretion and seroconversion dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in pigs from post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) affected farms in spain and denmark. | longitudinal case-control studies were performed in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) affected farms from denmark and spain using similar designs. fourteen independent batches of 100-154 pigs per batch were monitored from birth to pmws outbreak occurrence. pigs displaying pmws-like signs and matched healthy cohorts were euthanized during the clinical outbreak. pmws was diagnosed according to internationally accepted criteria and pigs were classified as: (i) pmws cases, (ii) wast ... | 2009 | 19027247 |
| dendritic cells--at the front-line of pathogen attack. | efficient immune defence function is dependent on the role played by dendritic cells (dcs), particularly the interaction between conventional dc (cdc) and plasmacytoid dc (pdc), together with other monocytic cells. this functionality of immune defences is open to manipulation by viral pathogens infecting dc, a situation further complicated by the diversity of mechanisms employed by different viruses and the subset of dc involved. the present review uses two virus examples--classical swine fever ... | 2009 | 19036457 |
| classification and putative origins of brazilian porcine circovirus 2 inferred through phylogenetic and phylogeographical approaches. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is the major causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and is associated with different syndromes affecting pigs. the pcv2 genome has three main open reading frames (orfs) among which the orf2 encodes the capsid protein. in this study, the orf2 nucleotide sequences of 30 brazilian isolates were analyzed. the sequences were compared to other genbank sequences using phylogenic and phylogeographic approaches. our results show high sequence vari ... | 2009 | 19041916 |
| effect of coinfection with genogroup 1 porcine torque teno virus on porcine circovirus type 2-associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic pigs. | to determine whether genogroup 1 porcine torque teno virus (g1-ttv) can potentiate clinical disease associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). | 2008 | 19046008 |
| evaluation of induction of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in gnotobiotic pigs with negative results for porcine circovirus type 2. | to determine whether porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) could be experimentally induced in gnotobiotic swine. | 2008 | 19046009 |
| fine mapping of antigenic epitopes on capsid proteins of porcine circovirus, and antigenic phenotype of porcine circovirus type 2. | type 2 porcine circovirus (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. in this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the capsid protein (cap) of pcv2, eight mabs to cap of type 1 porcine circovirus (pcv1) and five mabs specific for cap of both pcv1 and pcv2, were generated and used to finely map the antigenic sites of pcv1 and pcv2, and to identify the antigenic phenotype of pcv2 with different length of genome. five linear b-cell epitopes, including ... | 2009 | 19059648 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibody against replication-associated protein of porcine circovirus. | the replication-associated (rep) protein of porcine circovirus (pcv) was suggested to play an essential role in the replication and translation of viral dna. in this study, one monoclonal antibody (mab) specific for rep protein of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1), two mabs against rep protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), and five mabs to both rep protein of pcv1 and pcv2 were generated using, respectively, rep protein of pcv1 and pcv2 expressed in escherichia coli as an immunogen. wester ... | 2009 | 19072659 |
| a new emerging genotype subgroup within pcv-2b dominates the pmws epizooty in switzerland. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is among the most important emerging pig diseases worldwide. initially, the insidious nature of the disease made it difficult to pinpoint the pathogen. the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in all pmws diseased animals led to its acceptance, possibly together with an unknown factor, as the causative agent for pmws. also, presence of pcv2 in healthy individuals did not facilitate the understanding of the disease. phylogenetic classifica ... | 2009 | 19081207 |
| comparison of efficacy of commercial one dose and two dose pcv2 vaccines using a mixed prrsv-pcv2-siv clinical infection model 2-3-months post vaccination. | the study objectives were to compare the duration of immunity of commercially available, one and two dose, killed porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccines. sixty, 3.5-week-old pigs were randomly divided into six treatment groups: one dose vaccines (fdah-1, bivi-1), two dose vaccines (intervet-2, fdah-2), and non-vaccinated negative and positive controls. tissue homogenate challenge was conducted 63 (two doses) or 84 (one dose) days post vaccination. viremia was reduced by 78.5% in pigs vaccinat ... | 2009 | 19100807 |
| rapid pre-clinical detection of classical swine fever by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | the usefulness of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) for rapid pre-clinical detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv) infection was evaluated. the rt-lamp reaction could be finished in 60 min under isothermal condition at 65 degrees c by employing a set of four primers targeting the 5' untranslated region of csfv. the rt-lamp assay of csfv showed higher sensitivities than that of rt-pcr, with a detection limit of 5 copies per reaction. no cross-reactivit ... | 2009 | 19103283 |
| efficacy of immunising pigs against porcine circovirus type 2 at three or six weeks of age. | the efficacy of a porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) vaccine was tested in pigs vaccinated at three or six weeks of age. a total of 1106 weaned pigs were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: vaccinated at three weeks of age, vaccinated at six weeks of age, or not vaccinated. each pig was weighed at three, 10 and 22 weeks of age, and 48 pigs selected at random from each treatment group were serially blood sampled at three, six, 10, 14, 18 and 22 weeks of age. the mean weight of the ... | 2008 | 19103614 |
| [porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2)--associations between sequence, function and virulence]. | presently, potential associations between pcv2 virulence and -sequence are discussed controversially. practitioners are rattled, whether and to which extent spatio-temporal variations in pcv2 associated diseases (pcvd) on farms might be attributed to distinct pcv2 strains, differing in virulence, and if this factor should be taken into account regarding diagnosis and prophylaxis. the present paper provides a review on known and discussed functional elements of the pcv2 genome and their significa ... | 2008 | 19113027 |
| effect of porcine circovirus type 2 infection and replication on activated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. | the goal of this study was to examine the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection and replication on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in the presence of mitogens, concanavalin a (cona) or pokeweed mitogen (pwm) in vitro. the level of pcv2 replication and the impact of infection on pbmc proliferation, viability and the level of apoptosis in the presence or absence of mitogen stimulation were assessed. mitogen stimulation increased viral replication in pbmcs as measured by t ... | 2009 | 19118906 |
| detection of porcine circovirus 2 in mammary and other tissues from experimentally infected sows. | the aim of this study was to determine whether porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) may infect the mammary gland of sows and be shed in the milk. six pregnant sows were inoculated intranasally with pcv2 three weeks before their expected farrowing date and two further sows acted as uninfected controls. the animals remained clinically healthy and farrowed normally. milk samples were collected from all sows on the first, second and third days of lactation. pcv2 dna was detected in the milk of infected sows ... | 2009 | 19124134 |
| simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2, classical swine fever virus, porcine parvovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in pigs by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was designed for the simultaneous detection of four viruses involved in reproductive and respiratory failure in pigs: porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), porcine parvovirus (ppv), classical swine fever virus (csfv) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). each of the four pairs of oligonucleotide primers exclusively amplified the targeted fragment of the specific viruses. the sensitivity of the multiplex pcr using purified plasmi ... | 2010 | 19131259 |
| the relationship between porcine circovirus 2 antigen score and antibody titre and histology of lymph nodes in 375 euthanased sick and healthy pigs from 113 british pig farms with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | data from a cross-sectional study of 113 british pig herds carried out in 2004 were used to investigate the associations between postweaning multisystemic wasting (pmws) in pigs and herds and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) antigen score and antibody titre, and associated histological signs in lymph nodes. the sensitivity and specificity of published herd definitions for pmws were tested on the study farms to consider the role of pcv2 in pmws. herds were defined as pmws-affected, -unaffected or -rec ... | 2009 | 19135273 |
| effects of a modified live csfv vaccine on the development of pmws in pigs infected experimentally with pcv-2. | the objective of this study was to determine the effect of vaccination against classical swine fever virus (csfv) on the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in conventional pigs infected experimentally with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). the pigs infected with pcv-2 and immunised with modified live csfv developed mild to moderate pmws, whereas none of the pigs infected with pcv-2 alone or immunised with modified live csfv alone developed pmws. lesions histologica ... | 2009 | 19136684 |
| [inhibition of porcine circovirus type 2 replication by the plasmid vector expressing sirnas]. | to develop sirna as a potential tool for control of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection. | 2008 | 19149167 |
| the n-terminus of porcine circovirus type 2 replication protein is required for nuclear localization and ori binding activities. | porcine circovirus type 2 possesses a circular, single-stranded dna genome that requires the replication protein (rep) for virus replication. to characterize the dna binding potential and the significant region that confers the nuclear localization of the rep protein, the defined coding regions of rep gene were cloned and expressed. all of the recombinant proteins except for the n-terminal 110 residues deletion mutant could bind to the double-stranded minimal binding site of replication origin ( ... | 2009 | 19150331 |
| development of cell-mediated immunity to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets. | the interaction between porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and the pig immune system has been suggested to be a determinant event for the pathogenesis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). to gain insight into the host immune mechanisms developed upon pcv2 infection, early innate and adaptive immune responses were examined in 1-week-old, caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets using a subclinical infection model of pcv2 in combination with lipopolysaccharide (lps) as a potent ... | 2009 | 19167096 |
| interaction of the replication proteins and the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 1 and 2 with host proteins. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an important pathogen in swine, whereas porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) is apathogenic. to analyze the interactions between pcv and its host, we have used a yeast two-hybrid assay to identify cellular proteins interacting with cap and rep proteins of both pcv genotypes. six cellular proteins were found to interact with cap (mkrn1, gc1qr, par-4, nap1, npm1 and hsp40) and three with rep (znf265, tdg and vg5q). these interactions were confirmed by co-immunopreci ... | 2009 | 19178923 |
| difference in severity of porcine circovirus type two-induced pathological lesions between landrace and pietrain pigs. | anecdotal information from the field suggests that there are host genetic differences in susceptibility to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) associated disease among landrace and pietrain breeds. the objective of this study was to determine if a difference exists in pcv2 susceptibility between landrace and pietrain pigs under experimental conditions. thirty-nine landrace pigs and 39 pietrain pigs were blocked by breed, sire, dam, and litter and randomly divided into the following 4 groups: landra ... | 2009 | 19181769 |
| nucleotide sequence-based identification of a novel circovirus of canaries. | circovirus-like, spherical particles measuring 16 to 18 nm in diameter were detected in organ homogenates from adult canaries that had died after a short illness characterized by dullness, anorexia, lethargy and feather disorder. a polymerase chain reaction method, based on degenerate primers specific to conserved amino acid sequences in the circovirus replication-associated protein, was used to amplify dna specific to a novel circovirus, tentatively named canary circovirus (ccv). sequence analy ... | 2001 | 19184917 |
| detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) variants pcv2-1 and pcv2-2 in brazilian pig population. | in the present study whole genome of six brazilian isolates of pcv2 were sequenced, analyzed and compared with 35 other sequences (24 from other countries and 17 from brazil). the phylogenetic analysis showed that mostly brazilian variants of pcv2 were grouped as pcv2-1. two isolates among the six analyzed here could not be grouped with any other pcv2-2 analyzed in this study. one of these isolates was from an aborted fetus with myocarditis and the other from a pmws affected pig. the results poi ... | 2009 | 19185892 |