| [shichito fever in izu shichito islands. 3. seroepidemiological survey of anti-r. tsutsugamushi antibody among field rodents (author's transl)]. | | 1980 | 6778932 |
| [shichito fever in izu shichito islands. 4. incidence of anti-r. tsutsugamushi antibody among inhabitant's sera (author's transl)]. | | 1980 | 6778933 |
| [tsutsugamushi disease in the foothills of mt. fuji (author's transl)]. | | 1980 | 6778934 |
| studies on inapparent infection of tsutsugamuschi disease in izu shichito islands: seroepidemiology and demonstration of an avirulent rickettsia strain for mice. | | 1980 | 6779033 |
| antigenic classification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolates from small mammals trapped in developing oil palm complex in peninsular malaysia. | fifty-one rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolates from small mammals collected in central peninsular malaysia serologically characterized by direct immunofluorescence using eight prototype strains. karp-related (ta763, ta686, ta716) antigens were found in 90.2% of the isolates. | 1980 | 6783774 |
| host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: inflammatory response of congenic c3h mice differing at the ric gene. | two strains of c3h mice differed in their susceptibility to lethal infection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi strain gilliam. adult c3h/rv mice were markedly more resistant to lethal infection than c3h/hedub mice, and both were histocompatible as assessed by mixed-lymphocyte cultures and graft-versus-host responses. the inflammatory response of susceptible c3h/hedub mice to intraperitoneal infection was evident approximately 5 days postinfection, and the magnitude of the cellular influx increased u ... | 1981 | 6785236 |
| macrophages in resistance to rickettsial infections: early host defense mechanisms in experimental scrub typhus. | several early nonspecific host defense mechanisms were examined in resistant (balb/c) and susceptible (c3h/he) mice after intraperitoneal inoculation with rickettsia tsutsugamushi strain gilliam. inflammatory exudates were formed in both mouse strains in response to rickettsial inoculation, but the inflammatory response of c3h animals was delayed several days, and influx of peroxidase-positive macrophages occurred late in infection. peritoneal cells of c3h mice became progressively infected, wit ... | 1981 | 6785240 |
| differential requirements for enriched atmospheric carbon dioxide content for intracellular growth in cell culture among selected members of the genus rickettsia. | in an in vitro chicken embryo cell culture system, strains of rickettsia prowazekii, r. mooseri, and r. rickettsii, but not of r. tsutsugamushi, required an atmosphere enriched in co2 for intracellular growth. | 1981 | 6785241 |
| clinical and immunologic responses of silvered leaf monkeys (presbytis cristatus) to experimental reinfection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | silvered leaf monkeys (presbytis cristatus) that had recovered from active rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections 14 months previously became rickettsemic when inoculated with homologous, related, or unrelated strains of r. tsutsugamushi. in contrast to the results after the initial infection that produced disease, no signs were observed after the subsequent infections. most animals responded with detectable titers of antibody to the karp antigen regardless of the inoculated strains. strains recove ... | 1981 | 6787140 |
| rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains found in chiggers collected in thailand. | r. tsutsugamushi strains found in chiggers collected from 3 different sites throughout thailand were antigenically characterized. monotypic infections were observed in 76.7% of the chiggers. karp was the most predominant strain, followed by ta716, ta763, ta686 and kato. this study represents the first confirmed report of r. tsutsugamushi infection in 8 different chigger species in thailand. | 1981 | 6789455 |
| scrub typhus in the eastern solomon islands and northern vanuatu (new hebrides). | rickettsia tsutsugmushi has been isolated from rattus rattus from vanua lava island in northern vanuatu (new hebrides) and from r. exulans and leptotrombidium akamushi on ndende island in the eastern solomon islands. the well-known vector mite l. deliense was found on mota lava and vanua lava in vanuatu, but no isolation was made from pools of this mite. serology confirms that r. tsutsugamushi infects humans in the banks group of islands in northern vanuatu and that infection is much more widesp ... | 1981 | 6789693 |
| rickettsia tsutsugamushi antibody in mother/cord pairs of sera. | | 1981 | 6790744 |
| scrub typhus antibody in cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) in malaysia. | using an indirect immunofluorescence technique, sera from 113 cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis), trapped in peninsular malaysia, were screened for the presence of antibody to six prototype strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi combined into three polyvalent groupings: i--karp, ta716, and ta763; ii--gilliam; and iii--ta678 and th1817. fifteen percent (17/113) of the monkeys had antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:50 to one or more of the antigenic groups. although a titer greater than ... | 1981 | 6790836 |
| scrub typhus 1980. | scrub typhus is a widespread and at times serious infection in asia. if results from central malaysia can be applied, it appears to be economically important. diagnosis is often difficult and treatment prone to fail if short courses of antibiotics are used. prophylaxis is the key area of research with the development of a vaccine being the ultimate goal. | 1981 | 6792975 |
| host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: delayed-type hypersensitivity responses of inbred mice. | delayed-type hypersensitivity responses of inbred mice during the course of lethal and chronic infections with strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were evaluated by using the influx of radiolabeled cells into antigen-injected ears. congenic strains of c3h mice, which previously have been shown to be resistant (c3h/rv) or sensitive (c3h/hedub) to lethal intraperitoneal infection with the gilliam strain of rickettsiae, both expressed delayed-type hypersensitivity early in the course of infection ( ... | 1982 | 6797944 |
| serological classification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi organisms found in chiggers (acarina: trombiculidae) collected in peninsular malaysia. | | 1981 | 6798724 |
| protection against natural infection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi in mice. | | 1982 | 6804579 |
| sero-epidemiological survey of rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection in a rural thai village. | a sero-epidemiological survey of a rural thai village demonstrated a 77% prevalence of antibody against rickettsia tsutsugamushi in adults. acquisition of antibody occurred very early in life, especially in females, but the prevalence of antibody in the adult population showed no statistically significant sexual distinction. antibody against all three prototype strains was present in thailand but antibody titres did not vary by strain type or the age of the individual. | 1982 | 6805102 |
| humoral and cellular responses in scrub typhus patients reflecting primary infection and reinfection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | | 1982 | 6805348 |
| [rapid and sensitive serodiagnosis of tsutsugamushi disease by means of indirect immunoperoxidase reaction (author's transl)]. | | 1982 | 6806512 |
| a survey of scrub and murine typhus in the ancol section of jakarta, indonesia. | rickettsia tsutsugamushi was isolated from l. (l.) arenicola chiggers and three species of rats in an area of scrub and sedge along the bay of jakarta. this is the only finding in indonesia of a cycle of the agent of scrub typhus associated with l. (l.) arenicola. a serologic survey of nearly 300 persons living in two kampungs near the site at which rickettsiae were recovered revealed one individual with antibodies to r. tsutsugamushi. murine typhus, with a seropositivity rate of 6.5%, may be en ... | 1981 | 6806914 |
| [easy method for infectivity titration of rickettsia tsutsugamushi by infected cell counting (author's transl)]. | | 1981 | 6808193 |
| transmission of scrub typhus to human volunteers by laboratory-reared chiggers. | laboratory-reared, rickettsia tsutsugamushi-infected leptotrombidium arenicola and l. fletcheri chiggers were fed on 1 and 2 human volunteers respectively. all subjects developed typical clinical signs and symptoms of scrub typhus beginning days 8-10 post chigger attachment (pca); these included fever, severe headache, myalgia, regional lymphadenopathy, and eschar. the two l. fletcheri subjects developed a transient generalized rash on days 3-4 after the onset of fever, and these two individuals ... | 1982 | 6808205 |
| serodiagnosis of tsutsugamushi fever (scrub typhus) by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. | the indirect immunoperoxidase technique was assessed for the serodiagnosis of tsutsugamushi fever (scrub typhus). the antigens were peritoneal smears prepared from mice infected intraperitoneally with the karp, kato, and gilliam strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. treatment of the mice with cyclophosphamide apparently increased the number of the rickettsiae, and it minimized the exudate that interfered with the specific staining. the rickettsiae were seen as clusters in the juxtanuclear region ... | 1982 | 6809786 |
| penicillin-induced unstable intracellular formation of spheroplasts by rickettsiae. | penicillin g (greater than or equal to 20 micrograms/ml) is rapidly rickettsiacidal for intracellular rickettsia prowazekii. light and electron microscopic examinations revealed that penicillin g in culture medium induced a predictable transformation into typical enlarging spheroplasts deficient in the internal, putative peptidoglycan layer of the outer membrane. under certain conditions, spheroplasts ruptured to discharge contents into host cell cytoplasm and to leave empty shells of defective ... | 1982 | 6809842 |
| serological analysis of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolates from north queensland. | fifty-two rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolates from humans, rodents and chiggers in north queensland were serologically characterized by the direct immunofluorescence test. a majority (71%) of the isolates was a mixture of two or more strains. the most frequently detected strains in the 52 isolates were ta716 (84%), ta763 (42%), ta686 (33%), and karp (31%). the gilliam strain was detected in only 4% of the isolates. | 1982 | 6810861 |
| intranuclear rickettsia tsutsugamushi in cultured mouse fibroblasts (l cells). | | 1982 | 6811840 |
| entry of rickettsia tsutsugamushi into polymorphonuclear leukocytes. | factors involved in the phagocytosis and entry into polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were studied by electron microscopy. r. tsutsugamushi propagated in baby hamster kidney cell cultures was incubated with guinea pig peritoneal pmns in vitro at 35 degrees c. structurally intact and degenerating rickettsiae were found in phagosomes, but only intact rickettsiae escaped phagosomes and specifically entered the glycogen-rich cytoplasm. the extraphagosomal cytoplasmic ri ... | 1982 | 6815091 |
| doxycycline propylaxis for human scrub typhus. | the use of doxycycline, as a prophylactic antibiotic against scrub typhus was investigated in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. twenty volunteers were divided into two similar groups. beginning three days before exposure to leptotrombidium fletcheri chiggers infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi, and continuing for six weeks after exposure, one group received weekly 200-mg oral doses of doxycycline and the other group received a placebo. nine of 10 doxycycline-treated subjects rema ... | 1982 | 6815282 |
| [epidemiological, immunological and etiological study on tsutsugamushi disease in miyazaki district]. | | 1982 | 6818301 |
| [growth of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, isolated in miyazaki district, in bsc-1 cell]. | | 1982 | 6818302 |
| the effect of mouse age on the determination of rickettsia tsutsugamushi virulence. | the effect of age on the susceptibility of icr mice to lethal intraperitoneal (ip), rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections was tested with five virulent strains--karp, kato, gilliam, ta763, and th1817--and three strains of reduced virulence--ta678, ta686, and ta716. susceptibility differences were noted only in the icr mice inoculated with two of the strains of reduced virulence, ta716 and ta678. with both strains, mice in the 12-weeks and younger age groups had lower death rates than did mice in t ... | 1982 | 6819371 |
| serologic analysis of scrub typhus isolates from the pescadores and philippine islands. | | 1982 | 6819372 |
| [the use of polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in wild rodents]. | we studied the applicability of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for the detection of r. tsutsugamushi in wild rodents. the pcr method which amplified the gene coding for the group-specific antigen of r. tsutsugamushi was used in this study. specific pcr products (88 bp) were obtained with the dnas from three reference strains (gilliam, karp, and kato) and two cell culture adapted field isolates (kn-1 and gj-1). the minimum number detectable by the pcr method was estimated to be 1.3 copies ... | 1995 | 7499912 |
| [epidemiological study of tsutsugamushi disease in gunma prefecture. a special field study and serotype]. | an epidemiologically investigated of invasion of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, inhabitant of mites and serum sample from patients with tsutsugamushi disease in gunma prefecture from 1984 to 1994 was made. our data clearly indicated that rickettsia tsutsugamushi was not located but widely spreaded throughout the prefecture. mites on rodents, were classified into 4 genus and 12 species and about 15% of them were leptotrombidium pallidum and leptotrombidium scuttellare, well known virulent vectors. the ... | 1995 | 7499914 |
| [a case of tsutsugamushi disease which occurred in south western shikoku]. | we report a case of tsutsugamushi disease found in south western shikoku. a 64-year-old male who lived in towa village in kochi, developed a fever and headache on april 6, 1994, and was admitted to uwajima city hospital on april 15, with a ten-day history of illness. he had an eschar on the right anterior side of the breast and an enlargement of the right axillary lymph node, without a rash. laboratory data showed mild liver injury and atypical lymphocytes with 6% in peripheral blood. after his ... | 1995 | 7561256 |
| effectiveness of a dot-blot immunoassay of anti-rickettsia tsutsugamushi antibodies for serologic analysis of scrub typhus. | we compared a commercially available dot-blot immunoassay system with the indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) in tests of known negative and known positive sera from scrub typhus cases. using a panel of 100 sera from patients with various rickettsial and nonrickettsial infections, we observed that the ifa was 99% specific and the dipstick assay was 98% specific. in tests of 91 sera (30 negative and 61 positive for scrub typhus antibodies) from a study of febrile patients in malaysia, using t ... | 1995 | 7625532 |
| epitope mapping of the sta58 major outer membrane protein of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | binding studies of 160 overlapping, synthetic octapeptides from the hydrophilic regions of the sta58 major outer membrane protein of rickettsia tsutsugamushi with sera from patients with scrub typhus revealed 15 immunodominant peptides which are recognized by all the sera tested. further analysis of the specificity of peptide binding with five of these peptides indicated that the peptides showed significantly stronger binding to scrub typhus patients' sera than they did to sera from patients wit ... | 1993 | 7691753 |
| comparative epidemiological studies on vector/reservoir animals of tsutsugamushi disease between high and low endemic areas in korea. | comparative epidemiological studies on vector reservoir animals of tsutsugamushi disease were carried out in between south coast (the highest endemic) areas and east coast (low endemic) areas in october 1993. fauna of field rodents and their population densities were not different between two areas. antibody positive rate of apodemus agrarius sera was higher in east coast (43.2% in south coast and 63.6% in east coast). high correlation (r = 0.87) was shown between antibody positive rate of a. ag ... | 1995 | 7735783 |
| eradication of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from patients' blood by chemotherapy, as assessed by the polymerase chain reaction. | the presence of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of eight patients with tsutsugamushi disease was determined by the polymerase chain reaction during antibiotic treatment with minocycline or doxycycline. rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna was detectable in all samples from these patients collected the day before treatment began. after the initiation of chemotherapy, all samples tested positive on the third or fourth day, and one sample tested positive on the eighth day ... | 1995 | 7741170 |
| detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi specific dna from the lymphocyte of patients by polymerase chain reaction. | polymerase chain reaction was used to detect rickettsia tsutsugamushi specific dna from the lymphocytes of patients in the acute phase of the disease. the primers used in the pcr were based on the nucleotide sequences of gene encoding of the 56 kda antigen of the gilliam strain. the pcr product is a 78 bp fragment which can be hybridized by the 78 bp dna probe of the gilliam strain. comparison of the results obtained by polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescent assay and cell culture suggests ... | 1995 | 7770550 |
| electron microscopic study of the distribution and the vertical transmission of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in leptotrombidium pallidum. | leptotrombidium pallidum naturally infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi was reared and bred in our laboratory for several generations by brother and sister mating. the larvae and adults at the 8th and 9th generations were sectioned and observed by electron microscopy for analysis for the distribution of rickettsiae in the mites. the distribution densities of rickettsiae were markedly different among organs in each mite, but rickettsiae were seen in all the organs and tissues. rickettsiae were ... | 1994 | 7823409 |
| [a case of severe tsutsugamushi disease without eruption]. | a 64-year-old male was admitted to our division because of fever. after admission, the patient was given beta-lactam antibiotics intravenously because he had no eruption and eschar. however, the fever continued, and he became unconsciousness and dic appeared. we diagnosed the patient as tsutsugamushi disease from indirect fluorescent antibody technique. minocycline was excellently effective. several reports of tsutsugamushi disease without eruption have been given, so we must always be careful o ... | 1994 | 7829913 |
| transmission of rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains among humans, wild rodents, and trombiculid mites in an area of japan in which tsutsugamushi disease is newly endemic. | thirty-two newly isolated strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, 14 from patients with tsutsugamushi disease, 12 from wild rodents, and 6 from trombiculid mites parasitizing rodents in gifu prefecture, japan, were examined for reactivities to 12 monoclonal antibodies by an indirect fluorescent-antibody test to classify their antigenicities. all of the isolates could be classified into one of six groups (kn-1, kn-2, kn-3, gj-1, r158, and r161) according to their reactivities to the monoclonal antib ... | 1994 | 7852572 |
| the role of tumor necrosis factor in host defense against scrub typhus rickettsiae. i. inhibition of growth of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, karp strain, in cultured murine embryonic cells and macrophages by recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha. | recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) inhibited intracellular growth of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, karp strain, in the mouse embryo cell line c3h/10t1/2 clone 8 at doses of 100 to 10 u/ml. the growth inhibitory effect of tnf-alpha was also evident when peritoneal exudate macrophages or bone marrow-derived macrophages were used as the host cell for rickettsial growth. interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), at doses up to 1,000 u/ml, did not affect the growth of this strain of rickettsi ... | 1994 | 7854211 |
| the role of tumor necrosis factor in host defense against scrub typhus rickettsiae. ii. differential induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by rickettsia tsutsugamushi and rickettsia conorii. | the present study was undertaken to investigate the ability of members of two different groups of rickettsia to stimulate macrophages or immune lymphocytes to produce tnf. it was found that r. conorii, a spotted fever group rickettsia, readily induced murine peritoneal macrophages or the macrophage-like cell line p388d1 to produce relatively high levels of tnf. the interaction of macrophages with viable organisms or heat-killed organisms resulted in tnf production. in contrast, viable or killed ... | 1994 | 7854212 |
| phylogenetic position of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and the relationship among its antigenic variants by analyses of 16s rrna gene sequences. | the 16s rrna gene sequences of rickettsia tsutsugamushi and rickettsia sibirica were determined by pcr and dna sequencing. phylogenetic analysis revealed that r. sibirica is positioned in a cluster of the genus rickettsia with a similarity value of 98.1-99.6%, whereas r. tsutsugamushi is located apart from the cluster with a similarity value of 90.2-90.6%. this evidence suggests that r. tsutsugamushi should be excluded taxonomically from the genus rickettsia. the phylogenetic classification of s ... | 1995 | 7875578 |
| pathology of rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection in bandicota savilei, a natural host in thailand. | following rodent surveys in a rice-growing area of central thailand where we found bandicota savilei, b. indica, and rattus rattus infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi, we performed a study of pathogenesis of r. tsutsugamushi in laboratory-reared b. savilei. eight animals were injected with saline and 19 animals were injected with 4.0 x 10(6) mouse 50% lethal dose units of a strain of r. tsutsugamushi isolated from a human in central thailand. animals were evaluated at intervals for igg and ig ... | 1994 | 7943567 |
| detection and characterization of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) in infected leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) fletcheri chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) with the polymerase chain reaction. | we developed a method for detecting and characterizing the dna of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (larval trombiculid mites) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). three procedures for extracting dna from frozen chiggers were compared by evaluating the yield of pcr amplicand obtained with nine oligonucleotide primer pairs derived from the rickettsial 22 kd, 47 kd, groesl, 56 kd, and 110 kd antigen genes. although extracts and primer pairs differed in amplification efficiency, r. tsutsugamushi ... | 1994 | 7966172 |
| prevalence of antibodies to rickettsiae in the human population of suburban bangkok. | following a report of three cases of scrub typhus in suburban bangkok, we performed a serosurvey in the patients' communities. both igg and igm antibodies were measured in an indirect immunoperoxidase assay, using separate spots of antigen from rickettsia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus), r. typhi (murine typhus), and tt-118 spotted fever group rickettsiae. of 215 people donating blood, antibody levels indicative of most recent exposure to r. tsutsugamushi were most prevalent (21%), followed by r. t ... | 1994 | 8074248 |
| detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in experimentally infected mice by pcr. | we developed a rapid procedure for the detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna by the pcr technique. the primer pair used for the pcr was designed from the dna sequence of the gene encoding a 120-kda antigen, which was proven to be group specific by immunoblot analysis with mouse hyperimmune sera against various rickettsial strains. this pcr method was able to detect up to 10 ag of plasmid dna (pkt12). specific pcr products were obtained with dnas from r. tsutsugamushi kato, karp, gilliam, ta7 ... | 1994 | 8077385 |
| [studies on natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease of the autumn-winter type in jiangsu]. | before 1986, tsutsugamushi disease was known only prevalent in south to zhejiang province in our country, belonged to the summer type and leptotrombidium (l.) deliense was regarded as the main vector. in october 1986, the authors found this disease in nanjing and carried out a series of studies in 1986-1992. the results were as follows: tsutsugamushi disease was epidemic in nanjing and north of jiangsu (including: dongtai, haian, rudong, jinhu, hanjiang, jiangdu); belonged to the autumn-winter t ... | 1994 | 8082137 |
| [a new natural focus of scrub typhus found in hunchun]. | from may to june 1992, apodemus agrarius and apodemus speciosus were captured in hunchun, jilin province. four strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were isolated from viscera of rats and trombiculid mites. at the same time, the antibody against rickettsia tsutsugamushi was assayed in the sera of the local people and the wild rats. the positive rates were 15.2% and 16.4%, respectively. the above results showed that a natural focus of scrub typhus exists in hunchun area. | 1994 | 8082138 |
| [advances in the epidemiologic study of tsutsugamushi disease of the autumn-winter type in china]. | | 1994 | 8082142 |
| an ultrastructural study of vertical transmission of rickettsia tsutsugamushi during oogenesis and spermatogenesis in leptotrombidium pallidum. | rickettsia tsutsugamushi in leptotromibidium pallidum was observed by electron microscopy and rickettsiae were found in the various tissues and organs of both larvae and adults. budding of rickettsiae, a manner of release from the host cells, was observed only in the rudiments of the reproductive organs in larvae. oogonia and maturing oocytes in adult females and eggs after oviposition contained the microorganisms. in adult males, rickettsiae were also found in the spermatogonia, spermatocytes, ... | 1994 | 8116816 |
| serological reactivity of sera from scrub typhus patients against weil-felix test antigens. | sera from 17 patients of scrub typhus in the acute and convalescent phases were tested by indirect immunoperoxidase test, weil-felix (wf) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and immunoblotting. in the comparison of antibody titers between acute- and convalescent-phase sera, we recognized a parallelism of increment between the titers in wf test and titers of immunoglobulin m (igm) in elisa against proteus mirabilis strain oxk-whole cells and oxk-lipopolysaccharides (proteus oxk-lps). ... | 1993 | 8133798 |
| [detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from chiggers by polymerase chain reaction]. | polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from chiggers for the first time. both adults and larvae were tested. the positive rate of experimentally infected adults was 92.9%. it suggests that pcr is a rapid and sensitive assay for epidemiological study of scrub typhus. | 1993 | 8137416 |
| laboratory evaluation of propoxur and fenvalerate against infected and noninfected leptotrombidium fletcheri (acari: trombiculidae). | | 1993 | 8160070 |
| why is chlamydia sensitive to penicillin in the absence of peptidoglycan? | most eubacteria are sensitive to penicillin because the antibiotic inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential constituent of their cell walls. a few eubacteria have no measurable peptidoglycan, and, with one exception, they are not susceptible to penicillin. the exception is the genus chlamydia whose members are just as sensitive to penicillin as peptidoglycan-containing bacteria. a numbers of ways to resolve this anomaly, penicillin sensitivity without peptidoglycan, are proposed. it is ... | 1993 | 8162358 |
| rickettsia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) associated with rodents in central thailand. | chiggers were collected from rodents trapped at two military bases located 10 km apart in central thailand. one site was swampy and nearly treeless and the other site was well-drained and partially wooded. although 13 species of chiggers were collected, only three species were found to be positive for rickettsia tsutsugamushi (hayashi) ogata using a direct fluorescent antibody test: blankaartia acuscutellaris walch (7.3% infected), leptotrombidium delinese walch (3.1% infected), and an undescrib ... | 1994 | 8189414 |
| transfiguration of rickettsial diseases: tsutsugamushi disease and spotted fever group rickettsiosis in japan. | | 1993 | 8204977 |
| [serotype-specific amplification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from clinical specimens by nested polymerase chain reaction]. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with nested primer pairs was used to diagnose tsutsugamushi disease and identify the rickettsia tsutsugamushi serotype. the primer pairs used for pcr were designed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes the 56-kda antigen. five serovariants, the gilliam, karp, kato, kawasaki, and kuroki strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were detected and identified by nested pcr. the serotypes of patients registered during 1990 to 1992 in kanagawa prefe ... | 1994 | 8207286 |
| [changing pattern in rickettsia infections--with special reference to tsutsugamushi disease and spotted fever]. | | 1993 | 8245645 |
| a polymerase chain reaction system for rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus within six hours. | a rapid diagnostic system for scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) was established using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) combined with microplate hybridization. with this system, diagnosis can be made within six hours without the need for radioisotopes, electrophoresis, or membrane hybridization. the use of a pcr processor and dna-precoated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay plates allows a rapid and precise diagnosis to be easily made even in primary medical care clinics. | 1993 | 8250104 |
| two-step polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of scrub typhus and identification of antigenic variants of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | two-step polymerase chain reaction (nested pcr) method was examined for the diagnosis of scrub typhus. primers were derived from the type-specific antigen (tsa) gene dna sequences of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, gilliam strain. these primers served to produce rickettsia-specific products in the amplification of template dna prepared from all serovariants, gilliam, karp, kato, kawasaki, kuroki and shimokoshi strains, and the fragments of product after digestion with several kinds of restriction endo ... | 1993 | 8286526 |
| analysis of antigenic characteristics of rickettsia tsutsugamushi boryong strain and antigenic heterogeneity of rickettsia tsutsugamushi using monoclonal antibodies. | twenty-four monoclonal antibodies were produced by immunizing balb/c mice with rickettsia tsutsugamushi boryong strain and used for the analysis of antigenic characteristics of r.tsutsugamushi boryong strain and antigenic heterogeneity of r.tsutsugamushi by indirect immunofluorescent(if) test. r. tsutsugamushi kato, karp, gilliam, ta686, ta716, ta763, tc586, th1817, and boryong were used for the analysis of antigenic heterogeneity of r.tsutsugamushi. five monoclonal antibodies were reactive with ... | 1993 | 8305138 |
| serotype-specific amplification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna by nested polymerase chain reaction. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with nested primer pairs was used to diagnose scrub typhus and identify the rickettsia tsutsugamushi serotype. the primer pairs used for pcr were designed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes the 56-kda antigen. serotype-specific primers were used in the second pcr amplification. five serovariants, the gilliam, karp, kato, kawasaki, and kuroki strains of r. tsutsugamushi, were identified by nested pcr. in addition, the serotype identifi ... | 1993 | 8315007 |
| rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus by a passive hemagglutination assay using recombinant 56-kilodalton polypeptides. | the genes encoding the 56-kda polypeptides were amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the genomic dnas of three serotypes of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, gilliam, karp, and boryong. the amplified products were cloned into expression vector pih821, and the recombinant antigens were expressed in escherichia coli as fusion proteins with maltose-binding protein. the recombinant 56-kda polypeptides were purified by affinity chromatography for the sensitization of sheep erythrocytes. the recombinan ... | 1993 | 8370730 |
| high-level expression of a 56-kilodalton protein gene (bor56) of rickettsia tsutsugamushi boryong and its application to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. | the 56-kda protein of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, which is located on the rickettsial surface, has been shown to be an immunodominant antigen. the gene that encodes the 56-kda protein of r. tsutsugamushi boryong (bor56) was cloned. sequencing revealed an open reading frame of 1,602 bp encoding 534 amino acids with a molecular weight of 56,803. the 56-kda protein of r. tsutsugamushi boryong (bor56) was expressed as a fusion protein with the maltose-binding protein of escherichia coli by deleting 25 ... | 1993 | 8458953 |
| murine t-cell response to native and recombinant protein antigens of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | a polyclonal t-cell line with th1 characteristics was used to assess the murine cellular immune response to native and recombinant rickettsia tsutsugamushi antigens. proliferation of this t-cell line was observed in response to numerous native antigen fractions, which indicates that the murine t-helper-cell response is directed at multiple scrub typhus antigens with no apparent antigenic immunodominance. subsequent analysis of recombinant r. tsutsugamushi antigens made it possible to identify a ... | 1993 | 8478055 |
| [epidemiology of tsutsugamushi disease and typing of isolated rickettsia in chiba prefecture]. | in chiba prefecture, the first patient of tsutsugamushi disease was found in the southern part in the 1950's, but after that no patient was detected until 1982. after 1982, patients have been noticed again, the number of patients has been increasing year by year. the number of serologically confirmed cases was 152 and 157 in 1989 and 1990, respectively with indirect immunofluorescence assay. about 90 percent of the patients were found in november and december, prevalently in the southern part of ... | 1993 | 8486974 |
| [detection antigen of rickettsia tsutsugamushi by using monoclonal antibody]. | dot-elisa was used with hrp-labelled monoclonal antibodies kp3 (iggi) and kp4-6 (igm) against antigen of the karp strain of rickettsia tsutsugamushi to detect the antigen of r. tsutsugamushi. the positive rate of sera of 56 acute scrub typhus patients and 37 wild rats caught from the countryside of the endemic area as well as 29 batches of chiggers collected from the wild rats were 92.9%, 100% and 89.7%, respectively. no cross reaction was found with antigens of other rickettsia groups such as r ... | 1993 | 8504454 |
| rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection in cell culture: antibiotic susceptibility determined by flow cytometry. | recent unpublished reports from northern thailand of severe and sometimes fatal cases of scrub typhus, despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, suggest that resistance may occur. current antibiotic susceptibility methods that use direct microscopic counts of giemsa-stained cells or mouse protection assays are slow, labor-intensive, and expensive. we explored the use of flow cytometry to measure rickettsial infection in vitro in l-929 cells treated with and without doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, eryt ... | 1995 | 8561261 |
| in vitro effectiveness of azithromycin against doxycycline-resistant and -susceptible strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi, etiologic agent of scrub typhus. | in an effort to find a potential alternative treatment for scrub typhus, we evaluated the effectiveness of the standard drug doxycycline and the new macrolide azithromycin against a doxycycline-susceptible strain (karp) and a doxycycline-resistant strain (afsc-4) of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. the antibiotics were tested in an in vitro assay system in which infected mouse fibroblast cells (l929) were incubated for 3 days in various concentrations of the drugs. rickettsial growth was evaluated by d ... | 1995 | 8585717 |
| classification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a new genus, orientia gen. nov., as orientia tsutsugamushi comb. nov. | recent studies of rickettsia tsutsugamushi have demonstrated clearly the phenotypic and genotypic differences between this microorganism and other species belonging to the genus rickettsia. therefore, classification of r. tsutsugamushi in a new genus, orientia gen. nov., is proposed. | 1995 | 8590688 |
| current status of tsutsugamushi disease in korea. | | 1995 | 8593201 |
| [isolation of rickettsia tsutsugamushi from the blood samples of patients in taiwan]. | scrub typhus, an acute febrile eruptive disease caused by rickettsia tsutsugamushi, is one of the most commonly reported communicable diseases in taiwan. however, information about the epidemic trends of scrub typhus in taiwan is still very limited. therefore, this study was performed to isolate the causative agent and determine the prevalence of three different serotypes. from june 1992 to december 1994, lymphocyte cell cultures were grown from different regions of taiwan. cell cultures were as ... | 1995 | 8672939 |
| scrub typhus infections poorly responsive to antibiotics in northern thailand. | rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the aetiological agent of scrub typhus, is common in asia and readily infects visitors to areas where disease transmission occurs. rapid defervescence after antibiotic treatment is so characteristic that it is used as a diagnostic test for r tsutsugamushi infection. reports from local physicians that patients with scrub typhus in chiangrai, northern thailand responded badly to appropriate antibiotic therapy prompted us to do a prospective clinical evaluation and antibio ... | 1996 | 8676722 |
| genotypic identification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of dna amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. | we combined the nested polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) for genotypic identification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi. four primers were selected from the dna sequence of the gene encoding a 56-kd serotype-specific antigen of the karp strain. nested pcr produced rickettsia-specific products of approximately 0.6 kb in the amplification of dna prepared from three reference strains (gilliam, karp, and kato) and two prototype strains (irie and hirano) prev ... | 1996 | 8686786 |
| the typhus group. | | 1996 | 8727129 |
| laboratory tests of arthropod repellents against leptotrombidium deliense--noninfected and infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi--and noninfected l. fletcheri (acari: trombiculidae). | laboratory tests were conducted to compare the response of noninfected leptotrombidium deliense sambon and leptotrombidium fletcheri (womersley & heaslip) and l. deliense naturally infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agent of scrub typhus, to 8 chemical repellents and toxicants. low concentrations of permethrin, dimethylphthalate, diethyl methylbenzamide, benzyl benzoate, di-n-propyl 2,5-pyridine-dicarboxylate, 1-(3-cyclohexen-1-yl-carbonyl)-2-methylpiperidine (ai3-37220), 2-hy ... | 1996 | 8742527 |
| apoptosis of lymphocytes in mice induced by infection with rickettsia tsutsugamushi. | histological examinations of mice infected with either a lethal (karp) or a self-limitating (gilliam) strain of rickettsia tsutsugamushi were performed. tingible body macrophages in the spleen and necrotizing lymphadenitis in regional lymph nodes were prominent only in the former. apoptotic legions in the lymphocytes of these organs were clearly demonstrated by histochemical and electron microscopical examinations. | 1996 | 8751955 |
| [symbiotic relationship between orientia tsutsugamushi and vector mites]. | | 1996 | 8752375 |
| demonstration of antigenic and genotypic variation in orientia tsutsugamushi which were isolated in japan, and their classification into type and subtype. | a total of 40 strains of orientia tsutsugamushi (34 isolates from patients and trombiculid mites in japan, and 6 prototype strains of antigenic variants) were examined for classification based on the reactivities with type-specific monoclonal antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence tests, and on the restriction fragment length polymorphism of a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-amplified 56-kilodalton type-specific antigenic protein gene. by these methods, several antigenic and genotypic variant ... | 1996 | 8908607 |
| infection with human immunodeficiency virus does not influence the clinical severity of scrub typhus. | infection by orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamushi causes scrub typhus, a severe febrile disease common in asia. both scrub typhus and aids are prevalent in northern thailand. therefore, we prospectively investigated the impact of infection due to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) on the severity of the clinical syndrome produced by o. tsutsugamushi. the severity of scrub typhus was objectively graded on admission of patients to the hospital, and serologies for antibodies to hiv were per ... | 1996 | 8922820 |
| antibodies to orientia tsutsugamushi in thai soldiers. | thai soldiers who were conscripted, royal thai army forces, professional border patrol police, or local militia (thai rangers) located in any of seven provinces of thailand were bled in april and again, four months later, in july 1989. in 1991, soldiers from five different locations in southern thailand were bled once, in july. serum samples were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody assay for antibody to orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamushi, etiologic agent of scrub typhus, with any t ... | 1996 | 8940989 |
| virulence in mice of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients in a new endemic area in japan. | four strains of orientia tsutsugamushi (kn-1, kn-2, kn-3 and gj-1) isolated from patients in an area of gifu prefecture, japan, in which tsutsugamushi disease is newly endemic, were examined for their virulence in mice. among these, kn-1 (identified as kawasaki type), gj-1 (identified as kuroki type) and kn-2 strains were found to be non-lethal for balb/c mice as well as ch3/hej mice, even with high doses (10(6) x being the 50% mouse infectious dose). on the other hand, the kn-3 strain was found ... | 1996 | 8981347 |
| comparison of serological reactions of rickettsiae-infected patients and rabbit anti-proteus ox antibodies with proteus ox2, ox19 and oxk lipopolysaccharides. | the reactivity of anti-rickettsiae human antibodies with proteus ox cells is used as a presumptive rickettsial diseases diagnostic test weil-felix reaction. in presented studies we compare the reactivity of human anti-rickettsiae and rabbit anti-proteus antibodies with series of proteus ox2, ox19 and oxk lipopolysaccharides (lps). polyclonal rabbit anti-ox2, anti-ox19 and anti-oxk sera reacted only with the homologous lps--ox2, ox19 and oxk, respectively. the antibodies of japanese spotted fever ... | 1996 | 9017163 |
| elisa-based colorimetric detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from patient sera by nested polymerase chain reaction. | a rapid diagnostic system for scrub typhus was established using colorimetric detection of nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). this system relied on binding the amplified dna via a sequence in one of oligodeoxyribonucleotide to the dna-binding protein gcn4 coated on the well of a micotiter dish. the primer pairs used for the nested pcr were designed on the basis of the homologous nucleotide sequence of the gene that encodes the 56 kda antigen of serovariants. with this colorimetric pcr, diag ... | 1996 | 9031416 |
| occurrence of high ratio of males after introduction of minocycline in a colony of leptotrombidium fletcheri infected with orientia tsutsugamushi. | in colonies of leptotrombidium fletcheri mites infected with orientia tsutsugamushi (ot), the agent of scrub typhus, males rarely appear. in the present study, the development of a high ratio of males was observed after introduction of minocycline (mc). a high dose of mc was injected subcutaneously into a mouse, and by feeding unfed larvae from an infected mite colony on this mouse, the ot in the mites were successfully killed. of a total of 130 unfed larvae attached to the mouse, 29 developed i ... | 1997 | 9062784 |
| evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in thai scrub typhus patients. | we report the development of an improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamushi antibody in human sera. results were compared with a standard test, the indirect immunoperoxidase assay (iip). control serum samples were collected from 96 american soldiers and 198 royal thai army soldiers with no recent history of clinical illness. sera were examined from 79 febrile, thai scrub typhus patients presenting at chiang rai (76) and bangkraui nont ... | 1997 | 9063359 |
| pregnancy with scrub typhus and vertical transmission: a case report. | scrub typhus is a rickettsian disease which is seldom found in pregnancy. a 31-year-old, 34 weeks pregnant woman presented with fever, chill and cough for 6 weeks. fetal jeopardy was found then a cesarean section was performed to deliver a 2,200 g male with hepatosplenomegaly. the mother's diagnosis was confirmed by positive weil-felix (oxk titer 1:320) and scrub typhus (titer 1:1600) tests. vertical transmission was also demonstrated by a positive scrub typhus igm in her child. | 1997 | 9094822 |
| structural and serological studies of the o-antigen of the bacterium proteus mirabilis oxk (serogroup o3) used in the weil-felix test. | sugar analysis and 1h- and 13c-nmr spectroscopic studies showed that various strains of proteus mirabilis oxk used as antigens in the weil-felix test for serodiagnosis of rickettsiosis (scrub typhus) produce lipopolysaccharides (lpss) with the same o-specific polysaccharide chain having the following structure: [formula: see text] where glca and gala are glucuronic and galacturonic acids, respectively. this polysaccharide which defines the o3 specificity of proteus and has been found earlier in ... | 1997 | 9113725 |
| central nervous system involvement in patients with scrub typhus. | scrub typhus, which is caused by orientia tsutsugamushi, is a systemic illness that causes generalized vasculitis. the central nervous system (cns) is the most crucial target in other rickettsial diseases; however, there have been several reports of encephalitis or meningitis without direct evidence of rickettsial invasion of the cns in cases of scrub typhus. to investigate cns involvement in cases of scrub typhus, we analyzed the csf profiles (cell count and levels of protein and glucose) and a ... | 1997 | 9114196 |
| induction of homologous immune response to rickettsia tsutsugamushi boryong with a partial 56-kilodalton recombinant antigen fused with the maltose-binding protein mbp-bor56. | although the 56-kda protein of rickettsia tsutsugamushi has been presumed to play important roles in generating protective immunity against scrub typhus, studies of this protein have been impeded. we used the recombinant 56-kda protein of r. tsutsugamushi boryong fused with the maltose-binding protein of escherichia coli (mbp-bor56) to analyze its ability to induce protective immunity in a c3h/hedub murine model. intraperitoneal immunization of mice with mbp-bor56 resulted in an increase in the ... | 1997 | 9119501 |
| a new species of leptotrombidium (acari:trombiculidae) collected in active rice fields in northern thailand. | leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) chiangraiensis tanskul & linthicum is described and illustrated as new from specimens collected from the rodents rattus rattus (l., 1758), rattus argentiventer (robinson & kloss, 1916), rattus losea (swinhoe, 1870), and bandicota indica (bechstein, 1800) in chiangrai province northern thailand. the new species was collected in active rice fields and adjacent fruit plantation areas. the etiological agent of scrub typhus, orientia (formerly rickettsia) tsutsugamus ... | 1997 | 9151504 |
| [analysis of clinical severity of tsutsugamushi disease according to the serotype of pathogenic rickettsia]. | we compared the severity of clinical symptoms and laboratory test results of tsutsugamushi disease patients in oita prefecture according to the serotype of infected r. tsutsugamushi. of the 45 patients, except one with the karp-type, who were suffering in oita prefecture between 1992 and 1994, 20 were the irie-type and 24 were the hirano-type. there was no apparent difference with regard to clinical symptoms between the two groups of patients. laboratory tests showed that crp increased almost eq ... | 1997 | 9164083 |
| characterization of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated in taiwan by immunofluorescence and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. | a total of 10 strains of orientia tsutsugamushi were isolated from field rodents and chiggers in taiwan, and characterized by immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies and by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 56-kilodalton (kda) protein gene. the isolates were divided into two groups consisting of 1 and 9 strains which showed some relation to gilliam and karp type strains, respectively. however, all these isolates possessed characteristics distinct not only fr ... | 1997 | 9170266 |
| diagnosis of scrub typhus in malaysian aborigines using nested polymerase chain reaction. | a rapid diagnostic system for scrub typhus using nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was applied to clinical samples from malaysian aborigines. whole blood from twenty-four patients suspected of scrub typhus infection were tested using nested polymerase chain reaction and sera were evaluated by the indirect immunoperoxidase test. antibody responses towards rickettsia tsutsugamushi were observed in seventeen patients with the majority having high titers of igg antibodies. seven patients were s ... | 1996 | 9185274 |
| [role of leptotrombidium (l.) scutellare in transmission of human diseases]. | a series of cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in shaanxi province and autumn-type tsutsugamushi disease in jiangsu province were studied during 1988 to 1990 and 1986 to 1993 to explore the role of leptotrombidium (l.) scutellare in transmission of these diseases. results showed that l. (l.) scutellare is a dominant strain of mites inhabiting in rats and its seasonal fluctuation conformed to the seasonal distribution of these diseases. l. (l.) scutellare could naturally infect ... | 1996 | 9208519 |