| immune polarization by hookworms: taking cues from t helper type 2, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages. | cellular and molecular investigation of parasitic helminth infections has greatly accelerated the understanding of type 2 immune responses. however, there remains considerable debate regarding the specific leucocytes that kill parasites and whether these mechanisms are distinct from those responsible for tissue repair. herein, we chronicle discoveries over the past decade highlighting current paradigms in type 2 immunity with a particular emphasis upon how cd4(+) t helper type 2 cells, type 2 in ... | 2016 | 26928141 |
| prevalence of intestinal parasite infections among patients in local public hospitals of hail, northwestern saudi arabia. | to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among patients in hail, northwestern saudi arabia. | 2016 | 26851785 |
| multi-parallel qpcr provides increased sensitivity and diagnostic breadth for gastrointestinal parasites of humans: field-based inferences on the impact of mass deworming. | although chronic morbidity in humans from soil transmitted helminth (sth) infections can be reduced by anthelmintic treatment, inconsistent diagnostic tools make it difficult to reliably measure the impact of deworming programs and often miss light helminth infections. | 2016 | 26813411 |
| epidemiological surveys of, and research on, soil-transmitted helminths in southeast asia: a systematic review. | soil-transmitted helminth (sth) infections of humans fall within the world health organization's (who) grouping termed the neglected tropical diseases (ntds). it is estimated that they affect approximately 1.4 billion people worldwide. a significant proportion of these infections are in the population of southeast asia. this review analyses published data on sth prevalence and intensity in southeast asia over the time period of 1900 to the present to describe age related patterns in these epidem ... | 2016 | 26813007 |
| detection of intestinal parasites by use of the cuvette-based automated microscopy analyser sedimax(®). | microscopy is the reference method for intestinal parasite identification. the cuvette-based automated microscopy analyser, sedimax 1, provides 15 digital images of each sediment sample. in this study, we have evaluated this fully automated instrument for detection of enteric parasites, helminths and protozoa. a total of 700 consecutively preserved samples consisting of 60 positive samples (50 protozoa, ten helminths) and 640 negative samples were analysed. operators were blinded to each others' ... | 2016 | 26679923 |
| development and evaluation of a loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technique for the detection of hookworm (necator americanus) infection in fecal samples. | hookworm infection is a major concern in sub-saharan africa, particularly in children and pregnant women. necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale are responsible for this condition. hookworm disease is one of the neglected tropical diseases (ntds) that are targeted for elimination through global mass chemotherapy. to support this there is a need for reliable diagnostic tools. the conventional diagnostic test, kato-katz that is based on microscopic detection of parasite ova in faecal samples ... | 2015 | 26546069 |
| identification of human intestinal parasites affecting an asymptomatic peri-urban argentinian population using multi-parallel quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. | in resource-limited countries, stool microscopy is the diagnostic test of choice for intestinal parasites (soil-transmitted helminths and/or intestinal protozoa). however, sensitivity and specificity is low. improved diagnosis of intestinal parasites is especially important for accurate measurements of prevalence and intensity of infections in endemic areas. | 2015 | 26183074 |
| soil-transmitted helminths in southwestern china: a cross-sectional study of links to cognitive ability, nutrition, and school performance among children. | empirical evidence suggests that the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (sth) infections in remote and poor rural areas is still high among children, the most vulnerable to infection. there is concern that sth infections may detrimentally affect children's healthy development, including their cognitive ability, nutritional status, and school performance. medical studies have not yet identified the exact nature of the impact sth infections have on children. the objective of this study is to ... | 2015 | 26110518 |
| [a case of ancylostoma duodenale infection in rectum detected by colonoscopy]. | | 2015 | 26080535 |
| infection with soil-transmitted helminths is associated with increased insulin sensitivity. | given that helminth infections have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in animal studies, which may be explained by beneficial effects on energy balance or by a shift in the immune system to an anti-inflammatory profile, we investigated whether soil-transmitted helminth (sth)-infected subjects are more insulin sensitive than sth-uninfected subjects. | 2015 | 26061042 |
| intestinal parasites of children and adults in a remote aboriginal community of the northern territory, australia, 1994-1996. | parasitic infections can adversely impact health, nutritional status and educational attainment. this study investigated hookworm and other intestinal parasites in an aboriginal community in australia from 1994 to 1996. | 2017 | 25960921 |
| heavy metals and parasitic geohelminths toxicity among geophagous pregnant women: a case study of nakuru municipality, kenya. | geophagia is defined as deliberate consumption of earths' materials, e.g. soil, clay and soft stones. the practice is widespread among pregnant women, and there are conflicting views as to whether it is beneficial to health or not. geophagic materials may be a source of micronutrients though the materials may bind the micronutrients thus reducing or hindering their bioavailability in the body. geophagia is closely associated with geohelminthic infections among pregnant women and heavy metal pois ... | 2016 | 25750054 |
| prevalence of intestinal parasites and its impact on nutritional status among preschool children living in damanhur city, el-behera governorate, egypt. | this cross sectional study was done in damanhur city, the capital of el-behera governorate to detect the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among preschool aged children and to find out its effect on their nutritional status. five-hundreds children aged between 2-6 years were enrolled; a detailed questionnaire, complete clinical and anthropometric assessment as well as complete stool analysis and blood picture were done. the study revealed that 51.8% preschool children were infected; c ... | 2014 | 25597166 |
| an unusual cause of chronic diarrhoea. | we report a patient presenting with chronic diarrhoea of unidentified etiology. laboratory results showed microcytic anemia, peripheral eosinophilia with negative results of stool sample smears and stool concentration technique. ancylostoma duodenale was found in the caecum and terminal ileum during colonoscopy. the patient was treated with a 3-day course of 400 mg albendazole and iron supplement. the diarrhoea disappeared shortly after treatment. physicians particularly in tropical areas should ... | 2014 | 24862060 |
| overt small-intestine bleeding caused by ancylostoma duodenale. | | 2014 | 24745772 |
| water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | preventive chemotherapy represents a powerful but short-term control strategy for soil-transmitted helminthiasis. since humans are often re-infected rapidly, long-term solutions require improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (wash). the purpose of this study was to quantitatively summarize the relationship between wash access or practices and soil-transmitted helminth (sth) infection. | 2014 | 24667810 |
| prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among kigali institute of education students in kigali, rwanda. | intestinal parasitic infections (ipis) are a significant public health problem in sub- saharan africa (ssa) and rwanda is not spared. while eradication programs towards preschool-aged and school-aged children are undertaken, important gaps regarding ipis among students attending tertiary learning institutions remain. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ipis and associated risk factors among kigali institute of education (kie) students who attended its medical clinic for stoo ... | 2013 | 24522143 |
| current status of human hookworm infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, schistosomiasis mekongi and other trematodiases in lao people's democratic republic. | soil-transmitted helminth (sth) infections, and schistosomiasis and other trematodiases often have a high prevalence in developing countries. here, we present updated information on the prevalence of these parasites in the lao people's democratic republic (lao pdr) in 2012, arising from the annual national helminthiasis survey. fecal specimens were collected from 8,610 inhabitants of 12 provinces and one municipality (bokeo, houaphan, luang namtha, luang prabang, oudomxay, and phongsaly province ... | 2014 | 24515942 |
| prevalence and risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infection in nepal. | the purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and intensity and examine the risk factors of soil transmitted helminth (sth; i.e., roundworm [ascaris lumbricoides], hookworms [ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus], and whipworm [trichuris trichiura]) infections in nepal. | 2014 | 24488979 |
| [a case of lung paragonimiasis superinfection with hookworm presenting difficulty in discrimination]. | a 40-year-old woman, who was born in thailand and moved to japan 20 years previously, was admitted to our university hospital because of eosinophilia and abnormal chest radiography findings over a 6-month period. the chest ct showed multiple cavitary nodules in the subpleural area and a tubular structure that extended from each cavity to the pleura. immunological examination revealed an elevation of antibody titers against ancylostoma duodenale, paragonimiasis miyazakii and paragonimiasis wester ... | 2013 | 24483024 |
| helminths and human ancestral immune ecology: what is the evidence for high helminth loads among foragers? | recent theories of human immune ecology have invoked high helminth loads as an important selection factor among early humans. however, few studies have assessed this assumption among extant human foragers. | 2014 | 24469911 |
| prevalence of ancylostomiasis in people living in slum area, philhousepet of eluru, west godavari district (andhra pradesh). | hookworm infection was found in the slum area of eluru, west godavari district, a.p. which has scheduled caste population. infection is related to different climatic conditions and socio-economic status of the population. the inhabitants are coolies in agricultural fields and household workers with a poor level of hygiene and sanitation. all the infected positive cases showed ancylostoma duodenale infection. the prevalence of hookworm infection was 15.6, 17.9 and 14 % in children, 23.5, 27.9 and ... | 2013 | 24431537 |
| geohelminths: public health significance. | the worldwide prevalence of geohelminths and their unique place in evolutionary biology have attracted research focus. these major soil-transmitted intestinal nematodes that cause human diseases are the nematode roundworm (ascaris lumbricoides), the whipworm (trichuris trichiura) and the two hookworms (ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus), often collectively referred as geohelminths. studies of geohelminthiasis in poorly nourished children in developing regions report that geohelminths ... | 2014 | 24423707 |
| controlling soil-transmitted helminths: time to think inside the box? | soil-transmitted helminths (sth) refer to several parasitic nematode species that infect over 1 billion people worldwide. infections with ascaris lumbricoides , trichuris trichiura , and the hookworms necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale cause significant morbidity in more than 450 million people, primarily children and pregnant women, resulting in over 39 million disability-adjusted life years lost. considerable effort and resources have been, and continue to be, spent on top-down, medi ... | 2014 | 24393037 |
| a case of parasite invasion of the intestinal tract: a missed diagnosis in irritable bowel syndrome. | irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause. as the clinical manifestations are very diverse and associated with nonspecific symptoms, research seeking to identify organic causes to rule out ibs and to enable differential diagnosis is required. a 24-year-old man was referred to our hospital for specialized management of ibs. he had a 7-month history of intermittent epigastric an ... | 2013 | 24340264 |
| impact of helminth diagnostic test performance on estimation of risk factors and outcomes in hiv-positive adults. | traditional methods using microscopy for the detection of helminth infections have limited sensitivity. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays enhance detection of helminths, particularly low burden infections. however, differences in test performance may modify the ability to detect associations between helminth infection, risk factors, and sequelae. we compared these associations using microscopy and pcr. | 2013 | 24324729 |
| baboons as potential reservoirs of zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite infections at yankari national park, nigeria. | zoonoses pose a risk to public health. | 2013 | 24235920 |
| intestinal parasitic infection in bhil tribe of rajasthan, india. | a total of 224 bhil tribal individuals (115 males and 109 females) of different age groups inhabiting tribal rural areas of udaipur district of rajasthan, india were investigated for the prevalence of intestinal parasitic (protozoan and helminths) infections. fresh stool samples of these tribal subjects were examined microscopically by direct wet smear with saline and 1 % lugol's iodine and formaline ether concentration. of these 116 (51.78 %) were found to be infected with diverse species of in ... | 2012 | 24082517 |
| update on the mapping of prevalence and intensity of infection for soil-transmitted helminth infections in latin america and the caribbean: a call for action. | it is estimated that in latin america and the caribbean (lac) at least 13.9 million preschool age and 35.4 million school age children are at risk of infections by soil-transmitted helminths (sth): ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichiura and hookworms (necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale). although infections caused by this group of parasites are associated with chronic deleterious effects on nutrition and growth, iron and vitamin a status and cognitive development in children, few co ... | 2013 | 24069476 |
| discrimination of gastrointestinal nematode eggs from crude fecal egg preparations by inhibitor-resistant conventional and real-time pcr. | diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes relies predominantly on coproscopic methods such as flotation, kato-katz, mcmaster or flotac. although flotac allows accurate quantification, many nematode eggs can only be differentiated to genus or family level. several molecular diagnostic tools discriminating closely related species suffer from high costs for dna isolation from feces and limited sensitivity since most kits use only small amounts of feces (<1 g). a direct pcr from crude egg preparations ... | 2013 | 23620739 |
| influence of physico-chemistry and mineralogy on the occurrence of geohelminths in geophagic soils from selected communities in the eastern cape, south africa, and their possible implication on human health. | geophagic soils from selected communities in eastern cape, south africa were characterised to determine their properties and geohelminth content. the soils were coarse-textured with cation exchange capacity values ranging from 6.35 to 18.94 cmol (+)/kg. quartz was the dominant mineral in the samples with sio2, al2o3, and fe2o3(t) having the highest concentrations among major element oxides. the soil properties, mineralogical composition, and low amounts of particle binding substances may favour ... | 2014 | 23574040 |
| soil-transmitted helminth infection in south america: a systematic review and geostatistical meta-analysis. | the four common soil-transmitted helminth species-ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichiura, and the two hookworm species ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus-are endemic in south america, but their distribution, infection prevalence, and regional burden are poorly understood. we aimed to estimate the risk and number of people infected with a lumbricoides, t trichiura, and hookworm across south america. | 2013 | 23562238 |
| a novel, multi-parallel, real-time polymerase chain reaction approach for eight gastrointestinal parasites provides improved diagnostic capabilities to resource-limited at-risk populations. | diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites has traditionally relied on stool microscopy, which has low diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. we have developed a novel, rapid, high-throughput quantitative multi-parallel real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) platform. species-specific primers/probes were used for eight common gastrointestinal parasite pathogens: ascaris lumbricoides, necator americanus, ancylostoma duodenale, giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium spp., entamoeba histolytica, trichu ... | 2013 | 23509117 |
| relationship between carotid intima media thickness and helminth infections on flores island, indonesia. | to examine the association between helminth infections and atherosclerosis. | 2013 | 23365679 |
| evaluation of real-time pcr for strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm as diagnostic tool in asymptomatic schoolchildren in cambodia. | diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths such as strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms (ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus) is challenging due to irregular larval and egg output in infected individuals and insensitive conventional diagnostic procedures. sensitive novel real-time pcr assays have been developed. our study aimed to evaluate the real-time pcr assays as a diagnostic tool for detection of strongyloides spp. and hookworms in a random stool sample of 218 asymptomatic schoolch ... | 2013 | 23298731 |
| parasitic diseases of the pleura. | parasitic infections are prevalent in certain parts of the world and may cause pleural involvement, which often goes unrecognized. common parasites involving the pleura include entamoeba histolytica, echinococcus granulosus and paragonimus westermani. amebiasis can cause empyema with "anchovy sauce" pus, reactive pleural effusions and bronchopleural fistula with hydropneumothorax. echinococcosis may result in pleural thickening, pneumothorax, secondary pleural hydatidosis and pleural effusions. ... | 2013 | 22990049 |
| prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among school children in baglung districts of western nepal. | this study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among school-going children of the baglung municipality from december 2010 to january 2011. | 2012 | 22971852 |
| using a health-rating system to evaluate the usefulness of caenorhabditis elegans as a model for anthelmintic study. | soil-transmitted helminths (sths) are intestinal parasitic nematodes that infect humans, and are transmitted through contaminated soil. these nematodes include the large roundworm (ascaris lumbricoides), whipworm (trichuris trichiura), and hookworm (ancylostoma ceylanicum, ancylostoma duodenale, and necator americanus). nearly 1.5 billion people (~24% of the population) worldwide are infected with at least one species of these parasites, burdening the poor, in particular, children and pregnant w ... | 2017 | 28632749 |
| [gastrointestinal bleeding in newborn with hookworm, national hospital san bartolome. case report]. | we present the case of gastrointestinal bleeding uncinariasis in a newborn baby of 27 days old from anindigenous town of tangoshiri, located in the province of la convencion, department of cuzco, who enters to the service of neonatology national teaching hospital san bartolome in lima, peru, with decompensated severe anemia. the baby has melena since the fourth day of his birth, which increased in the third week of life, with hematocrit of 12%. she was hospitalized, receiving blood transfusion a ... | 2017 | 28489842 |
| hookworm infection is associated with decreased cd4+ t cell counts in hiv-infected adult ugandans. | most studies evaluating epidemiologic relationships between helminths and hiv have been conducted in the pre-art era, and evidence of the impact of helminth infections on hiv disease progression remains conflicting. less is known about helminth infection and clinical outcomes in hiv-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy (art). we sampled hiv-infected adults for eight gastrointestinal parasites and correlated parasitic infection with demographic predictors, and clinical and immunologic ... | 2017 | 28542260 |
| hookworm infections among migrant workers in malaysia: molecular identification of necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale. | ongoing urbanisation of the working population as well as cross-border migration of workers particularly into large cities has contributed to the development and growth of urban slums. these deprived areas are conducive for the transmission of intestinal pathogens including hookworm. the aim of this study was to determine both the prevalence and species identity of hookworm infections among the migrant worker community in malaysia. a total of 388 faecal samples were collected from migrant worker ... | 2017 | 28610937 |
| an integrated study of human and animal infectious disease in the lake victoria crescent small-holder crop-livestock production system, kenya. | the neglected zoonotic diseases (nzd) are an understudied group that are a major cause of illness throughout the developing world. in general, little is known about the prevalence and burden of nzds in affected communities, particularly in relation to other infectious diseases with which they are often co-endemic. we describe the design and descriptive epidemiological outputs from an integrated study of human and animal zoonotic and non-zoonotic disease in a rural farming community in western ke ... | 2017 | 28666412 |
| efficacy of single-dose 500 mg mebendazole in soil-transmitted helminth infections: a review. | soil-transmitted helminthiasis (sth) is caused by ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), trichuris trichiura (whipworm), and ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus (hookworms). mebendazole is one of the recommended preventive chemotherapy agents for sth. this review summarizes the efficacy data from 29 studies with single-dose 500 mg mebendazole in sth treatment and compares the results with those of a recently conducted phase 3 study of a 500 mg mebendazole chewable tablet against a. lumbricoi ... | 2017 | 28716158 |
| efficiency of two sewage treatment systems (activated sludge and natural lagoons) for helminth egg removal in morocco. | morocco is a country known for its vulnerability of water resources because of its arid and semi-arid climate. thus, recycled wastewater has been suggested for agricultural activities, but contamination of these wastewaters is a major concern. the current study aims to determine the occurrence of helminth eggs in urban wastewater and to evaluate the removal of these pathogens by two sewage treatment systems: activated sludge and natural lagoons. the samples of wastewater and sludge were collecte ... | 2017 | 28797540 |
| overt gastrointestinal bleeding because of hookworm infection. | hookworm infection is a relatively common cause of anemia in endemic areas. the most common hookworm species are ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus. in this report we present a case of overt gastrointestinal bleeding because of hookworm infection. capsule endoscopy revealed many hookworms in the lumen of proximal jejunum where active bleeding was seen. the patient was successfully treated with albendazole. | 2012 | 22449530 |
| real-time pcr demonstrates ancylostoma duodenale is a key factor in the etiology of severe anemia and iron deficiency in malawian pre-school children. | hookworm infections are an important cause of (severe) anemia and iron deficiency in children in the tropics. type of hookworm species (ancylostoma duodenale or necator americanus) and infection load are considered associated with disease burden, although these parameters are rarely assessed due to limitations of currently used diagnostic methods. using multiplex real-time pcr, we evaluated hookworm species-specific prevalence, infection load and their contribution towards severe anemia and iron ... | 2012 | 22514750 |
| bilateral mooren's ulcer in a child secondary to helminthic infestation of the gastrointestinal tract. | to report an unusual association of bilateral mooren's ulcer in a child with helminthic infestation of gastrointestinal tract. a 6-year-old female presented with redness, watering and photophobia in left eye for 2 months and in right eye for 2 weeks. bcva was 20/200 in od and 20/400 os. superior peripheral corneal ulcer of 8 × 2 mm was present in the right eye and 8 × 3 mm perforated limbal corneal ulcer with staphyloma was present in the left eye. hemogram revealed microcytic hypochromic anemia ... | 2012 | 22661075 |
| in vivo endoscopic imaging of ancylostomiasis-induced gastrointestinal bleeding: clinical and biological profiles. | little data are available regarding the association of ancylostomiasis with overt gastrointestinal bleeding. this 6-year retrospective study describes the clinical and biological profiles of unexpectedly identified ancylostomiasis in a 4-month-old baby and four adults; they presented with melena and were referred for urgent diagnostic gastrointestinal endoscopy, which confirmed numerous small intestine injuries with surrounding blood pools caused by ancylostoma duodenale worms. gastric erosions ... | 2012 | 22869629 |
| malaria and helminthic co-infection among hiv-positive pregnant women: prevalence and effects of antiretroviral therapy. | the impact of malaria on anemia and the interplay with helminths underline the importance of addressing the interactions between hiv/aids, malaria and intestinal helminth infections in pregnancy. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria-helminth dual infections among hiv positive pregnant mothers after 12 months of art. a cross sectional study was conducted on intestinal helminths and malaria dual infections among hiv-positive pregnant women attending antenatal health cen ... | 2012 | 22940013 |
| determining soil-transmitted helminth infection status and physical fitness of school-aged children. | soil-transmitted helminth (sth) infections are common. indeed, more than 1 billion people are affected, mainly in the developing world where poverty prevails and hygiene behavior, water supply, and sanitation are often deficient. ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichiura, and the two hookworm species, ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus, are the most prevalent sths. the estimated global burden due to hookworm disease, ascariasis, and trichuriasis is 22.1, 10.5, and 6.4 million disabilit ... | 2012 | 22951972 |
| small bowel parasitosis as cause of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosed by capsule endoscopy. | hookworm infection is a relatively common cause of anemia in endemic areas. however, it is rarely encountered in europe. in this report we describe the case of a 24-year old patient originating from an endemic area who was admitted due to severe anemia, with an hct of 15.6% and eosinophilia (eosinophils: 22.4%). while both esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy were non-diagnostic, capsule endoscopy revealed a large number of hookworms infesting his small bowel and withdrawing blood. the pat ... | 2010 | 21173914 |
| is anthelmintic resistance a concern for the control of human soil-transmitted helminths? | the major human soil-transmitted helminths (sth), ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms (necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale) and trichuris trichiura have a marked impact on human health in many parts of the world. current efforts to control these parasites rely predominantly on periodic mass administration of anthelmintic drugs to school age children and other at-risk groups. after many years of use of these same drugs for controlling roundworms in livestock, high levels of resistance have d ... | 2011 | 24533260 |
| hookworm virulence factors: making the most of the host. | hookworm disease from necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale affects approximately 700 million people, with n. americanus being the predominant species. unlike other pathogens (e.g., bacterial infections), where "virulence" is described in regards to acute pathogenesis and case-fatality, hookworms are well-evolved, multicellular parasites that establish long-term infections in their human hosts with a subtle and chronic, but insidious, pathogenesis, usually in the form of iron deficiency a ... | 2012 | 23006854 |
| occurrence, removal and accumulation in sludge of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in a full-scale anaerobic pond in burkina faso. | the present paper investigates the occurrence, removal, and accumulation of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in a large anaerobic pond treating municipal wastewater of ouagadougou (burkina faso). with a hydraulic retention time of 6.5 days, the anaerobic pond achieved 100% removal of helminth eggs and protozoan cysts most of the time, except during the hot period. the average residual concentrations of helminth eggs and protozoan cysts in the effluent were respectively 0.45 eggs/l (minimum 0 an ... | 2013 | 23128639 |