| two amino acid mutations in the capsid protein of type 2 porcine circovirus (pcv2) enhanced pcv2 replication in vitro and attenuated the virus in vivo. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs. to identify potential genetic determinants for virulence and replication, we serially passaged a pcv2 isolate 120 times in pk-15 cells. the viruses harvested at virus passages 1 (vp1) and 120 (vp120) were biologically, genetically, and experimentally characterized. the pcv2 vp120 virus replicated in pk-15 cells to a titer similar to that of the pk-15 cell line-derived non ... | 2004 | 15564454 |
| replication kinetics of different porcine circovirus 2 strains in pk-15 cells, fetal cardiomyocytes and macrophages. | in this in vitro study, the replication kinetics of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in porcine alveolar macrophages (pam) and fetal cardiomyocytes (fcm), two target cells in vivo, was compared with that in pk-15 cells. cultures were inoculated with either the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-associated strain stoon-1010 or the abortion-associated strain 1121. viral proteins were visualized and virus production was determined. in pk-15 cells, the capsid protein was expressed bet ... | 2004 | 15578238 |
| development of a reverse transcription-pcr assay to detect porcine circovirus type 2 transcription as a measure of replication. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a non-enveloped, single-stranded, circular dna virus. in situ hybridization and pcr assays have detected pcv2 dna in multiple organs and cell types from infected pigs; however, it is not clear if this represents replicating virus or virion dna. we describe the development of a single-tube rt-pcr assay to differentiate pcv2 replication products and virus dna. primers targeted to the open-reading frame 2 (orf2) of pcv2 were designed to amplify both virus dna (98 ... | 2005 | 15582706 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome--pmws. the first year with the disease in sweden. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is causally associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection of pigs. pcv2 has been present in the swedish pig population for at least ten years. despite this, no signs of pmws were observed in pigs of sweden until 2003. since then the disease has spread slowly in sweden. the pig population of sweden is geographically isolated, the density of pigs and the pathogen load in the country is low and the trade of animals is organised in a res ... | 2004 | 15663213 |
| real-time pcr for quantitation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 in naturally-infected and challenged pigs. | real-time pcr assays were developed for quantitative detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). the established real-time pcr for the quantitation of prrsv cdna and pcv2 dna were found to be in the 9-log(10) linear dynamic range with excellent linearity and reliable reproducibility. using these techniques, the distribution and quantitation of prrsv and pcv2 in naturally infected and challenged pigs were investigated. the viral c ... | 2004 | 15664045 |
| effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in porcine circovirus type-2-transfected piglets. | post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a complex disease syndrome in swine, affecting nursery and fattening pigs. although ongoing evidence suggests that porcine circovirus type-2 (pcv2) is the causal agent of pmws, the host immune system appears to have a crucial role in the pmws pathogenesis of pcv2-affected pigs. owing to difficulties in producing a biologically pure form of pcv2 devoid of the other viral agents commonly present in swine tissues, we decided to use a tandem-clon ... | 2005 | 15676031 |
| detection of rampant nucleotide reversion at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1. | mutational analysis was conducted to investigate the involvement of the "loop-sequence" (which is flanked by a pair of 11-nucleotide inverted repeats) at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1 with respect to viral protein synthesis, dna self-replication and progeny virus production. the results demonstrated that an octanucleotide (a1g2t3a4t5t6a7c8) embedded in the loop is essential for viral dna replication. similar to previous work with porcine circovirus type 2, this octan ... | 2005 | 15708589 |
| necrotising lymphadenitis associated with porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs. | | 2005 | 15736700 |
| detection of porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus and porcine pseudorabies virus from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by multiplex pcr. | multiplex pcr was established to detect porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine pseudorabies virus (prv) and applied to samples from 137 piglets exhibiting clinical signs of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). pcv-2 dna was detected from all samples. moreover, 43 samples were positive for ppv but negative for prv; 11 samples were positive for prv but negative for ppv; and 35 samples were positive both for ppv and prv. these results suggests that pcv ... | 2005 | 15736858 |
| birth abnormalities in pregnant sows infected intranasally with porcine circovirus 2. | six pregnant sows were inoculated intranasally at 3 weeks before the expected farrowing date with porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2). the pcv2-inoculated sows showed abortion and premature farrowing, whereas two uninfected negative control sows remained clinically healthy and farrowed normally. pcv2 antigen and dna were detected by immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization, respectively, in lymph node, spleen, thymus, lung, tonsil and liver from both stillborn and liveborn piglets. simultaneous de ... | 2005 | 15737340 |
| experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs in sweden and denmark with a swedish isolate of porcine circovirus type 2. | an experimental model using 3-day-old snatch-farrowed colostrum-deprived piglets co-infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine parvovirus (ppv) is at present one of the best methods to study factors affecting development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). a swedish isolate of pcv2 (s-pcv2) retrieved in 1993 from a healthy pig has been used in this model to reproduce pmws in pigs from northern ireland. this virus has been present in the swedish pig population fo ... | 2005 | 15737473 |
| identification of pig circovirus type 2 in new zealand pigs. | interest in porcine circovirus has been stimulated by the recent emergence of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs and the potential use of pig organs for xenotransplantation in humans. porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) is considered to be widespread in pigs but nonpathogenic. circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a similar virus but has been differentiated only recently as a separate type. high tissue concentrations of pcv2 are associated with lesions in pmws cases, but the etiologica ... | 2005 | 15808691 |
| lack of evidence of porcine circovirus type 1 and type 2 infection in piglets with congenital tremors in korea. | | 2005 | 15816185 |
| a review of porcine circovirus 2-associated syndromes and diseases. | clinical expression of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection in swine may result in several distinct syndromes and diseases including post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns), reproductive failure, porcine respiratory disease complex, granulomatous enteritis, necrotizing lymphadenitis, and possibly exudative epidermitis. association of pcv2 with congenital tremor in piglets is still controversial. the extent of the involvement of pcv2 ... | 2005 | 15848776 |
| identification of viral pathogens in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets from cases of swine reproductive failure in spain. | the objective of the present study was to determine the presence of recognised abortifacient viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (prrsv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), in tissues from aborted fetuses and stillborn neonates in cases of late reproductive failure in swine. a total of 293 specimens (fetuses aborted in the last third of gestation and stillborn piglets) from 100 different cases of late-term abortio ... | 2005 | 15848788 |
| evaluation of virus decontamination techniques for porcine embryos produced in vitro. | the objective of this study was to explore approaches to decontaminate embryos either contaminated naturally or under experimental conditions with different viruses. embryos were obtained from in vitro maturation and fertilisation of porcine oocytes. after 7 days of development, morula and blastocyst stages were exposed for 1 h to the following viruses: encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vir ... | 2005 | 15910918 |
| experimental infection of 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus. | this report describes an experimental infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in combination with porcine parvovirus (ppv) in 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with maternal antibodies to both viruses. two groups of four pigs each were inoculated with pcv2 and ppv. one of the groups received also a commercial inactivated vaccine against porcine pleuropneumonia to evaluate possible effects of the stimulation of the immune system of pigs on the infection. another group of four pig ... | 2005 | 15916871 |
| interferon alfacon-1 protects hamsters from lethal pichinde virus infection. | hemorrhagic fever of arenaviral origin is a frequently fatal infectious disease of considerable priority to the biodefense mission. historically, the treatment of arenaviral infections with alpha interferons has not yielded favorable results. here we present evidence that interferon alfacon-1, a nonnaturally occurring bioengineered alpha interferon approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis c, is active against pichinde and tacaribe arenaviruses in cell culture. in the hamster model of pich ... | 2005 | 15917537 |
| reduction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) infection in swine alveolar macrophages by porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2)-induced interferon-alpha. | two common viral pathogens of swine, namely, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), were investigated in regard to their effects on monolayer cultures of swine alveolar macrophages (ams). the purpose was to identify selected cellular changes and responses potentially associated with the clinical reactions of pigs infected with either or both of these viruses. measurements included the (1) absolute and relative numbers of infected, viable ... | 2005 | 15936905 |
| subset-dependent modulation of dendritic cell activity by circovirus type 2. | viral interactions with dendritic cells (dcs) have important consequences for immune defence function. certain single-stranded dna viruses that associate with a number of species, including humans and pigs, exhibit interesting characteristics in this context. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) can persist within myeloid dcs in the absence of virus replication. internalization was observed with both conventional blood dcs and plasmacytoid dcs [natural interferon-producing cells (nipcs)], as well as ... | 2005 | 15946256 |
| features of porcine circovirus-2 disease: correlations between lesions, amount and distribution of virus, and clinical outcome. | tissue sets from 36 snatch-farrowed colostrum-deprived (sf/cd) and 71 caesarian-derived gnotobiotic swine infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) as neonates were examined and scored for the types and tissue distribution of histologic lesions associated with this viral infection. the occurrence and severity of these lesions were correlated with qualitative and quantitative determinations of viral burden in tissues by immunohistochemistry (ihc) and tissue titrations for infectious virus, ... | 2005 | 15948294 |
| muco-cutaneous candidiasis in two pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | in two distinct commercial swine herds, poor weight gain and an increased number of animals showing wasting were observed among nursery and growing pigs. cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and infection with haemophilus parasuis had been previously diagnosed in these herds. one growing wasted pig from each herd was necropsied and showed enlarged lymph nodes. pseudomembranous material adhered to the dorsum of the tongue, soft and hard palate in case 1, and in case 2, fibri ... | 2006 | 15955715 |
| characterization of a previously unidentified viral protein in porcine circovirus type 2-infected cells and its role in virus-induced apoptosis. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. in this study, transcription and translation of a novel viral gene (termed orf3 here) was detected during productive infection of pcv2 in pk15 cells. the results of infection with orf3-deficient pcv2 by site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the protein is not essential for viral replication. to investigate the underlying mechanism of cell death caused by replication of pcv2, apoptosi ... | 2005 | 15956572 |
| the detection of porcine circovirus in the australian pig herd. | to determine if porcine circovirus (pcv) type 1 (pcv1) or type 2 (pcv2) is present in the australian pig herd, to conduct preliminary genetic characterisation of any viruses detected, and to determine if there is any obvious virological reason why post-weaning multisystemic wasting disease (pmws), associated with pcv infection in other countries, has not been detected in australia. | 2005 | 15957393 |
| binding and entry characteristics of porcine circovirus 2 in cells of the porcine monocytic line 3d4/31. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and reproductive problems in pigs. cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage are important target cells in pcv2-infected pigs, but the method of binding and entry of pcv2 into these cells is unknown. therefore, binding and entry of pcv2 to the porcine monocytic cell line 3d4/31 were studied by visualization of binding and internalization of pcv2 virus-like particles (vlps) by confocal microscopy and chemica ... | 2005 | 15958685 |
| porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) is associated with a systemic cytokine expression profile indicative of proinflammation and a th1 bias. | porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) is broadly discussed as a porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated disease, although pcv2, in contrast to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), has to date not been proven to be the aetiologic agent. in order to better understand the complex immunopathology of pdns, the systemic cytokine expression profiles of (i) five pigs suffering from pdns, (ii) five animals suffering from naturally acquired pmws and (iii) five controls were ... | 2005 | 15963571 |
| synthetic peptide-derived antibody-based immunohistochemistry for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) was detected consistently in formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded lymph node and spleen from experimentally and naturally infected pigs by synthetic peptide-derived polyclonal antibody-based immunohistochemistry. synthetic peptides were generated from open reading frame 2 of pcv2 by solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified by high performance liquid chromatography, and injected into rabbits to produce polyclonal antibody. positive cells had large nuclei with abundant c ... | 2005 | 15964590 |
| in vitro expression, monoclonal antibody and bioactivity for capsid protein of porcine circovirus type ii without nuclear localization signal. | we expressed firstly the capsid protein gene defecting the nuclear localization signal (nls) of porcine circovirus type ii (pcv2) in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione s-transferase (rgst-dcap protein). the purified rgst-dcap protein and the recombinant nls-defected cap protein of pcv2 (rdcap protein) from the purified rgst-dcap protein reacted specifically with swine antiserum to pcv2. furthermore, the obtained monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to rdcap protein were shown to bind ... | 2005 | 15964652 |
| [antigenic analysis of the recombinant capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2]. | the nuclear localization signal (nls)-defected capsid protein gene (dcap) of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was expressed firstly in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione s-transferase (rgst-dcap protein). the purified rgst-dcap protein and nls-defected cap protein of pcv2 (rdcap protein) from the purified rgst-dcap protein reacted specifically with swine antiserum to pcv2. furthermore, the obtained monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to rdcap protein were shown to bind to pcv2 partic ... | 2005 | 15989230 |
| [pcr detection of pcv-2 and prrsv in porcine pleuropneumonia samples]. | pcv-2 (porcine circovirus type-2, pcv-2) and prrsv (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, prrsv) were detected by pcr from 253 porcine pleuropneumonia samples and 125 clinically healthy lung samples were collected from different districts of shandong province. the results showed that 171 samples for pcv-2 and 101 samples for prrsv were positive. the positive ratio were 67.5% and 40%, respectively. the co-infection number of pcv-2 and prrsv was 68 in 253 samples, the positive ratio ... | 2005 | 15989234 |
| pmws: an emerging disease identified in archived porcine tissues. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a disease caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). the disease was present as early as 1986 in spain, 1989 in japan and 1993 in thailand. in view of this, we considered it possible that the disease may also have been present in switzerland prior to its first description in 2001. a retrospective investigation was performed on paraffin-embedded lymphoid organs and ileum from 496 pigs aged 5-13 weeks collected between 1976 and mid-2001. the s ... | 2005 | 15993797 |
| mutational analysis of the direct tandem repeat sequences at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1. | mutational analysis was conducted to investigate the role of the nucleotide sequences flanking the stem-loop palindromic structure at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) with respect to self-dna replication and progeny virus generation. the results demonstrated that the a-rich sequence to the left of the palindrome is non-essential for virus replication. although a set of four hexanucleotide (h) sequences to the right of the palindrome (organized in two tandem repea ... | 2005 | 15993915 |
| immunogenicity of a recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing orf1-orf2 fusion protein of porcine circovirus type 2. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). pseudorabies (pr) is also an important infectious disease in swine and sometimes co-infect with pcv2. an attenuated pseudorabies virus (prv) has been successfully used as a vector for live viral vaccines. in this study, a recombinant prv expressing orf1-orf2 fusion protein of pcv2 was constructed and its immunogenicity was tested in mice and pigs. the orf1 and partial orf2 gene of pcv2 yu-a st ... | 2005 | 16006077 |
| comparative genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 samples from german wild boar populations. | pcv-2 is involved in "postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome" (pmws), "porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome" (pdns), respiratory and reproductive disorders, and thereby plays a crucial role in today's swine production world-wide. the virus is apparently ubiquitous in domestic pigs and has also been demonstrated in wild pigs. up to now, a characterization of pcv-2 samples from wild pigs, which might help to estimate the possible role of wild pigs as sources of domestic pig infection, h ... | 2005 | 16023798 |
| correlation between type of adaptive immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 and level of virus replication. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) replication is characterized by high variation among infected pigs. this study investigated the role of immunologic responses in causing this variation. twelve gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated with pcv2. four of these pigs were treated with cyclosporin a (cysa) to monitor the effect of the adaptive immunity on the development of the pcv2 infection. through lymph node biopsies at 10, 15, and 21 days postinoculation (dpi), pcv2 replication in lymphoid tissues was monito ... | 2005 | 16035945 |
| seroprevalence of six reproductive pathogens in european wild boar (sus scrofa) from spain: the effect on wild boar female reproductive performance. | we studied the seroprevalence of six reproductive pathogens in spanish hunter-harvested wild boar females. the sample was representative of the hunting harvest in the studied hunting estates. mean antibody prevalences were: 60.6+/-0.06% for aujeszky's disease virus (adv), 56.6+/-0.09% for porcine parvovirus (ppv), 51.8+/-0.06% for porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), 29.7+/-0.09% for brucella spp. and 36.3+/-0.1% for toxoplasma gondii. we did not detect antibodies against porcine reproductive and r ... | 2006 | 16076482 |
| nonsuppurative myocarditis caused by porcine circovirus type 2 in a weak-born piglet. | reproductive failure associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was observed in a farm, and a weak-born 8-day-old piglet was examined pathologically. focal to locally extensive lesions, including infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes, fibrosis and degeneration of the myocardium were observed in the heart. pcv2 antigens and nucleic acids were detected in degenerated cardiomyocytes and macrophages infiltrating the heart by immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization. depleti ... | 2005 | 16082126 |
| genotyping of porcine circovirus type 2 from a variety of clinical conditions in china. | genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in clinical tissue specimens collected from pigs of different region in china between 2001 and 2003 were analyzed by pcr and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of pcv2 genomic dna encompassing the complete orf2. the results showed that nine different genotypes (a-i) were identified and designated chn-2a, chn-2b, chn-2c, chn-2d, chn-2e, chn-2f, chn-2g, chn-2h and chn-2i, respectively. amongst the genotypes, 0.6% were chn-2a (1/17 ... | 2005 | 16105722 |
| [recombination and expression of orf1 and orf2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2 and gene of pseudorabies virus]. | orf1 and orf2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2 were cloned by pcr with the specific primers designed according to genome of pcv2 (ay035820). following extraction and digestion, pcr products were subsequently inserted into universal transfer vector plecmv (deleted partial ge and gi of pseudorabies virus) to generate recombinant transfer plasmid pieorf1-orf2. the genomic dna of prv tk-/ge- /lacz+ strain and pieorf1-orf2 were co-transfected into ibrs-2 cells with lipofectin, and recombinant virus ... | 2005 | 16108358 |
| reproduction of pmws in immunostimulated spf piglets transfected with infectious cloned genomic dna of type 2 porcine circovirus. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a recently emerged disease affecting pigs. type 2 porcine circovirus (pcv2) has been associated with this syndrome although other factors are required in association with this virus for pmws expression. the aim of this study was to investigate whether general immunostimulation (injections of keyhole limpet hemocyanin emulsified in incomplete freund adjuvant and of thioglycollate medium) could strengthen the severity of pmws in six-week-old spe ... | 2005 | 16120245 |
| epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory investigations and early diagnosis of dengue fever in adults: a descriptive study in sri lanka. | a descriptive observational study was conducted to identify the epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory investigations and markers for early diagnosis of acute dengue virus infection in adults. we enrolled 404 patients over a period of two years, beginning from 2001, at the teaching hospital peradeniya, sri lanka. based on serology, 239 patients were grouped as: igm 43 (18%), igg and igm 140 (58%), and igg 28 (12%). the clinically diagnosed group without serology numbered 165 patients. most ... | 2005 | 16124439 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs in croatia: detection and characterisation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). | the objective of this study was to characterise porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) from pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in croatia, and to determine the epizootiological, clinical and pathomorphological features of the disease. during a systematic health monitoring programme conducted in the period from january 2002 to june 2003, pmws was suspected on eight different pig-producing farms in croatia. the diagnosis of pmws met all three key criteria: th ... | 2005 | 16156133 |
| analysis of the subcellular localization of the proteins rep, rep' and cap of porcine circovirus type 1. | porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) encodes two major orfs. the cap gene comprises the major structural protein of pcv, the rep gene specifies rep and rep', which are both essential for initiating the replication of the viral dna. rep corresponds to the full-length protein, whereas rep' is a truncated splice product that is frame-shifted in its c-terminal sequence. in this study, the cellular localization of pcv1-encoded proteins was investigated by immune fluorescence techniques using antibodies a ... | 2005 | 16168452 |
| circovirus-infected geese studied by in situ hybridization. | it has now been established that circovirus infection is common in farmed geese, but little is known about the clinicopathological significance of such infections. ten clinically diseased geese suspected of being infected by circovirus were studied by in situ hybridization using a goose circovirus dna probe. circovirus dna was demonstrated in the bursa of fabricius (bf), spleen, thymus, bone marrow, liver, kidney, lung and heart, indicating that infection can be multisystemic. in some birds, vir ... | 2005 | 16191706 |
| ultrastructural alterations in human blood leukocytes induced by porcine circovirus type 1 infection. | swine infectious pathogens, especially viruses, represent a potential public health risk associated with the use of pig tissues for xenotransplantation in humans. we hypothesized that porcine circovirus type i (pcv-1) may infect human mononuclear cells, resulting in ultrastructural alterations of the target cells. | 2005 | 16202070 |
| amplification and sequencing of brachyspira spp. specific portions of nox using paraffin-embedded tissue samples from clinical colitis in austrian pigs shows frequent solitary presence of brachyspiramurdochii. | brachyspira infections are significant causes of enterocolitis in pigs. in order to differentiate pathogenic species (brachyspira (br.) hyodysenteriae, brachyspira pilosicoli) from less pathogenic or non-pathogenic species (brachyspira intermedia, brachyspira innocens, brachyspira murdochii) in paraffin-embedded tissue samples a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol allowing identification of brachyspira at species level in archival material was developed. this approach was complemented by se ... | 2005 | 16213113 |
| postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs with particular emphasis on the causative agent, the mode of transmission, the diagnostic tools and the control measures. a review. | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) is a worldwide emerging disease of weaned piglets. the objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding pmws, its causative agent, mode of transmission, diagnostic techniques to detect pcv-2, the possible control measures, and the association of pmws and pcv-2 with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns). the causative agent of pmws is porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), however, not all pigs infected with pcv-2 ... | 2005 | 16238110 |
| [prevalence and association of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in aborted fetuses, mummified fetuses, stillborn and nonviable neonatal piglets]. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) seems to cause reproductive failure in sows not only in experimental studies. a retrospective study was made with a total of 252 aborted fetuses, mummified fetuses, stillborn and nonviable neonatal piglets to determine the presence of pcv2, porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) by pcr. pcv2 was found in all stages of gestation in 27.1 percent of samples examined. a statistically significant association could be s ... | 2005 | 16240914 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) causes apoptosis in experimentally inoculated balb/c mice. | we have previously described microscopic and electron microscopic alterations in lymphoid organs of pcv2 inoculated mice as apoptosis. in this study we wanted to investigate the molecular pathogenetic mechanism of pcv2-induced apoptosis. eight-week old balb/c mice were either sham inoculated (control mice) or inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) and intranasally (in) with a single (spcv mice) or multiple (mpcv mice) doses of pcv2. four control mice and 4 spcv mice were sacrificed 7, 14, 28 and 42 d ... | 2005 | 16259631 |
| effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) maternal antibodies on experimental infection of piglets with pcv2. | to determine the effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) maternal antibodies on and response to experimental pcv2 infection, 24 piglets were divided into four groups on the basis of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of pcv2 maternal antibodies: group a (n = 6; sample/positive [s/p] ratio, <0.2), group b (n = 5; s/p ratio, >0.2 to <0.5), and groups c (n = 8) and d (n = 5) (s/p ratio, >0.5). piglets in groups a, b, and c were inoculated with pcv2 at day 0 and challenged with pcv2 at ... | 2005 | 16275955 |
| quantification of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) dna in serum and tonsillar, nasal, tracheo-bronchial, urinary and faecal swabs of pigs with and without postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). | the present study focused on pcv2 quantification by taqman pcr in nasal (n=99), tonsillar (n=108), tracheo-bronchial (n=72), urinary (n=91) and faecal (n=42) swabs, as well as in serum (n=57), from a total of 146 pigs received at the pathological diagnostic service at the veterinary school of barcelona (spain). animals were classified into three categories based on histopathological and in situ hybridisation (ish) results: pmws affected pigs (group a, n=42), pcv2 subclinically infected pigs (gro ... | 2005 | 16289542 |
| regeneration of the replication-associated proteins tandem direct repeat recognition nucleotide sequence at the origin of dna replication of porcine circovirus type 1. | four copies of a hexanucleotide (h) sequence are located to the right of the palindrome at the origin of dna replication of the porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) genome. these sequences are organized in two direct tandems, the proximal h1/h2 and the distal h3/h4 repeats, and they have been shown to be binding sites for the essential rep and rep' proteins. previous work demonstrated that infectious pcv1 virion can accommodate a variable number of h sequences at the origin of dna replication. in th ... | 2006 | 16300812 |
| immunopathological effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) on swine alveolar macrophages by in vitro inoculation. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), a multifactorial disease, in pigs. monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, including alveolar macrophages (ams), are the major target cells for pcv2. swine ams are essential for the pulmonary defense system against various pathogens. concurrent infection of lung with opportunistic pathogens in pigs suffered from pmws is speculated as a feature of immunosuppression. the present study w ... | 2006 | 16310858 |
| enhancement of porcine circovirus 2 replication in porcine cell lines by ifn-gamma before and after treatment and by ifn-alpha after treatment. | stimulation of the porcine immune system causes increased replication of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) in vivo. in the present study, we investigated whether various cytokines (interleukin-1 [il-1], il-6, il-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [tnf-alpha], interferon-alpha [ifn-alpha], and ifn-gamma) are able to influence pcv2 infection in vitro. no changes were observed in il-1, il-6, tnf-alpha, or il-10-treated cells. however, it was demonstrated that ifn- alpha and ifn-gamma influenced pcv2 infecti ... | 2005 | 16318582 |
| cardiovascular lesions in pigs naturally or experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2. | abundant intracytoplasmic porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was associated with myocardiocyte swelling or necrosis, or myocardial fibrosis (or both) in three naturally infected pigs aged 4-7 weeks from three different farms. one 6 week old pig from a fourth farm had severe diffuse segmental to circumferential lymphohistiocytic and plasmacytic periarteritis and endarteritis in several organs, pcv2 antigen was demonstrated in endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells in the arterial walls. in three ... | 2006 | 16325842 |
| pathological and aetiological studies of multifocal interstitial nephritis in wasted pigs at slaughter. | multifocal interstitial nephritis in pigs has been associated with several infectious agents. the objective of the present study was to investigate several different potential infectious agents associated with "white-spotted" kidneys in pigs suffering from wasting at slaughter (aged 6-8 months). twenty-nine case kidneys (with a "white-spotted" gross appearance) classified into 3 macroscopic lesional grades, and 15 control kidneys (lacking gross lesions), were obtained from a pig abattoir. labora ... | 2006 | 16332382 |
| biological and molecular characterization of chicken anaemia virus isolates of indian origin. | in the present study, four chicken anaemia virus (cav) isolates (cav-a, -b, -e and -p) recovered from different geographical regions of india were characterized. cav genome of 1,766 bp nucleotide region containing the complete coding region of vp2 and vp3 proteins, and partial coding region of vp1 protein were sequenced. the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the indian cav isolates were aligned and compared with cav isolates of european, asian, american and australian origin. phyloge ... | 2006 | 16384622 |
| three-dimensional structure and stoichiometry of helmintosporium victoriae190s totivirus. | most double-stranded rna viruses have a characteristic capsid consisting of 60 asymmetric coat protein dimers in a so-called t = 2 organization, a feature probably related to their unique life cycle. these capsids organize the replicative complex(es) that is actively involved in genome transcription and replication. available structural data indicate that their rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is packaged as an integral capsid component, either as a replicative complex at the pentameric verte ... | 2006 | 16413593 |
| identification of porcine circovirus type 2 in retrospective cases of pigs naturally infected with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. | the identification of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was studied in fresh intestinal tissues by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and in formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded intestinal tissues by in situ hybridisation. the tissues came from pigs naturally infected with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv). a total of 35 (32.7%) of 107 small intestinal samples from pigs naturally infected with pedv were found to be positive using pcr. positive signals for pcv2 were detected in 32 (29.9%) of 1 ... | 2006 | 16427593 |
| inhibition of porcine circovirus type 2 replication in mice by rna interference. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) for which no antiviral treatment is available. to exploit the possibility of using rna interference (rnai) as a therapeutic approach against the disease, plasmid-borne short hairpin rnas (shrnas) were generated to target the pcv2 genome. transfection of these shrnas into cultured pk15 cells caused a significant reduction in viral rna production that was ... | 2006 | 16427679 |
| correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of pcv2-associated disease. | in a previous study, it was demonstrated that high replication of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) in a gnotobiotic pig was correlated with the absence of pcv2-neutralizing antibodies. the aim of the present study was to investigate if this correlation could also be found in spf pigs in which pmws was experimentally reproduced and in naturally pmws-affected pigs. | 2006 | 16445856 |
| effects of the timing of the administration of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin on the development of lesions associated with porcine circovirus type 2. | to determine whether there is an effect of the timing of vaccination on porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) replication and pcv-2-associated lesions, 78 pigs were randomly assigned to eight groups: group 1 (10 pigs) was vaccinated with a commercial mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine at two and four weeks of age, group 2 (nine pigs) was vaccinated at four and six weeks of age, group 3 (10 pigs) at six and eight weeks of age and group 4 (10 pigs) at eight and 10 weeks of age; group 5 (nine pigs) was v ... | 2006 | 16461621 |
| [the expression of porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 gene in insect cells and its character]. | to produce the recombinant baculovirus transfer plasmid pfast-orf2, the orf2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) was subcloned into baculovirus transfer vector (pfastbac(tm1) ) using bac-to-bac baculovirus expression system. e. coli dh10bac (gibco brl) containing baculovirus shutter vector (bacmid) and helper vector was transformed with recombinant plasmid pfast-orf2. within e. coli dh10bac, the orf2 gene was transposed into the bacmid. the colonies of e. coli containing recombinant bacmid ... | 2005 | 16468356 |
| real-time pcr protocol for the detection of porcine parvovirus in field samples. | this report describes a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay with sybr green for detection of a broad range of porcine parvoviruses (ppv) and accurate virus quantification in porcine tissues. the assay targets the vp2 gene of ppv and the porcine genomic c-myc gene for normalization. the detection limit of the sybr green reaction was shown to be equivalent to 6 x 10(0) to 6 x 10(1) ppv copies/reaction and the overall detection limit equivalent to 0.1 tcid(50)/100 microl. the assay was linear ... | 2006 | 16472875 |
| pcr detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) dna in blood, tonsillar and faecal swabs from experimentally infected pigs. | pcv2 infection is now recognized as the major factor in the development of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). in this study we evaluated the use of pcr to detect the presence of pcv2 dna in blood, faecal and tonsillar swabs collected from 12 pigs experimentally infected with pcv2 and sampled at selected time points post-infection. the pcr results were evaluated together with the presence of pmws typical histopathological lesions and the presence of pcv2 antigen. pcv2 dna was pre ... | 2006 | 16481016 |
| primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in 19 cats: diagnosis, therapy, and outcome (1998-2004). | immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (imha) occurs less frequently in cats than in dogs. the value of the coombs' test (ct) has been questioned, but detailed surveys of its use are lacking. the objective of this study was to describe 19 cats with primary imha (pimha) and to examine the diagnostic value of the direct ct. the ct was performed in 92 cats; it was negative in 5 healthy, in 9 sick nonanemic, and in 55 cats with different types of anemia. the ct was positive in 18 anemic cats (2 feline leu ... | 2006 | 16496936 |
| infectivity of porcine circovirus 1 and circovirus 2 in primary porcine hepatocyte and kidney cell cultures. | infectivity of porcine circovirus (pcv) 1 and pcv2 was examined in primary porcine hepatocyte culture by comparing that of pcv in primary kidney cell culture. the virus titer of pcv2-infected hepatocyte cultures was higher than that of the pcv1-infected hepatocyte cultures and the pcv-infected kidney cell cultures. the number of virus-positive cells was most abundant in pcv2-infected hepatocyte cultures as determined by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization. the results of our data s ... | 2006 | 16520543 |
| construction and immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) in mice. | porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) has been implicated as the etiological agent of some diseases, mainly postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns). the capsid (cap) protein encoded by the pcv2 orf2 gene may be an excellent candidate for vaccination. in this study, the cap protein gene was amplified by pcr, and cloned into the transfer vector pshuttle-cmv. after co-transformation of pmei-linearized recombinant plasmid pshuttle-cmv-orf2 and t ... | 2006 | 16524646 |
| prevalence of swine torque teno virus in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected and non-pmws-affected pigs in spain. | the present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of swine torque teno virus (ttv) in post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected and non-affected spanish swine. nested pcr (npcr) assays to detect two distinct ttv genogroups were applied. a significantly higher prevalence of ttv infection was found in sera from pmws-affected animals (97 %) than in sera from non-pmws-affected animals (78 %). whilst pmws-affected pigs (91 %) were more likely to be infected with ttv from ... | 2006 | 16528032 |
| porcine circovirus 2 uses heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate b glycosaminoglycans as receptors for its attachment to host cells. | monocyte/macrophage lineage cells are target cells in vivo for porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) replication. the porcine monocytic cell line 3d4/31 supports pcv2 replication in vitro, and attachment and internalization kinetics of pcv2 have been established in these cells. however, pcv2 receptors remain unknown. glycosaminoglycans (gag) are used by several viruses as receptors. the present study examined the role of gag in attachment and infection of pcv2. heparin, heparan sulfate (hs), chondroitin s ... | 2006 | 16537616 |
| detection of porcine circovirus type 2 viremia and seroconversion in naturally infected pigs in a farrow-to-finish barn. | porcine serum was assayed by 2 polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocols (nested pcr [npcr] and non-nested pcr) and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine when porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) viremia and a rise in the serum level of pcv2-specific antibody occurred in pigs raised in a large canadian farrow-to-finish barn. eight serial blood samples were collected from each of 40 pigs from 5 to 156 (+/- 1.5) d of age; 6 pigs were removed from the study for various reasons at ... | 2006 | 16548333 |
| [construction of molecular clone of chimeric porcine circovirus(pcv1-2) and identification of its infectivity]. | porcine circovirus type 2(pcv2) recently emerged as an important infectious pathogen for pigs in the world. unfortunately, there is no efficient method to deal with pcv2 infection until now. in this study, chimeric porcine circovirus molecular clone (psk2pcv1-2) was constructed by cloning capsid gene of pcv2 into the backbone of pcv1. pk-15 cells was transfected with psk2pcv1-2 and then cultivated in plate for five passages. mrna of pcv1 orf1 and pcv2 orf2 were detected in the fifth passage, but ... | 2006 | 16579487 |
| porcine circovirus diseases. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a member of the family circoviridae, a recently established virus family composed of small, non-enveloped viruses, with a circular, single-stranded dna genome. pcv2, which is found all over the world in the domestic pig and probably the wild boar, has been recently associated with a number of disease syndromes, which have been collectively named porcine circovirus diseases (pcvd). postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), porcine dermatitis and nephro ... | 2005 | 16583778 |
| a gene similar to the human hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (rhamm) gene is upregulated during porcine circovirus type 2 infection. | little is known on the cellular events triggered by the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the differential display reverse-transcription pcr (ddrt-pcr) was used to identify cellular target molecules in lymph node tissue that were regulated in pmws. comparative profile analysis of a pool of lymph node tissues from pmws and healthy animals showed that some transcripts were up-regulated in pmws. bacterial recombinant clones containing up-regulated tr ... | 2006 | 16604446 |
| the effects of transplacental porcine circovirus type 2 infection on porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus-induced enteritis in preweaning piglets. | the effects of transplacental porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection on porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv)-induced enteritis were examined in neonatal piglets. six pregnant sows were randomly allocated to an infected (n=3) or control group (n=3). three pregnant sows were inoculated intranasally with 6 ml of tissue culture fluid containing 1.2 x 10(5) tissue culture infective doses 50% (tcid(50))/ml of pcv2 strain snuvr000470 three weeks before the expected farrowing date. three control ... | 2006 | 16624710 |
| detection of porcine circovirus type 1 in commercial pig vaccines using polymerase chain reaction. | the absence of extraneous viruses is a requirement in the quality control of vaccines for veterinary use in the european pharmacopoeia. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for the detection of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) and type 2 (pcv2) was evaluated in 18 commercial porcine vaccines. since vaccine components may contain pcr enhancers or inhibitors, 13 of the studied vaccines (used as diluents) were subsequently spiked with different dilutions of pcv2 and tested by pcr. although pcv2 ... | 2006 | 16624728 |
| bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces porcine circovirus type 2 replication in swine alveolar macrophages. | monocyte/macrophage lineage cells are major target cells of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). from tissues of field pigs suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), both intracytoplasmic and intranuclear pcv2 signals, including antigens and nucleic acid, were easily detected in the monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. however, there was a high incidence of intracytoplasmic pcv2-positive signals, but lack of intranuclear signals and pcv2 replication in these cells in vitro. co ... | 2006 | 16626898 |
| 1h, 13c, and 15n nmr assignment of the rep protein nuclease domain from the porcine circovirus pcv2. | | 2006 | 16636755 |
| effect of vitamin and trace mineral withdrawal from finisher diets on growth performance and immunocompetence of broiler chickens. | the present study was carried out to examine the effect of vitamin (v) or trace mineral (tm) mix removal from finisher diet (42-56 d of age) on performance and immunocompetence of broilers. the dietary treatments were: (1) the basal diet with no supplemental v or tm; (2) the basal diet fortified with v mix only; (3) the basal diet fortified with tm mix only; and (4) the basal diet fortified with v and tm mix. at 47 d, four birds from each replicate (20/treatment) were injected with newcastle dis ... | 2006 | 16641026 |
| the orf3 protein of porcine circovirus type 2 is involved in viral pathogenesis in vivo. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of an emerging swine disease, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. we previously showed that a novel identified protein, orf3, was not essential for pcv2 replication in cultured pk15 cells and played a major role in virus-induced apoptosis. to evaluate the role of the orf3 protein in viral pathogenesis in vivo, we inoculated 8-week-old balb/c mice that have been developed for pcv2 replication with orf3-deficient mutant pcv2 ( ... | 2006 | 16641298 |
| a pilot study of dose-intensified procarbazine, ccnu, vincristine for poor prognosis brain tumors utilizing fibronectin-assisted, retroviral-mediated modification of cd34+ peripheral blood cells with o6-methylguanine dna methyltransferase. | administration of chemotherapy is often limited by myelosuppression. expression of drug-resistance genes in hematopoietic cells has been proposed as a means to decrease the toxicity of cytotoxic agents. in this pilot study, we utilized a retroviral vector expressing methylguanine dna methyltransferase (mgmt) to transduce hematopoietic progenitors, which were subsequently used in the setting of alkylator therapy (procarbazine, ccnu, vincristine (pcv)) for poor prognosis brain tumors. granulocyte ... | 2006 | 16645619 |
| infection of pigs in ireland with lymphotropic gamma-herpesviruses and relationship to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. | three species of porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (plhvs) have been described but there are few reports on the distribution and prevalence of these viruses in domestic pigs. we aimed to determine the plhv status of irish commercial pig herds, and to this end spleens taken from 110 healthy adult pigs sourced from 22 geographically distributed farms in ireland were analysed for plhv dna using novel species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. we now report that plhv infection is widespread ... | 2006 | 16672182 |
| evidence of breed-dependent differences in susceptibility to porcine circovirus type-2-associated disease and lesions. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been confirmed as the primary cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). however, in the field, pmws is seen only in a small percentage of pigs infected with pcv2. the overall objective of the study reported here was to determine whether host genetic differences in the susceptibility to pcv2-associated disease exist among selected breeds of pigs. this study included duroc (n = 23), landrace (n = 19), and large white (n = 21) pigs. the pigs we ... | 2006 | 16672575 |
| occurrence of swine salmonellosis in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) affected pigs concurrently infected with porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). | fourteen diseased pigs from four farms in which there had been an outbreak of salmonellosis were investigated. granulomatous inflammation with depletion of lymphocytes was observed in the swollen lymph nodes in these pigs. antigens to porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) were immunolabeled in the lesions along with detection of viral dna as pcv2 by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in addition, antigens to porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) were immunodetected in the lungs and sa ... | 2006 | 16679733 |
| persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in an alpaca. | a 2.5-month-old female alpaca that had been born prematurely was examined because of moderate mucopurulent nasal discharge and high rectal temperature. | 2006 | 16740080 |
| demonstration of nicking/joining activity at the origin of dna replication associated with the rep and rep' proteins of porcine circovirus type 1. | the replication of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) is thought to occur by rolling-circle replication (rcr), whereby the introduction of a single-strand break generates a free 3'-hydroxyl group serving as a primer for subsequent dna synthesis. the covalently closed, single-stranded genome of pcv1 replicates via a double-stranded replicative intermediate, and the two virus-encoded replication-associated proteins rep and rep' have been demonstrated to be necessary for virus replication. however, a ... | 2006 | 16775310 |
| dna prime and protein boost immunization with innovative polymeric cationic core-shell nanoparticles elicits broad immune responses and strongly enhance cellular responses of hiv-1 tat dna vaccination. | novel biocompatible core-shell cationic nanoparticles, composed of an inner hard core of poly(methylmethacrylate) (pmma) and a hydrophilic tentacular shell bearing positively charged groups and poly(ethyleneglycol) chains covalently bound to the core, were prepared by emulsion polymerization and characterized in vitro and in vivo for dna vaccine applications. the nanoparticles reversibly adsorbed large amounts of dna, mainly through electrostatic interactions, preserved its functional structure, ... | 2006 | 16781023 |
| cytokine and c-reactive protein profiles induced by porcine circovirus type 2 experimental infection in 3-week-old piglets. | the purpose of this study was to determine serum profiles of cytokines at a protein level and creactive protein (crp) during the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in experimentally inoculated pigs. levels of serum ifn-alpha, il-6, il-10, and crp were examined for a 35-day period in 10 piglets experimentally infected with pcv2 at 3 weeks of age. four of the infected piglets developed severe pmws at 14 to 21 days post-infection (d.p.i.) and died prior to termination ... | 2006 | 16817761 |
| postweaning mortality in manitoba swine. | a case-control study to investigate the contribution of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) to deaths among piglets of nursery age (19 to 68 d) in manitoba indicated a significant positive association between pcv-2 infection and an increased mortality rate in nursery pigs. the clinical syndrome pmws was seldom recognized in case or control herds; however, pcv-2 infection was widespread at the herd level. other factors more strongly associated w ... | 2006 | 16850937 |
| estimation of european wild boar relative abundance and aggregation: a novel method in epidemiological risk assessment. | wild boars are important disease reservoirs. it is well known that abundance estimates are needed in wildlife epidemiology, but the expense and effort required to obtain them is prohibitive. we evaluated a simple method based on the frequency of faecal droppings found on transects (fbii), and developed a spatial aggregation index, based on the runs test statistic. estimates were compared with hunting data, and with porcine circovirus and aujeszky's disease virus seroprevalences and mycobacterium ... | 2007 | 16893488 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 infection decreases the efficacy of a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine. | porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv)-induced pneumonia is a major problem, and vaccination is used to reduce losses associated with prrsv. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) causes lymphoid depletion, and there is concern that this adversely affects the immune response. the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pcv2 infection on the efficacy of modified live virus (mlv) prrsv vaccine. sixty-nine 2-week-old pigs were randomly assigned to one of seven groups ... | 2006 | 16893993 |
| shedding of porcine circovirus into colostrum of sows. | the purpose of the present study was to investigate porcine circovirus (pcv) shedding into the milk of sows. colostrum was collected from 33 sows. pcv1 was isolated from four of 33 milk whey samples. pcv1 dna was detected by polymerase chain reaction in three of these samples and in three of 10 milk cell samples. pcv2 was also isolated and detected from every single milk whey sample. these results showed that pcv1 and pcv2 were shed into the milk of sows and suggest that pcv can be transmitted t ... | 2006 | 16907959 |
| rolling-circle replication of an animal circovirus genome in a theta-replicating bacterial plasmid in escherichia coli. | a bacterial plasmid containing 1.75 copies of double-stranded porcine circovirus (pcv) dna in tandem (0.8 copy of pcv type 1 [pcv1], 0.95 copy of pcv2) with two origins of dna replication (ori) yielded three different dna species when transformed into escherichia coli: the input construct, a unit-length chimeric pcv1(rep)/pcv2(cap) genome with a composite ori but lacking the plasmid vector, and a molecule consisting of the remaining 0.75 copy pcv1(cap)/pcv2(rep) genome with a different composite ... | 2006 | 16912316 |
| nested polymerase chain reaction detection and duration of porcine circovirus type 2 in semen with sperm morphological analysis from naturally infected boars. | a nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr) protocol was applied to porcine semen to demonstrate the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) shedding patterns and duration in naturally infected boars. sperm morphology analysis was performed on a subset of samples to determine if the presence of pcv2 dna in semen was associated with reduced semen quality. semen was collected serially from 43 boars representing 6 breeds, aged 33.9 to 149.3 weeks. of the 903 semen samples collected, 30 samples (3.3%) were p ... | 2006 | 16921878 |
| porcine circovirus-2 associated disease in swine in ontario (2004 to 2005). | | 2006 | 16933552 |
| molecular evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 genomes: phylogeny and clonality. | porcine circoviruses (pcvs) type 1 (pcv1) and type 2 (pcv2) show high levels of nucleotide similarity, but pcv1 is considered non-pathogenic and pcv2 has been associated with several disease outcomes in pigs, mainly postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). after exploring different topologies of the origin of pcvs, it was concluded that pcv1 and pcv2 seem to have a common origin. on the other hand, pcv2 could be divided into two groups (1 and 2) and eight clusters (1a to 1c and 2a to 2 ... | 2007 | 16963096 |
| genetic and experimental comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) isolates from cases with and without pcv2-associated lesions provides evidence for differences in virulence. | there are marked differences in the clinical expression of diseases associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in the field. the objective of this study was to compare the sequences and pathogenicity of pcv2 isolates from field cases with and without pcv2-associated lesions. forty-two specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs were assigned randomly to three groups of 14 pigs each. at 7 weeks of age, group 1 pigs were mock-inoculated with saline, group 2 pigs were inoculated with pcv2-4838 (isolate ... | 2006 | 16963751 |
| potentiation of porcine circovirus 2-induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by porcine parvovirus is associated with excessive production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. | this study investigated the potentiation of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2)-induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by porcine parvovirus (ppv) and found it was associated with excessive production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha). colostrum-deprived conventional pigs were inoculated intranasally with pcv2 or ppv alone or in combination (pcv2 and ppv). in vitro assay of tnf-alpha, obtained from alveolar macrophages coinfected with pcv2 and ppv, showed a significant increase in t ... | 2006 | 16966450 |
| generation and immunogenicity of a recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing cap protein of porcine circovirus type 2. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which is an important economical disease affecting the pig industry worldwide. in order to develop an effective vaccine for pmws, a recombinant pseudorabies virus (prv) was generated and tested in piglets in this study. the pcv2 open reading frame 2 (orf2) gene was inserted into piecmv plasmid and co-transfected with prv tk-/ge-/lacz+ genome into ibrs-2 cells to generate a recombinant tk-/ge-/ ... | 2007 | 17005335 |
| porcine circovirus type 2 replicase binds the capsid protein and an intermediate filament-like protein. | porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an important porcine pathogen that establishes persistent subclinical infections but may, on activation, contribute to the development of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). this disease is characterized by weight loss, respiratory or digestive disorders and enlarged lymph nodes with lymphocyte depletion. the molecular mechanisms behind the development of the disease are completely unknown. in order to clarify functions of the different viral p ... | 2006 | 17030855 |