| an undescribed demodex sp. and demodicosis in a captive koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | a 12-yr-old male koala (phascolarctos cinereus) in a zoo collection developed bilateral, noninflammatory, periocular alopecia. deep periocular skin scrapings yielded multiple adult, nymphal, and larval mites of a previously undescribed demodex species. skin biopsies from affected areas revealed multiple mites in superficial keratin and within hair follicles, associated with a mild intramural lymphocytic folliculitis. treatment with daily oral ivermectin was safe and effective. although demodex s ... | 2000 | 10884134 |
| pharmacokinetics of fluconazole following intravenous and oral administration to koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | clinically normal koalas (n = 12) received a single dose of 10 mg/kg fluconazole orally (p.o.; n = 6) or intravenously (i.v.; n = 6). serial plasma samples were collected over 24 h, and fluconazole concentrations were determined using a validated hplc assay. a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. following i.v. administration, median (range) plasma clearance (cl) and steady-state volume of distribution (vss ) were 0.31 (0.11-0.55) l/h/kg and 0.92 (0.38-1.40) l/kg, respectivel ... | 2014 | 23889092 |
| preshipment testing success: resolution of a nasal sinus granuloma in a captive koala (phascolarctos cinereus) caused by cryptococcus gattii. | a 3-yr-old female koala (phascolarctos cinereus) was diagnosed with a nasal sinus granuloma caused by cryptococcus gattii after a pre-shipment examination revealed a latex cryptococcal agglutination titer of 1:512. successful medical and surgical treatment of the granuloma was monitored using serial latex cryptococcal agglutination titers, serum levels of antifungal drugs, and advanced imaging. | 2012 | 23272367 |
| increased genetic diversity and prevalence of co-infection with trypanosoma spp. in koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) and their ticks identified using next-generation sequencing (ngs). | infections with trypanosoma spp. have been associated with poor health and decreased survival of koalas (phascolarctos cinereus), particularly in the presence of concurrent pathogens such as chlamydia and koala retrovirus. the present study describes the application of a next-generation sequencing (ngs)-based assay to characterise the prevalence and genetic diversity of trypanosome communities in koalas and two native species of ticks (ixodes holocyclus and i. tasmani) removed from koala hosts. ... | 2017 | 28704541 |
| japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) quickly detect snakes but not spiders: evolutionary origins of fear-relevant animals. | humans quickly detect the presence of evolutionary threats through visual perception. many theorists have considered humans to be predisposed to respond to both snakes and spiders as evolutionarily fear-relevant stimuli. evidence supports that human adults, children, and snake-naive monkeys all detect pictures of snakes among pictures of flowers more quickly than vice versa, but recent neurophysiological and behavioral studies suggest that spiders may, in fact, be processed similarly to nonthrea ... | 2016 | 27078076 |
| the cutaneous cervical plexus nerves of the crab-eating macaque (macaca fascicularis), eastern grey kangaroo (macropus giganteus), and koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | the origin, course and distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the cervical plexus were examined in the crab-eating macaque (4 body-halves), the grey kangaroo (5 body-halves) and koala (3 body-halves). the cutaneous nerves, n. auricularis magnus, nn. supraclaviculares, n. transversus colli, and n. transversus cervicis, were recognized. cranial and caudal branches were identified in the latter 2 nerves. some intermediate, relatively small branches were recognized between these main nerves. the n. ... | 1990 | 2093157 |
| in this issue - july 2017: rhdv vaccine protects against both strains of virus · olfactory neuroblastoma in a malamute · coincidental conditions affecting dysphagia in a miniature poodle · support for storing high-quality bovine colostrum · sarcoptic mange in koalas · renal oxalosis in rare gilbert's potoroos · novel trypanosomes in a little red flying fox. | | 2017 | 28653384 |
| accounting for management costs in sensitivity analyses of matrix population models. | traditional sensitivity and elasticity analyses of matrix population models have been used to inform management decisions, but they ignore the economic costs of manipulating vital rates. for example, the growth rate of a population is often most sensitive to changes in adult survival rate, but this does not mean that increasing that rate is the best option for managing the population because it may be much more expensive than other options. to explore how managers should optimize their manipulat ... | 2006 | 16909581 |
| assessment of florfenicol as a possible treatment for chlamydiosis in koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | because of limited availability of chloramphenicol to veterinary suppliers, a preliminary study was performed to predict whether an analogue, florfenicol, is an efficacious treatment for chlamydiosis in koalas. | 2017 | 28845567 |
| microbiota composition of the koala (phascolarctos cinereus) ocular and urogenital sites, and their association with chlamydia infection and disease. | disease caused by chlamydia pecorum is characterised by ocular and urogenital infections that can lead to blindness and infertility in koalas. however, koalas that are infected with c. pecorum do not always progress to disease. in other host systems, the influence of the microbiota has been implicated in either accelerating or preventing infections progressing to disease. this study investigates the contribution of koala urogenital and ocular microbiota to chlamydia infection and disease in a fr ... | 2017 | 28701755 |
| immunization of a wild koala population with a recombinant chlamydia pecorum major outer membrane protein (momp) or polymorphic membrane protein (pmp) based vaccine: new insights into immune response, protection and clearance. | we assessed the effects of two different single-dose anti-chlamydia pecorum (c. pecorum) vaccines (containing either major outer membrane protein (3momp) or polymorphic membrane protein (pmp) as antigens) on the immune response of a group of wild koalas. both vaccines elicited a systemic humoral response as seen by the production of anti-chlamydial igg antibodies in more than 90% of vaccinated koalas. a mucosal immune response was also observed, with an increase in chlamydia-specific mucosal igg ... | 2017 | 28575080 |
| the first case of onychomycosis in a koala (phascolarctos cinereus) due to atypical isolates of microsporum gypseum, a diagnostic challenge. | superficial mycotic infections have been only poorly described in koalas and there are no reliable mycologically confirmed data regarding clinical isolation of dermatophytes in this animal. we report an 11-year-old female koala, kept in a zoo in tokyo, japan, and presenting with hyperkeratotic lesions and scaly plaques on forepaw claws and pads reminiscent of fungal infection. | 2016 | 28681020 |
| complete genome sequence of the streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus strain dsm 16831. | streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus dsm 16831 is an intriguing strain because of its low virulent phenotype compared to other isolates. we present here the complete genome sequence for this strain isolated from koala feces. | 2017 | 28428288 |
| consistent patterns of vehicle collision risk for six mammal species. | the occurrence and rate of wildlife-vehicle collisions are related to both anthropocentric and environmental variables, however, few studies compare collision risks for multiple species within a model framework that is adaptable and transferable. our research compares collision risk for multiple species across a large geographic area using a conceptually simple risk framework. we used six species of native terrestrial mammal often involved with wildlife-vehicle collisions in south-east australia ... | 2017 | 28704730 |
| four species of arboreal folivore show differential tolerance to a secondary metabolite. | the marsupials that eat eucalyptus in south-eastern australia provide an example of animals with similar niche requirements occurring sympatrically. they certainly differ in size, ranging from about 1 kg in the greater glider (petauroides volans) and the closely related common ringtail possum (pseudocheirus peregrinus), to 4 kg (common brushtail possum, trichosurus vulpecula) and up to 15 kg in the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). all species, however, may eat considerable amounts of eucalypt fol ... | 2014 | 24974269 |
| detection of helicobacter species in the gastrointestinal tract of ringtail possum and koala: possible influence of diet, on the gut microbiota. | the presence of helicobacter spp. was examined in the liver and in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract (git) including the stomach, 3 cm above ileum, ileum, caecum, colon and rectum of 10 ringtail possums (rtps) and 3 koalas using a combination of microscopy, culture and pcr. helicobacter was detected in the distal end of the git of 7 of 10 rtps by direct pcr and in all (10/10) rtps by nested pcr. five 's' shaped isolates with bipolar sheathed flagella were isolated from the lower bo ... | 2013 | 23910524 |
| family-level relationships among the australasian marsupial "herbivores" (diprotodontia: koala, wombats, kangaroos and possums). | the marsupial order diprotodontia includes 10 extant families, which occupy all terrestrial habitats across australia and new guinea and have evolved remarkable dietary and locomotory diversity. despite considerable attention, the interrelations of these families have for the most part remained elusive. in this study, we separately model mitochondrial rna and protein-coding sequences in addition to nuclear protein-coding sequences to provide near-complete resolution of diprotodontian family-leve ... | 2008 | 17959392 |
| intraspecific variation in eucalyptus secondary metabolites determines food intake by folivorous marsupials. | traditional approaches to the question of the effects of plant secondary metabolites on the feeding choices of folivores of eucalyptus have focused on the tree species level, although numerous field studies of foraging behaviour have identified selection at the level of the individual trees. attempts to relate these decisions to deterrency resulting from secondary leaf chemistry have been inconclusive because assays used have focused on broad groups of compounds such as "total" phenolics. in thi ... | 1998 | 28308521 |
| histological and immunohistological investigation of alimentary tract lymphoid tissue in the koala (phascolarctos cinereus), brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) and ringtail possum (pseudocheirus peregrinus). | the histological appearance and distribution of t cells, b cells and plasma cells were investigated for oropharyngeal tonsils, small intestinal lymphoid aggregations (peyer's patches), caecocolic lymphoid patches and mesenteric lymph nodes of koalas (phascolarctos cinereus), common brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) and common ringtail possums (pseudocheirus peregrinus). the histological organisation and distribution of lymphoid cell subpopulations of these tissues were similar to those d ... | 1996 | 8621326 |
| the distribution of organised lymphoid tissue in the alimentary tracts of koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) and possums (trichosurus vulpecula and pseudocheirus peregrinus). | the anatomical arrangement of organised lymphoid tissues of the alimentary tract for 3 australian marsupials, the koala (phascolarctos cinereus), the common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula and the common ringtail possum (pseudocheirus peregrinus), was determined by gross dissection and acetic acid treatment. oropharyngeal tonsils were consistently found in the dorsolateral wall of the caudal oropharynx in all 3 species and additionally in the ventral soft palate of the koala. aggregated ... | 1996 | 8621325 |
| bioaugmentation of the anaerobic digestion of food waste by dungs of herbivore, carnivore, and omnivore zoo animals. | the potential improvement of biomethanation of food waste (fw) by adding dung of herbivore (giraffe, llama, koala), carnivore (tiger), and omnivore (sloth bear) animals to anaerobic sludge (ans) was investigated. adding 30% giraffe, sloth bear or koala dung to the ans inoculum yielded, respectively, a 11.17 (±4.51), 10.10 (±1.23), and 1.41 (±0.56)% higher biomethane production, as compared to the control (fw with solely ans). the highest biomethane production of 564.00 (±3.88) ml ch4/gvsadded ob ... | 2017 | 28274187 |
| an evolutionarily young polar bear (ursus maritimus) endogenous retrovirus identified from next generation sequence data. | transcriptome analysis of polar bear (ursus maritimus) tissues identified sequences with similarity to porcine endogenous retroviruses (perv). based on these sequences, four proviral copies and 15 solo long terminal repeats (ltrs) of a newly described endogenous retrovirus were characterized from the polar bear draft genome sequence. closely related sequences were identified by pcr analysis of brown bear (ursus arctos) and black bear (ursus americanus) but were absent in non-ursinae bear species ... | 2015 | 26610552 |
| the fur of mammals in exposed environments; do crypsis and thermal needs necessarily conflict? the polar bear and marsupial koala compared. | the furs of mammals have varied and complex functions. other than for thermoregulation, fur is involved in physical protection, sensory input, waterproofing and colouration, the latter being important for crypsis or camouflage. some of these diverse functions potentially conflict. we have investigated how variation in cryptic colouration and thermal features may interact in the coats of mammals and influence potential heat inflows from solar radiation, much of which is outside the visible spectr ... | 2014 | 24366474 |
| organic food consumption during pregnancy is associated with different consumer profiles, food patterns and intake: the koala birth cohort study. | to find out how the consumption of organic food during pregnancy is associated with consumer characteristics, dietary patterns and macro- and micronutrient intakes. | 0 | 28560934 |
| gut colonization by methanogenic archaea is associated with organic dairy consumption in children. | the gut microbiota represents a complex and diverse ecosystem with a profound impact on human health, promoting immune maturation, and host metabolism as well as colonization resistance. important members that have often been disregarded are the methanogenic archaea. methanogenic archaea reduce hydrogen levels via the production of methane, thereby stimulating food fermentation by saccharolytic bacteria. on the other hand, colonization by archaea has been suggested to promote a number of gastroi ... | 2017 | 28344572 |
| gut colonization with methanobrevibacter smithii is associated with childhood weight development. | to prospectively investigate the presence and counts of archaea in feces of 472 children in association with weight development from 6 to 10 years of age. | 2015 | 26524691 |
| development and evaluation of rapid novel isothermal amplification assays for important veterinary pathogens: chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pecorum. | chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pecorum are important veterinary pathogens, with the former also being responsible for zoonoses, and the latter adversely affecting koala populations in australia and livestock globally. the rapid detection of these organisms is still challenging, particularly at the point-of-care (poc). in the present study, we developed and evaluated rapid, sensitive and robust c. psittaci-specific and c. pecorum-specific loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assays for ... | 2017 | 28929022 |
| first report of trypanosoma vegrandis in koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | the present study describes the first report of trypanosoma vegrandis in koalas using morphology and sequence analysis of the 18s rrna gene. the prevalence of t. vegrandis in koalas was 13.6% (6/44). it is likely that the small size of t. vegrandis (<10μm in length), coupled with the difficulties in amplifying dna of this parasite in mixed infections using trypanosome generic primers, are the reason why this organism has not been identified in koalas until now. this study highlights the importan ... | 2016 | 26970295 |
| comparative anatomical studies on the thyroid and thymic arteries. vi. diprotodont marsupials. | the thyroid and thymic arteries in 44 specimens from 18 species belonging to the diprotodont marsupials were investigated. the results were compared with those of polyprotodont marsupials, suncuses, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and man. the superior thyroid artery was constant in three superfamily groups. the inferior thyroid artery was extremely rare. the superior thymic artery arising from the thyrocervical trunk was observed in 1 phalangeroid and 2 macropodoids, and that arising from the verte ... | 2016 | 26472114 |
| a survey of ticks (acari: ixodidae) from an over-abundant koala (phascolarctos cinereus) population in south eastern australia, with an overview of the ticks and mites of koalas. | within australia, koala over-abundance has become a serious problem in some areas resulting in significant damage to native forests through defoliation. an over-abundant victorian koala population was surveyed for ticks in the autumn of 2016. during the survey 1036 ticks were collected from 158 koalas. all ticks collected were identified as ixodes tasmani. tick prevalence, infestation intensity and on-host sex ratios were calculated for the population. an overview of the ticks and mites associat ... | 2017 | 28849430 |
| mitochondrial genome sequencing reveals potential origins of the scabies mite sarcoptes scabiei infesting two iconic australian marsupials. | debilitating skin infestations caused by the mite, sarcoptes scabiei, have a profound impact on human and animal health globally. in australia, this impact is evident across different segments of australian society, with a growing recognition that it can contribute to rapid declines of native australian marsupials. cross-host transmission has been suggested to play a significant role in the epidemiology and origin of mite infestations in different species but a chronic lack of genetic resources ... | 2017 | 29183283 |
| outbreaks of sarcoptic mange in free-ranging koala populations in victoria and south australia: a case series. | to describe outbreaks of sarcoptic mange caused by sarcoptes scabiei in free-ranging koalas in victoria (december 2008 to november 2015) and south australia (october 2011 to september 2014). | 2017 | 28653387 |
| relationships between plasma composition and parotid salivary composition and secretion rates in the potoroine marsupials, aepyprymnus rufescens and potorous tridactylus. | parotid salivation was investigated in two species of potoroine marsupial, aepyprymnus rufescens and potorous tridactylus to ascertain flow rates and composition, the buffer capacity of the saliva with respect to possible dependence of these animals on foregut fermentation, and the similarity of anion excretion patterns to those of the kangaroo parotid. under anaesthesia neither species secreted spontaneously and secretion was stimulated by intravenous infusion of carbachol, bethanechol and isop ... | 1992 | 1281847 |
| morphology of the lingual papillae in the brush-tailed rat kangaroo. | we examined the dorsal lingual surface of an adult brush-tailed rat kangaroo (bettongia penicillata) by scanning electron microscopy. the filiform and fungiform papillae on the lingual apex and body consisted of a main papilla and secondary papillae. the connective tissue core of the filiform papillae on the lingual apex was cylindrical in shape with a crushed top. the connective tissue core of the filiform papillae on the lingual body had one large and several small processes. the fungiform pap ... | 2014 | 24815106 |
| informative enzyme/probe combinations for the multilocus dna fingerprinting of marsupials. | dna fingerprinting has become an invaluable tool in the study of population genetics, paternity success, and individual identification; however, the species specificity of some methods has made the wide-range screening of many different species very time-consuming. in this study we describe the development and application of reliable and informative dna fingerprinting techniques in a range of marsupial species using three different restriction enzyme and two oligonucleotide probe combinations. s ... | 1997 | 9378146 |
| occurrence of pasteurellaceae bacteria in the oral cavity of selected marsupial species. | eighty-two pasteurellaceae isolates from marsupials characterized by phylogenetic analysis of rpob gene sequences formed five distinct groups. twenty-one strains from long-nosed potoroos ( potorous tridactylus apicalis), spotted-tailed quolls ( dasyurus maculatus), and eastern quolls ( dasyurus viverrinus) made up group 1, which classified with frederiksenia canicola. group 2, 15 strains from tasmanian devils ( sarcophilus harrisii), common wombats ( vombatus ursinus), common ring-tailed possums ... | 2017 | 29297829 |
| chemical characterization of milk oligosaccharides of the common wombat (vombatus ursinus). | previous structural characterizations of marsupial milk oligosaccharides have been performed in the tammar wallaby, red kangaroo, koala, common brushtail possum and the eastern quoll. to clarify the homology and heterogeneity of milk oligosaccharides among marsupial species, which could provide information on their evolution, the oligosaccharides of wombat milk carbohydrate were characterized in this study. neutral and acidic oligosaccharides were isolated from the carbohydrate fractions of two ... | 2016 | 26608481 |
| chemical characterization of milk oligosaccharides of the eastern quoll (dasyurus viverrinus). | structural characterizations of marsupial milk oligosaccharides have been performed in four species to date: the tammar wallaby (macropus eugenii), the red kangaroo (macropus rufus), the koala (phascolarctos cinereus) and the common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula). to clarify the homology and heterogeneity of milk oligosaccharides among marsupials, the oligosaccharides in the carbohydrate fraction of eastern quoll milk were characterized in this study. neutral and acidic oligosaccharide ... | 2015 | 26047593 |
| effect of cooling and cryopreservation on sperm motility and morphology of several species of marsupial. | the effects of long-term cooling and freezing on sperm motility are described for six marsupial species: the fat-tailed dunnart, koala, brushtail possum, long-footed potoroo, northern brown bandicoot and ring-tailed possum. the effects of up to eight days of cooling at 4 degrees c on the motility of dunnart spermatozoa and the effect of cryopreservation on spermatozoa of the other species were determined. the cryoprotectant used was a tris-citrate-fructose-egg yolk-glycerol diluent. the percenta ... | 1996 | 8870089 |
| the structure and distribution of nasal glands in four marsupial species. | the structure and distribution of nasal glands in four marsupial species were studied by light and electron microscopy. the species studied were the honey possum (tarsipes rostratus), the bandicoot (isoodon macrourus), the koala (phascolarctos cinereus) and the agile wallaby (macropus agilis). glands were grouped and described according to their location. those of general distribution (goblet cells and olfactory glands) were similar in structures and distribution in all specimens. glands of the ... | 1984 | 6490535 |
| the seminiferous epithelial cycle and microanatomy of the koala (phascolarctos cinereus) and southern hairy-nosed wombat (lasiorhinus latifrons) testis. | the koala (phascolarctos cinereus) and southern hairy-nosed wombat (lasiorhinus latifrons) are iconic australian fauna that share a close phylogenetic relationship but there are currently no comparative studies of the seminiferous epithelial cell or testicular microanatomy of either species. koala and wombat spermatozoa are unusual for marsupials as they possess a curved stream-lined head and lateral neck insertion that superficially is similar to murid spermatozoa; the koala also contains serto ... | 2013 | 23278248 |
| composition of marsupial zona pellucida: a molecular and phylogenetic approach. | the zona pellucida (zp) is an extracellular matrix that surrounds mammalian oocytes. in eutherians it is formed from three or four proteins (zp1, zp2, zp3, zp4). in the few marsupials that have been studied, however, only three of these have been characterised (zp2, zp3, zp4). nevertheless, the composition in marsupials may be more complex, since a duplication of the zp3 gene was recently described in one species. the aim of this work was to elucidate the zp composition in marsupials and relate ... | 2017 | 29162213 |
| characterization of the antimicrobial peptide family defensins in the tasmanian devil (sarcophilus harrisii), koala (phascolarctos cinereus), and tammar wallaby (macropus eugenii). | defensins comprise a family of cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides with important roles in innate and adaptive immune defense in vertebrates. we characterized alpha and beta defensin genes in three australian marsupials: the tasmanian devil (sarcophilus harrisii), koala (phascolarctos cinereus), and tammar wallaby (macropus eugenii) and identified 48, 34, and 39 defensins, respectively. one hundred and twelve have the classical antimicrobial peptides characteristics required for pathogen membra ... | 2017 | 27838759 |
| a transcriptome resource for the koala (phascolarctos cinereus): insights into koala retrovirus transcription and sequence diversity. | the koala, phascolarctos cinereus, is a biologically unique and evolutionarily distinct australian arboreal marsupial. the goal of this study was to sequence the transcriptome from several tissues of two geographically separate koalas, and to create the first comprehensive catalog of annotated transcripts for this species, enabling detailed analysis of the unique attributes of this threatened native marsupial, including infection by the koala retrovirus. | 2014 | 25214207 |
| chemical characterization of milk oligosaccharides of the common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula). | structural characterizations of marsupial milk oligosaccharides have been performed in only three species: the tammar wallaby, the red kangaroo and the koala. to clarify the homology and heterogeneity of milk oligosaccharides among marsupials, 21 oligosaccharides of the milk carbohydrate fraction of the common brushtail possum were characterized in this study. neutral and acidic oligosaccharides were separated from the carbohydrate fraction of mid-lactation milk and characterized by (1)h-nuclear ... | 2014 | 24906475 |
| chemical characterization of milk oligosaccharides of the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | previous structural characterizations of marsupial milk oligosaccharides had been performed in only two macropod species, the tammar wallaby and the red kangaroo. to clarify the homology and heterogeneity of milk oligosaccharides among marsupial species, which could provide information on their evolution, the oligosaccharides of the koala milk carbohydrate fraction were characterized in this study. neutral and acidic oligosaccharides were separated from the carbohydrate fraction of milk of the k ... | 2013 | 23824565 |
| artificial insemination in marsupials. | assisted breeding technology (art), including artificial insemination (ai), has the potential to advance the conservation and welfare of marsupials. many of the challenges facing ai and art for marsupials are shared with other wild species. however, the marsupial mode of reproduction and development also poses unique challenges and opportunities. for the vast majority of marsupials, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding basic reproductive biology to guide an ai strategy. for threatened or end ... | 2009 | 18950846 |
| effects of levonorgestrel on ovulation and oestrous behaviour in the female tammar wallaby. | subcutaneous hormone implants are a useful method for managing overabundant marsupials in restricted enclosures in australia. levonorgestrel induces long-term infertility in the kangaroo, tammar wallaby and koala, although the contraceptive mechanism of levonorgestrel is unknown for any marsupial. in the present study, it was investigated if insertion of a single levonorgestrel or control implant at the time of reactivation of the diapausing blastocyst affected the subsequent post-partum oestrus ... | 2007 | 17257519 |
| characterisation of antisera to recombinant iga of the common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula). | one of the limiting factors in understanding immune responses in marsupials is the scarcity of marsupial specific immunological reagents. this paper describes the characterisation of an antiserum raised against a recombinant protein of the constant region of the heavy chain of iga (c(alpha)) of the common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula). the availability of a marsupial specific anti-iga provides a useful tool for the characterisation of mucosal immune responses in possums. anti-c(alpha) ... | 2002 | 12088648 |
| skeletal fluorosis in marsupials: a comparison of bone lesions in six species from an australian industrial site. | in this study we explored the prevalence, type, location and severity of skeletal lesions in six species of australian marsupial (macropus giganteus, notamacropus rufogriseus, wallabia bicolor, phascolarctos cinereus, trichosurus vulpecula and pseudocheirus peregrinus) from high and low-fluoride environments. lesions occurred to varying extents in all species, and lesion distribution varied with biomechanical differences in gait and mastication. bone fluoride levels increased with severity of pe ... | 2017 | 28185728 |
| dental fluorosis and skeletal fluoride content as biomarkers of excess fluoride exposure in marsupials. | particulate and gaseous fluoride emissions contaminate vegetation near fluoride-emitting industries, potentially impacting herbivorous wildlife in neighboring areas. dental fluorosis has been associated with consumption of fluoride-contaminated foliage by juvenile livestock and wildlife in europe and north america. for the first time, we explored the epidemiology and comparative pathology of dental fluorosis in australian marsupials residing near an aluminium smelter. six species (macropus gigan ... | 2015 | 26188404 |
| gradients in cytoarchitectural landscapes of the isocortex: diprotodont marsupials in comparison to eutherian mammals. | although it has been claimed that marsupials possess a lower density of isocortical neurons compared with other mammals, little is known about cross-cortical variation in neuron distributions in this diverse taxonomic group. we quantified upper-layer (layers ii-iv) and lower-layer (layers v-vi) neuron numbers per unit of cortical surface area in three diprotodont marsupial species (two macropodiformes, the red kangaroo and the parma wallaby, and a vombatiform, the koala) and compared these resul ... | 2017 | 28001295 |
| comparative finite element analysis of the cranial performance of four herbivorous marsupials. | marsupial herbivores exhibit a wide variety of skull shapes and sizes to exploit different ecological niches. several studies on teeth, dentaries, and jaw adductor muscles indicate that marsupial herbivores exhibit different specializations for grazing and browsing. no studies, however, have examined the skulls of marsupial herbivores to determine the relationship between stress and strain, and the evolution of skull shape. the relationship between skull morphology, biomechanical performance, an ... | 2015 | 26193997 |
| transcriptome sequencing of the long-nosed bandicoot (perameles nasuta) reveals conservation and innovation of immune genes in the marsupial order peramelemorphia. | bandicoots are omnivorous marsupials of the order peramelemorphia. conservation concerns and their unique biological characteristics suggest peramelomorphs are worthy research subjects, but knowledge of their genetics and immunology has lagged behind that of other high-profile marsupials. here, we characterise the transcriptome of the long-nose bandicoot (perameles nasuta), the first high-throughput data set from any peramelomorph. we investigate the immune gene repertoire of the bandicoot, with ... | 2017 | 29159447 |
| [phylogenetic diversity and single-cell genome analysis of "melainabacteria", a non-photosynthetic cyanobacterial group, in the termite gut]. | termite guts harbor diverse yet-uncultured bacteria, including a non-photosynthetic cyanobacterial group, the class "melainabacteria". we herein reported the phylogenetic diversity of "melainabacteria" in the guts of diverse termites and conducted a single-cell genome analysis of a melainabacterium obtained from the gut of the termite termes propinquus. we performed amplicon sequencing of 16s rrna genes from the guts of 60 termite and eight cockroach species, and detected melainabacterial sequen ... | 2018 | 29415909 |
| citizen science to communicate about public health messages: the reach of a playful online survey on sitting time and physical activity. | there is a lack of research on how to communicate public health guidelines. citizen science (cs) has been an effective way to involve the public in research. this study analyses the reach of a well-established cs experiment, launched during an annual national science event, to understand if it could be used as communication strategy for public health issues. a short playful online survey contained tailored health-related messages associated to an "animal totem" profile, based on the combination ... | 2018 | 29412005 |
| koala immunology and infectious diseases: how much can the koala bear? | infectious diseases are contributing to the decline of the iconic australian marsupial, the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). infections with the obligate intracellular bacteria, chlamydia pecorum, cause debilitating ocular and urogenital-tract disease while the koala-retrovirus (korv) has been implicated in host immunosuppression and exacerbation of chlamydial pathogenesis. although histological studies have provided insight into the basic architecture of koala immune tissues, our understanding o ... | 2018 | 29382557 |
| biofilm formation and transcriptome analysis of streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus in response to lysozyme. | streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus is a commensal bacterium of the human gastrointestinal tract, and a pathogen causing infective endocarditis and other biofilm-associated infections via exposed collagen. this study focuses on the characterization of the biofilm formation and collagen adhesion of s. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus under different conditions. in this study, it has been observed that the isolate ucn 34 is resistant to 20 mg/ml lysozyme in bhi medium, whereas the strai ... | 2018 | 29373594 |
| evolving ecosystems: inheritance and selection in the light of the microbiome. | the importance of microorganisms in human biology is undeniable. the amount of research that supports that microbes have a fundamental role in animal and plant physiology is substantial and increasing every year. even though we are only beginning to comprehend the broadness and complexity of microbial communities, evolutionary theories need to be recast in the light of such discoveries to fully understand and incorporate the role of microbes in our evolution. fundamental evolutionary concepts su ... | 2018 | 29366516 |
| characterisation of thein vitro chlamydia pecorumresponse to ifn-γ. | chlamydia pecorumis an important intracellular bacteria that causes a range of diseases in animals, including the native australian marsupial, the koala. in humans and animals, an ifn-γ-mediated immune response is important for the control of intracellular bacteria. the present study tested the hypotheses thatc. pecorumcan escape ifn-γ-mediated depletion of host cell tryptophan pools. in doing so, we demonstrated that, unlikechlamydia trachomatis,c. pecorumis completely resistant to ifn-γ in hum ... | 2018 | 29358337 |
| ultrasonographic assessment of the male koala (phascolarctos cinereus) reproductive tract. | studies documenting the application of ultrasonography to depict normal and pathological changes in koalas (phascolarctos cinereus), especially in the male, are scarce. sixty-two wild koalas were used in this study to define ultrasonographic protocols and features for the assessment of the male koala reproductive tract. testis, epididymis and spermatic cord were examined using a hockey stick transducer. the normal koala testis showed a homogeneous echogenicity and an obvious hyper-echoic band co ... | 2017 | 29306150 |
| epidemiology of chlamydial infection and disease in a free-ranging koala (phascolarctos cinereus) population. | chlamydial disease continues to be one of the main factors threatening the long-term survival of the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). despite this, large epidemiological studies of chlamydial infection and disease in wild koala populations are lacking. a better understanding of the prevalence, transmission and pathogenesis is needed to improve control measures, such as the development of vaccines. we investigated the prevalence of chlamydia pecorum infection and disease in 160 koalas in a peri-ur ... | 2017 | 29281731 |
| molecular dynamics and mode of transmission of koala retrovirus (korv) as it invades and spreads through a wild queensland koala population. | the recent acquisition of a novel retrovirus (korv) by koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) has created new opportunities for retroviral research and new challenges for koala conservation. there are currently two major subtypes of korv; korv-a, which is believed to be endogenous only in koalas from the northern part of australia, and korv-b, which appears to be exogenous. understanding and management of these subtypes requires population-level studies of their prevalence and diversity, especially whe ... | 2017 | 29237837 |
| transmission, evolution, and endogenization: lessons learned from recent retroviral invasions. | viruses of the subfamilyorthoretrovirinaeare defined by the ability to reverse transcribe an rna genome into dna that integrates into the host cell genome during the intracellular virus life cycle. exogenous retroviruses (xrvs) are horizontally transmitted between host individuals, with disease outcome depending on interactions between the retrovirus and the host organism. when retroviruses infect germ line cells of the host, they may become endogenous retroviruses (ervs), which are permanent el ... | 2018 | 29237726 |
| gene and genome-centric analyses of koala and wombat fecal microbiomes point to metabolic specialization foreucalyptusdigestion. | the koala has evolved to become a specialisteucalyptusherbivore since diverging from its closest relative, the wombat, a generalist herbivore. this niche adaptation involves, in part, changes in the gut microbiota. the goal of this study was to compare koala and wombat fecal microbiomes using metagenomics to identify potential differences attributable to dietary specialization. several populations discriminated between the koala and wombat fecal communities, most notablys24-7andsynergistaceaein ... | 2017 | 29177117 |
| long-read genome sequence assembly provides insight into ongoing retroviral invasion of the koala germline. | the koala retrovirus (korv) is implicated in several diseases affecting the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). korv provirus can be present in the genome of koalas as an endogenous retrovirus (present in all cells via germline integration) or as exogenous retrovirus responsible for somatic integrations of proviral korv (present in a limited number of cells). this ongoing invasion of the koala germline by korv provides a powerful opportunity to assess the viral strategies used by korv in an individu ... | 2017 | 29158564 |
| influence of vitamin d on key bacterial taxa in infant microbiota in the koala birth cohort study. | vitamin d has immunomodulatory properties giving it the potential to affect microbial colonization of the intestinal tract. we investigated whether maternal vitamin d supplemention, maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin d concentration, or direct supplementation of the infant influences key bacterial taxa within microbiota of one month old infants. infant and maternal vitamin d supplement use was ascertained via questionnaires. maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin d was determined at approximately the ... | 2017 | 29121673 |
| molecular evidence of chlamydia pecorum and arthropod-associated chlamydiae in an expanded range of marsupials. | the order chlamydiales are biphasic intracellular bacterial pathogens infecting humans and domesticated animals. wildlife infections have also been reported, with the most studied example being chlamydia pecorum infections in the koala, an iconic australian marsupial. in koalas, molecular evidence suggests that spill-over from c. pecorum infected livestock imported into australia may have had a historical or contemporary role. despite preliminary evidence that other native australian marsupials ... | 2017 | 28993660 |
| development and field validation of a regional, management-scale habitat model: a koalaphascolarctos cinereuscase study. | species distribution models have great potential to efficiently guide management for threatened species, especially for those that are rare or cryptic. we used maxent to develop a regional-scale model for the koalaphascolarctos cinereusat a resolution (250 m) that could be used to guide management. to ensure the model was fit for purpose, we placed emphasis on validating the model using independently-collected field data. we reduced substantial spatial clustering of records in coastal urban area ... | 2017 | 28944032 |
| lymphoma, koala retrovirus infection and reproductive chlamydiosis in a koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | koala retrovirus (korv) infection, thought to be associated with lymphoid neoplasia, and chlamydia pecorum-related ocular and urogenital disease are both highly prevalent in eastern australian koala (phascolarctos cinereus) populations. however, in south australian koalas, little is known about korv infection and c. pecorum-associated disease. we report the first south australian case of lymphoma in a korv-a-positive female koala also affected by severe reproductive chlamydiosis. the koala was f ... | 2017 | 28942303 |
| in this issue - september 2017: identifying bloodlines of animals with mutations · sexed semen in dairy cows · conventional vs automatic milking systems · overground endoscopy in thoroughbred horses · honeys for wound healing · cabergoline in anoestrous bitches · florfenicol not recommended for chlamydiosis in koalas. | | 2017 | 28845563 |
| a survey of pesticide accumulation in a specialist feeder, the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | to maintain profitability in australia's agricultural and urban landscapes pesticides are used throughout the range of koala habitats. the koala is a specialist feeder, reliant on metabolic enzyme capacities to utilise a toxic diet of eucalypt leaves and is potentially prone to adverse effects when xenobiotic interactions between dietary and anthropogenic xenobiotics occur. the aim of this study was to investigate accumulation of frequently used pesticides in wild koalas in 4 areas of new south ... | 2017 | 28712016 |
| review of some pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of anti-infective medicines administered to the koala (phascolarctos cinereus). | although koalas are iconic australian animals, no pharmacokinetic studies of any first-line medicines used to treat diseased or injured koalas had been published prior to 2010. traditionally, medicine dosages suggested for this species underwent linear extrapolation from those recommended for domesticated species. the koala, a specialist folivore whose natural diet consists of almost exclusively eucalyptus spp. foliage has anatomical and physiological adaptations for detoxifying their diet which ... | 2018 | 28703410 |
| bidirectional associations between activity-related parenting practices, and child physical activity, sedentary screen-based behavior and body mass index: a longitudinal analysis. | it has been generally assumed that activity-related parenting practices influence children's activity behavior and weight status. however, vice versa parents may also change their parenting behaviors in response to their perceptions of their child's activity behavior and weight status. this study examined the bidirectional relationships between activity-related parenting practices, and physical activity, sedentary screen-based behavior, and body mass index (bmi) between children's age of 5 and 7 ... | 2017 | 28683749 |
| characterisation of mhc class i genes in the koala. | koala (phascolarctos cinereus) populations are on the decline across the majority of australia's mainland. two major diseases threatening the long-term survival of affected koala populations are caused by obligate intracellular pathogens: chlamydia and koala retrovirus (korv). to improve our understanding of the koala immune system, we characterised their major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i genes, which are centrally involved in presenting foreign peptides derived from intracellular p ... | 2018 | 28669101 |
| organic food consumption during pregnancy and its association with health-related characteristics: the koala birth cohort study. | to investigate the associations of organic food consumption with maternal pre-pregnancy bmi, hypertension and diabetes in pregnancy, and several blood biomarkers of pregnant women. | 2017 | 28625206 |
| a novel combination adjuvant platform for human and animal vaccines. | adjuvants are crucial components of many vaccines. they are used to improve the immunogenicity of vaccines with the aim of conferring long-term protection, to enhance the efficacy of vaccines in newborns, elderly or immunocompromised persons, and to reduce the amount of antigen or the number of doses required to elicit effective immunity. novel combination adjuvants have been tested in both candidate animals and humans vaccines and have generated encouraging results. recently, we developed a com ... | 2017 | 28599794 |
| pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) after intravenous and oral administration. | the pharmacokinetic profile of posaconazole in clinically normal koalas (n = 8) was investigated. single doses of posaconazole were administered intravenously (i.v.; 3 mg/kg; n = 2) or orally (p.o.; 6 mg/kg; n = 6) with serial plasma samples collected over 24 and 36 hr, respectively. plasma concentrations of posaconazole were quantified by validated high-performance liquid chromatography. a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of data was performed. following i.v. administration, estimates ... | 2017 | 28455999 |
| associations of plasma uric acid and purine metabolites with blood pressure in children: the koala birth cohort study. | elevated serum uric acid concentration has been associated with high blood pressure (bp) and hypertension. a putative underlying mechanism is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species when uric acid is generated by an increased enzyme activity of xanthine oxidase (xo). the aims of the present study were to investigate the associations between plasma uric acid concentration, purine metabolite ratios, as proxies for increased xo activity, and sbp and dbp in school-age children. | 2017 | 28355168 |
| infection with koala retrovirus subgroup b (korv-b), but not korv-a, is associated with chlamydial disease in free-ranging koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | the virulence of chlamydial infection in wild koalas is highly variable between individuals. some koalas can be infected (pcr positive) with chlamydia for long periods but remain asymptomatic, whereas others develop clinical disease. chlamydia in the koala has traditionally been studied without regard to coinfection with other pathogens, although koalas are usually subject to infection with koala retrovirus (korv). retroviruses can be immunosuppressive, and there is evidence of an immunosuppress ... | 2017 | 28273935 |
| koala retrovirus genotyping analyses reveal a low prevalence of korv-a in victorian koalas and an association with clinical disease. | koala retrovirus (korv) is undergoing endogenization into the genome of koalas in australia, providing an opportunity to assess the effect of retrovirus infection on the health of a population. the prevalence of korv in north-eastern australia (queensland and new south wales) is 100 %, whereas previous preliminary investigations in south-eastern australia (victoria) suggested korv is present at a lower prevalence, although the values have varied widely. here, we describe a large study of free-ra ... | 2017 | 28266284 |
| decline causes of koalas in south east queensland, australia: a 17-year retrospective study of mortality and morbidity. | koala populations are in catastrophic decline in certain eastern australian regions. spanning from 1997-2013, a database derived from wildlife hospitals in southeast queensland with n = 20,250 entries was classified by causes of morbidity and mortality. a total of 11 aetiologies were identified, with chlamydiosis, trauma, and wasting being most common. the clinical diagnosis at submission varied significantly over the observation period. combinations of aetiologies were observed in 39% of koalas ... | 2017 | 28218272 |
| koala retrovirus (korv) genotyping analyses reveal a low prevalence of korv-a in victorian koalas and an association with clinical disease. | koala retrovirus (korv) is currently undergoing endogenisation into the genome of koalas in australia, providing an opportunity to assess the effect of retrovirus infection on the health of a population. the prevalence of korv in north eastern australia (queensland and new south wales) is 100%, whereas previous preliminary investigations in south eastern australia (victoria) suggested korv is present at a lower prevalence, although the values have varied widely. here we describe a large study of ... | 2016 | 28032537 |
| supplemental feeding of captive neonatal koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). | koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) are cautious animals, making supplemental feeding of neonates challenging because of disturbances to the normal routine. however, supplemental feeding is beneficial in improving juvenile nutrition using less formula than required for hand-rearing, and allowing maternal bonding to continue through suckling. in this study, two neonatal koalas, delivered by the same mother in 2 years, exhibited insufficient growth post-emergence from the pouch; supplemental feeding w ... | 2017 | 28026882 |
| daylight saving time can decrease the frequency of wildlife-vehicle collisions. | daylight saving time (dst) could reduce collisions with wildlife by changing the timing of commuter traffic relative to the behaviour of nocturnal animals. to test this idea, we tracked wild koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) in southeast queensland, where koalas have declined by 80% in the last 20 years, and compared their movements with traffic patterns along roads where they are often killed. using a simple model, we found that dst could decrease collisions with koalas by 8% on weekdays and 11% ... | 2016 | 27881767 |
| phylogenetic diversity of koala retrovirus within a wild koala population. | koala populations are in serious decline across many areas of mainland australia, with infectious disease a contributing factor. koala retrovirus (korv) is a gammaretrovirus present in most wild koala populations and captive colonies. five subtypes of korv (a to e) have been identified based on amino acid sequence divergence in a hypervariable region of the receptor binding domain of the envelope protein. however, analysis of viral genetic diversity has been conducted primarily on korv in captiv ... | 2017 | 27881645 |
| altered immune cytokine expression associated with korv b infection and season in captive koalas. | koala (phascolarctos cinereus) populations are increasingly vulnerable and one of the main threats is chlamydial infection. koala retrovirus (korv) has been proposed as an underlying cause of the koala's susceptibility to infection with chlamydia and high rates of lymphoid neoplasia; however, the regionally ubiquitous, endogenous nature of this virus suggests that korv a infection is not sufficient for immune suppression to occur. a recently discovered exogenous variant of korv, korv b, has seve ... | 2016 | 27706211 |
| the rescue and rehabilitation of koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) in southeast queensland. | koala populations in southeast queensland are under threat from many factors, particularly habitat loss, dog attack, vehicle trauma and disease. animals not killed from these impacts are often rescued and taken into care for rehabilitation, and eventual release back to the wild if deemed to be healthy. this study investigated current rescue, rehabilitation and release data for koalas admitted to the four major wildlife hospitals in southeast queensland (australia zoo wildlife hospital (azwh), cu ... | 2016 | 27649249 |
| detection of koala retrovirus subgroup b (korv-b) in animals housed at european zoos. | many koalas carry an endogenous retrovirus, korv-a, in their genome. recently, a second retrovirus, korv-b, was detected in koalas in japanese and u.s. zoos. however, this virus is not endogenous, differs in the receptor binding site of the surface envelope protein, and uses a receptor different from that of korv-a. we describe here a korv-b found in koalas at zoos in germany and belgium that differs slightly from that found in the los angeles zoo. | 2016 | 27638778 |
| phylogeography of the koala, (phascolarctos cinereus), and harmonising data to inform conservation. | the australian continent exhibits complex biogeographic patterns but studies of the impacts of pleistocene climatic oscillation on the mesic environments of the southern hemisphere are limited. the koala (phascolarctos cinereus), one of australia's most iconic species, was historically widely distributed throughout much of eastern australia but currently represents a complex conservation challenge. to better understand the challenges to koala genetic health, we assessed the phylogeographic histo ... | 2016 | 27588685 |
| chlamydia serine protease inhibitor, targeting htra, as a new treatment for koala chlamydia infection. | the koala, an iconic marsupial native to australia, is a threatened species in many parts of the country. one major factor in the decline is disease caused by infection with chlamydia. current therapeutic strategies to treat chlamydiosis in the koala are limited. this study examines the effectiveness of an inhibitor, jo146, which targets the htra serine protease for treatment of c. pecorum and c. pneumoniae in vitro and ex vivo with the aim of developing a novel therapeutic for koala chlamydia i ... | 2016 | 27530689 |
| koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) from queensland are genetically distinct from 2 populations in victoria. | the koala (phascolarctos cinereus) suffered population declines and local extirpation due to hunting in the early 20th century, especially in southern australia. koalas were subsequently reintroduced to the brisbane ranges (br) and stony rises (sr) by translocating individuals from a population on french island descended from a small number of founders. to examine genetic diversity and north-south differentiation, we genotyped 13 microsatellite markers in 46 wild koalas from the br and sr, and 2 ... | 2016 | 27515769 |
| new koala chlamydia vaccine trialed. | | 2016 | 27486605 |
| first report of a spermatic granuloma and varicocele in a marsupial: a koala (phascolarctos cinereus) case study. | this study reports the first documented clinical case of a spermatic granuloma and varicocele in a marsupial. initial clinical presentation included gross morphological changes in the left scrotal cord, epididymis and testis. ultrasonography of the scrotum and spermatic cord, and gross and histopathological examination after hemicastration, confirmed the condition as a spermatic granuloma affecting the left caput epididymis, with a varicocele in the left proximal spermatic cord, which was causin ... | 2016 | 27473971 |
| koala retrovirus: a review. | koala retrovirus (korv) is a gammaretrovirus that has been identified in both captive and free-ranging koalas ( phascolarctos cinereus ) with variable geographic distribution in australia. korv is capable of both exogenous and endogenous transmission, which provides an interesting research platform for scientists to study active retrovirus endogenization into a host genome and offers veterinary scientists an opportunity to examine the clinical consequences of korv infection in koalas. causation ... | 2016 | 27468008 |
| can citizen science assist in determining koala (phascolarctos cinereus) presence in a declining population? | the acceptance and application of citizen science has risen over the last 10 years, with this rise likely attributed to an increase in public awareness surrounding anthropogenic impacts affecting urban ecosystems. citizen science projects have the potential to expand upon data collected by specialist researchers as they are able to gain access to previously unattainable information, consequently increasing the likelihood of an effective management program. the primary objective of this research ... | 2016 | 27429008 |
| fecal glucocorticoid metabolite response of captive koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) to visitor encounters. | physiological responses of wildlife species to zoo visitors should be studied to better understand how wildlife perceive human encounters. we conducted an experimental test of the effect of changes in zoo visitor encounter experiences on the glucocorticoid (gc) response of koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) in a sydney zoo. koalas were housed in a multiple-bay enclosure (two to three koalas per bay) for photography sessions with zoo visitors (no touching of koalas permitted by visitors). following ... | 2017 | 27418014 |
| antibody and cytokine responses of koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) vaccinated with recombinant chlamydial major outer membrane protein (momp) with two different adjuvants. | developing a vaccine against chlamydia is key to combating widespread mortalities and morbidities associated with this infection in koalas (phascolarctos cinereus). in previous studies, we have shown that two or three doses of a recombinant major outer membrane protein (rmomp) antigen-based vaccine, combined with immune stimulating complex (isc) adjuvant, results in strong cellular and humoral immune responses in koalas. we have also separately evaluated a single dose vaccine, utilising a tri-ad ... | 2016 | 27219467 |
| the koala, an iconic animal under threat. | | 2016 | 27124327 |
| the contribution of community wisdom to conservation ecology. | scientists have traditionally collected data on whether a population is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same, but such studies are often limited by geographic scale and time frame. this means that for many species, understanding of trends comes from only part of their ranges at particular periods. working with citizen scientists has the potential to overcome these limits. citizen science has the added benefit of exposing citizens to the scientific process and engaging them in management o ... | 2016 | 27110657 |